319:
613:(CSM). It was initiated by Lt(jg) Norman Bleier from the San Diego COM chapter after his commanding officer deemed him such a problem that he was transferred to Kodiak "to freeze until your enlistment is up." This was not an unusual tactic for the Navy as another member of the Kodiak group, EM3 James Kelly, was also ordered there after initiating a Congressional investigation against the Navy for ignoring his medical condition. And Kent, from the San Diego chapter, had also been given orders to Adak, Alaska, which he only avoided when a Federal Judge ordered the Navy to discharge him.
594:
92:
479:
429:. As one of the men who participated later recalled in his memoir: "Thus, with one of our men playing the haunting lament on his bugle that is heard at military funerals, we marched with coffin draped with the flags of the Viet Cong, North Vietnam, South Vietnam, and the United States." No one was ever reprimanded or punished for these actions, probably because the military decided it would be better to ignore the whole thing and pretend it never happened.
239:, to announce "their intention to speak against the war in Vietnam" and "to encourage other officers to express antiwar opinions". Font told the press, "I reject this war....I have asked myself time and again: 'When the law becomes a crime, consensus and conformity becomes a crime, am I to condone it?' My answer is no." Major Albert Braverman, a physician at Walter Reed Army Medical Center, stated that COM had active chapters at the Marine base at
20:
665:, but it played a key and underappreciated role in the antiwar movement of the early 1970s. The fact that officers not only resisted the war, but spoke out publicly and formed a significant organization, speaks to the depth of the anti-Vietnam War and anti-U.S. military sentiment in the U.S. at the time.
543:
The involvement of large numbers of antiwar officers and enlisted men created significant debate in the traditionally pro-military town. It also permitted creative methods not normally available to other antiwar groups, such as the CONSTELLATION STAY HOME FOR PEACE banner frequently seen being towed
437:
The San Diego COM, located in the principal homeport of the
Pacific Fleet, may have been the most active chapter and was certainly the longest lasting, continuing actively until late 1973. The Chapter was initiated by Kent and local antiwar activist Jeannie Boyle and formally founded in July 1970 by
412:
Later that same year COM members used the military's own practice of encouraging the wearing of uniforms to religious services to conduct antiwar demonstrations in uniform, a prohibited activity under military regulations. On April 23, 1971, ignoring warnings from higher ups that their actions would
331:
Initially, many COM members wanted to stay within the military and felt they had a right to express dissenting views. In fact, their third newsletter argued that responsible dissent "can and must be allowed to exist in the military, if it is to keep pace with the times in which we live." "We believe
552:
Show be allowed on board. The captain refused this request but then got himself in hot water by intercepting and destroying 2,500 pieces of U.S. mail sent by antiwar activists to crewmembers. Faced with a possible court of inquiry and health problems, the captain was removed from command before the
310:
which they openly signed with name, rank and military branch. This was the first time this many military officers from one place publicly opposed the war. Soon, officers from Fort
Jackson, Fort Knox and Minot Air Force Base were signing similar ads in their local papers. On September 13, 1971, over
215:
announced that the "antiwar movement has reached the United States military officers corps." "Calling themselves the
Concerned Officers Movement, about 25 officers based in Washington, most of them Navy men, have banded together to provide a forum for what they say is growing disillusionment among
109:
carried an article about
Brugger and his wife that caused his superior officers to enter an unsatisfactory mark for loyalty in his fitness report and generated supportive phone calls from other officers. Brugger's opposition to "blind patriotism" and his stand against racism at home and in Vietnam
647:
crewmen penned and then smuggled aboard a letter of support for the
Greenpeace crew and voyage. Its message was clear, "Good luck. We are behind you one hundred percent." Shouts of "The U.S. Coast Guard is on our side" were heard on the protest vessel. This sympathetic action helped influence the
355:
quoted a
Pentagon spokesman who denied the existence of a "purge" of antiwar officers, but then went on to admit the military did get concerned when these officers "go public". He argued that public statements "raw the radicals to them like bees to honey", making them "duck soup for radicals" and
188:
Paramount in the program of COM is a fervent opposition to the continuing military effort in
Vietnam. COM decries the military policies that turned an internal political struggle into a nation-destroying bloodbath. The application of American military power in Vietnam was as unnecessary as it was
523:
became a major antiwar campaign over several months that led to a citywide straw vote in late
September 1971 with 54,721 votes counted. Over 82% of voters elected to keep the ship home, including 73% of the military personnel who voted. While not a "real" vote, the impact on public opinion was
302:, distributing it throughout the armed services. It bought newspaper ads calling for an immediate withdrawal of American forces from Vietnam, wrote leaflets, printed posters and held press conferences. COM's Norfolk Naval Base chapter paid for a billboard outside the base that read
524:
appreciable. Even an unsympathetic observer deemed the overall effort to stop the
Constellation "an impressive campaign", and the commander-in-chief of the Pacific Fleet was quoted as saying "never was there such a concerted effort to entice American servicemen from their posts."
625:, a traditional sailor's tool still used with knots and ropes. CSM considered FID a means to express its members First Amendment rights, while promoting discussion of the war, officer-enlisted relations, racism, and the ecology. The group had a number of sympathizers onboard the
376:
In early 1971 COM created quite a stir by holding press conferences on both coasts calling for an investigation into the military's top brass for possible war crimes. Under the auspices of The
National Committee for a Citizens Commission of Inquiry on U.S. War Crimes in Vietnam
343:
The military, however, disagreed and in many cases reprimanded, discharged and transferred COM members soon after their participation became known. Within three weeks of their September 26, 1970, press conference many COM members were facing retaliation. One Navy doctor in the
616:
Kodiak CSM, which included both U.S. Navy and Coast Guard personnel, became the most influential GI dissent group in Alaska, both by publishing a well written underground newsletter, FID, and by playing a role in the founding of the influential environmental group
486:
They also joined with other antiwar activists in major efforts to mobilize opposition to the departure for Vietnam of several aircraft carriers. The first of these projects attracted antiwar activists from all over California and was aimed at trying to keep the
367:
As a result, COM had a high turnover rate as the military discharged or transferred its members. This, combined with its focus on active duty officers, meant the national organization was relatively short-lived, tapering off considerably by the end of 1971.
348:
chapter was discharged on 48 hours' notice after making his membership known. Official military spokespeople blamed budget cutbacks or force reductions, but COM members were told privately they were being discharged due to their membership.
656:
At its height, COM had as many as 28 chapters in all the military branches and has been estimated to have "had approximately 3,000 members, including many supporters from the enlisted ranks." At one point it even had a chapter in the
356:
raising "questions about the officers' reliability." Ironically, some members who did want to get out were forced to stay in the military against their will and given orders transferring them to remote military bases like
401:. While formally they were only calling for an investigation, they presented evidence of war crimes and catastrophic environmental damage, leaving the impression they were accusing their own commanders of war crimes. The
502:
from returning to Vietnam through education and non-violent activity like a blockade or by preventing military personnel from getting to the naval base. Very quickly, this effort expanded into a multi-faceted campaign.
438:
Kent, LT Harold Appel, USN, Skelly and Shallcross. Very quickly it broadened its outreach to include enlisted men and women and by 1972 had changed its name to Concerned Military. On May 15, 1971, which they called
184:
The Concerned Officers' Movement was formed by a group of active duty and reserve officers who could no longer continue to be passive, unquestioning agents of military and national policies they found untenable.
661:. It had no formal leadership, although various people stepped forward at different times to play central roles. COM did not attract the media attention as dramatically as its more well-known partner and ally,
192:
COM further abhors the military mentality that promotes absurd measures like the body count; that leads to the indiscriminate slaughter of innocent civilians; that destroys land and villages and calls it
548:, including in the captain's personal bathroom. Bathroom stickers weren't the only complication the captain had to deal with. Over 1,300 of the ship's sailors signed a petition requesting the
725:, a 1998 book by Vietnam veteran and sociology professor Jerry Lembcke which disproves the widely believed narrative that American soldiers were spat upon and insulted by antiwar protesters
209:
The fact that military officers had formed a group openly speaking out against the war and the U.S. military was unprecedented and quickly reached the national media. On June 3, 1970,
535:. He argued in a widely distributed pamphlet that aircraft carriers had become weapons "used to crush popular uprisings and to bully the weaker and poorer countries of the world."
336:." The organization felt the armed forces were an insular and hidebound world and explored ways to establish the right of free speech for active duty servicemen, both officers and
1049:"English: Letter written by LTJG John Kent and signed by 28 other officers to the Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird demanding an immediate withdrawal from the Vietnam War"
1962:
1748:
64:
2146:
1875:
201:", opposed the "preponderant share of national resources devoted to the military", and called for the "free expression of dissenting opinion" within the military.
2248:
470:, was a tremendous success with a capacity crowd of over 2,400 enthusiastic sailors and marines, and contributed to the growth and reputation of the chapter.
2253:
1421:
332:
that such expressions of our convictions are within our rights, and that in expressing them, we are following our obligations as officers to defend the
565:
actually did sail for Vietnam, no visible blockade occurred but nine of its crew publicly refused to go and took sanctuary in a local Catholic church,
1534:
2263:
48:
1343:"Motorboat with 'Connie Stay Home' banner held by Francesco Da Vinci, the founder of Nonviolent Action. In the background is the USS Constellation"
569:, with the support of COM members and other activists. The "Connie 9" as they were quickly dubbed, were soon arrested in an early morning raid by
417:
involving more than 250 officers in uniform honoring all the war dead, on both sides of the war. On May 2, 45 officers and enlisted men from the
197:
While stating they were "loyal, responsible military officers", they supported "a cease-fire and the rapid disengagement of American troops from
544:
over the city by recently retired navy flight instructor LT John Huyler, and the Constellation Vote stickers found everywhere on board the USS
1921:
298:
COM carried out a variety of antiwar activities throughout 1970 and 1971. It published a newsletter, which by the fourth issue was called
2116:
2258:
1181:
1435:
581:
and other Navy ports in a wider effort to prevent navy ships from heading to Southeast Asia. "A strong resistance movement within the
527:
A considerable amount of research was conducted into the role of aircraft carriers in modern warfare by Professor William Watson of
1756:
1326:
1309:
63:, but rapidly expanded throughout all branches and many bases of the U.S. military, ultimately playing an influential role in the
1864:
1291:
1239:
1616:
1605:
1594:
1739:
1410:
835:
2004:
1216:
528:
2243:
1988:
1935:
292:
100:
2268:
532:
519:, became involved, Harris suggested organizing a citywide referendum on whether the Constellation should set sail. This
405:
COM members involved were CPT Robert Master, USA, CPT Grier Merwin, USA, Fox, Font and LTJG Peter Dunkelberger, USN. In
2176:
2141:
1905:
1832:
1811:
728:
702:
174:
915:
2161:
1672:
95:
Concerned Officers Movement first leaflet issued for GI Rally for Peace and Justice in Washington, DC March 14, 1970
2181:
1783:
662:
158:
389:
calling for an investigation into the "responsibility for war crimes of key military figures", including Generals
219:
COM continued to grow and on September 26, 1970, 28 members representing about 250 others on active duty from the
1048:
1978:
1940:
1445:
1164:
890:
573:
and flown back to the ship, but within weeks were honorably discharged from the navy. This action led to other
570:
378:
240:
166:
2222:
1717:
498:, which united with COM to focus on the role of aircraft carriers. They had the initial goal of stopping the
422:
414:
260:
113:
Over several months a group of officers agreed to work together and on March 14, 1970, they participated as
2050:
1870:
758:
738:
306:. In May 1971, 29 officers from Fort Bragg and Pope Air Force Base took out a "scathing antiwar" ad in the
2207:
1927:
582:
280:
170:
138:
2151:
1894:
1732:
333:
154:
146:
40:
609:, was the only one started from the beginning to include all ranks, modifying its name accordingly to
2191:
1885:
1806:
998:
An Army of the Willing: Fayette'Nam, Soldier Dissent, and the Untold Story of the All-Volunteer Force
792:"The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War, A Political, Social, and Military History, Second Edition 2011"
488:
264:
150:
791:
516:
2126:
1773:
733:
682:
228:
169:
honor graduate, who received extensive national media coverage for his stand against the war and
162:
2024:
1208:
1202:
639:
boat which was on its way to protest a powerful U.S. nuclear underground test on the island of
318:
180:
COM's first newsletter, published in April 1970, described the organization's political views:
43:
in the early 1970s. Though its principal purpose was opposition to the U.S. involvement in the
1154:
880:
717:, a documentary about the anti-war movement within the ranks of the United States Armed Forces
446:"political vaudeville" antiwar show, known to most GIs as the "Fuck The Army" Show, featuring
99:
COMs genesis sprang from the participation of Marine Captain Bob Brugger in the November 1969
2061:
2055:
2034:
1880:
1725:
1662:
467:
56:
1381:"WAR FOES FIGHTING CARRIER'S RETURN; San Diego Poll Being Taken on Constellation's Future".
2014:
1451:
1276:
692:
463:
390:
1629:
1522:
1506:
1365:
1342:
963:
Charlton, Linda (1970-03-17). "West Point Graduate Seeking Discharge Over Vietnam Issue".
593:
8:
2186:
2156:
1828:
1778:
856:
Franklin, Ben (1970-09-27). "Vietnam War Policy Denounced by 28 Armed Service Officers".
105:
1179:
283:
graduate, all-American wrestler and jet fighter pilot, and signed by 29 officers of the
2101:
1788:
721:
549:
443:
351:
248:
224:
220:
211:
142:
134:
1264:
The Sarcophagus of Identity: Tribalism, Nationalism, and the Transcendence of the Self
409:
were LT Norman Banks, USAF, LTJG Ted Shallcross, USN, LT James Skelly, USN, and Kent.
177:
who was one of the contacts on the organization's first leaflet (see image to right).
2212:
2131:
1668:
1441:
1212:
1160:
886:
451:
244:
130:
19:
2217:
2111:
1820:
743:
627:
402:
394:
382:
236:
122:
52:
1694:
1240:"Liberty call (San Diego Concerned Officers Movement) :: GI Press Collection"
279:
demanding an immediate withdrawal from the war written by LTJG John Kent, USN, an
2121:
2073:
1945:
1858:
1837:
1824:
1489:
1185:
1150:
876:
748:
707:
687:
426:
118:
60:
1422:
The Connie Vote: The USS Constellation and the Peace Movement in San Diego, 1971
2166:
2019:
916:"FID call (Kodiak Concerned Servicemen's Movement) :: GI Press Collection"
753:
606:
198:
76:
36:
1747:
91:
2237:
2136:
2096:
2029:
1973:
1507:"Plane flying over San Diego with banner "CONSTELLATION STAY HOME FOR PEACE""
697:
574:
478:
413:
be considered a political demonstration, COM organized a memorial service at
337:
288:
68:
1096:
322:
Ad placed by the Fort Bragg COM Chapter in the Washington Post Sept 13, 1971
2171:
1983:
1902:
713:
658:
459:
398:
357:
276:
948:
Holmberg, David (1970-06-01). "Officers Form Unit as Outlet for Dissent".
157:; LTJG Phil Lehman, USNR; LTJG Randy Thomas, USNR; CPT Larry Wasser, USA (
1842:
1292:"Liberty call (San Diego Concerned Military) :: GI Press Collection"
455:
406:
386:
311:
130 officers from all over the U.S. signed a full-page antiwar ad in the
44:
1310:"San Diego COM Leaflet Announcing Formation :: GI Press Collection"
648:
members of the Greenpeace crew to found the organization we know today.
1816:
933:
MacPherson, Myra (1969-11-15). "Marine Captain: Mobilization Marshal".
618:
447:
256:
1708:
Waging Peace in Vietnam - US Soldiers and Veterans Who Opposed the War
421:
Chapter wore their uniforms to a similar antiwar "religious" event in
1204:
The New Winter Soldiers:GI and Veteran Dissent During the Vietnam Era
1065:
Kondracke, Morton (1970-07-13). "Anti-War Officers Fight Discharge".
1032:
Sell, Ted (1970-10-26). "Navy Officers Unite to From Antiwar Group".
578:
512:
418:
345:
284:
252:
1707:
1332:
Anti-Aircraft Carrier Initial Statement; accessed December 23, 2017.
2067:
2009:
1702:
1472:
640:
1712:
361:
268:
232:
16:
Organization of U.S. military officers opposed to the Vietnam War
1630:"Cindy O'Hara leaflets cars entering Naval base with newsletter"
1014:
Franklin, Ben (1970-10-23). "Antiwar Officers See Retaliation".
1968:
675:
272:
129:. Early members who signed the first published newsletter were
67:. At least two of its chapters expanded their ranks to include
836:"Concerned Officers' Movement newsletter: GI Press Collection"
566:
425:
in Los Angeles led by a prominent antiwar Episcopal minister,
1703:
A Matter of Conscience - GI Resistance During the Vietnam War
1080:
Lakin, Jim (1970-11-19). "Navy punishes anti-war advocates".
110:
had struck a chord with other officers who read the article.
1396:"Protest Vote Fails To Bar the Sailing Of Carrier to Asia".
125:
By the end of March 1970 they had changed their name to the
1424:, The Bob Fitch Photography Archive at Stanford University.
597:
Support Letter to Greenpeace voyage from 18 crewmembers of
1963:
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District
1749:
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
1535:
Praxis Underground Newspaper V.1 No.7, October 6, 1971 p.9
1368:, Joan Baez Prior to Singing at a Constellation Vote Rally
494:
from sailing. The project was initiated by a group called
71:(non-officers), in San Diego changing the group's name to
2147:
National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam
1440:. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. pp. 255–56.
1097:"Five Officers Say They Seek Formal War Crimes Inquiries"
851:
849:
622:
275:. They also read an open letter to Secretary of Defense
1347:
The Bob Fitch Photography Archive - Stanford University
1207:. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. p.
1667:. Vancouver, Canada: Arsenal Pulp Press. p. 117.
846:
473:
161:); and CPT Bob Gaines, USAR. Other early members were
1525:, Constellation Vote Logo Used on Stickers and Flyers
1713:
Waging Peace in Vietnam Interviews with GI resisters
1664:
The Greenpeace to Amchitka: An Environmental Odyssey
51:
rights within the military. It was initiated in the
23:
Newsletter Logo of the Concerned Officers Movement.
1286:
1284:
635:was ordered to intercept and board the very first
1562:"9 Constellation Sailors Seized, Flown to Ship".
1188:, DoD Directive 1334.1, "Wearing of the Uniform".
2235:
1537:, "Stay Home For Peace Stickers" Land GI in Brig
1120:"4 More Officers Seek U.S. War Crimes Inquiry".
978:"Military Officers Join Drive Against the War".
531:who was then a visiting Professor of History at
1698:, a film about GI resistance to the Vietnam War
1596:, Kitty Litter (USS Kitty Hawk Newsletter) 1972
1590:
1588:
1547:"Inquiry Asked in Navy Antiwar Material Case".
1281:
830:
828:
826:
824:
822:
820:
818:
816:
381:), COM held press conferences on January 12 in
2249:American military personnel of the Vietnam War
1876:April 15, 1967 Anti-Vietnam war demonstrations
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1009:
1007:
1000:(PhD). Duke University, Department of History.
1733:
1366:Joan Baez Wearing Stay Home For Peace T-Shirt
1027:
1025:
885:. Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books. p. 109.
2254:United States military support organizations
1922:1968 Democratic National Convention protests
1585:
813:
204:
2117:Fifth Avenue Vietnam Peace Parade Committee
1577:"'We've Won,' 8 Sailors Say on Discharge".
1376:
1374:
1225:
1004:
871:
869:
867:
621:. The group’s newsletter was named after a
538:
1740:
1726:
1646:"Court Orders Navy to Discharge Officer".
1022:
995:
932:
1433:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1159:. Chicago: Haymarket Books. p. 110.
1149:
1064:
991:
989:
875:
371:
2264:1970 establishments in the United States
1618:, Stop Our Ship Petition (USS Coral Sea)
1493:Attack Carrier: The Constellation Papers
1371:
1266:. Stuttgart: ibidem Verlag. p. 135.
1196:
1194:
1046:
1013:
962:
947:
864:
855:
592:
511:As veteran antiwar activists, including
477:
432:
317:
90:
18:
1865:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence
1607:, Stop Our Ship Leaflet (USS Coral Sea)
1437:Mutiny: A History of Naval Insurrection
1094:
996:Currin Jr., Scovill Wannamaker (2015).
585:was led by COM and its local chapter."
326:
2236:
1660:
1261:
1250:
986:
482:Poster used for the Constellation Vote
466:. The show, held in the auditorium of
2005:Greenwich Village townhouse explosion
1721:
1627:
1504:
1200:
1191:
1079:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
786:
784:
782:
780:
778:
776:
774:
679:– documentary film about the FTA Show
601:30 Sep 1971. Photo by Robert Keziere.
588:
506:
216:their ranks with the Indochina war."
1989:Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam
1936:Columbia University protests of 1968
1634:Cindy O'Hare, Stop the Hawk activist
1135:"Military Leader Inquiry Is Urged".
1031:
805:"Antiwar Officers See Retaliation".
287:chapter of COM ranging in rank from
474:Efforts to stop an aircraft carrier
13:
2142:Movement for a Democratic Military
1812:1965 March against the Vietnam War
899:
771:
703:Movement for a Democratic Military
628:U.S. Coast Guard Cutter Confidence
243:, NC, at Navy and Marine bases in
14:
2280:
2259:Organizations established in 1970
2162:Students for a Democratic Society
1688:
2182:Vietnam Veterans Against the War
1784:Draft evasion in the Vietnam War
663:Vietnam Veterans Against the War
35:) was an organization of mainly
2177:United States Servicemen's Fund
1654:
1639:
1621:
1610:
1599:
1570:
1555:
1540:
1528:
1516:
1498:
1483:
1465:
1427:
1415:
1404:
1389:
1359:
1335:
1320:
1302:
1270:
1173:
1143:
1128:
1113:
1088:
1073:
1058:
1040:
971:
729:United States Servicemen's Fund
651:
611:Concerned Servicemen’s Movement
415:Washington's National Cathedral
263:, SC, at the Air Force base in
121:Rally for Peace and Justice in
81:Concerned Servicemen's Movement
1979:Weather High School Jailbreaks
1941:Court-martial of Susan Schnall
1511:John Huyler flying with banner
1054:– via Wikimedia Commons.
1047:JohnKent (25 September 1970).
956:
941:
926:
798:
379:Citizens Commission of Inquiry
1:
2223:Vietnam stab-in-the-back myth
764:
65:opposition to the Vietnam War
2051:Winter Soldier Investigation
1871:Court-martial of Howard Levy
1314:content.wisconsinhistory.org
1296:content.wisconsinhistory.org
1244:content.wisconsinhistory.org
1095:Sheehan, Neil (1971-01-13).
920:content.wisconsinhistory.org
840:content.wisconsinhistory.org
759:Court-martial of Howard Levy
739:Winter Soldier Investigation
7:
2208:Counterculture of the 1960s
2107:Concerned Officers Movement
1928:The whole world is watching
1434:Guttridge, Leonard (1992).
1330:San Diego Nonviolent Action
668:
556:
496:San Diego Nonviolent Action
235:held a press conference in
127:Concerned Officers Movement
86:
29:Concerned Officers Movement
10:
2285:
2269:Resistance Inside the Army
2152:Pacific Counseling Service
1895:The Ultimate Confrontation
1833:political self-immolations
1137:Independent Press-Telegram
442:, they hosted the touring
2200:
2087:
2043:
1997:
1954:
1914:
1851:
1807:Edmonton aircraft bombing
1799:
1766:
1755:
1412:Constellation Vote Poster
205:Media coverage and growth
145:; CPT Gerry Giovaniello,
103:against the Vietnam War.
794:. ABC-CLIO. p. 275.
539:Creative protest methods
2244:Anti–Vietnam War groups
1774:1960s Berkeley protests
1661:Hunter, Robert (2004).
1523:Constellation Vote Logo
1201:Moser, Richard (1996).
734:Waging Peace in Vietnam
2025:Student strike of 1970
1278:, Naval Base San Diego
1262:Skelly, James (2017).
602:
483:
372:Unprecedented activity
323:
195:
96:
24:
2062:Clay v. United States
2056:1971 May Day protests
2035:Sterling Hall bombing
1881:March on the Pentagon
1082:San Diego Independent
596:
481:
468:San Diego High School
433:The San Diego Chapter
321:
308:Fayetteville Observer
182:
94:
57:commissioned officers
47:, it also fought for
22:
2127:GI's Against Fascism
2015:Kent State shootings
693:GI Underground Press
683:GI's Against Fascism
464:Country Joe McDonald
391:William Westmoreland
385:, and January 20 in
327:Military retaliation
293:lieutenant commander
115:Officers' Resistance
2187:Weather Underground
2157:Stop Our Ship (SOS)
1829:Roger Allen LaPorte
1779:Central Park be-ins
1628:Fitch, Bob (1971).
1579:The San Diego Union
1564:The San Diego Union
1549:The San Diego Union
1505:Fitch, Bob (1971).
935:The Washington Post
577:(SOS) campaigns in
255:, at Army bases at
106:The Washington Post
101:March on Washington
2102:Chicano Moratorium
2010:Free The Army tour
1789:Draft-card burning
1398:The New York Times
1383:The New York Times
1184:2017-06-11 at the
1156:Soldiers In Revolt
1122:The New York Times
1101:The New York Times
1016:The New York Times
980:The New York Times
965:The New York Times
882:Soldiers In Revolt
858:The New York Times
807:The New York Times
722:The Spitting Image
643:in 1971. Eighteen
631:. Ironically, the
603:
589:The Kodiak Chapter
521:Constellation Vote
507:Constellation Vote
484:
352:The New York Times
324:
212:The New York Times
97:
73:Concerned Military
69:enlisted personnel
39:formed within the
25:
2231:
2230:
2213:Anti-war movement
2132:G.I. coffeehouses
2083:
2082:
1648:Los Angeles Times
1218:978-0-8135-2242-5
1034:Los Angeles Times
452:Donald Sutherland
2276:
2218:Protests of 1968
2112:Donald W. Duncan
1821:Donald W. Duncan
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1496:
1495:, September 1971
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1450:. Archived from
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811:
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802:
796:
795:
788:
744:Donald W. Duncan
599:USCGC Confidence
440:Armed Farces Day
403:Washington, D.C.
395:Creighton Abrams
383:Washington, D.C.
237:Washington, D.C.
123:Washington, D.C.
61:Vietnam Veterans
53:Washington, D.C.
2284:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2196:
2122:Fort Hood Three
2089:
2079:
2074:Pentagon Papers
2039:
1993:
1950:
1946:Presidio mutiny
1910:
1906:self-immolation
1859:Angry Arts week
1847:
1838:Fort Hood Three
1825:Norman Morrison
1795:
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772:
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749:Fort Hood Three
708:Presidio mutiny
688:GI Coffeehouses
671:
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605:The chapter in
591:
567:Christ the King
559:
541:
509:
476:
435:
423:Exposition Park
374:
329:
313:Washington Post
265:Grand Forks, ND
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89:
49:First Amendment
37:junior officers
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2020:Fort Lewis Six
2017:
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133:Jim Crawford,
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77:Kodiak, Alaska
59:who were also
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1674:9781551521787
1670:
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1650:. 1971-03-02.
1649:
1642:
1635:
1631:
1624:
1617:
1613:
1606:
1602:
1595:
1591:
1589:
1581:. 1971-12-08.
1580:
1573:
1566:. 1971-10-03.
1565:
1558:
1551:. 1971-06-07.
1550:
1543:
1536:
1531:
1524:
1519:
1512:
1508:
1501:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1478:
1474:
1473:"MIT History"
1468:
1454:on 2017-08-14
1453:
1449:
1443:
1439:
1438:
1430:
1423:
1418:
1411:
1407:
1400:. 1971-09-26.
1399:
1392:
1385:. 1971-09-19.
1384:
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1146:
1139:. 1971-01-21.
1138:
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1124:. 1971-01-21.
1123:
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990:
982:. 1970-06-03.
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809:. 1970-10-23.
808:
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787:
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698:Intrepid Four
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583:Seventh Fleet
580:
576:
575:Stop Our Ship
572:
568:
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563:Constellation
554:
553:ship sailed.
551:
547:
546:Constellation
536:
534:
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500:Constellation
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491:Constellation
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173:Mike Mullen,
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132:
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41:U.S. military
38:
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2172:The Newsreel
2106:
2072:
2060:
1984:Days of Rage
1961:
1903:Nhat Chi Mai
1893:
1887:Flower Power
1886:
1696:Sir! No Sir!
1695:
1684:
1663:
1656:
1647:
1641:
1633:
1623:
1612:
1601:
1578:
1572:
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1548:
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1530:
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1510:
1500:
1492:
1485:
1476:
1467:
1456:. Retrieved
1452:the original
1436:
1429:
1417:
1406:
1397:
1391:
1382:
1361:
1350:. Retrieved
1346:
1337:
1329:
1322:
1313:
1304:
1295:
1272:
1263:
1243:
1203:
1175:
1155:
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1115:
1104:. Retrieved
1100:
1090:
1081:
1075:
1066:
1060:
1042:
1033:
1015:
997:
979:
973:
964:
958:
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928:
919:
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839:
806:
800:
720:
714:Sir! No Sir!
712:
674:
655:
652:Significance
644:
636:
632:
626:
615:
610:
604:
598:
562:
560:
545:
542:
533:UC San Diego
526:
520:
517:David Harris
510:
499:
495:
490:
485:
460:Dick Gregory
439:
436:
427:George Regas
411:
399:Elmo Zumwalt
375:
366:
358:Adak, Alaska
350:
342:
334:Constitution
330:
312:
307:
303:
300:COMmon Sense
299:
297:
277:Melvin Laird
261:Fort Jackson
241:Camp Lejeune
233:Marine Corps
218:
210:
208:
196:
191:
189:unworkable.
187:
183:
179:
153:Tono Hixon,
126:
114:
112:
104:
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80:
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32:
28:
26:
1843:Human Be-In
1800:Before 1967
1477:web.mit.edu
571:US Marshals
456:Peter Boyle
407:Los Angeles
387:Los Angeles
45:Vietnam War
2238:Categories
2088:People and
1817:Alice Herz
1759:and events
1458:2017-06-12
1447:0870212818
1352:2019-11-11
1166:1931859272
1106:2017-06-09
892:1931859272
765:References
645:Confidence
637:Greenpeace
633:Confidence
619:Greenpeace
448:Jane Fonda
360:, or even
259:, NC, and
257:Fort Bragg
167:West Point
55:, area by
579:San Diego
561:When the
513:Joan Baez
419:San Diego
346:San Diego
304:Peace Now
285:San Diego
281:Annapolis
267:, and in
253:San Diego
251:, FL and
249:Pensacola
229:Air Force
75:, and in
2068:FTA Show
1757:Protests
1182:Archived
1153:(2005).
879:(2005).
669:See also
659:Pentagon
641:Amchitka
557:Connie 9
338:enlisted
193:victory.
141:Ed Fox,
87:Founding
2201:Related
2192:Yippies
1767:General
362:Vietnam
269:Iceland
245:Norfolk
1969:Bed-in
1671:
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1163:
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676:F.T.A.
462:, and
289:ensign
273:Hawaii
247:, VA,
1889:photo
1831:1965
1052:(PDF)
175:USMCR
117:in a
79:, to
2044:1971
1998:1970
1955:1969
1915:1968
1852:1967
1669:ISBN
1442:ISBN
1213:ISBN
1161:ISBN
887:ISBN
515:and
489:USS
393:and
271:and
231:and
225:Navy
221:Army
171:CAPT
155:USNR
151:LTJG
147:USAR
119:G.I.
27:The
623:Fid
550:FTA
529:MIT
444:FTA
291:to
163:1LT
143:USA
139:CPT
135:USN
33:COM
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159:MC
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1018:.
967:.
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937:.
922:.
895:.
860:.
842:.
377:(
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
