725:
136:
2272:
557:
2987:
95:
3043:
688:
123:
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640:
149:
3003:
799:
162:
3035:
754:
175:
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599:
109:
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3019:
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3011:
34:
413:
was a further continuation of negotiations. It reaffirmed the provisions of the Treaty of San
Stefano which had not been modified by the Berlin Treaty and established amounts of compensation that the Ottoman Empire owed to Russia for losses to businesses and institutions during the war. It granted
414:
amnesty to
Ottoman subjects and for release of prisoners of war. In addition, Article VII of the treaty provided that in the territory acquired by Russia, subjects could choose whether they wished to be Ottoman or Russian subjects for a period of six months after the agreement became effective.
318:
and effectively terminated the treaty by breaching provisions concerning the neutrality of the Black Sea. The great powers became increasingly convinced that the
Ottoman Empire would not be able to hold its territories in Europe.
501:
in his wilder moments, had expected less and were, therefore, less disappointed. Salisbury wrote at the end of 1878: 'We shall set up a rickety sort of
Turkish rule again south of the Balkans. But it is a mere respite. There is
878:(1891), "Treaty between Great-Britain, Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Russia, and Turkey, for the Settlement of Affairs in the East, Signed at Berlin, 13th July 1878 (Translation)",
533:
thirty years later, on 5 October 1908. The Austro-Hungarian garrisons in the Sanjak of Novi Pazar were withdrawn in 1908, after the annexation of the
Vilayet of Bosnia and the resulting
429:. The treaty also limited the Russian occupation of Bulgaria to 9 months, which limited the time during which Russian troops and supplies could be moved through Romanian territory.
1413:
Gladstone's
Speeches, Descriptive Index and Bibliography by Arthur Tilney Bassett with a Preface by Viscount Bryce, O.M. and Introduction to the Selected Speeches by Herbert Paul
3343:
1597:"Treaty between Great Britain, Germany, Austria, France, Italy, Russia, and Turkey for the Settlement of Affairs in the East: Signed at Berlin, July 13, 1878 (Translation)".
493:, appointed foreign secretary the next day, made clear his own and his government's objections to the Treaty of San Stefano and its favourable position of Russia. Historian
2966:
1385:
Report presented to the international commission at
Constantinople [European commission for Eastern Roumelia as to the state of Macedonia since the treaty of Berlin
497:
wrote, "If the treaty of San
Stefano had been maintained, both the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary might have survived to the present day. The British, except for
3479:
3439:
2238:
3454:
27:
Treaty between
Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Great Britain and Ireland, Italy, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire, for the Settlement of the Affairs of the East
2738:
196:
Treaty between
Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Great Britain and Ireland, Italy, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire for the Settlement of Affairs in the East
810:
3258:
1399:
The Berlin Treaty and the Anglo-Turkish Convention: speech of the Right Hon. W.E. Gladstone, M.P. in the House of Commons on Tuesday, July 30th, 1878
478:. It stipulated that Romania recognize non-Christians (Jews and Muslims) as full citizens. It also vaguely called for a border rectification between
619:
490:
677:
3353:
2515:
1799:
1655:
3429:
3161:
2825:
1012:
3469:
2684:
1713:
1093:
Article LVIII of the Treaty of Berlin, American Journal of International Law. II (4, Supplement, Official Documents): 401–424. October 1908
702:
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1708:
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231:
114:
1541:
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1809:
526:
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3444:
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1664:
385:
The Treaty of Berlin confirmed most of the Russian gains from the Ottoman Empire specified in the Treaty of San Stefano, such as
222:, but the Ottomans lost their major holdings in Europe. It was one of three major peace agreements in the period after the 1815
3434:
2276:
3251:
2004:
1580:
1484:
1234:
1158:
1145:
1115:
542:
382:". The Treaty of San Stefano had created a Bulgarian state, which was just what Britain and Austria-Hungary feared the most.
3424:
2876:
2855:
2367:
773:
740:
614:
3459:
3414:
3389:
3206:
3196:
2654:
2318:
1648:
258:
1076:
War in the East: An Illustrated History of the Conflict Between Russia and Turkey, With a Review of the Eastern Question
261:, but Bulgaria itself was excluded from participation in the talks, at Russian insistence. At the time, as it was not a
3211:
2818:
2085:
1961:
1453:
323:
207:
51:
269:, and the same went for the Bulgarians themselves. The exclusion was already an established fact in the great powers'
3419:
2956:
2140:
2068:
2034:
1362:
1311:
1268:
1057:
1043:
1026:
933:
339:
3293:
2594:
986:
479:
470:
The Treaty of Berlin accorded special legal status to some religious groups and also would serve as a model for the
370:
functioned independently and was divided into three parts: the Principality of Bulgaria, the autonomous province of
3374:
3244:
2718:
713:
3278:
2500:
3409:
2708:
2674:
2669:
2589:
2549:
2480:
2470:
2441:
2381:
2357:
2337:
2332:
2327:
881:
The Map of Europe by Treaty; which have taken place since the general peace of 1814. With numerous maps and notes
840:
628:
2253:
1978:
1973:
1641:
410:
3141:
517:
remained part of the Ottoman Empire. Austria-Hungary was allowed to station military garrisons in the Ottoman
312:(Austria, Prussia and Russia) and weakened Russia's overall position. In 1870, Russia invoked the doctrine of
3283:
2811:
1988:
659:
1141:"The Definitive Treaty of Peace between Russia and the Porte: Signed at Constantinople on 8th February,1879"
3323:
3313:
3176:
2961:
2664:
2049:
1894:
1768:
566:
1411:
537:, to reach a compromise with the Ottoman Empire, which was struggling with internal strife because of the
276:
The most notable result of the conference was the official recognition of the newly independent states of
3288:
3091:
2791:
2609:
2584:
2376:
2165:
1924:
1855:
672:
668:
3489:
3484:
3464:
3201:
2917:
2748:
2743:
2619:
2569:
2564:
2347:
2284:
1956:
1929:
1154:
1110:
1049:
1018:
925:
879:
778:
575:
363:
285:
2574:
884:, vol. IV (1875–1891) (1st ed.), London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, pp. 2759–2798
378:, which was given back to the Ottomans, thus undoing Russian plans for an independent and Russophile "
3474:
3399:
3379:
3298:
3151:
3086:
2933:
2698:
2614:
2559:
2246:
1794:
506:
in them. The treaty also calls on the parties involved to attack the nation that violates the treaty.
270:
211:
1286:
3328:
3146:
2539:
2155:
1821:
1756:
1226:
736:
482:
and the Ottoman Empire, which occurred after protracted negotiations in 1881, with the transfer of
2599:
2505:
3384:
3308:
2703:
2342:
2218:
2208:
2150:
2090:
1763:
1746:
1407:
1393:
1350:
1303:
1260:
277:
2490:
954:
3394:
3348:
3303:
2912:
2907:
2624:
2554:
2544:
2431:
2009:
1946:
1729:
1526:
782:
359:
297:
281:
1354:
1344:
1080:
919:
3096:
2938:
2902:
2733:
2723:
2634:
2629:
2604:
2475:
2465:
2391:
2095:
1951:
1773:
1683:
1499:
The Congress of Berlin and After: A Diplomatic History of the Near East Settlement, 1878–1880
1397:
949:
835:
830:
730:
663:
538:
441:
355:
239:
219:
141:
745:
Félix Hippolyte Desprez, Director of Political Affairs in the Department for Foreign Affairs
3186:
3081:
2943:
2834:
2386:
2100:
2019:
2014:
1734:
1508:
522:
327:
2426:
8:
3126:
2758:
2579:
2460:
2436:
2298:
2293:
2080:
1889:
1843:
1814:
765:
445:
418:
314:
2763:
1383:
3338:
3333:
3106:
2485:
2451:
2213:
2180:
2145:
2024:
1941:
1919:
1899:
1865:
1622:
1614:
1467:
1440:
1194:
1178:
650:
503:
433:
375:
227:
223:
39:
2416:
1633:
1531:
541:(1908). The chaotic situation in the Ottoman Empire also allowed Bulgaria to formally
3171:
3101:
3076:
2886:
2659:
2639:
2534:
2524:
2421:
2200:
2185:
2061:
2029:
1983:
1626:
1576:
1561:
1480:
1449:
1358:
1307:
1264:
1230:
1198:
1186:
1170:
1074:
1053:
1022:
929:
655:
610:
518:
498:
475:
471:
437:
266:
251:
707:
698:
3156:
2713:
2495:
2406:
2195:
2075:
1870:
1804:
1751:
1693:
1606:
1162:
850:
804:
398:
379:
247:
167:
3136:
1103:
3267:
2753:
2529:
2411:
2401:
2352:
2308:
2175:
2170:
1838:
1698:
1678:
1557:
1494:
1474:
1340:
875:
693:
494:
449:
371:
262:
235:
128:
432:
The three newly independent states subsequently proclaimed themselves kingdoms:
3181:
3166:
3131:
2693:
2649:
2396:
2271:
2119:
1966:
1848:
1833:
1741:
1703:
845:
769:
759:
587:
561:
556:
534:
530:
514:
457:
331:
218:. They reversed some of the extreme gains claimed by Russia in the preliminary
203:
199:
180:
100:
18:
Settlement by the Congress of Berlin following the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78
1573:
War and Diplomacy: The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 and the Treaty of Berlin
1190:
968:. Vol. 04 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 779–784.
3368:
3224:
3191:
2784:
2112:
2107:
1778:
1688:
1536:
1174:
959:
645:
309:
243:
154:
80:
1545:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 790–791.
308:
a neutral territory. The treaty had protected the Ottoman Empire, ended the
3217:
570:
426:
335:
273:, which had been held one year before without any Bulgarian participation.
2227:
2190:
2160:
2124:
2055:
2040:
1884:
816:
463:
330:. As the conflict in the Balkans intensified, atrocities during the 1876
301:
1381:
417:
Despite the pleas of the Romanian delegates, Romania was forced to cede
394:
366:(plus their expansion) and the autonomy of Bulgaria although the latter
2803:
1860:
1826:
1618:
1182:
1140:
953:
787:
1220:
529:
although it formally remained part of the Ottoman Empire until it was
1875:
338:
sentiments in Russia and Britain, which eventually culminated in the
305:
1610:
1166:
3236:
1429:
The Eastern Question, 1774–1923: A Study in International Relations
1073:
Schem, Alexander Jacob (1878). "Chapter IX : The Berlin Congress".
483:
1014:
Russia and the Formation of the Romanian National State, 1821–1878
257:
The most important task of the Congress was to decide the fate of
580:
422:
402:
215:
3344:
Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Turkish Straits
390:
386:
76:
33:
448:
proclaimed full independence in 1908 after it had united with
1530:
1605:(4, Supplement, Official Documents): 401–424. October 1908.
288:(which had de facto been acting independently for decades).
2967:
Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878
421:
to the Russian Empire. As a compensation, Romania received
406:
1510:
The Berlin Congress (Confidential, For Official Use Only)
474:, which would be established within the framework of the
1663:
739:, the Comte de Saint-Vallier, ambassador to Berlin and
350:
The treaty formally recognized the independence of the
250:, Russia and the Ottoman Empire. Chancellor of Germany
901:
899:
198:) was signed on 13 July 1878. In the aftermath of the
991:
Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law
896:
1439:
1382:European commission for Eastern Roumelia (1880).
3480:Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury
3366:
1282:
1280:
1222:Russian Citizenship: From Empire to Soviet Union
620:Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury
595:
105:
3354:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
1571:Yavuz, M. Hakan; Sluglett, Peter, eds. (2012).
1532:"Berlin § Berlin, Congress and Treaty of"
3162:Provisional Russian Administration in Bulgaria
1410:(1916). "The Treaty of Berlin, 30 July 1878".
401:were returned to the Ottomans. The regions of
3252:
2819:
2254:
1649:
1570:
1563:The struggle for mastery in Europe: 1848–1918
1277:
678:Chlodwig, Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst
3440:Treaties of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)
1513:. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office
1464:European Alliances and Alignments: 1871–1890
1416:. London: Methuen & Co. pp. 505–52.
1346:The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848–1918
1135:
1133:
548:
489:In the "Salisbury Circular" of 1 April, the
1476:Britain and the Eastern question, 1875–1878
1297:
1250:
1248:
1246:
254:was the chairman and dominant personality.
3455:Treaties of the United Kingdom (1801–1922)
3259:
3245:
2826:
2812:
2261:
2247:
1656:
1642:
856:Armenian delegation at the Berlin Congress
460:, a major European crisis that reinforced
32:
3147:First Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)
1599:The American Journal of International Law
1493:
1437:
1406:
1392:
1130:
948:
636:
525:. The Vilayet of Bosnia was placed under
2833:
1525:
1300:International Human Rights in a Nutshell
1254:
1243:
1108:[Peace of Constantinople 1879].
1041:
1010:
905:
874:
750:
721:
1472:
917:
795:
611:Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield
3367:
1556:
1339:
980:
978:
911:
230:(13 June – 13 July 1878) and included
3430:Treaties of the French Third Republic
3240:
2972:Expulsion of the Albanians, 1877–1878
2807:
2242:
1637:
1506:
1159:American Society of International Law
1146:American Journal of International Law
1118:from the original on 19 February 2022
1072:
456:annexed Bosnia in 1908, sparking the
3266:
1218:
1079:. H.S. Goodspeed & Co. pp.
3470:Ottoman period in Georgia (country)
3207:Convention of Constantinople (1881)
2861:Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–1878)
1665:International relations (1814–1919)
1501:(2nd ed.). London: Frank Cass.
1298:Buergenthal, Thomas (1 July 2002).
1259:. Oxford History of Modern Europe.
984:
975:
13:
1421:
1375:
14:
3501:
1590:
1328:Armenia: The Survival of A Nation
3405:Territorial evolution of Romania
3057:
3049:
3041:
3033:
3025:
3017:
3009:
3001:
2993:
2985:
2882:Serbian–Turkish Wars (1876–1878)
2877:Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877)
2856:Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877)
2778:
2270:
921:Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy
797:
752:
723:
714:Baron Heinrich Karl von Haymerle
686:
638:
597:
555:
265:, Bulgaria was not a subject of
173:
160:
147:
134:
121:
107:
93:
3197:Austro–Serbian Alliance of 1881
2719:Anglo-Ottoman Convention (1913)
1446:Encyclopedia of Russian History
1333:
1326:Walker, Christopher J. (1980),
1320:
1291:
1212:
1096:
841:Commissions of the Danube River
409:were also ceded to Russia. The
3450:Treaties of the Russian Empire
3445:Treaties of the Ottoman Empire
2670:Brussels Conference Act (1890)
2277:Treaties of the Ottoman Empire
1087:
1066:
1035:
1004:
942:
868:
226:. It was the final act of the
208:Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878
52:Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878
50:Congress of Berlin, after the
38:Southeastern Europe after the
1:
3435:Treaties of the German Empire
3284:Russo-Ottoman Alliance (1799)
2957:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
2035:Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits
1989:1917 Franco-Russian agreement
1979:Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty
1521:– via Internet Archive.
1444:. In Millar, James R. (ed.).
1105:Константино́польский Мир 1879
1045:A Concise History of Bulgaria
861:
660:Minister President of Prussia
411:1879 Treaty of Constantinople
291:
3314:League of the Three Emperors
3177:Battles for Plav and Gusinje
2962:Romanian War of Independence
1895:Second Industrial Revolution
1769:League of the Three Emperors
1575:. University of Utah Press.
1549:Stavrianos, Leften Stavros.
1438:Goldfrank, David M. (2003).
1330:, London: Croom Helm, p. 112
1225:. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
918:Krasner, Stephen D. (1999).
892:– via Internet Archive
567:Alexander Karatheodori Pasha
354:sovereign principalities of
214:restructured the map of the
7:
3425:Treaties of Austria-Hungary
3289:Treaty of Adrianople (1829)
3212:British Occupation of Egypt
3092:Budapest Convention of 1877
1925:Treaty of Versailles (1871)
1448:. Macmillan Reference USA.
824:
766:Alexander, Prince Gorchakov
741:Minister of Foreign Affairs
673:Foreign Minister of Prussia
527:Austro-Hungarian occupation
10:
3506:
3460:1878 in the Russian Empire
3415:19th century in Montenegro
3390:1878 in the Ottoman Empire
3202:French conquest of Tunisia
1974:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905
1566:. Oxford University Press.
1388:. Gilbert & Rivington.
1155:Cambridge University Press
1111:Great Russian Encyclopedia
1050:Cambridge University Press
1019:Cambridge University Press
1011:Jelavich, Barbara (2004).
926:Princeton University Press
531:annexed by Austria-Hungary
3299:London Straits Convention
3294:Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi
3274:
3119:
3087:Constantinople Conference
3067:
2982:
2952:
2934:1878 Macedonian rebellion
2926:
2895:
2869:
2848:
2841:
2772:
2683:
2514:
2450:
2366:
2317:
2283:
2133:
1997:
1910:
1795:European balance of power
1787:
1722:
1671:
1503:, Focus on the aftermath.
1473:Millman, Richard (1979).
1161:: 424–426. October 1908.
549:List of plenipotentiaries
340:Russo-Turkish War of 1877
300:of 1856, which ended the
271:Constantinople Conference
232:Great Britain and Ireland
86:
72:
57:
46:
31:
26:
3420:Peace treaties of Russia
3329:Constantinople Agreement
3324:Anglo–Russian Convention
3279:Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca
3142:1876 Ottoman coup d'état
2086:Venezuela Naval Blockade
1757:Anglo-Russian Convention
1507:Munro, Henry F. (1918).
1408:Gladstone, William Ewart
1394:Gladstone, William Ewart
1255:Hitchins, Keith (1994).
1227:Harvard University Press
1104:
1042:Crampton, R. J. (2005).
987:"Berlin Congress (1878)"
955:"Bulgaria/History"
737:William Henry Waddington
543:declare its independence
345:
3375:1878 in Austria-Hungary
3319:Treaty of Berlin (1878)
3309:Treaty of London (1871)
3111:Treaty of Berlin (1878)
2724:Armenian reforms (1914)
2091:Alaska boundary dispute
1764:Anglo-Japanese Alliance
1747:Franco-Russian Alliance
1542:Encyclopædia Britannica
1527:Phillips, Walter Alison
1351:Oxford University Press
1261:Oxford University Press
985:Bogaert, Sina Van den.
965:Encyclopædia Britannica
3410:19th century in Serbia
3349:Turkish straits crisis
3304:Treaty of Paris (1856)
2918:Kresna–Razlog uprising
2913:Razlovtsi insurrection
2908:April Uprising of 1876
2595:Hünkar İskelesi (1833)
2010:Unification of Germany
1957:Taft–Katsura agreement
1551:The Balkans since 1453
950:Bourchier, James David
813:, ambassador to Berlin
790:, ambassador to Berlin
710:, ambassador to Berlin
631:, ambassador to Berlin
590:, ambassador to Berlin
61:13 July 1878
3097:Treaty of San Stefano
2939:Epirus Revolt of 1878
2903:Stara Zagora Uprising
2709:Constantinople (1913)
2675:Constantinople (1897)
2665:Constantinople (1888)
2655:Constantinople (1881)
2590:Constantinople (1832)
2550:Constantinople (1800)
2501:Küçük Kaynarca (1774)
2481:Constantinople (1736)
2471:Constantinople (1724)
2442:Constantinople (1700)
2382:Constantinople (1590)
2358:Constantinople (1562)
2343:Franco-Ottoman (1536)
2338:Constantinople (1533)
2333:Constantinople (1479)
2328:Constantinople (1454)
2096:First Moroccan Crisis
1810:Spread of nationalism
1774:Eight-Nation Alliance
1441:"Berlin, Congress of"
836:Bulgarian irredentism
831:Treaty of San Stefano
699:Gyula, Count Andrássy
680:, ambassador to Paris
669:Baron Ernst von Bülow
664:Chancellor of Germany
539:Young Turk Revolution
491:Marquess of Salisbury
334:in Bulgaria inflamed
220:Treaty of San Stefano
3187:Dual Alliance (1879)
3082:Reichstadt Agreement
2944:Cretan revolt (1878)
2835:Great Eastern Crisis
2739:Brest-Litovsk (1918)
2101:Algeciras Conference
2081:Annexation of Hawaii
2020:Great Eastern Crisis
2015:Unification of Italy
2005:Formation of Romania
1822:French–German enmity
781:, ambassador to the
779:Count Pyotr Shuvalov
716:, ambassador to Rome
708:Count Alajos Károlyi
523:Sanjak of Novi Pazar
393:, but the valley of
328:Great Eastern Crisis
324:Herzegovina uprising
202:victory against the
3127:Bulgarian Exarchate
2432:Bakhchisaray (1681)
2166:Philippine–American
2151:First Sino-Japanese
1984:Racconigi agreement
1930:Treaty of Frankfurt
1890:Great Rapprochement
1844:Scramble for Africa
1479:. Clarendon Press.
1466:(1950) pp 151–170.
1462:Langer, William L.
1219:Lohr, Eric (2012).
783:court of St James's
584:of the Ottoman army
545:on 5 October 1908.
419:southern Bessarabia
315:rebus sic stantibus
23:
3339:Treaty of Lausanne
3334:Gallipoli campaign
3107:Congress of Berlin
2842:Wars and conflicts
2792:Treaties of Turkey
2635:San Stefano (1878)
2605:Balta Liman (1838)
2506:Aynalıkavak (1779)
2476:Ahmet Pasha (1732)
2466:Passarowitz (1718)
2392:Nasuh Pasha (1612)
2025:Congress of Berlin
1942:Reinsurance Treaty
1920:Congress of Vienna
1900:Industrial warfare
1866:Scramble for China
1257:Rumania: 1866–1947
1229:. pp. 39–40.
1153:(4 Supplemental).
298:Paris Peace Treaty
228:Congress of Berlin
224:Congress of Vienna
40:Congress of Berlin
21:
3490:Otto von Bismarck
3485:Benjamin Disraeli
3465:History of Adjara
3362:
3361:
3234:
3233:
3172:League of Prizren
3102:Cyprus Convention
3077:Berlin Memorandum
2980:
2979:
2887:Kumanovo uprising
2801:
2800:
2785:Turkey portal
2585:Adrianople (1829)
2387:Zitvatorok (1606)
2377:Adrianople (1568)
2348:Adrianople (1547)
2236:
2235:
2205:Albanian Revolts
2062:German Naval Laws
2046:Naval arms races
2030:Berlin Conference
1962:Hague Conventions
1582:978-1-60781-150-3
1486:978-0-19-822379-5
1236:978-0-674-06634-2
970:Political History
811:Edoardo de Launay
656:Otto von Bismarck
624:Foreign Secretary
519:Vilayet of Bosnia
476:League of Nations
472:Minority Treaties
267:international law
252:Otto von Bismarck
188:
187:
3497:
3475:July 1878 events
3400:1870s in Romania
3380:1878 in Bulgaria
3268:Straits Question
3261:
3254:
3247:
3238:
3237:
3157:Eastern Question
3062:
3061:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3006:
3005:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2846:
2845:
2828:
2821:
2814:
2805:
2804:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2749:Bucharest (1918)
2744:Trebizond (1918)
2565:Bucharest (1812)
2437:Karlowitz (1699)
2299:Selymbria (1411)
2294:Gallipoli (1403)
2275:
2274:
2263:
2256:
2249:
2240:
2239:
2156:Spanish–American
2076:Fashoda Incident
1952:Treaty of Björkö
1937:Treaty of Berlin
1871:Open Door Policy
1805:Eastern question
1752:Entente Cordiale
1658:
1651:
1644:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1586:
1567:
1558:Taylor, A. J. P.
1546:
1534:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1502:
1495:Medlicott, W. N.
1490:
1459:
1443:
1417:
1403:
1389:
1369:
1368:
1341:Taylor, A. J. P.
1337:
1331:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1302:(3rd ed.).
1295:
1289:
1287:"Bosnian Crisis"
1284:
1275:
1274:
1252:
1241:
1240:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1137:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1100:
1094:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1008:
1002:
1001:
999:
997:
982:
973:
972:
957:
946:
940:
939:
915:
909:
903:
894:
893:
891:
889:
876:Hertslet, Edward
872:
851:List of treaties
807:
803:
801:
800:
774:Foreign Minister
762:
758:
756:
755:
733:
729:
727:
726:
703:Foreign Minister
692:
690:
689:
648:
644:
642:
641:
629:Lord Odo Russell
607:
603:
601:
600:
576:Mehmed Ali Pasha
560:
559:
509:
504:no vitality left
466:
455:
425:, including the
397:and the town of
380:Greater Bulgaria
326:resulted in the
192:Treaty of Berlin
179:
177:
176:
168:Kingdom of Italy
166:
164:
163:
153:
151:
150:
140:
138:
137:
127:
125:
124:
117:
113:
111:
110:
99:
97:
96:
68:
66:
36:
24:
22:Treaty of Berlin
20:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3270:
3265:
3235:
3230:
3115:
3069:
3063:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2984:
2976:
2948:
2922:
2891:
2865:
2837:
2832:
2802:
2797:
2779:
2777:
2768:
2734:Erzincan (1917)
2679:
2580:Akkerman (1826)
2545:El Arish (1800)
2510:
2486:Belgrade (1739)
2446:
2362:
2313:
2279:
2269:
2267:
2237:
2232:
2171:Boxer Rebellion
2129:
1993:
1947:Treaty of Paris
1912:
1906:
1839:New Imperialism
1800:Ottoman decline
1783:
1730:Triple Alliance
1718:
1679:Austria-Hungary
1667:
1662:
1611:10.2307/2212670
1596:
1593:
1583:
1516:
1514:
1487:
1456:
1427:Anderson, M.S.
1424:
1422:Further reading
1378:
1376:Primary sources
1373:
1372:
1365:
1338:
1334:
1325:
1321:
1314:
1296:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1253:
1244:
1237:
1217:
1213:
1203:
1201:
1167:10.2307/2212671
1139:
1138:
1131:
1121:
1119:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1071:
1067:
1060:
1040:
1036:
1029:
1021:. p. 286.
1009:
1005:
995:
993:
983:
976:
947:
943:
936:
928:. p. 165.
916:
912:
904:
897:
887:
885:
873:
869:
864:
827:
798:
796:
753:
751:
724:
722:
694:Austria-Hungary
687:
685:
639:
637:
598:
596:
554:
551:
507:
495:A. J. P. Taylor
461:
454:Austria–Hungary
453:
450:Eastern Rumelia
372:Eastern Rumelia
348:
304:, had made the
294:
263:sovereign state
236:Austria-Hungary
174:
172:
161:
159:
148:
146:
142:French Republic
135:
133:
129:Austria-Hungary
122:
120:
108:
106:
94:
92:
64:
62:
42:
19:
12:
11:
5:
3503:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3385:1878 in France
3382:
3377:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3264:
3263:
3256:
3249:
3241:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3221:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3182:Pact of Halepa
3179:
3174:
3169:
3167:British Cyprus
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3132:Deligrad Event
3129:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3073:
3071:
3065:
3064:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2852:
2850:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2831:
2830:
2823:
2816:
2808:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2788:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2690:
2688:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2660:Tophane (1886)
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2630:Scutari (1862)
2627:
2622:
2620:Erzurum (1847)
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2600:Kütahya (1833)
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2575:Erzurum (1823)
2572:
2570:Algiers (1815)
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2535:Tripoli (1796)
2532:
2527:
2525:Sistova (1791)
2521:
2519:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2457:
2455:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2427:Żurawno (1676)
2424:
2422:Buczacz (1672)
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2373:
2371:
2368:Transformation
2364:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2324:
2322:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2290:
2288:
2281:
2280:
2266:
2265:
2258:
2251:
2243:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2203:
2198:
2188:
2183:
2181:Russo-Japanese
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2146:Anglo-Egyptian
2143:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2120:Bosnian Crisis
2117:
2116:
2115:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2069:Austro-Italian
2066:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2044:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1967:Martens Clause
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1922:
1916:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1849:Egyptian Lever
1836:
1834:Pax Britannica
1831:
1830:
1829:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1815:Sovereign debt
1812:
1807:
1797:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1742:Triple Entente
1739:
1738:
1737:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1709:United Kingdom
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1661:
1660:
1653:
1646:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1592:
1591:External links
1589:
1588:
1587:
1581:
1568:
1554:
1547:
1537:Chisholm, Hugh
1523:
1504:
1491:
1485:
1470:
1460:
1455:978-0028656939
1454:
1435:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1404:
1390:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1363:
1332:
1319:
1312:
1290:
1276:
1269:
1263:. p. 50.
1242:
1235:
1211:
1129:
1114:(in Russian).
1095:
1086:
1065:
1058:
1052:. p. 84.
1034:
1027:
1003:
974:
960:Chisholm, Hugh
941:
934:
910:
895:
866:
865:
863:
860:
859:
858:
853:
848:
846:Kosovo Vilayet
843:
838:
833:
826:
823:
822:
821:
820:
819:
814:
793:
792:
791:
785:
776:
748:
747:
746:
743:
719:
718:
717:
711:
705:
683:
682:
681:
675:
666:
634:
633:
632:
626:
617:
615:Prime Minister
605:United Kingdom
593:
592:
591:
588:Sadullah Pasha
585:
573:
569:, Minister of
562:Ottoman Empire
550:
547:
535:Bosnian Crisis
515:Kosovo Vilayet
458:Bosnian crisis
347:
344:
332:April Uprising
293:
290:
204:Ottoman Empire
194:(formally the
186:
185:
184:
183:
181:Russian Empire
170:
157:
144:
131:
118:
115:United Kingdom
103:
101:Ottoman Empire
88:
84:
83:
74:
70:
69:
59:
55:
54:
48:
44:
43:
37:
29:
28:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3502:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3395:1878 treaties
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3269:
3262:
3257:
3255:
3250:
3248:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3227:
3226:
3225:Anna Karenina
3222:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3192:Brsjak revolt
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3137:Niš Committee
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3068:International
3066:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2951:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2829:
2824:
2822:
2817:
2815:
2810:
2809:
2806:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2765:
2764:Sèvres (1920)
2762:
2760:
2759:Mudros (1918)
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2714:Athens (1913)
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2704:London (1913)
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2650:Halepa (1878)
2648:
2646:
2645:Berlin (1878)
2643:
2641:
2640:Cyprus (1878)
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2615:London (1841)
2613:
2611:
2610:London (1840)
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2516:Modernization
2513:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2496:Kerden (1746)
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2449:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2417:Vasvár (1664)
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2407:Khotin (1621)
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2353:Amasya (1555)
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2319:Classical Age
2316:
2310:
2309:Szeged (1444)
2307:
2305:
2304:Venice (1419)
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2264:
2259:
2257:
2252:
2250:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2229:
2226:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2186:Italo-Turkish
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2141:Russo-Turkish
2139:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2113:Treaty of Fes
2111:
2110:
2109:
2108:Agadir Crisis
2106:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1909:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1780:
1779:Balkan League
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1735:Dual Alliance
1733:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1714:United States
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1654:
1652:
1647:
1645:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1594:
1584:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1512:
1511:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1482:
1478:
1477:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1366:
1364:0-19-881270-1
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1336:
1329:
1323:
1315:
1313:0-314-26014-5
1309:
1306:. p. 7.
1305:
1301:
1294:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1272:
1270:0-19-822126-6
1266:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1238:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1215:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1149:(in French).
1148:
1147:
1142:
1136:
1134:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1099:
1090:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1069:
1061:
1059:0-521-85085-1
1055:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1038:
1030:
1028:0-521-52251-X
1024:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1007:
992:
988:
981:
979:
971:
967:
966:
961:
956:
951:
945:
937:
935:0-691-00711-X
931:
927:
923:
922:
914:
907:
906:Phillips 1911
902:
900:
883:
882:
877:
871:
867:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
828:
818:
815:
812:
809:
808:
806:
794:
789:
788:Paul d'Oubril
786:
784:
780:
777:
775:
771:
767:
764:
763:
761:
749:
744:
742:
738:
735:
734:
732:
720:
715:
712:
709:
706:
704:
700:
697:
696:
695:
684:
679:
676:
674:
670:
667:
665:
661:
657:
654:
653:
652:
647:
635:
630:
627:
625:
621:
618:
616:
612:
609:
608:
606:
594:
589:
586:
583:
582:
577:
574:
572:
568:
565:
564:
563:
558:
553:
552:
546:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
511:
505:
500:
496:
492:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
468:
465:
459:
451:
447:
444:in 1910, and
443:
439:
435:
430:
428:
424:
420:
415:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
322:In 1875, the
320:
317:
316:
311:
310:Holy Alliance
307:
303:
299:
289:
287:
283:
279:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
216:Balkan region
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
182:
171:
169:
158:
156:
155:German Empire
145:
143:
132:
130:
119:
116:
104:
102:
91:
90:
89:
85:
82:
81:German Empire
78:
75:
71:
60:
56:
53:
49:
45:
41:
35:
30:
25:
16:
3318:
3223:
3218:Marche slave
3216:
3110:
2790:
2776:
2754:Batum (1918)
2729:Sofia (1915)
2699:Ouchy (1912)
2644:
2625:Paris (1856)
2560:Çanak (1809)
2555:Paris (1802)
2540:Tunis (1797)
2530:Jassy (1792)
2461:Pruth (1711)
2412:Zuhab (1639)
2402:Serav (1618)
2397:Busza (1617)
2054:
2050:Anglo-German
2039:
1936:
1911:Treaties and
1672:Great powers
1602:
1598:
1572:
1562:
1550:
1540:
1515:. Retrieved
1509:
1498:
1475:
1463:
1445:
1428:
1412:
1398:
1384:
1345:
1335:
1327:
1322:
1299:
1293:
1256:
1221:
1214:
1202:. Retrieved
1150:
1144:
1120:. Retrieved
1109:
1098:
1089:
1075:
1068:
1044:
1037:
1013:
1006:
994:. Retrieved
990:
969:
963:
944:
920:
913:
886:, retrieved
880:
870:
579:
571:Public Works
512:
499:Beaconsfield
488:
469:
440:in 1882 and
431:
427:Danube Delta
416:
384:
367:
351:
349:
336:anti-Turkish
321:
313:
295:
275:
256:
212:major powers
195:
191:
189:
15:
3152:Opalchentsi
2849:Montenegrin
2694:Daan (1911)
2687:(1908–1922)
2518:(1789–1908)
2454:(1703–1789)
2370:(1566–1703)
2321:(1453–1566)
2287:(1299–1453)
2228:World War I
2191:Balkan Wars
2176:Second Boer
2161:Banana Wars
2125:July Crisis
2056:Dreadnought
2041:Weltpolitik
1885:Pan-Slavism
1204:19 February
1122:19 February
996:15 December
817:Luigi Corti
486:to Greece.
467:alliances.
464:World War I
302:Crimean War
3369:Categories
3070:agreements
2491:Niş (1739)
2452:Old Regime
1913:agreements
1861:Great Game
1827:Revanchism
1517:8 February
1353:. p.
1191:5545378434
888:8 February
862:References
770:Chancellor
442:Montenegro
364:Montenegro
292:Background
286:Montenegro
65:1878-07-13
2896:Bulgarian
1876:Meiji era
1723:Alliances
1627:246011615
1199:246006401
1175:0002-9300
452:in 1885.
436:in 1881,
395:Alashkerd
376:Macedonia
306:Black Sea
3120:See also
1560:(1954).
1529:(1911).
1497:(1963).
1396:(1878).
1343:(1954).
1157:for the
1116:Archived
952:(1911).
825:See also
521:and the
484:Thessaly
446:Bulgaria
368:de facto
352:de facto
259:Bulgaria
73:Location
1856:In Asia
1689:Germany
1619:2212670
1553:(1958).
1539:(ed.).
1431:(1966)
1183:2212671
962:(ed.).
651:Prussia
646:Germany
581:marshal
434:Romania
423:Dobruja
403:Ardahan
399:Bayazid
356:Romania
278:Romania
244:Germany
206:in the
200:Russian
87:Parties
63: (
47:Context
2214:Second
2201:Second
1998:Events
1788:Trends
1704:Russia
1684:France
1625:
1617:
1579:
1483:
1468:Online
1452:
1433:online
1361:
1310:
1267:
1233:
1197:
1189:
1181:
1173:
1056:
1025:
932:
802:
760:Russia
757:
731:France
728:
691:
643:
602:
480:Greece
438:Serbia
391:Adjara
387:Batumi
374:, and
360:Serbia
284:, and
282:Serbia
240:France
210:, the
178:
165:
152:
139:
126:
112:
98:
77:Berlin
58:Signed
2927:Greek
2219:Third
2209:First
2196:First
1699:Japan
1694:Italy
1623:S2CID
1615:JSTOR
1535:. In
1195:S2CID
1179:JSTOR
1083:–700.
958:. In
805:Italy
346:Terms
248:Italy
3109:and
2870:Serb
2685:Fall
2285:Rise
2134:Wars
1577:ISBN
1519:2019
1481:ISBN
1450:ISBN
1359:ISBN
1308:ISBN
1304:West
1265:ISBN
1231:ISBN
1206:2022
1187:OCLC
1171:ISSN
1124:2022
1054:ISBN
1023:ISBN
998:2017
930:ISBN
890:2019
772:and
662:and
649:and
513:The
462:pre-
407:Kars
405:and
389:and
362:and
296:The
190:The
1607:doi
1355:253
1163:doi
1081:685
3371::
1621:.
1613:.
1603:II
1601:.
1357:.
1349:.
1279:^
1245:^
1193:.
1185:.
1177:.
1169:.
1143:.
1132:^
1048:.
1017:.
989:.
977:^
924:.
898:^
768:,
701:,
671:,
658:,
622:,
613:,
578:,
510:"
358:,
342:.
280:,
246:,
242:,
238:,
234:,
79:,
3260:e
3253:t
3246:v
2827:e
2820:t
2813:v
2262:e
2255:t
2248:v
1657:e
1650:t
1643:v
1629:.
1609::
1585:.
1489:.
1458:.
1402:.
1367:.
1316:.
1273:.
1239:.
1208:.
1165::
1151:2
1126:.
1062:.
1031:.
1000:.
938:.
908:.
508:'
67:)
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