Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina

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with any other country or its autonomy. The HNZ did not demand any changes in social relations or changes in agrarian relations. They tried to maintain good relations with the Muslim population, which was the only way to gain political strength. Because of this, they were harshly criticized by the Štadler's Croatian Catholic Association (HKU) which advocated an end to the serf system. Pilar believed that the HNZ's goals could only be achieved if Croats gained support from the Muslim population, and at the same time, he criticised Štadler for his Catholic propaganda. Štadler, who was Pilar's main opponent, believed that Catholic Croats should not be educated in any way other than as Catholics, thus advocating segregation between Catholics and Muslims. The HKU, like the HNZ, advocated the unification of Bosnia and Herzegovina with other Croatian lands. It also promoted Christian morals, and unlike the HNZ, the HKU advocated the abolition of the serf system as they had no relations with the Muslims.

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was to isolate Bosnian Muslims from the Ottoman Empire, and its clergy who were subordinate to the Sultan. The Muslims were largely unhappy with their new status and formed Muslim political opposition. This Muslim opposition demanded, at first, Muslim religious autonomy from Austria-Hungary, but later, as it grew stronger, they demanded autonomy from the Ottoman Empire. The Muslim opposition tried to align itself with the Serbs, who were also demanding religious and educational autonomy. But unsolved agrarian relations between the Muslim leadership and the Serbs were an obstacle to any far-reaching alliance. The alliance that did form was only tactical. Later, the Muslim leadership emphasized Ottoman sovereignty over Bosnia and Herzegovina and demanded the right to organize their religious activity under the aegis of the

124: 1215:, where they stated that the people couldn't reconcile with the Austrian-Hungarian occupation in 30 years and asked for the people to remain calm and wait for the decision of the superpowers. Both parties announced that they would continue the struggle for the autonomy of Bosnia and Herzegovina. However, since all European countries had already recognised the annexation, the SNO and the MNO, who wanted to continue their activity as legitimate organisations, thus recognised the annexation; the SNO doing so in May 1909 and the MNO in February 1910. Unlike the Serbs and the Muslims, the Catholic Croats enthusiastically accepted the Austrian-Hungarian annexation. In an audience to Emperor Franz Joseph, the representatives of the HNZ, Pilar, 2338: 516: 541: 112: 2171: 2017:

Budapest and the joint minister of finance. The Diet of Bosnia only proposed decisions which needed to be approved by the parliaments in both Vienna and Budapest. The Diet also had no impact on the administrative-political institutions, the National Council and the municipal councils and it didn't have the right to participate in every decision-making; the Diet could participate only in decisions that mattered Bosnia and Herzegovina exclusively, while decisions on armed forces, commercial and traffic connections, customs and similar matters, were made by the parliaments in Vienna and Budapest.

1149: 1955: 638: 2136: 1753: 2371: 1009:(the Day). Later they demanded unity under one party, which was approved by them, so they founded the Serbian People's Organisation. As a relative majority, the Serbs were a dominant political factor, and as such they demanded Bosnia and Herzegovina's autonomy from the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary. Serbian politics in Bosnia and Herzegovina was dominated by the three factions gathered around the three newspapers. The main problem of Serbian civic politics was the agrarian reaction. Serb peasants demanded to be liberated from 1613: 2206: 724:

Mitrovitza, the Ottoman administration will continue to exercise its functions there. Nevertheless, in order to assure the maintenance of the new political state of affairs, as well as freedom and security of communications, Austria-Hungary reserves the right of keeping garrisons and having military and commercial roads in the whole of this part of the ancient vilayet of Bosnia. To this end the governments of Austria-Hungary and Turkey reserve to themselves to come to an understanding on the details.

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relations and criticised the Serbian civic leadership for neglecting the peasantry, but they advocated cooperation with the Austro-Hungarian authorities in changing agrarian relations. The main goal of Serbian politics in Bosnia and Herzegovina was the removal of Austro-Hungarian authority in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the Kingdom of Serbia. Their goals, however, were no obstacle to economic cooperation with the Austrian-Hungarian authorities.

2272: 2406: 2239: 1068:. The goal of their policy was to weaken the Croatian position in Bosnia and Herzegovina by strengthening the Serbian position, in order to make unification of Bosnia and Herzegovina with Croatia less likely. Even though the authorities tried to isolate Bosnia and Herzegovina from the influence of neighbouring Slavic countries, Croatian people in Bosnia were nevertheless influenced by all three major political movements from Croatia, first the 1110: 1084: 2305: 973: 651: 1022: 1134:, which still has not recovered from the great fire of 1879. However, their units, poorly armed and operating separately, were unable to achieve success in the fight against superior enemy forces. In April 1882, Austro-Hungarian troops suppressed the uprising. They were about 10,000 infantry and four batteries. Sporadic sabotage and guerrilla actions lasted until November 1882. 1207:(special counterinsurgency units) were reestablished in the context of demonstrations in Serbia and in Montenegro against the annexation. The Muslims could not believe the sovereignty of the Sultan could be overturned with a proclamation, and that they were now ruled by a Christian emperor. The MNO and the SNO refused to give any official statement about the annexation. In 881:

but Serb and Croat politicians also tried and failed to secure the allegiance of Bosnian Muslim constituencies. At the same time, Austro-Hungarian officials actively promoted Bosnia and Herzegovina as new and flourishing crownlands. Habsburg officials publicized numerous exhibits on Bosnian history, folklore, and archaeology, with artists like

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could spread to Bosnia and Herzegovina, as it had support from the Bosnian Muslims and the Serbs, who supported the autonomy of Bosnia and Herzegovina within the Ottoman Empire. On 7 September 1908, the SNO and the MNO demanded that Bosnia and Herzegovina accept the constitution as part of the Ottoman Empire.

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administered by Austria and Hungary. The constitution implemented three new constitutions, the Diet of Bosnia, the National Council and the municipal councils. The Diet of Bosnia had very limited legislative powers. The main legislative power was in the hands of the emperor, parliaments in Vienna and

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announced the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and ordered the Minister of Finance to compose a constitution for Bosnia and Herzegovina. The annexation was announced in Sarajevo two days later, on 7 October. This annexation led to an international crisis, which was solved on 26 February 1909 when

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Even though Bosnia and Herzegovina was still part of the Ottoman Empire, at least formally, the Austrian-Hungarian authorities had factual control over the country. Austria-Hungary waited for a chance to incorporate Bosnia and Herzegovina formally as well. Any action concerning Bosnia and Herzegovina

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discussed the reestablishment of the Catholic Church in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Emperor's goal was to have the Church in Bosnia subordinated to his secular power within the Church. In the end, in 1881, the Holy See yielded, on condition that the Emperor did not explicitly mention his authority in

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patriotism that aligned with loyalty to the Habsburg state. Habsburg policies are thus best described not as anti-national, but as cultivating their own style of pro-imperial nationalism. This policy had mixed results. Overall, most Serb and Croat politicians ultimately ignored or opposed the policy,

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as its main ideologist. In its program, the HNZ advocated the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Austria-Hungary and its unification with the rest of the Croatian lands. In relations with the Serbs, the HNZ stood for strict reciprocity, rejecting the idea of Bosnia and Herzegovina's unification

907:("Bosniak"). This newspaper caused fierce discussions in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, and Serbia. The newspaper supported Kállay's policy, whose goal was to strengthen Austro-Hungarian rule in occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina. Although Kállay's policy was not widely accepted even amongst Muslims, 789:

Tensions remained in certain parts of the country (particularly Herzegovina) and a mass emigration of predominantly Muslim dissidents occurred. However, a state of relative stability was reached soon enough and Austro-Hungarian authorities were able to embark on a number of social and administrative

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was suppressed from the start. As they were unable to form a political party, especially under Kállay's administration, Croats formed various musical societies, reading rooms, schools, economic institutions and newspapers. The authorities forbade these societies from using the word "Croatian", even

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Soon after Austria-Hungary occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878, the government took the area's religious activities and institutions under its sovereignty. Austro-Hungarian authorities issued regulations which made Muslim clergy Austro-Hungarian state officials, answer exclusively to them. This

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in Bosnia and Herzegovina at the time consisted of roughly 40,000 troops with 77 cannons, that, when combined with local militias, totalled around 93,000 men. The Austro-Hungarian troops were occasionally met with ferocious opposition from elements of both Muslim and Orthodox populations there, and

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in the Ottoman Empire to finally annex Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Young Turk movement had gained support in mass protests throughout the Ottoman Empire during 1908, with the intention to restore the suspended Ottoman constitution. The Austrian-Hungarian authorities were afraid that the revolution

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In Croatian politics, there were two factions and their formal political organising ran slowly. The fundamental reason for this Croatian political division was disagreement between the Franciscan Bosnian Province and the Archbishop's Chancery on the organisation of parishes within the archdiocese.

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was occupied in October 1878. Austro-Hungarian casualties amounted to over 5,000 and the unexpected violence of the campaign led to recriminations between commanders and political leaders. Fierce resistance from Muslims was expected as Austro-Hungarians realized their occupation meant that Bosnian

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The provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina shall be occupied and administered by Austria-Hungary. The government of Austria-Hungary, not desiring to undertake the administration of the Sanjak of Novi-Pazar, which extends between Serbia and Montenegro in a South-Easterly direction to the other side of

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In Bosnia and Herzegovina, every major ethnic group was represented by its political party. The Muslims were represented by the Muslim People's Organisation, the Serbs were represented by the Serbian People's Organisation, and the Croats were represented by the two political parties, the Croatian

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newspaper completely stood for the Serbian peasantry against the Muslims in order to change the agrarian position of the peasantry. Kočić's group also banned any cooperation with the Austrian-Hungarian authorities. The group gathered around Dimitrijević also advocated a radical change in agrarian

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In 1882, an uprising broke out against the Austro-Hungarian military and administrative occupation authorities. It was a joint uprising of Serbs and Muslims against the new Austro-Hungarian government in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The main reason for the uprising in 1882 was the unresolved agrarian

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and the Kingdom of Dalmatia. The Emperor refused to accept this demand and dismissed the Sabor. This was done as the Austrian-Hungarian authorities had a plan to isolate Bosnia and Herzegovina from its neighbouring Slavic countries, Croatia and Serbia, and to halt the national aspirations of the

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in Bosnia and Herzegovina in exchange for annual reimbursement. Serbs largely disapproved of Austro-Hungarian control over their religious institutions and organised a struggle to gain their religious autonomy. The struggle was ended in their favour in 1905. After gaining religious autonomy, the

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which controlled Bosnia and Herzegovina over the Government based in Sarajevo. The Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina was headed by a governor, who was also a commander of military forces based in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The government was also composed of the governor's deputy and chiefs of

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The MNO considered Bosnia and Herzegovina to be part of the Ottoman Empire until the collapse of Austria-Hungary in 1918. They considered Austria-Hungary a European country assigned to control Bosnia and Herzegovina. Their main goal was to achieve Muslim religious autonomy and to maintain the

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Ottoman Empire) and to marginalize the already circulating ideas of Serbian and Croatian nationhood among Bosnia's Orthodox and Catholic communities, respectively. On the other hand, the Habsburg administrators precisely used the existing ideas of nationhood (especially Bosnian folklore and

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In the 1910 Constitution, the Emperor proclaimed Bosnia and Herzegovina to be a unique administrative territory under the responsible leadership of the joint finance minister. With the implementation of the constitution, the position of Bosnia and Herzegovina did not change. It remained a

1122:. The uprising soon spread to northeastern Herzegovina and southeastern Bosnia. The center of the 1882 uprising was in Ulog, where the rebel government was created. In the period January-February, the rebels led by Stojan Kovačević and Salih-Salko Forto tried to attack 1188:

the Ottoman Empire recognised the annexation having received material compensation and on the Austrian-Hungarian garrisons leaving the Sanjak of Novi Pazar. By this, Bosnia and Herzegovina was formally under the Austrian-Hungarian sovereignty. On 21 March 1909, the

3169:"140 Years of the Herzegovina Uprising: Research and Unification of Materials From the Legacy of Hamdija Kapidžić and Documents About the Herzegovina Uprising in the Funds of the NULB&H, Archive of B&H, Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovin" 3124:"140 Years of the Herzegovina Uprising: Research and Unification of Materials From the Legacy of Hamdija Kapidžić and Documents About the Herzegovina Uprising in the Funds of the NULB&H, Archive of B&H, Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovin" 3079:"140 Years of the Herzegovina Uprising: Research and Unification of Materials From the Legacy of Hamdija Kapidžić and Documents About the Herzegovina Uprising in the Funds of the NULB&H, Archive of B&H, Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovin" 3034:"140 Years of the Herzegovina Uprising: Research and Unification of Materials From the Legacy of Hamdija Kapidžić and Documents About the Herzegovina Uprising in the Funds of the NULB&H, Archive of B&H, Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovin" 2989:"140 Years of the Herzegovina Uprising: Research and Unification of Materials From the Legacy of Hamdija Kapidžić and Documents About the Herzegovina Uprising in the Funds of the NULB&H, Archive of B&H, Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovin" 2944:"140 Years of the Herzegovina Uprising: Research and Unification of Materials From the Legacy of Hamdija Kapidžić and Documents About the Herzegovina Uprising in the Funds of the NULB&H, Archive of B&H, Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovin" 732:

engaged in a major mobilization effort to prepare for the assault on Bosnia and Herzegovina, commanding by the end of June 1878 a force of 82,113 troops, 13,313 horses and 112 cannons in the VI, VII, XX, and XVIII infantry divisions as well as a rear army in the

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nations in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The authorities did not only suppress the Croatian and Serbian names but also any flags, coats of arms and folk songs. Any activity that would emphasise a common interest of Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina and those in the

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issue, taxes and the imposed military obligation on the local population. In social terms, the vast majority of the rebels were poor peasants. On the night of January 11, 1882, a group of armed peasants attacked the gendarmerie barracks in

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and Muslims called for religious and educational autonomy. Kállay's policy had some potential to resist Croatian and Serbian national aspirations, but after 1899 and 1900 his policy of promoting Bosnian identity had no significant effect.

3230:, p. 154): "The " Streifkorps " were disbanded many years ago, but reorganised in October, 1908, at the time of our second visit to Bosnia, on account of the demonstrations in Servia and Montenegro that followed the annexation,..." 2006:

departments. At first, the government had only three departments, administrative, financial and legislative. Later, other departments, including construction, economics, education, religion, and technical, were founded as well.

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though they allowed the use of the word "Serbian" for Serbian societies. Only later was the use of the word "Croatian" allowed. This official policy was pushed by Hungarian circles, especially under Kállay and his successor

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expressed the gratitude of the Croat people to the Emperor for the annexation at the end of October 1908. However, Croat enthusiasm did not endure, as Bosnia and Herzegovina failed to be joined with Croatia as expected.

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After the death of Kallay, the policy was abandoned. By 1905, nationalism was an integral factor of Bosnian politics, with national political parties corresponding to the three groups dominating elections.

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With Kállay's death in 1903, the situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina was liberalized. The national movements in Bosnia and Herzegovina were transformed into political parties. Muslims founded the

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The region, which had been Islamised in the 15th and 16th centuries, largely retained its minority-Muslim population (which dropped from 38.7% in 1879 to 32.2% in 1910), as Austria-Hungary's

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relations, while on the other hand, they wanted to maintain cooperation with the Muslim People's Organisation in achieving national aspirations. The group gathered around Kočić's

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The emperor of Austria-Hungary had the ability to appoint and dismiss religious leaders and to control religious establishments financially through agreements created with the

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Serbs gathered around four political groups, out of which three became notable. The notable groups became known by the names of their official newspapers, the

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Stojan Kovachevitch (1821 -1911), the leader of the uprising in 1882 from the Serbian side against the Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

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The Austrian-Hungarian authorities left the Ottoman division of Bosnia and Herzegovina untouched, they only changed the names of divisional units. Thus the

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Textbooks printed in Serbia and a number of other Serbian-language books were banned. Austro-Hungarian authorities signed a treaty with the

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which he, however, did. After establishing secular power over the Catholic Church in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Emperor established the

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to recognise the annexation, which Russia did immediately. Soon, the Kingdom of Serbia recognised the annexation on 31 March, the

3910: 1266: 830:("Bosniakhood") with the aim to inspire in Bosnia's people a feeling that they belong to a great and powerful nation' and viewed 806: 3876: 2475: 2467: 3638: 3569: 3543: 3511: 3396: 2211: 1576: 2471: 1590: 798:, Habsburg rule did much to codify laws, to introduce new political practices, and generally to provide for modernization. 1994: 1096:

which gained support from the Franciscans. In 1908, after some preparations, it founded the Croatian People's Union with

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is named Tsar, Austria-Hungary, in the person of Franz Joseph, annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina, while the Ottoman Sultan

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Okey, Robert (1992). "State, Church and Nation in the Serbo-Croat Speaking Lands of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1850–1914".

3417: 1572: 1561: 1460: 3615: 3489: 3375: 3356: 3335: 2702: 2012: 1246: 794:". With the aim of establishing the province as a stable political model that would help dissipate rising South Slav 692: 3456: 3728: 3500: 2479: 954: 282: 3836: 1336: 1029:

In order to suppress national aspirations, the Austrian-Hungarian authorities tried to limit the activity of the

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Ivo Pilar, a prominent Croatian historian, geopolitician and leading ideologist of the Croatian People's Union

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The Austro-Hungarian administration advocated the ideal of a pluralist and multi-confessional Bosnian

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depended on international opinion, which Austrian-Hungarian authorities were aware of. They used the

233: 2788: 900:) became a popular political ideology in the region at this time, including Bosnia and Herzegovina. 810:

Béni Kállay, the Austro-Hungarian minister of finance in charge for governing Bosnia and Herzegovina

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asked the Emperor to alter the situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina so it could be unified with the

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agrarian relations that were in force at the time. In 1909 they achieved their religious autonomy.

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Ramet, Sabrina P. (2008). "Nationalism and the 'Idiocy' of the Countryside: The Case of Serbia".

1163: 985: 961:(HNZ) in 1908. Another significant Croatian party, though less represented than the HNZ, was the 938: 858: 704: 671: 390: 207: 51: 3607: 3761: 1583: 1554: 749:. The occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina started on 29 July 1878 and was over on 20 October. 571: 559: 487: 214: 3553: 3192: 3147: 3102: 3057: 3012: 2967: 2775: 2441: 2170: 1541: 1444: 1197: 1176: 911:

nevertheless represented the national aspirations of some Muslims in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

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The first initiative for the creation of a Croatian political party came from the Croatian

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was installed as the first parliamentary president of the Muslim National Organization.

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Bosnia and Herzegovina (shown in blue) within Austria-Hungary (shown in pink and green)

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On the one hand, these policies attempted to insulate Bosnia and Herzegovina from its

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Josip Štadler, Archbishop of Vrhbosna and leader of the Croatian Catholic Association

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for information on how to properly incorporate it into this article's main text.

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Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia at Peace and at War: Selected Writings, 1983–2007

3166: 3121: 3076: 3031: 2986: 2941: 1752: 818:. Joint Imperial Minister of Finance and Vienna-based administrator of Bosnia 3894: 3519: 3501:"Sudjelovanje dalmatinskih postrojbi u zaposjedanju Bosne i Hercegovine 1878" 3472: 3439: 3409:

Whose Bosnia? Nationalism and Political Imagination in the Balkans, 1840-1914

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Whose Bosnia? Nationalism and Political Imagination in the Balkans, 1840-1914

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Modern History Sourcebook: The Treaty of Berlin, 1878—Excerpts on the Balkans

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caused Bosnia and Herzegovina to nominally remain under sovereignty of the

700: 599: 156: 3457:"Ivo Pilar's Role in the Organization of Croats in Bosnia and Hercegovina" 1566: 1380: 1204: 1130:(south and southeast of Sarajevo). Their main goal was the liberation of 1073: 903:

Certain Muslim circles in Bosnia and Herzegovina published the newspaper

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The annexation caused unrest among the Muslim and Serb population. The

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as its head. Just before the occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the

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1878–1918 period of rule over Bosnia and Herzegovina by Austria-Hungary

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Bosnien-Herzegowina in der österreichisch-ungarischen Epoche 1878–1918

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The occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina led to great reforms of the

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Religious Separation and Political Intolerance in Bosnia-Herzegovina

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reforms which intended to make Bosnia and Herzegovina into a "model

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Muslims would lose their privileged status based on their religion.

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in that country, after centuries in the Ottoman Empire. In 1881,

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The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics

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Kállay's policy was finally defeated in 1896 and 1899, when

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The Serbs of Bosnia & Herzegovina: History and Politics

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and the authorities made no active attempts at conversion.

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Population of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Religion 1879–1910

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Petar Kočić, a prominent Bosnian Serb writer and politician

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Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878

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Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878

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Studije iz pravne povijesti Bosne i Hercegovine: 1878–1941

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PILAR - Croatian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities

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by formally annexing the occupied zone, establishing the

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