Confederate States of America

3190:

conscripts." Many men in otherwise "bombproof" positions were enlisted in one way or another, nearly 160,000 additional volunteers and conscripts in uniform. Still there was shirking. To administer the draft, a Bureau of Conscription was set up to use state officers, as state Governors would allow. It had a checkered career of "contention, opposition and futility". Armies appointed alternative military "recruiters" to bring in the out-of-uniform 17–50-year-old conscripts and deserters. Nearly 3,000 officers were tasked with the job. By late 1864, Lee was calling for more troops. "Our ranks are constantly diminishing by battle and disease, and few recruits are received; the consequences are inevitable." By March 1865 conscription was to be administered by generals of the state reserves calling out men over 45 and under 18 years old. All exemptions were abolished. These regiments were assigned to recruit conscripts ages 17–50, recover deserters, and repel enemy cavalry raids. The service retained men who had lost but one arm or a leg in home guards. Ultimately, conscription was a failure, and its main value was in goading men to volunteer.

5675:

steamboats which had not been captured or destroyed were in a state of disrepair, wharves had decayed or were missing, and trained personnel were dead or dispersed. Horses, mules, oxen, carriages, wagons, and carts had nearly all fallen prey at one time or another to the contending armies. The railroads were paralyzed, with most of the companies bankrupt. These lines had been the special target of the enemy. On one stretch of 114 miles in Alabama, every bridge and trestle was destroyed, cross-ties rotten, buildings burned, water-tanks gone, ditches filled up, and tracks grown up in weeds and bushes ... Communication centers like Columbia and Atlanta were in ruins; shops and foundries were wrecked or in disrepair. Even those areas bypassed by battle had been pirated for equipment needed on the battlefront, and the wear and tear of wartime usage without adequate repairs or replacements reduced all to a state of disintegration.

7254:"It had no existence, except as a conspiracy to overthrow lawful authority. Its foundation was treason against the existing Federal government. Its single purpose, so long as it lasted, was to make that treason successful. So far from being necessary to the organization of civil government, or to its maintenance and support, it was inimical to social order, destructive to the best interests of society, and its primary object was to overthrow the government on which these so largely depended. Its existence and temporary power were an enormous evil, which the whole force of the government and the people of the United States was engaged for years in destroying.When it was overthrown it perished totally. It left no laws, no statutes, no decrees, no authority which can give support to any contract, or any act done in its service, or in aid of its purpose, or which contributed to protract its existence." 5651: 9288:, p. 101. Virginia was practically promised as a condition of secession by Vice President Stephens. It had rail connections south along the east coast and into the interior, and laterally west into Tennessee, parallel the U.S. border, a navigable river to the Hampton Roads to menace ocean approaches to Washington DC, trade via the Atlantic Ocean, an interior canal to North Carolina sounds. It was a great storehouse of supplies, food, feed, raw materials, and infrastructure of ports, drydocks, armories and the established Tredegar Iron Works. Nevertheless, Virginia never permanently ceded land for the capital district. A local homeowner donated his home to the City of Richmond for use as the Confederate White House, which was in turn rented to the Confederate government for the Jefferson Davis presidential home and administration offices. 7675:. (1996) pp. 112–113. Potter wrote in his contribution to this book, "Where parties do not exist, criticism of the administration is likely to remain purely an individual matter; therefore the tone of the criticism is likely to be negative, carping, and petty, as it certainly was in the Confederacy. But where there are parties, the opposition group is strongly impelled to formulate real alternative policies and to press for the adoption of these policies on a constructive basis. ... But the absence of a two-party system meant the absence of any available alternative leadership, and the protest votes which were cast in the 1863 Confederate mid-term election became more expressions of futile and frustrated dissatisfaction rather than implements of a decision to adopt new and different policies for the Confederacy." 5558:

dollars that were minted either under the authority of the U.S. government, the State of Louisiana, or finally the Confederate States. Unlike the gold coins, this issue was produced in significant numbers (over 2.5 million) and is inexpensive in lower grades, although fakes have been made for sale to the public. However, before the New Orleans Mint ceased operation in May 1861, the Confederate government used its own reverse design to strike four half dollars. This made one of the great rarities of American numismatics. A lack of silver and gold precluded further coinage. The Confederacy apparently also experimented with issuing one cent coins, although only 12 were produced by a jeweler in Philadelphia, who was afraid to send them to the South. Like the half dollars, copies were later made as souvenirs.

3066:.) Rather than a universal draft, the first program was a selective one with physical, religious, professional, and industrial exemptions. These became narrower as the battle progressed. Initially substitutes were permitted, but by December 1863 these were disallowed. In September 1862 the age limit was increased from 35 to 45 and by February 1864, all men under 18 and over 45 were conscripted to form a reserve for state defense inside state borders. By March 1864, the Superintendent of Conscription reported that all across the Confederacy, every officer in constituted authority, man and woman, "engaged in opposing the enrolling officer in the execution of his duties". Although challenged in the state courts, the Confederate State Supreme Courts routinely rejected legal challenges to conscription. 2042:). Support for these three collectively, ranged from significant to outright majority, running from 25% in Texas to 81% in Missouri. There were minority views everywhere, especially in the upland and plateau areas of the South, particularly concentrated in western Virginia and eastern Tennessee. The first six signatory states establishing the Confederacy counted about one-fourth its population. They voted 43% for pro-Union candidates. The four states which entered after the attack on Fort Sumter held almost half the population of the Confederacy and voted 53% for pro-Union candidates. The three big turnout states voted extremes; Texas, with 5% of the population, voted 20% for pro-Union candidates; Kentucky and Missouri, with one-fourth the Confederate population, voted 68% for pro-Union. 3344: 262: 5730: 5662:

Charleston, Columbia, and Richmond (with prewar populations of 40,500, 8,100, and 37,900, respectively); the eleven contained 115,900 people in the 1860 census, or 14% of the urban South. Historians have not estimated what their actual population was when Union forces arrived. The number of people (as of 1860) who lived in the destroyed towns represented just over 1% of the Confederacy's 1860 population. In addition, 45 court houses were burned (out of 830). The South's agriculture was not highly mechanized. The value of farm implements and machinery in the 1860 Census was $ 81 million; by 1870, there was 40% less, worth just $ 48 million. Many old tools had broken through heavy use; new tools were rarely available; even repairs were difficult.

5277:, an executive order of the U.S. government on January 1, 1863, changed the legal status of three million slaves in designated areas of the Confederacy from "slave" to "free". The long-term effect was that the Confederacy could not preserve the institution of slavery and lost the use of the core element of its plantation labor force. Slaves were legally freed by the Proclamation, and became free by escaping to federal lines, or by advances of federal troops. Over 200,000 freed slaves were hired by the federal army as teamsters, cooks, launderers and laborers, and eventually as soldiers. Plantation owners, realizing that emancipation would destroy their economic system, sometimes moved their slaves as far as possible out of reach of the Union army. 5639: 5789: 5775: 4263:". During the debates on drafting the Confederate Constitution, one proposal would have allowed states to secede from the Confederacy. The proposal was tabled with only the South Carolina delegates voting in favor of considering the motion. The Confederate Constitution also explicitly denied States the power to bar slaveholders from other parts of the Confederacy from bringing their slaves into any state of the Confederacy or to interfere with the property rights of slave owners traveling between different parts of the Confederacy. In contrast with the secular language of the United States Constitution, the Confederate Constitution overtly asked God's blessing ("... invoking the favor and guidance of Almighty God ..."). 5745: 2795:...not attempted to conceal any of the peculiarities or defects of the Southern people. Many persons will doubtless highly disapprove of some of their customs and habits in the wilder portion of the country; but I think no generous man, whatever may be his political opinions, can do otherwise than admire the courage, energy, and patriotism of the whole population, and the skill of its leaders, in this struggle against great odds. And I am also of opinion that many will agree with me in thinking that a people in which all ranks and both sexes display a unanimity and a heroism which can never have been surpassed in the history of the world, is destined, sooner or later, to become a great and independent nation. 136: 3575: 932: 835: 5802: 5685: 879: 5920: 7662:

partisanship or prevent Confederates from holding on to and exploiting old political prejudices. Indeed, some states, notably Georgia and North Carolina, remained political tinderboxes throughout the war. Even the most bitter foes of the Confederate government, however, refused to form an opposition party, and the Georgia dissidents, to cite the most prominent example, avoided many traditional political activities. Only in North Carolina did there develop anything resembling a party system, and there the central values of the Confederacy's two political cultures had a far more powerful influence on political debate than did organizational maneuvering."

5760: 1058: 4018: 3856: 988: 849: 779: 5666:

fences and barns were in disrepair. Paskoff shows the loss of farm infrastructure was about the same whether or not fighting took place nearby. The loss of infrastructure and productive capacity meant that rural widows throughout the region faced not only the absence of able-bodied men, but a depleted stock of material resources that they could manage and operate themselves. During four years of warfare, disruption, and blockades, the South used up about half its capital stock. The North, by contrast, absorbed its material losses so effortlessly that it appeared richer at the end of the war than at the beginning.

4117: 3911: 5909:, and majority Mexican areas. Randolph B. Campbell states, "In spite of terrible losses and hardships, most Texans continued throughout the war to support the Confederacy as they had supported secession". Dale Baum in his analysis of Texas politics in the era counters: "This idea of a Confederate Texas united politically against northern adversaries was shaped more by nostalgic fantasies than by wartime realities." He characterizes Texas Civil War history as "a morose story of intragovernmental rivalries coupled with wide-ranging disaffection that prevented effective implementation of state wartime policies". 18299: 5403:", a failed strategy to coerce international support for the Confederacy through its cotton exports. When the blockade was announced, commercial shipping practically ended (the ships could not get insurance), and only a trickle of supplies came via blockade runners. The cutoff of exports was an economic disaster for the South, rendering useless its most valuable properties, its plantations and their enslaved workers. Many planters kept growing cotton, which piled up everywhere, but most turned to food production. All across the region, the lack of repair and maintenance wasted away the physical assets. 7014: 2492: 2660: 4057: 3890: 4946:

District Judges. Confederate district courts began reopening in early 1861, handling many of the same type cases as had been done before. Prize cases, in which Union ships were captured by the Confederate Navy or raiders and sold through court proceedings, were heard until the blockade of southern ports made this impossible. After a Sequestration Act was passed by the Confederate Congress, the Confederate district courts heard many cases in which enemy aliens (typically Northern absentee landlords owning property in the South) had their property sequestered (seized) by Confederate Receivers.

1072: 721: 143: 5372:

produce wealth, while the great majority of farmers fed themselves and supplied a small local market. Southern cities and industries grew faster than ever before, but the thrust of the rest of the country's exponential growth elsewhere was toward urban industrial development along transportation systems of canals and railroads. The South was following the dominant currents of the American economic mainstream, but at a "great distance" as it lagged in the all-weather modes of transportation that brought cheaper, speedier freight shipment and forged new, expanding inter-regional markets.

3172: 1016: 821: 3079: 5608:

caused by direct military action, but most was caused by lack of repairs and upkeep, and by deliberately using up resources. Historians have recently estimated how much of the devastation was caused by military action. Paul Paskoff calculates that Union military operations were conducted in 56% of 645 counties in nine Confederate states (excluding Texas and Florida). These counties contained 63% of the 1860 white population and 64% of the slaves. By the time the fighting took place, undoubtedly some people had fled to safer areas, so the exact population exposed to war is unknown.

5493:, a fatal disease that baffled veterinarians. After 1863 the invading Union forces had a policy of shooting all the local horses and mules that they did not need, in order to keep them out of Confederate hands. The Confederate armies and farmers experienced a growing shortage of horses and mules, which hurt the Southern economy and the war effort. The South lost half of its 2.5 million horses and mules; many farmers ended the war with none left. Army horses were used up by hard work, malnourishment, disease and battle wounds; they had a life expectancy of about seven months. 5090: 5854: 946: 751: 167: 4096: 3958: 3223: 4083: 3843: 974: 793: 1044: 960: 918: 865: 807: 765: 4031: 3877: 2068: 4005: 3822: 3122: 18287: 17410: 1030: 737: 16877: 7396:

combined with the vast difference in wealth between the slave-owning class and the small farmers created insolvable dilemmas when the Confederate survival presupposed a strong central government backed by a united populace. The prewar claim that white solidarity was necessary to provide a unified Southern voice in Washington no longer held. Davis failed to build a network of supporters who would speak up when he came under criticism, and he repeatedly alienated governors and other state-based leaders by demanding centralized control of the war effort.

13779:

partisanship or prevent Confederates from holding on to and exploiting old political prejudices ... Even the most bitter foes of the Confederate government, however, refused to form an opposition party, and the Georgia dissidents, to cite the most prominent example, avoided many traditional political activities. Only in North Carolina did there develop anything resembling a party system, and there the central values of the Confederacy's two political cultures had a far more powerful influence on political debate than did organizational maneuvering."

1002: 7224:", under the Constitution. This case settled the law that applied to all questions regarding state legislation during the war. Furthermore, it decided one of the "central constitutional questions" of the Civil War: The Union is perpetual and indestructible, as a matter of constitutional law. In declaring that no state could leave the Union, "except through revolution or through consent of the States", it was "explicitly repudiating the position of the Confederate states that the United States was a voluntary compact between sovereign states". 17026: 4070: 3924: 3402: 5142: 1934: 4879: 5442: 3153: 2888: 2080: 7916:

overseers working as plantation managers throughout the antebellum south. They were employed by the wealthiest of planters, planters who held multiple plantations and owned hundreds of enslaved Africans. By 1860, 85 percent of all cotton grown in the South was on plantations of 100 acres or more. On these plantations resided 91.2 percent of enslaved Africans. Planters came to own these Africans through the internal slave trade in the United States that moved to its cotton fields approximately one million enslaved laborers.

14067: 5354:" plantation areas (because few white families in the poor regions owned slaves). For decades, there had been widespread fear of slave revolts. During the war, extra men were assigned to "home guard" patrol duty and governors sought to keep militia units at home for protection. Historian William Barney reports, "no major slave revolts erupted during the Civil War." Nevertheless, slaves took the opportunity to enlarge their sphere of independence, and when union forces were nearby, many ran off to join them. 5615: 3241: 5434: 4927: 3686: 5338: 5324: 2017:, and internal improvements, but above all, cultural and financial dependence on the South's slavery-based economy. The convergence of race and slavery, politics, and economics raised South-related policy questions to the status of moral questions over, way of life, merging love of things Southern and hatred of things Northern. As the war approached, political parties split, and national churches and interstate families divided along sectional lines. According to historian John M. Coski: 6610: 4289: 4300:

Confederate armies, when elected, he assumed the office of Provisional President. Three candidates for provisional Vice President were under consideration the night before the February 9 election. All were from Georgia, and the various delegations meeting in different places determined two would not do, so Alexander H. Stephens was elected unanimously provisional Vice President, though with some privately held reservations. Stephens was inaugurated February 11, Davis February 18.

13796:

parties, the opposition group is strongly impelled to formulate real alternative policies and to press for the adoption of these policies on a constructive basis. ... But the absence of a two-party system meant the absence of any available alternative leadership, and the protest votes which were cast in the election became more expressions of futile and frustrated dissatisfaction rather than implements of a decision to adopt new and different policies for the Confederacy."

5126: 4895: 2459: 2301:, voters from 24 counties had voted for disunion in Virginia's May 23 referendum on the ordinance of secession. In the 1860 election "Constitutional Democrat" Breckenridge had outpolled "Constitutional Unionist" Bell in the 50 counties by 1,900 votes, 44% to 42%. The counties simultaneously supplied over 20,000 soldiers to each side of the conflict. Representatives for most counties were seated in both state legislatures at Wheeling and at Richmond for the duration of the war. 5106: 7320: 2672: 3700: 2476: 3130:

and under officers of their state. Those under 18 and over 35 could substitute for conscripts, in September those from 35 to 45 became conscripts. The cry of "rich man's war and a poor man's fight" led Congress to abolish the substitute system altogether in December 1863. All principals benefiting earlier were made eligible for service. By February 1864, the age bracket was made 17 to 50, those under eighteen and over forty-five to be limited to in-state duty.

5627: 18075: 17642: 16731: 10263:, pp. 308–311. The patchwork recruitment was (a) with and without state militia enrolment, (b) state Governor sponsorship and direct service under Davis, (c) for under six months, one year, three years and the duration of the war. Davis proposed recruitment for some period of years or the duration. Congress and the states equivocated. Governor Brown of Georgia became "the first and most persistent critic" of Confederate centralized military and civil power. 7305: 2538:. The move was used by Vice President Stephens and others to encourage other border states to follow Virginia into the Confederacy. In the political moment it was a show of "defiance and strength". The war for Southern independence was surely to be fought in Virginia, but it also had the largest Southern military-aged white population, with infrastructure, resources, and supplies. The Davis Administration's policy was that "It must be held at all hazards." 4708: 1880: 4911: 1963: 2946:

resulted in the destruction of the opposing army. He lacked reserve troops to exploit an advantage on the battlefield as Napoleon had done. Lee explained, "More than once have most promising opportunities been lost for want of men to take advantage of them, and victory itself had been made to put on the appearance of defeat, because our diminished and exhausted troops have been unable to renew a successful struggle against fresh numbers of the enemy."

3326: 2942:'s river gunboats as they gained dominance along navigable rivers north–south and east–west. Overseas blockade running then came to be of "outstanding importance". On April 17, President Davis called on privateer raiders, the "militia of the sea", to wage war on U.S. seaborne commerce. Despite noteworthy effort, over the course of the war the Confederacy was found unable to match the Union in ships and seamanship, materials and marine construction. 16741: 8104:, the Confederate States Constitution did not grant anyone (including the President) the power to dissolve the country. However, May 5, 1865, was the last day anyone holding a Confederate office recognized by the secessionist governments attempted to exercise executive, legislative, or judicial power under the C.S. Constitution. For this reason, that date is generally recognized to be the day the Confederate States of America formally dissolved. 3381:

Confederacy's shores, Union forces had closed ports and made garrisoned lodgments on every coastal Confederate state except Alabama and Texas. Although scholars sometimes assess the Union blockade as ineffectual under international law until the last few months of the war, from the first months it disrupted Confederate privateers, making it "almost impossible to bring their prizes into Confederate ports". British firms developed small fleets of

3424: 5513: 3557: 5580: 4644: 2961: 7182:

the war left the entire region economically devastated by military action, ruined infrastructure, and exhausted resources. Still dependent on an agricultural economy and resisting investment in infrastructure, it remained dominated by the planter elite into the next century. Confederate veterans had been temporarily disenfranchised by Reconstruction policy, and Democrat-dominated legislatures passed new constitutions and amendments

2320:. Overall, 24,000 men from Maryland joined Confederate forces, compared to 63,000 who joined Union forces. Delaware never produced a full regiment for the Confederacy, but neither did it emancipate slaves as did Missouri and West Virginia. District of Columbia citizens made no attempts to secede and through the war, referendums sponsored by Lincoln approved compensated emancipation and slave confiscation from "disloyal citizens". 10394:, pp. 313–314. Military officers including Joseph E. Johnston and Robert E. Lee, advocated conscription. In the circumstances they persuaded Congressmen and newspaper editors. Some editors advocating conscription in early 1862 later became "savage critics of conscription and of Davis for his enforcement of it: Yancey of Alabama, Rhett of the Charleston 'Mercury', Pollard of the Richmond 'Examiner', and Senator Wigfall of Texas". 5916:, 150 suspected Unionists were arrested; 25 were lynched without trial and 40 more were hanged after a summary trial. Draft resistance was widespread especially among Texans of German or Mexican descent, many of the latter leaving for Mexico. Confederate officials attempted to hunt down and kill potential draftees who had gone into hiding. Over 4,000 suspected Unionists were imprisoned in the Confederate States without trial. 3070:

defense, not combat". Depleted by casualties and desertions, the military suffered chronic manpower shortages. In early 1865, the Confederate Congress, influenced by the public support by General Lee, approved the recruitment of black infantry units. Contrary to Lee's and Davis's recommendations, the Congress refused "to guarantee the freedom of black volunteers". No more than two hundred black combat troops were ever raised.

2343: 4044: 3945: 7885:

the southern slave economy or, more commonly, the plantation economy... Slaveholders' demand for labor increased apace. The number of southern slaves jumped from under one million in 1790 to roughly four million by 1860. By the middle decades of the antebellum period, the Old South had matured into a slave society whose plantation economy affected virtually every social and economic relation within the South.

17654: 5969: 10866:, p. 303. French shipyards built four corvettes, and two ironclad rams for the Confederacy, but the American minister prevented their delivery. British firms contracted to build two additional ironclad rams, but under threat from the U.S., the British government bought them for their own navy. Two of the converted blockade runners effectively raided up and down the Atlantic coast until the end of the war. 5419:

government in its entire history collected only $ 3.5 million in tariff revenue. The lack of adequate financial resources led the Confederacy to finance the war through printing money, which led to high inflation. The Confederacy underwent an economic revolution by centralization and standardization, but it was too little too late as its economy was systematically strangled by blockade and raids.

3292:) in Missouri. At all three, Confederate forces could not follow up their victory due to inadequate supply and shortages of fresh troops to exploit their successes. Following each battle, Federals maintained a military presence and occupied Washington, DC; Fort Monroe, Virginia; and Springfield, Missouri. Both North and South began training up armies for major fighting the next year. Union General 5388: 60: 11197: 4311:

referred to their "Revolution", it was in their eyes more a counter-revolution against changes away from their understanding of U.S. founding documents. In Davis' inauguration speech, he explained the Confederacy was not a French-like revolution, but a transfer of rule. The Montgomery Convention had assumed all the laws of the United States until superseded by the Confederate Congress.

5454:

to market. Railroads tied plantation areas to the nearest river or seaport and so made supply more dependable, lowered costs and increased profits. In the event of invasion, the vast geography of the Confederacy made logistics difficult for the Union. Wherever Union armies invaded, they assigned many of their soldiers to garrison captured areas and to protect rail lines.

5831:. This flag too had its problems when used in military operations as, on a windless day, it could easily be mistaken for a flag of truce or surrender. Thus, in 1865, a modified version of the Stainless Banner was adopted. This final national flag of the Confederacy kept the Battle Flag canton, but shortened the white field and added a vertical red bar to the fly end. 5709:" was an embarrassment to the woman and her family, but after the war, it became almost a norm. Some women welcomed the freedom of not having to marry. Divorce, while never fully accepted, became more common. The concept of the "New Woman" emerged – she was self-sufficient and independent, and stood in sharp contrast to the "Southern Belle" of antebellum lore. 10652:"A bill supplemental to the act entitled 'An act for the Admission of the State of 'West Virginia' into the Union, and for other purposes' which would include the counties of "Boone, Logan, Wyoming, Mercer, McDowell, Pocahontas, Raleigh, Greenbrier, Monroe, Pendleton, Fayette, Nicholas, and Clay, now in the possession of the so-called confederate government". 5189:

army. Mail delivery was also important for the Confederacy for a myriad of business and military reasons. Because of the Union blockade, basic supplies were always in demand and so getting mailed correspondence out of the country to suppliers was imperative to the successful operation of the Confederacy. Volumes of material have been written about the

2161:. The Confederacy recognized the pro-Confederate claimants in Kentucky (December 10, 1861) and Missouri (November 28, 1861) and laid claim to those states, granting them Congressional representation and adding two stars to the Confederate flag. Voting for the representatives was mostly done by Confederate soldiers from Kentucky and Missouri. 10313:. Most preliminary officer training was had from Hardee's "Tactics", and thereafter by observation and experience in battle. The Confederacy had no officers training camps or military academies, although early on, cadets of the Virginia Military Institute and other military schools drilled enlisted troops in battlefield evolutions. 3618:, Tennessee, the gateway to the lower south. For the remainder of the war fighting was restricted inside the South, resulting in a slow but continuous loss of territory. In early 1864, the Confederacy still controlled 53% of its population, but it withdrew further to reestablish defensive positions. Union offensives continued with 2517:. Six states created the Confederacy there on February 8, 1861. The Texas delegation was seated at the time, so it is counted in the "original seven" states of the Confederacy; it had no roll call vote until after its referendum made secession "operative". The Permanent Constitution was adopted there on March 12, 1861. 10681:, controlling the upper Mississippi River, fell to a combined Army and Naval gunboat siege of three weeks. Federal occupation of Confederate territory expanded to include northwestern Arkansas, south down the Mississippi River and east up the Tennessee River. The Confederate River Defense fleet sank two Union ships at 2046:

sympathizers with the North. Once fighting began, many who voted to remain in the Union accepted the majority decision, and supported the Confederacy. Many writers have evaluated the War as an American tragedy—a "Brothers' War", pitting "brother against brother, father against son, kin against kin of every degree".

5379:, nor the habits of thrift that marked the rest of the country. It had access to the tools of capitalism, but it did not adopt its culture. The Southern Cause as a national economy in the Confederacy was grounded in "slavery and race, planters and patricians, plain folk and folk culture, cotton and plantations". 4954:

filing appeals. This prevented their clients' property from being sold until a supreme court could be constituted to hear the appeal, which never occurred. Where Federal troops gained control over parts of the Confederacy and re-established civilian government, US district courts sometimes resumed jurisdiction.

2170:

cause of southern independence. They demanded that their own states join the cause. Scores of demonstrations took place from April 12 to 14, before Lincoln issued his call for troops. Many conditional unionists were swept along by this powerful tide of southern nationalism; others were cowed into silence.

10905:(1960) pp. 289–290. Weak national leadership led to disorganized overall direction in contrast to improved organization in Washington. With another 10,000 men Lee and Bragg might have prevailed in the border states, but the local populations did not respond to their pleas to recruit additional soldiers. 7357:

became mere expressions of futile and frustrated dissatisfaction. According to historian David M. Potter, the lack of a functioning two-party system caused "real and direct damage" to the Confederate war effort since it prevented the formulation of any effective alternatives to the conduct of the war

7333:

Vice President Alexander H. Stephens feared losing the very form of republican government. Allowing President Davis to threaten "arbitrary arrests" to draft hundreds of governor-appointed "bomb-proof" bureaucrats conferred "more power than the English Parliament had ever bestowed on the king. History

7181:

ended Reconstruction in the former Confederate states. Federal troops were withdrawn from the South, where conservative white Democrats had already regained political control of state governments, often through extreme violence and fraud to suppress black voting. The prewar South had many rich areas;

7132:

in May 1872 lifting those restrictions. There was a great deal of discussion in 1865 about bringing treason trials, especially against Jefferson Davis. There was no consensus in President Johnson's cabinet, and no one was charged with treason. An acquittal of Davis would have been humiliating for the

5952:

The Confederate States of America claimed a total of 2,919 miles (4,698 km) of coastline, thus a large part of its territory lay on the seacoast with level and often sandy or marshy ground. Most of the interior portion consisted of arable farmland, though much was also hilly and mountainous, and

5598:

The overall decline in food supplies, made worse by the inadequate transportation system, led to serious shortages and high prices in urban areas. When bacon reached a dollar a pound in 1863, the poor women of Richmond, Atlanta and many other cities began to riot; they broke into shops and warehouses

5475:

control of the military. In contrast, the U.S. Congress had authorized military administration of Union-controlled railroad and telegraph systems in January 1862, imposed a standard gauge, and built railroads into the South using that gauge. Confederate armies successfully reoccupying territory could

5453:

In peacetime, the South's extensive and connected systems of navigable rivers and coastal access allowed for cheap and easy transportation of agricultural products. The railroad system in the South had developed as a supplement to the navigable rivers to enhance the all-weather shipment of cash crops

5188:

With the chaos of the war, a working postal system was more important than ever for the Confederacy. The Civil War had divided family members and friends and consequently letter writing increased dramatically across the entire divided nation, especially to and from the men who were away serving in an

5172:

When the war began, the US Post Office briefly delivered mail from the secessionist states. Mail that was postmarked after the date of a state's admission into the Confederacy through May 31, 1861, and bearing US postage was still delivered. After this time, private express companies still managed to

4724:

The Permanent Confederate Congress was elected and began its first session February 18, 1862. The Permanent Congress for the Confederacy followed the United States forms with a bicameral legislature. The Senate had two per state, twenty-six Senators. The House numbered 106 representatives apportioned

4258:

The second Confederate Constitution was finally adopted on February 22, 1862, one year into the American Civil War, and did not specifically include a provision allowing states to secede; the Preamble spoke of each state "acting in its sovereign and independent character" but also of the formation of

3316:

The victories of 1861 were followed by a series of defeats east and west in early 1862. To restore the Union by military force, the Federal strategy was to (1) secure the Mississippi River, (2) seize or close Confederate ports, and (3) march on Richmond. To secure independence, the Confederate intent

3307:

Meanwhile, the Union Navy seized control of much of the Confederate coastline from Virginia to South Carolina. It took over plantations and the abandoned slaves. Federals there began a war-long policy of burning grain supplies up rivers into the interior wherever they could not occupy. The Union Navy

3193:

The survival of the Confederacy depended on a strong base of civilians and soldiers devoted to victory. The soldiers performed well, though increasing numbers deserted in the last year of fighting, and the Confederacy never succeeded in replacing casualties as the Union could. The civilians, although

3145:

that specifically exempted one white overseer or owner for every plantation with at least 20 slaves. Backpedaling six months later, Congress provided overseers under 45 could be exempted only if they held the occupation before the first Conscription Act. The number of officials under state exemptions

3129:

The Confederacy passed the first American law of national conscription on April 16, 1862. The white males of the Confederate States from 18 to 35 were declared members of the Confederate army for three years, and all men then enlisted were extended to a three-year term. They would serve only in units

3094:

Anticipating the need for more "duration" men, in January 1862 Congress provided for company level recruiters to return home for two months, but their efforts met little success on the heels of Confederate battlefield defeats in February. Congress allowed for Davis to require numbers of recruits from

2871:

wrote that for those who would secure its independence, "The Confederacy was unfortunate in its failure to work out a general strategy for the whole war". Aggressive strategy called for offensive force concentration. Defensive strategy sought dispersal to meet demands of locally minded governors. The

2809:

to Europe with a message that the war was fought solely for "the vindication of our rights to self-government and independence" and that "no sacrifice is too great, save that of honor". The message stated that if the French or British governments made their recognition conditional on anything at all,

1920:

The Confederate administration pursued a policy of national territorial integrity, continuing earlier state efforts in 1860–1861 to remove U.S. government presence. This included taking possession of U.S. courts, custom houses, post offices, and most notably, arsenals and forts. After the Confederate

11324:

Confederate soldiers from slaveholding families expressed no feelings of embarrassment or inconsistency in fighting for their own liberty while holding other people in slavery. Indeed, white supremacy and the right of property in slaves were at the core of the ideology for which Confederate soldiers

10538:

I maintain that it was inaugurated and begun, though no blow had been struck, when the hostile fleet, styled the 'Relief Squadron', with eleven ships, carrying two hundred and eighty-five guns and two thousand four hundred men, was sent out from New York and Norfolk, with orders from the authorities

5536:

The Confederate government initially wanted to finance its war mostly through tariffs on imports, export taxes, and voluntary donations of gold. After the spontaneous imposition of an embargo on cotton sales to Europe in 1861, these sources of revenue dried up and the Confederacy increasingly turned

4720:

The only two "formal, national, functioning, civilian administrative bodies" in the Civil War South were the Jefferson Davis administration and the Confederate Congresses. The Confederacy was begun by the Provisional Congress in Convention at Montgomery, Alabama on February 28, 1861. The Provisional

3748:

sailed from Europe to break the Union blockade in March; on making Havana, Cuba, it surrendered. Some high officials escaped to Europe, but President Davis was captured May 10; all remaining Confederate land forces surrendered by June 1865. The U.S. Army took control of the Confederate areas without

3137:

of April 1862 exempted occupations related to transportation, communication, industry, ministers, teaching and physical fitness. The Second Conscription Act of October 1862 expanded exemptions in industry, agriculture and conscientious objection. Exemption fraud proliferated in medical examinations,

3014:

The total population of the Confederate Army is unknowable due to incomplete and destroyed Confederate records but estimates are between 750,000 and 1,000,000 troops. This does not include an unknown number of slaves pressed into army tasks, such as the construction of fortifications and defenses or

2857:

Some historians emphasize that Civil War soldiers were driven by political ideology, holding firm beliefs about the importance of liberty, Union, or state rights, or about the need to protect or to destroy slavery. Others point to less overtly political reasons to fight, such as the defense of one's

2650:

all spent years in Britain, where fugitive slaves were safe and, as Allen said, there was an "absence of prejudice against color. Here the colored man feels himself among friends, and not among enemies". Most British public opinion was against the practice, with Liverpool seen as the primary base of

2559:

During its four years, the Confederacy asserted its independence and appointed dozens of diplomatic agents abroad. None were recognized by a foreign government. The US government regarded the Southern states as being in rebellion or insurrection and so refused any formal recognition of their status.

7884:

Antebellum southern society was defined in no small part by the shaping and working of large tracts of land whose soil was tilled and staples tended by enslaved African-American laborers. This was, in short, a society dependent on what historians have variously referred to as the plantation system,

7648:

The Statutes at Large of the Provisional Government of the Confederate States of America: From the Institution of the Government, February 8, 1861 to Its Termination, February 18, 1862, Inclusive. Arranged in Chronological Order, Together with the Constitution for the Provisional Government and the

5461:

as well as lack of interchange. Locomotives and freight cars had fixed axles and could not use tracks of different gauges (widths). Railroads of different gauges leading to the same city required all freight to be off-loaded onto wagons for transport to the connecting railroad station, where it had

5410:

such as turpentine. The main industrial areas were border cities such as Baltimore, Wheeling, Louisville and St. Louis, that were never under Confederate control. The government did set up munitions factories in the Deep South. Combined with captured munitions and those coming via blockade runners,

5233:

The Confederate citizen was not any freer than the Union citizen – and perhaps no less likely to be arrested by military authorities. In fact, the Confederate citizen may have been in some ways less free than his Northern counterpart. For example, freedom to travel within the Confederate states was

3279:

for three months to recapture the Charleston Harbor forts and all other federal property. This emboldened secessionists in Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee and North Carolina to secede rather than provide troops to march into neighboring Southern states. In May, Federal troops crossed into Confederate

3271:

that without Confederate resistance to the resupply there would be no military reinforcement without further notice, but Lincoln prepared to force resupply if it were not allowed. Confederate President Davis, in cabinet, decided to seize Fort Sumter before the relief fleet arrived, and on April 12,

3086:

The immediate onset of war meant that it was fought by the "Provisional" or "Volunteer Army". State governors resisted concentrating a national effort. Several wanted a strong state army for self-defense. Others feared large "Provisional" armies answering only to Davis. When filling the Confederate

2932:

Rangers in twenty to fifty-man units were awarded 50% valuation for property destroyed behind Union lines, regardless of location or loyalty. As Federals occupied the South, objections by loyal Confederate concerning Ranger horse-stealing and indiscriminate scorched earth tactics behind Union lines

2169:

As the telegraph chattered reports of the attack on Sumter April 12 and its surrender next day, huge crowds poured into the streets of Richmond, Raleigh, Nashville, and other upper South cities to celebrate this victory over the Yankees. These crowds waved Confederate flags and cheered the glorious

13795:

Potter wrote in his contribution to this book, "Where parties do not exist, criticism of the administration is likely to remain purely an individual matter; therefore the tone of the criticism is likely to be negative, carping, and petty, as it certainly was in the Confederacy. But where there are

9248:

The sessions of the Provisional Congress were in Montgomery, Alabama, (1) First Session February 4 – March 10, and (2) Second Session April 29 – May 21, 1861. The Capital was moved to Richmond May 30. The (3) Third Session was held July 20 – August 31. The (4) Fourth Session called for September 3

9234:

The Texas delegation was seated with full voting rights after its statewide referendum of secession on March 2, 1861. It is generally counted as an "original state" of the Confederacy. Four upper south states declared secession following Lincoln's call for volunteers: Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee

5814:

The first official flag of the Confederate States of America—called the "Stars and Bars"—originally had seven stars, representing the first seven states that initially formed the Confederacy. As more states joined, more stars were added, until the total was 13 (two stars were added for the divided

5665:

The economic losses affected everyone. Banks and insurance companies were mostly bankrupt. Confederate currency and bonds were worthless. The billions of dollars invested in slaves vanished. Most debts were also left behind. Most farms were intact, but most had lost their horses, mules and cattle;

5607:

By the end of the war deterioration of the Southern infrastructure was widespread. The number of civilian deaths is unknown. Every Confederate state was affected, but most of the war was fought in Virginia and Tennessee, while Texas and Florida saw the least military action. Much of the damage was

5479:

In the last year before the end of the war, the Confederate railroad system stood permanently on the verge of collapse. There was no new equipment and raids on both sides systematically destroyed key bridges, as well as locomotives and freight cars. Spare parts were cannibalized; feeder lines were

5466:

before proceeding. Centers requiring off-loading included Vicksburg, New Orleans, Montgomery, Wilmington and Richmond. In addition, most rail lines led from coastal or river ports to inland cities, with few lateral railroads. Because of this design limitation, the relatively primitive railroads of

5284:

of the Union hierarchy during and immediately following the war, no program of reparations for freed slaves was ever attempted. Unlike other Western countries, such as Britain and France, the U.S. government never paid compensation to Southern slave owners for their "lost property". The only place

4941:

The Confederate Constitution outlined a judicial branch of the government, but the ongoing war and resistance from states-rights advocates, particularly on the question of whether it would have appellate jurisdiction over the state courts, prevented the creation or seating of the "Supreme Court of

3098:

The veteran Confederate army of early 1862 was mostly twelve-month volunteers with terms about to expire. Enlisted reorganization elections disintegrated the army for two months. Officers pleaded with the ranks to re-enlist, but a majority did not. Those remaining elected majors and colonels whose

2912:

in October 1862, generals proposed concentrating forces from state commands to re-invade the north. Nothing came of it. Again in mid-1863 at his incursion into Pennsylvania, Lee requested of Davis that Beauregard simultaneously attack Washington with troops taken from the Carolinas. But the troops

2541:

The naming of Richmond as the new capital took place on May 30, 1861, and the last two sessions of the Provisional Congress were held there. As war dragged on, Richmond became crowded with training and transfers, logistics and hospitals. Prices rose dramatically despite government efforts at price

2112:

declared neutrality, but after Confederate troops moved in, the state legislature asked for Union troops to drive them out. Delegates from 68 Kentucky counties were sent to the Russellville Convention that signed an Ordinance of Secession. Kentucky was admitted into the Confederacy on December 10,

2045:

Following South Carolina's unanimous 1860 secession vote, no other Southern states considered the question until 1861; when they did, none had a unanimous vote. All had residents who cast significant numbers of Unionist votes. Voting to remain in the Union did not necessarily mean individuals were

11694:

Neely (1999) p. 172. Neely notes that. "Most surprising of all, the Confederacy at a greater rate than the North arrested persons who held opposition political views at least in part because they held them, despite the Confederacy's vaunted lack of political parties. Such arrests were more common

7399:

According to Coulter, Davis was not an efficient administrator as he attended to too many details, protected his friends after their failures were obvious, and spent too much time on military affairs versus his civic responsibilities. Coulter concludes he was not the ideal leader for the Southern

7383:

E. Merton Coulter, viewed by historians as a Confederate apologist, says Davis was heroic, but his "tenacity, determination, and will power" stirred up lasting opposition from enemies. He failed to overcome "petty leaders of the states" who made the term "Confederacy" into a label for tyranny and

5594:

State governments requested that planters grow less cotton and more food, but most refused. When cotton prices soared in Europe, expectations were that Europe would soon intervene to break the blockade and make them rich, but Europe remained neutral. The Georgia legislature imposed cotton quotas,

5590:

As women were the ones who remained at home, they had to make do with the lack of food and supplies. They cut back on purchases, used old materials, and planted more flax and peas to provide clothing and food. They used ersatz substitutes when possible, but there was no real coffee, only okra and

5541:

and printing money to pay for war expenses. The Confederate States politicians were worried about angering the general population with hard taxes. A tax increase might disillusion many Southerners, so the Confederacy resorted to printing more money. As a result, inflation increased and remained a

5488:

The Confederate army experienced a persistent shortage of horses and mules and requisitioned them with dubious promissory notes given to local farmers and breeders. Union forces paid in real money and found ready sellers in the South. Both armies needed horses for cavalry and for artillery. Mules

5367:

in the North. The Southern economy was "pre-capitalist" in that slaves were put to work in the largest revenue-producing enterprises, not free labor markets. That labor system as practiced in the American South encompassed paternalism, whether abusive or indulgent, and that meant labor management

5270:, the 11 states that seceded had the highest percentage of slaves as a proportion of their population, representing 39% of their total population. The proportions ranged from a majority in South Carolina (57.2%) and Mississippi (55.2%) to about a quarter in Arkansas (25.5%) and Tennessee (24.8%). 4953:

between Union and Confederate forces. Thus, the District Attorney won the case by default, the property was typically sold, and the money used to further the Southern war effort. Eventually, because there was no Confederate Supreme Court, sharp attorneys like South Carolina's Edward McCrady began

4310:

Coulter stated, "No president of the U.S. ever had a more difficult task." Washington was inaugurated in peacetime. Lincoln inherited an established government of long standing. The creation of the Confederacy was accomplished by men who saw themselves as fundamentally conservative. Although they

3712:

The Confederacy controlled no ports, harbors or navigable rivers. Railroads were captured or had ceased operating. Its major food-producing regions had been war-ravaged or occupied. Its administration survived in only three pockets of territory holding only one-third of its population. Its armies

3473:

placed his hopes in a European-built ironclad fleet, but they were never realized. On the other hand, four new English-built commerce raiders served the Confederacy, and several fast blockade runners were sold in Confederate ports. They were converted into commerce-raiding cruisers, and manned by

2747:

and received a letter supposedly addressed "to the Illustrious and Honorable Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States of America"; Mann had mistranslated the address. In his report to Richmond, Mann claimed a great diplomatic achievement for himself, but Confederate Secretary of State

2711:

and abolitionist opposition in Britain put an end to these possibilities. The cost to Britain of a war with the U.S. would have been high: the immediate loss of American grain-shipments, the end of British exports to the U.S., and seizure of billions of pounds invested in American securities. War

12580:

at "Mississippi History Now" online Mississippi Historical Society. Second National Flag, "the stainless banner" references, Devereaux D. Cannon, Jr., The Flags of the Confederacy, An Illustrated History (St. Lukes Press, 1988), 22–24. Section Heading "Second and Third National Flags". Retrieved

5661:

The eleven Confederate States in the 1860 United States census had 297 towns and cities with 835,000 people; of these 162 with 681,000 people were at one point occupied by Union forces. Eleven were destroyed or severely damaged by war action, including Atlanta (with an 1860 population of 9,600),

5557:

in Louisiana. During 1861 all of these facilities produced small amounts of gold coinage, and the latter half dollars as well. Since the mints used the current dies on hand, all appear to be U.S. issues. However, by comparing slight differences in the dies specialists can distinguish 1861-O half

5418:

or tax on imports of 15%, and imposed it on all imports from other countries, including the United States. The tariff mattered little; the Union blockade minimized commercial traffic through the Confederacy's ports, and very few people paid taxes on goods smuggled from the North. The Confederate

4728:

The political influences of the civilian, soldier vote and appointed representatives reflected divisions of political geography of a diverse South. These in turn changed over time relative to Union occupation and disruption, the war impact on the local economy, and the course of the war. Without

4284:

The Montgomery Convention to establish the Confederacy and its executive met on February 4, 1861. Each state as a sovereignty had one vote, with the same delegation size as it held in the U.S. Congress, and generally 41 to 50 members attended. Offices were "provisional", limited to a term not to

3380:

Although Confederates had suffered major reverses everywhere, as of the end of April the Confederacy still controlled territory holding 72% of its population. Federal forces disrupted Missouri and Arkansas; they had broken through in western Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee and Louisiana. Along the

3090:

It was important to raise troops; it was just as important to provide capable officers to command them. With few exceptions the Confederacy secured excellent general officers. Efficiency in the lower officers was "greater than could have been reasonably expected". As with the Federals, political

3057:

Most soldiers were white males aged between 16 and 28. The median year of birth was 1838, so half the soldiers were 23 or older by 1861. The Confederate Army was permitted to disband for two months in early 1862 after its short-term enlistments expired. The majority of those in uniform would not

2937:

The Confederacy relied on external sources for war materials. The first came from trade with the enemy. "Vast amounts of war supplies" came through Kentucky, and thereafter, western armies were "to a very considerable extent" provisioned with illicit trade via Federal agents and northern private

2804:

and John A. Lindsay. Roebuck in turn publicly prepared a bill to submit to Parliament supporting joint Anglo-French recognition of the Confederacy. "Southerners had a right to be optimistic, or at least hopeful, that their revolution would prevail, or at least endure." Following the disasters at

2546:

progressed, Congress authorized Davis to remove the executive department and call Congress to session elsewhere in 1864 and again in 1865. Shortly before the end of the war, the Confederate government evacuated Richmond, planning to relocate further south. Little came of these plans before Lee's

2054:

Initially, some secessionists hoped for a peaceful departure. Moderates in the Confederate Constitutional Convention included a provision against importation of slaves from Africa to appeal to the Upper South. Non-slave states might join, but the radicals secured a two-thirds requirement in both

1974:

was a contract among sovereign states that could be abandoned without consultation and each state had a right to secede. After intense debates and statewide votes, seven Deep South cotton states passed secession ordinances by February 1861, while secession efforts failed in the other eight slave

11112:

Sherman was closing in on Raleigh, whose occupation tomorrow would make it the ninth of the eleven seceded state capitals to feel the tread of the invader. All, that is, but Austin and Tallahassee, whose survival was less the result of their ability to resist than it was of Federal oversight or

10102:

seeded defensive water-borne mines in principal harbors and rivers to compromise the Union naval superiority. These "torpedoes" were said to have caused more loss in U.S. naval ships and transports than by any other cause. Despite a rage for Congressional appropriations and public "subscription

7352:

Though political differences were within the Confederacy, no national political parties were formed because they were seen as illegitimate. "Anti-partyism became an article of political faith." Without a system of political parties building alternate sets of national leaders, electoral protests

7127:

When the war ended over 14,000 Confederates petitioned President Johnson for a pardon; he was generous in giving them out. He issued a general amnesty to all Confederate participants in the "late Civil War" in 1868. Congress passed additional Amnesty Acts in May 1866 with restrictions on office

5371:

Approximately 85% of both the North and South white populations lived on family farms, both regions were predominantly agricultural, and mid-century industry in both was mostly domestic. But the Southern economy was pre-capitalist in its overwhelming reliance on the agriculture of cash crops to

4945:

Confederate district courts were authorized by Article III, Section 1, of the Confederate Constitution, and President Davis appointed judges within the individual states of the Confederate States of America. In many cases, the same US Federal District Judges were appointed as Confederate States

2879:

As the Confederate government lost control of territory in campaign after campaign, it was said that "the vast size of the Confederacy would make its conquest impossible". The enemy would be struck down by the same elements which so often debilitated or destroyed visitors and transplants in the

4225:

In certain areas, the second Confederate Constitution gave greater powers to the states (or curtailed the powers of the central government more) than the U.S. Constitution of the time did, but in other areas, the states lost rights they had under the U.S. Constitution. Although the Confederate

3771:

concluded that the Confederacy capitulated in early 1865 because northern armies crushed "organized southern military resistance". The Confederacy's population, soldier and civilian, had suffered material hardship and social disruption. Jefferson Davis' assessment in 1890 determined, "With the

3189:

The Conscription Act of February 1864 "radically changed the whole system" of selection. It abolished industrial exemptions, placing detail authority in President Davis. As the shame of conscription was greater than a felony conviction, the system brought in "about as many volunteers as it did

3069:

Many thousands of slaves served as personal servants to their owner, or were hired as laborers, cooks, and pioneers. Some freed blacks and men of color served in local state militia units of the Confederacy, primarily in Louisiana and South Carolina, but their officers deployed them for "local

12601:

at "Mississippi History Now" online Mississippi Historical Socie ty. Third National Flag, "the bloodstained banner" references 19. Southern Historical Society Papers (cited hereafter as SHSP, volume number, date for the first entry, and page number), 24, 118. Section Heading "Second and Third

9235:

and North Carolina. "The founders of the Confederacy desired and ideally envisioned a peaceful creation of a new union of all slave-holding states, including the border states of Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri." Kentucky and Missouri were seated in December 1861. Kenneth C. Martis,

7395:

Escott argues that Davis was unable to mobilize Confederate nationalism in support of his government effectively, and especially failed to appeal to the small farmers who made up the bulk of the population. Escott also emphasizes that the widespread opposition to any strong central government

5826:

Although it was never officially adopted by the Confederate government, the popularity of the Southern Cross among both soldiers and the civilian population was a primary reason why it was made the main color feature when a new national flag was adopted in 1863. This new standard—known as the

5470:

The Confederacy had no plan to expand, protect or encourage its railroads. Southerners' refusal to export the cotton crop in 1861 left railroads bereft of their main source of income. Many lines had to lay off employees; many critical skilled technicians and engineers were permanently lost to

4732:

The absence of political parties made individual roll call voting all the more important, as the Confederate "freedom of roll-call voting unprecedented in American legislative history." Key issues throughout the life of the Confederacy related to (1) suspension of habeas corpus, (2) military

4299:

Jefferson Davis was elected provisional president. His U.S. Senate resignation speech greatly impressed with its clear rationale for secession and his pleading for a peaceful departure from the Union to independence. Although he had made it known that he wanted to be commander-in-chief of the

3717:

with Lincoln, senior Confederate officials rejected his invitation to restore the Union with compensation for emancipated slaves. The three pockets of unoccupied Confederacy were southern Virginia—North Carolina, central Alabama—Florida, and Texas, the latter two areas less from any notion of

2945:

An inescapable obstacle to success in the warfare of mass armies was the Confederacy's lack of manpower, and sufficient numbers of disciplined, equipped troops in the field at the point of contact with the enemy. During the winter of 1862–63, Lee observed that none of his famous victories had

10368:, pp. 313, 332. Officially dropping 425 officers by board review in October was followed immediately by 1,300 "resignations". Some officers who resigned then served honorably as enlisted for the duration or until they were made casualties, others resigned and returned home until conscription. 7915:

The plantation as the vehicle to wealth was tied to the primacy of cotton in the growth of global capitalism. The large-scale cultivation and harvest of cot ton required new forms of labor organization, as well as labor management, Enter the overseer. By 1860, there were approximately 38,000

7338:, to control elections and to suppress the peace meetings there. As Rable concludes, "For Stephens, the essence of patriotism, the heart of the Confederate cause, rested on an unyielding commitment to traditional rights" without considerations of military necessity, pragmatism or compromise. 5674:

One of the greatest calamities which confronted Southerners was the havoc wrought on the transportation system. Roads were impassable or nonexistent, and bridges were destroyed or washed away. The important river traffic was at a standstill: levees were broken, channels were blocked, the few

4209:

of "sovereign and independent states", guaranteeing states the right to a republican form of government. Prior to adopting to the first Confederate constitution, the independent states were sovereign republics, e.g. "Republic of Louisiana", "Republic of Mississippi", "Republic of Texas" etc.

2805:

Vicksburg and Gettysburg in July 1863, the Confederates "suffered a severe loss of confidence in themselves" and withdrew into an interior defensive position. By December 1864, Davis considered sacrificing slavery in order to enlist recognition and aid from Paris and London; he secretly sent

1929:

to muster under his command. The stated purpose was to re-occupy U.S. properties throughout the South, as the U.S. Congress had not authorized their abandonment. The resistance at Fort Sumter signaled his change of policy from that of the Buchanan Administration. Lincoln's response ignited a

1870:

wrote: "The problem for Americans who, in the age of Lincoln, wanted slaves to be free was not simply that southerners wanted the opposite, but that they themselves cherished a conflicting value: they wanted the Constitution, which protected slavery, to be honored, and the Union, which was a

4213:

A second Confederate constitution was written in March, 1861, which sought to replace the confederation with a federal government; much of this constitution replicated the United States Constitution verbatim, but contained several explicit protections of the institution of slavery including

2858:

home and family, or the honor and brotherhood to be preserved when fighting alongside other men. Most historians agree that, no matter what he thought about when he went into the war, the experience of combat affected him profoundly and sometimes affected his reasons for continuing to fight.

2563:

The US government never declared war on those "kindred and countrymen" in the Confederacy but conducted its military efforts beginning with a presidential proclamation issued April 15, 1861. It called for troops to recapture forts and suppress what Lincoln later called an "insurrection and

13778:

Cooper (2000) p. 462. Rable (1994) pp. 2–3. Rable wrote, "But despite heated arguments and no little friction between the competing political cultures of unity and liberty, antiparty and broader fears about politics in general shaped civic life. These beliefs could obviously not eliminate

7661:

2617:

had been held in 1840. Black abolitionist speakers toured England, Scotland, and Ireland, exposing the reality of America's chattel slavery and rebutting the Confederate position that blacks were "unintellectual, timid, and dependent", and "not equal to the white man...the superior race."

4314:

The Permanent Constitution provided for a President of the Confederate States of America, elected to serve a six-year term but without the possibility of re-election. Unlike the United States Constitution, the Confederate Constitution gave the president the ability to subject a bill to a

3633:

In April 1863, the C.S. Congress authorized a uniformed Volunteer Navy, many of whom were British. The Confederacy had altogether eighteen commerce-destroying cruisers, which seriously disrupted Federal commerce at sea and increased shipping insurance rates 900%. Commodore Tattnall again

3041:

The Confederate officer corps consisted of men from both slave-owning and non-slave-owning families. The Confederacy appointed junior and field grade officers by election from the enlisted ranks. Although no Army service academy was established for the Confederacy, some colleges (such as

5904:

Claude Elliott estimates that only a third of the Texas population actively supported the Confederacy. Many Unionists supported the Confederacy after the war began, but many others clung to their Unionism throughout the war, especially in the northern counties, German districts in the

2178:

The bombardment of Fort Sumter, by itself, did not destroy Unionist majorities in the upper South. Because only three days elapsed before Lincoln issued the proclamation, the two events viewed retrospectively, appear almost simultaneous. Nevertheless, close examination of contemporary

5509:. Inflation became rampant as the paper money depreciated and eventually became worthless. The state governments and some localities printed their own paper money, adding to the runaway inflation. Many bills still exist, although in recent years counterfeit copies have proliferated. 2832:

slaves were cheap. The Captain–General of Cuba declared in writing that Confederate ships were welcome, and would be protected in Cuban ports. Historians speculate that if the Confederacy had achieved independence, it probably would have tried to acquire Cuba as a base of expansion.

3513:

of the Confederacy. The failures of the two invasions were attributed to the same irrecoverable shortcomings: lack of manpower at the front, lack of supplies including serviceable shoes, and exhaustion after long marches without adequate food. Also in September Confederate General

5168:

in 1861. This made him the first Postmaster General of the Confederate Post Office, and a member of Davis's presidential cabinet. Writing in 1906, historian Walter Flavius McCaleb praised Reagan's "energy and intelligence... in a degree scarcely matched by any of his associates".

1788:, as free states outstripped slave states in numbers of eligible voters. Thus, at mid-19th century, the free-versus-slave status of the new territories was a critical issue, both for the North, where anti-slavery sentiment had grown, and for the South, where the fear of slavery's 10433:, p. 320. One such exemption was allowed for every 20 slaves on a plantation, the May 1863 reform required previous occupation and that the plantation of 20 slaves (or group of plantations within a five-mile area) had not been subdivided after the first exemption of April 1862. 7136:

Davis was indicted for treason but never tried; he was released from prison on bail in May 1867. The amnesty of December 25, 1868, by President Johnson eliminated any possibility of Jefferson Davis (or anyone else associated with the Confederacy) standing trial for treason.

2137:

from Jefferson City. The executive committee of the convention called the members together in July, and declared the state offices vacant and appointed a Unionist interim state government. The exiled governor called a rump session of the former General Assembly together in

216: 215: 5471:

military service. In the early years of the war the Confederate government had a hands-off approach to the railroads. Only in mid-1863 did the Confederate government initiate a national policy, and it was confined solely to aiding the war effort. Railroads came under the

9063:, Univ. of Kentucky Press, 1993, second edition, p. 112. Another way of looking at the results would note the pro-union candidates winning 56% with Bell 20,997, Douglas 5,742, and Lincoln 1,402 versus Breckenridge 21,908. But the "deeply divided sentiment" point remains. 10996:, pp. 297–298. They were required to supply their own ships and equipment, but they received 90% of their captures at auction, 25% of any U.S. warships or transports captured or destroyed. Confederate cruisers raided merchant ship commerce but for one exception in 1864. 10326:, pp. 310–311. Early 1862 "dried up the enthusiasm to volunteer" due to the impact of victory's battle casualties, the humiliation of defeats and the dislike of camp life with its monotony, confinement and mortal diseases. Immediately following the great victory at the 1283:, effectively ceasing to exist as a legislative body on March 18. After four years of heavy fighting, nearly all Confederate land and naval forces either surrendered or otherwise ceased hostilities by May 1865. The most significant capitulation was Confederate general 2444:

aligned with the Confederacy. They practiced and supported slavery, opposed abolition, and feared their lands would be seized by the Union. After the war, the Indian territory was disestablished, their black slaves were freed, and the tribes lost some of their lands.

4729:

political parties, key candidate identification related to adopting secession before or after Lincoln's call for volunteers to retake Federal property. Previous party affiliation played a part in voter selection, predominantly secessionist Democrat or unionist Whig.

3772:

capture of the capital, the dispersion of the civil authorities, the surrender of the armies in the field, and the arrest of the President, the Confederate States of America disappeared ... their history henceforth became a part of the history of the United States."

5838:

The "Confederate Flag" has a color scheme similar to that of the most common Battle Flag design, but is rectangular, not square. The "Confederate Flag" is a highly recognizable symbol of the South in the United States today and continues to be a controversial icon.

2609:", that is, that Britain had to support the Confederacy to obtain cotton, proved mistaken. The British had stocks to last over a year and been developing alternative sources. The United Kingdom took pride leading the end of transatlantic enslavement of Africans; by 2872:

controlling philosophy evolved into a combination "dispersal with a defensive concentration around Richmond". The Davis administration considered the war purely defensive, a "simple demand that the people of the United States would cease to war upon us". Historian

2907:

to the Confederacy. A council of war by the victorious Confederate generals decided not to advance against larger numbers of fresh Federal troops in defensive positions. Davis did not countermand it. Following the Confederate incursion into Maryland halted at the

5305:

The plantations of the South, with white ownership and an enslaved labor force, produced substantial wealth from cash crops. It supplied two-thirds of the world's cotton, which was in high demand for textiles, along with tobacco, sugar, and naval stores (such as

2825:

until the 1880s and the abolitionist movement was small. Confederate ships were welcome in Brazilian ports. After the war, Brazil was the primary destination of those Southerners who wanted to continue living in a slave society, where, as one immigrant remarked,

4733:

concerns such as control of state militia, conscription and exemption, (3) economic and fiscal policy including impressment of slaves, goods and scorched earth, and (4) support of the Jefferson Davis administration in its foreign affairs and negotiating peace.

3356:

Much of northwestern Virginia was under Federal control. In February and March, most of Missouri and Kentucky were Union "occupied, consolidated, and used as staging areas for advances further South". Following the repulse of a Confederate counterattack at the

7215:, the United States Supreme Court ruled—by a 5–3 majority—that Texas had remained a state ever since it first joined the Union, despite claims that it joined the Confederate States of America. In this case, the court held that the Constitution did not permit 5411:

the armies were kept minimally supplied with weapons. The soldiers suffered from reduced rations, lack of medicines, and the growing shortages of uniforms, shoes and boots. Shortages were much worse for civilians, and the prices of necessities steadily rose.

2735:. In 1863, the Confederacy expelled European diplomatic missions for advising their resident subjects to refuse to serve in the Confederate army. Both Confederate and Union agents were allowed to work openly in British territories. The Confederacy appointed 7242:

and held that the Confederate States of America was little more than a briefly-existing breakaway state. Specifically, the opinion would condemn the Confederacy as treasonous and as totally perishing upon being overthrown. Writing for the court's majority,

8392:, Bruce Levine, Marc Egnal, and Michael Holt at a plenary session of the organization of American Historians, March 17, 2011, reported by David A. Walsh "Highlights from the 2011 Annual Meeting of the Organization of American Historians in Houston, Texas" 7272:

argued that the Confederacy "died of states' rights". The central government was denied requisitioned soldiers and money by governors and state legislatures because they feared that Richmond would encroach on the rights of the states. Georgia's governor

3015:

driving wagons. Confederate casualty figures also are incomplete and unreliable, estimated at 94,000 killed or mortally wounded, 164,000 deaths from disease, and between 26,000 and 31,000 deaths in Union prison camps. One incomplete estimate is 194,026.

9367:

Violations of the rules of law were precipitated on both sides and can be found in historical accounts of guerrilla war, units in cross-racial combat and captives held in prisoner of war camps, brutal, tragic accounts against both soldiers and civilian

5809:

pattern is the one most often thought of as the Confederate Flag. It is one of many used by the Confederate armed forces. Variations of this design served as the Battle Flag of the Armies of Northern Virginia and Tennessee, and as the Confederate Naval

5669:

The rebuilding took years and was hindered by the low price of cotton after the war. Outside investment was essential, especially in railroads. One historian has summarized the collapse of the transportation infrastructure needed for economic recovery:

5362:

living in small cabins, using self-made tools and outfitted with one suit of work clothes each year of inferior fabric, did not generate consumer demand to sustain local manufactures of any description in the same way as did a mechanized family farm of

3544:), both sides losing the largest percentage of casualties suffered during the war. It was followed by another strategic withdrawal by Confederate forces. The Confederacy won a significant victory April 1863, repulsing the Federal advance on Richmond at 2399:

after the US evacuated the federal forts and installations. Over half of the American Indian troops participating in the War from the Indian Territory supported the Confederacy. On July 12, 1861, the Confederate government signed a treaty with both the

5704:

More than 250,000 Confederate soldiers died during the war. Some widows abandoned their family farms and merged into the households of relatives, or even became refugees living in camps with high rates of disease and death. In the Old South, being an

2058:

Seven states declared their secession from the United States before Lincoln took office on March 4, 1861. After the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter April 12, 1861, and Lincoln's subsequent call for troops, four more states declared their secession.

5834:

Because of its depiction in the 20th-century and popular media, many people consider the rectangular battle flag with the dark blue bars as being synonymous with "the Confederate Flag", but this flag was never adopted as a Confederate national flag.

11353:, p. 23. While the Texas delegation was seated, and is counted in the "original seven" states of the Confederacy, its referendum to ratify secession had not taken place, so its delegates did not yet vote on instructions from their state legislature. 5314:

were exported to factories in Europe and the Northeast. Planters reinvested their profits in more slaves and fresh land, as cotton and tobacco depleted the soil. There was little manufacturing or mining; shipping was controlled by non-southerners.

214: 10779:, pp. 294, 296–297. Europeans refused to allow captured U.S. shipping to be sold for the privateers 95% share, so through 1862, Confederate privateering disappeared. The CSA Congress authorized a Volunteer Navy to man cruisers the following year. 230: 10103:

ironclads", armored platforms constructed in blockaded ports lacked the requisite marine engines to become ironclad warships. The armored platforms intended to become ironclads were employed instead as floating batteries for port city defense.

8509: 10879:, pp. 354–356. McClellan's Peninsula Campaign caused the surprised Confederates to destroy their winter camp to mobilize against the threat to their Capital. They burned "a vast amount of supplies" to keep them from falling into enemy hands. 5193:

who evaded Union ships on blockade patrol, usually at night, and who moved cargo and mail in and out of the Confederate States throughout the course of the war. Of particular interest to students and historians of the American Civil War is

2920:

The eleven states of the Confederacy were outnumbered by the North about four-to-one in military manpower. It was overmatched far more in military equipment, industrial facilities, railroads for transport, and wagons supplying the front.

10289:, pp. 328, 330–332. About 90% of West Pointers in the U.S. Army resigned to join the Confederacy. Notably, of Virginia's West Pointers, not 90% but 70% resigned for the Confederacy. Exemplary officers without military training included 5258:

were stepped up. The slaves did become increasingly independent, and resistant to punishment, but historians agree there were no insurrections. In the invaded areas, insubordination was more the norm than was loyalty to the old master;

3718:

resistance than from the disinterest of Federal forces to occupy them. The Davis policy was independence or nothing, while Lee's army was wracked by disease and desertion, barely holding the trenches defending Jefferson Davis' capital.

3496:

In an attempt to seize the initiative, reprove, protect farms in mid-growing season and influence U.S. Congressional elections, two major Confederate incursions into Union territory had been launched in August and September 1862. Both

3091:

appointees could be indifferent. Otherwise, the officer corps was governor-appointed or elected by unit enlisted. Promotion to fill vacancies was made internally regardless of merit, even if better officers were immediately available.

2415:

never formally joined the Confederacy, but did receive representation in the Congress. Many Indians from the Territory were integrated into regular Confederate Army units. After 1863, the tribal governments sent representatives to the

5357:

Slave labor was applied in industry in a limited way in the Upper South and in a few port cities. One reason for the regional lag in industrial development was top-heavy income distribution. Mass production requires mass markets, and

7277:

warned of a secret conspiracy by Jefferson Davis to destroy states' rights and individual liberty. The first conscription act in North America, authorizing Davis to draft soldiers, was said to be the "essence of military despotism".

17691: 3652:

Large numbers of families relocated to safer places, usually remote rural areas, bringing along household slaves if they had any. Mary Massey argues these elite exiles introduced an element of defeatism into the southern outlook.

2179:

evidence ... shows that the proclamation had a far more decisive impact....Many concluded ... that Lincoln had deliberately chosen "to drive off all the Slave states, in order to make war on them and annihilate slavery".

7388:" from becoming a symbol of larger patriotic service and sacrifice. Instead of campaigning to develop nationalism and gain support for his administration, he rarely courted public opinion, assuming an aloofness, "almost like an 4218:, though it made the ban's application explicit to "Negroes of the African race" in contrast to the U.S. Constitution's reference to "such Persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit". It protected the 3194:

enthusiastic in 1861–62, seem to have lost faith in the future of the Confederacy by 1864, and instead looked to protect their homes and communities. As Rable explains, "This contraction of civic vision was more than a crabbed

5228:

found 4,108 names of men arrested and estimated a much larger total. The Confederacy arrested pro-Union civilians in the South at about the same rate as the Union arrested pro-Confederate civilians in the North. Neely argues:

2164:

Some southern unionists blamed Lincoln's call for troops as the precipitating event for the second wave of secessions. Historian James McPherson argues such claims have "a self-serving quality" and regards them as misleading:

10792:, pp. 288–291. As many as half the Confederate blockade runners had British nationals serving as officers and crew. Confederate regulations required one-third, then one-half of the cargoes to be munitions, food and medicine. 2852:

Most soldiers who joined Confederate national or state military units joined voluntarily. Perman (2010) says historians are of two minds on why millions of soldiers seemed so eager to fight, suffer and die over four years:

2033:

as their candidate during the 1860 presidential election, but in no Southern state was support for him unanimous, as they recorded at least some popular vote for at least one of the other three candidates (Abraham Lincoln,

7219:

to unilaterally secede from the United States. Further, that the ordinances of secession, and all the acts of the legislatures within the eleven seceding states intended to give effect to such ordinances, were "absolutely

232: 4254:

that essentially duplicated the respective clauses of the U.S. Constitution. The Confederate Constitution also incorporated each of the 12 amendments to the U.S. Constitution that had been ratified up to that point.

5301:

According to the 1860 United States census, about 31% of free households in the eleven states that would join the Confederacy owned slaves. Most whites were subsistence farmers who traded their surpluses locally.

3457:

was forced into port and burned by Confederates at their retreat. Despite several attempts mounted from their port cities, CSA naval forces were unable to break the Union blockade. Attempts were made by Commodore

2799:

French Emperor Napoleon III assured Confederate diplomat John Slidell that he would make "direct proposition" to Britain for joint recognition. The Emperor made the same assurance to British Members of Parliament

10644:, Univ. of North Carolina, 1937, p. 419, note 36. Letter of Adjutant General Henry L. Samuels, August 22, 1862, to Gov. Francis Pierpont listing 22 of 48 counties under sufficient control for soldier recruitment. 3102:

In early 1862, the popular press suggested the Confederacy required a million men under arms. But veteran soldiers were not re-enlisting, and earlier secessionist volunteers did not reappear to serve in war. One

2117:

relocated to accompany western Confederate armies and never controlled the state population after 1862. By the end of the war, 90,000 Kentuckians had fought for the Union, compared to 35,000 for the Confederacy.

10355:, p. 312. The government funded parades and newspaper ad campaigns, $ 2,000,000 for recruitment in Kentucky alone. With a state-enacted draft, Governor Brown with a quota of 12,000 raised 22,000 Georgia militia. 1822:

in March 1861. Nationalists in the North and "Unionists" in the South refused to accept the declarations of secession. No foreign government ever recognized the Confederacy. The U.S. government, under President

250: 1949:

had dual competing Confederate and Unionist governments. Red represents seceded states in rebellion, also known as the Confederate States of America. Uncolored areas were territories, with the exception of the

7334:

proved the dangers of such unchecked authority." The abolishment of draft exemptions for newspaper editors was interpreted as an attempt by the Confederate government to muzzle presses, such as the Raleigh NC

2730:

Several European nations maintained diplomats in place who had been appointed to the U.S., but no country appointed any diplomat to the Confederacy. Those nations recognized the Union and Confederate sides as

1287:'s surrender on April 9, after which any doubt about the war's outcome or the Confederacy's survival was extinguished. Confederate President Davis's administration declared the Confederacy dissolved on May 5. 17684: 9829: 212: 4242:(but allowed tariffs for providing domestic revenue), and spoke of "carry on the Government of the Confederate States" rather than providing for the "general welfare". State legislatures had the power to 1818:, all of whose riverfront or coastal economies were based on cotton that was cultivated by slave labor. They formed the Confederate States of America after Lincoln was elected in November 1860 but before 2903:(the name used by Confederate forces). It drove the Confederate people "insane with joy"; the public demanded a forward movement to capture Washington, relocate the Confederate capital there, and admit 1765:

ideology have denied that slavery was the principal cause of the secession, a view that has been disproven by the overwhelming historical evidence against it, notably some of the seceding states' own

9491: 8977:

also operated. Virginia did not turn over its military to the Confederate States until June 8, 1861. The Commonwealth of Virginia ratified the Constitution of the Confederate States on June 19, 1861.

5591:

chicory substitutes. The households were severely hurt by inflation in the cost of everyday items like flour, and the shortages of food, fodder for the animals, and medical supplies for the wounded.

3296:'s forces gained possession of much of northwestern Virginia in mid-1861, concentrating on towns and roads; the interior was too large to control and became the center of guerrilla activity. General 2752:

told Mann it was "a mere inferential recognition, unconnected with political action or the regular establishment of diplomatic relations" and thus did not assign it the weight of formal recognition.

1866:. As a panel of historians emphasized in 2011, "while slavery and its various and multifaceted discontents were the primary cause of disunion, it was disunion itself that sparked the war." Historian 7162:

which attempted to resolve the political and constitutional issues of the Civil War. The priorities were: to guarantee that Confederate nationalism and slavery were ended, to ratify and enforce the

5542:

problem for the southern states throughout the rest of the war. By April 1863, for example, the cost of flour in Richmond had risen to $ 100 (~$ 2,475 in 2023) a barrel and housewives were rioting.

2727:

in Britain; they were owned and operated by British financiers and shipowners; a few were owned and operated by the Confederacy. The British investors' goal was to acquire highly profitable cotton.

2146:. The Confederate state government was unable to control substantial parts of Missouri territory, effectively only controlling southern Missouri early in the war. It had its capital at Neosho, then 17677: 7349:

of North Carolina showed intense opposition to conscription, limiting recruitment success. Vance's faith in states' rights drove him into repeated, stubborn opposition to the Davis administration.

6601:

In 1860, the areas that later formed the eleven Confederate states (and including the future West Virginia) had 132,760 (2%) free blacks. Males made up 49% of the total population and females 51%.

5823:. To rectify the situation, a separate "Battle Flag" was designed for use by troops in the field. Also known as the "Southern Cross", many variations sprang from the original square configuration. 6634:

lay in Confederate territory. Only 13 Confederate-controlled cities ranked among the top 100 U.S. cities in 1860, most of them ports whose economic activities vanished or suffered severely in the

5156:

When the Confederacy was formed and its seceding states broke from the Union, it was at once confronted with the arduous task of providing its citizens with a mail delivery system, and, amid the

3099:

performance led to officer review boards in October. The boards caused a "rapid and widespread" thinning out of 1,700 incompetent officers. Troops thereafter would elect only second lieutenants.

10577: 17158: 5437:

Main railroads of Confederacy, 1861; colors show the different gauges (track width); the top railroad shown in the upper right is the Baltimore and Ohio, which was at all times a Union railroad

4572: 3141:

Rich men's sons were appointed to the socially outcast "overseer" occupation, but the measure was received in the country with "universal odium". The legislative vehicle was the controversial

8621: 7385: 5196: 1905:

issued a call for 100,000 men from the states' militias to defend the newly formed Confederacy. All Federal property was seized, including gold bullion and coining dies at the U.S. mints in

213: 7345:

of Texas determined that state troops were required for defense against Plains Indians and Union forces that might attack from Kansas. He refused to send his soldiers to the East. Governor

5116: 4326:. In addition, appropriations not specifically requested by the executive branch required passage by a two-thirds vote in both houses of Congress. The only person to serve as president was 2520:

The permanent capital provided for in the Confederate Constitution called for a state cession of a 100 square mile district to the central government. Atlanta, which had not yet supplanted

5399:. Local food production included grains, hogs, cattle, and gardens. The cash came from exports but the Southern people spontaneously stopped exports in early 1861 to hasten the impact of " 9739:

Scholars such as Emory M. Thomas have characterized Girard's book as "more propaganda than anything else, but Girard caught one essential truth", the quote referenced. "Thomas1979" p. 220

8973:. Virginia took two steps toward secession, first by secession convention vote on April 17, 1861, and then by ratification of this by a popular vote conducted on May 23, 1861. A Unionist 248: 14045:

has over 4000 Confederate imprints, including rare books, pamphlets, government documents, manuscripts, serials, broadsides, maps, and sheet music that have been conserved and digitized.

5406:

The eleven states had produced $ 155 million (~$ 4.29 billion in 2023) in manufactured goods in 1860, chiefly from local gristmills, and lumber, processed tobacco, cotton goods and

2542:

regulation. A movement in Congress argued for moving the capital from Richmond. At the approach of Federal armies in mid-1862, the government's archives were readied for removal. As the

3377:, and the Confederacy lost control of the mouth of the Mississippi River. It had to concede extensive agricultural resources that had supported the Union's sea-supplied logistics base. 3087:

government's call for 100,000 men, another 200,000 were turned away by accepting only those enlisted "for the duration" or twelve-month volunteers who brought their own arms or horses.

229: 7545:

NYC 1856, slaveholding Washington is pictured in his uniform of the Revolution securing American independence. Though armed, he does not have his sword drawn as he is depicted in the

6656: 5202: 5190: 3611:, Pennsylvania despite Pickett's famous charge and other acts of valor. Southern newspapers assessed the campaign as "The Confederates did not gain a victory, neither did the enemy." 1700: 2995:

established a provisional volunteer army and gave control over military operations and authority for mustering state forces and volunteers to the newly chosen Confederate president,

5599:

to seize food, as they were angry at ineffective state relief efforts, speculators, and merchants. As wives and widows of soldiers, they were hurt by the inadequate welfare system.

1772:

The principal political battle leading to Southern secession was over whether slavery would be permitted to expand into the Western territories destined to become states. Initially

13641:

Brown declaimed against Davis Administration policies: "Almost every act of usurpation of power, or of bad faith, has been conceived, brought forth and nurtured in secret session."

11283:

he slaveholding elites' project of Confederate nation building—very likely believing the idea that the Confederacy was a 'herrenvolk democracy' or 'democracy of the white race'....

1754:

on the centrality of slavery in the conflict, they disagree sharply on which aspects of this conflict (ideological, economic, political, or social) were most important, and on the

16777: 16389: 7084: 10888:

Nevin's analysis of the strategic highpoint of Confederate military scope and effectiveness is in contra-distinction to the conventional "last chance" battlefield imagery of the

1213:. The Confederacy was formed on February 8, 1861, by South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. They adopted a new constitution establishing a 16708: 16535: 14250: 12618: 9017:. The Tennessee legislature ratified an agreement to enter a military league with the Confederate States on May 7, 1861. Tennessee voters approved the agreement on June 8, 1861. 10631:, p. xiv. Inflicting intolerable casualties on invading Federal armies was a Confederate strategy to make the northern Unionists relent in their pursuit of restoring the Union. 5174: 2755:

Nevertheless, the Confederacy was seen internationally as a serious attempt at nationhood, and European governments sent military observers to assess whether there had been a

2380:

and established a territorial government with Mesilla serving as its capital. The Confederacy proclaimed the Confederate Arizona Territory on February 14, 1862, north to the

6022:

The 1860 United States census gives a picture of the population for the areas that had joined the Confederacy. The population numbers exclude non-assimilated Indian tribes.

3317:

was to (1) repel the invader on all fronts, costing him blood and treasure, and (2) carry the war into the North by two offensives in time to affect the mid-term elections.

10542:

After the war, Confederate Vice President Alexander H. Stephens maintained that Lincoln's attempt to resupply Sumter was a disguised reinforcement and had provoked the war.

9970:, p. 348. "The enemy could not hold territory, a hostile people would close in behind. The Confederacy still existed wherever there was an army under her unfurled banners." 249: 18359: 12557:

Retrieved 2012-06-13, published in LSU's History of the South series, on p. 118 notes that beginning in March 1861, the Stars-and-Bars was used "all over the Confederacy".

2787:

testified "this government ... is no longer a trial government ... but really a normal government, the expression of popular will". Fremantle went on to write in his book

1917:. The Confederate capital was moved from Montgomery to Richmond, Virginia, in May 1861. On February 22, 1862, Davis was inaugurated as president with a term of six years. 10677:, Tennessee was the first conquered Confederate state capital. On April 6–7, Federals turned back the Confederate offensive at the Battle of Shiloh, and three days later 7244: 5935:

or pro-Union guerilla groups. Although Southern Unionists came from all classes, most differed socially, culturally, and economically from the region's dominant pre-war

5160:, the newly formed Confederacy created and established the Confederate Post Office. One of the first undertakings in establishing the Post Office was the appointment of 5081: 3786: 3753:

against them, but peace was subsequently marred by a great deal of local violence, feuding and revenge killings. The last confederate military unit, the commerce raider

2598:. The diplomats were eventually released and continued their voyage. However, their mission was unsuccessful; historians judge their diplomacy as poor. Neither secured 7354: 4942:

the Confederate States". Thus, the state courts generally continued to operate as they had done, simply recognizing the Confederate States as the national government.

904: 2113:

1861, with Bowling Green as its first capital. Early in the war, the Confederacy controlled more than half of Kentucky but largely lost control in 1862. The splinter

7425: 3481:

of Virginia. Lee subsequently ended that threat from the east, then Union General John Pope attacked overland from the north only to be repulsed at Second Bull Run (

12594: 12573: 10820:, the Navy's bravery and fighting skill was compromised in combat by mechanical failure in the engines or steering. The joint combined Army-Navy defense by General 18111: 9189: 5927:, a 22-year-old cavalry colonel from Knoxville, and his regiment of Southern Unionist "mountaineers", were called "damned Tennessee Yankees" by Confederate troops. 5729: 5587:

By mid-1861, the Union naval blockade virtually shut down the export of cotton and the import of manufactured goods. Food that formerly came overland was cut off.

2969: 3171: 16218: 11486: 11299: 9492:"British Support During the U.S. Civil War · Liverpool's Abercromby Square and the Confederacy During the U.S. Civil War · Lowcountry Digital History Initiative" 5650: 4443: 1123: 5329:

New Orleans, the South's largest port city and the only pre-war population over 100,000. The port and region's agriculture were lost to the Union in April 1862.

18389: 18258: 15673: 15668: 7167: 7163: 3522:, and the Kanawha Valley in western Virginia, but lacking reinforcements Loring abandoned his position and by November the region was back in Federal control. 1693: 5744: 15678: 7477: 7171: 2712:

would have meant higher taxes in Britain, another invasion of Canada, and attacks on the British merchant fleet. In mid-1862, fears of a race war (like the

16770: 16439: 16328: 16313: 14157: 10057: 7017: 6994: 3211: 1725: 1366: 18394: 17006: 16105: 16025: 14553: 8666: 5958: 4381: 2613:, the Royal Navy patrolled middle passage waters to prevent additional slave ships from reaching the Western Hemisphere. It was in London that the first 2009:

Its establishment flowed from and deepened Southern nationalism, which prepared men to fight for "The Southern Cause". This "Cause" included support for

1998:

that had proclaimed their secession. After the fighting began in April, four additional slave states seceded and were admitted. Later, two slave states (

473: 7155:, was tried and convicted by a military court, and executed on November 10, 1865. The charges against him involved conspiracy and cruelty, not treason. 5889:

in 1863. Unionists also attempted control over western Virginia, but never effectively held more than half of the counties that formed the new state of

5806: 5788: 3665:, devastating a wide swath of the remaining Confederate heartland. The "breadbasket of the Confederacy" in the Great Valley of Virginia was occupied by 3011:

garrison. By March 1861, the Provisional Confederate Congress expanded the provisional forces and established a more permanent Confederate States Army.

14287: 561: 537: 10674: 9082:"No other state serves as a better example of this than West Virginia, where there was relatively equal support for the northern and southern causes." 3152: 2880:

South. Heat exhaustion, sunstroke, endemic diseases such as malaria and typhoid would match the destructive effectiveness of the Moscow winter on the

16133: 12944: 11547: 5759: 5290: 3634:

unsuccessfully attempted to break the Union blockade on the Savannah River in Georgia with an ironclad in 1863. Beginning in April 1864 the ironclad

3107:, newspaper asked how two million brave fighting men of the South were about to be overcome by four million northerners who were said to be cowards. 1686: 18324: 14548: 13550: 5561:

US coinage was hoarded and did not have any general circulation. U.S. coinage was admitted as legal tender up to $ 10, as were British sovereigns,

2126: 1898:

in Alabama on February 4, 1861. A provisional government was established, and a representative Congress met for the Confederate States of America.

231: 135: 17: 12130: 10085:

to protect privateers from outlaw status. Some of the early raiders were converted merchantmen seized in Southern ports at the outbreak of the war

8002: 5476:

not be resupplied directly by rail as they advanced. The C.S. Congress formally authorized military administration of railroads in February 1865.

18334: 17645: 16763: 16323: 16298: 16100: 16008: 14558: 14292: 5428: 3738: 3591:

Without an effective answer to Federal gunboats, river transport and supply, the Confederacy lost the Mississippi River following the capture of

12918: 2290: 18369: 18354: 16994: 16150: 15793: 15182: 15061: 4799: 4362: 4304: 4279: 2333: 1265: 443: 432: 5395:

The Confederacy started its existence as an agrarian economy with exports, to a world market, of cotton, and, to a lesser extent, tobacco and

5206:

as these items were often involved with a variety of military and other war time activities. The postal history of the Confederacy along with

3361:, Tennessee, permanent Federal occupation expanded west, south and east. Confederate forces repositioned south along the Mississippi River to 18404: 18319: 16677: 16035: 15788: 15783: 15209: 12781:

Browning, Judkin (2005). "Removing the Mask of Nationality: Unionism, Racism, and Federal Military Occupation in North Carolina, 1862–1865".

10331: 5263:

says, "It was not disloyalty, but the lure of freedom." Many slaves became spies for the North, and large numbers ran away to federal lines.

2129:

was approved and delegates elected. The convention rejected secession 89–1 on March 19, 1861. The governor maneuvered to take control of the

1343: 14002: 11047: 10809: 7541:

The cash crops circling the Seal are wheat, corn, tobacco, cotton, rice and sugar cane. Like Washington's equestrian statue honoring him at

2392:

to take the northern half of the U.S. territory failed and the Confederate territorial government in exile relocated to San Antonio, Texas.

18104: 17657: 17065: 16990: 15041: 14111: 12746:

Zimring, David R. (2009). "'Secession in Favor of the Constitution': How West Virginia Justified Separate Statehood during the Civil War".

11660: 11325:

fought.... Herrenvolk democracy—the equality of all who belonged to the master race—was a powerful motivator for many Confederate soldiers.

11151: 10747: 8211:"What Twenty-First-Century Historians Have Said about the Causes of Disunion: A Civil War Sesquicentennial Review of the Recent Literature" 7415: 5244: 4632: 4339: 3742: 2510: 1930:

firestorm of emotion. The people of both North and South demanded war, with soldiers rushing to their colors in the hundreds of thousands.

166: 7102:

The southern churches met the shortage of Army chaplains by sending missionaries. One result was wave after wave of revivals in the Army.

5774: 18374: 17025: 16598: 16128: 15177: 14936: 11231: 11207: 10725:, p. 27. Federal occupation expanded into northern Virginia, and their control of the Mississippi extended south to Nashville, Tennessee. 10043:, p. 306. Confederate units harassed them throughout the war years by laying torpedo mines and loosing barrages from shoreline batteries. 8342: 7472: 5897:, and at first were largely welcomed by local unionists. The occupiers became perceived as oppressive, callous, radical and favorable to 3134: 3116: 2928:

in the roads, and made harbors inlets and inland waterways unusable with sunken mines (called "torpedoes" at the time). Coulter reports:

2572: 2309: 2025:

as their prime motive ... Acknowledging the centrality of slavery to the Confederacy is essential for understanding the Confederate.

1273: 13068: 12223: 16692: 16555: 16540: 14971: 14587: 10027: 7574: 5820: 5718: 3382: 2724: 2396: 2337: 1796:

nationalism in the preceding decades. The primary reason for the North to reject secession was to preserve the Union, a cause based on

148: 12629: 5861:

definition. Virginia and Tennessee show the public votes, while the other states show the vote by county delegates to the conventions.

5638: 5177:

and was allowed to pass at only two specific points. Mail sent from the Confederacy to the U.S. was received, opened and inspected at

2895:

Early in the war, both sides believed that one great battle would decide the conflict; the Confederates won a surprise victory at the

18399: 18344: 18078: 16545: 16308: 16278: 15916: 15845: 14543: 14538: 7467: 7446: 7183: 3450:

were deployed for the first time in sustained blockades at sea. After some success against the Union blockade, in March the ironclad

3280:

territory along the entire border from the Chesapeake Bay to New Mexico. The first battles were Confederate victories at Big Bethel (

2955: 2743:

in September 1863, but the Holy See never released a statement supporting or recognizing the Confederacy. In November 1863, Mann met

46: 13286:"Proclamation 179 – Granting full pardon and amnesty for the offense of treason against the United States during the late Civil War" 7542: 18379: 18020: 18015: 17429: 17301: 17139: 16839: 16834: 16459: 16394: 15096: 15071: 14307: 14282: 14232: 14212: 7546: 7096: 7068: 4553: 4120: 4073: 3927: 3914: 3276: 2278: 2246: 2188: 1807: 1750:) and united to form the Confederate States of America (known as the "Confederacy"). However, while historians in the 21st century 1672: 1498: 1347: 1257: 1198: 1187: 1147: 854: 726: 11244:. Available free online as an ebook. Chapter LXXXVIII, "Re-establishment of the Union by force", p. 503. Retrieved March 14, 2012. 5210:

has helped historians document the various people, places and events that were involved in the American Civil War as it unfolded.

4949:

When the matter came before the Confederate court, the property owner could not appear because he was unable to travel across the

4322:

The Confederate Congress could overturn either the general or the line item vetoes with the same two-thirds votes required in the

1827:, refused to relinquish its forts that were in territory claimed by the Confederacy. The war itself began on April 12, 1861, when 18227: 18097: 18040: 17237: 16864: 16859: 16662: 16637: 16353: 16050: 15946: 15798: 15131: 15011: 14222: 7482: 7420: 4698: 2298: 1295: 1222: 17669: 15021: 11460: 5089: 4219: 18364: 18339: 17705: 16603: 16348: 15091: 15086: 14761: 13963: 10646: 10064:, South Carolina, and Savannah, Georgia for supplies from Europe via Bermuda and Nassau. On the Gulf were Galveston, Texas and 7462: 4200: 2723:

and other French capitalists for ironclad warships and military supplies. The British government did allow the construction of

1785: 590: 314: 14931: 12421:

Paskoff, Paul F. (2008). "Measures of War: A Quantitative Examination of the Civil War's Destructiveness in the Confederacy".

12367:

Williams, Teresa Crisp; Williams, David (2002). "'The Women Rising': Cotton, Class, and Confederate Georgia's Rioting Women".

9075: 5505:

as paper currency in various denominations, with a total face value of $ 1.5 billion. Much of it was signed by Treasurer

5350:

The plantations that enslaved over three million black people were the principal source of wealth. Most were concentrated in "

4285:

exceed one year. One name was placed in nomination for president, one for vice president. Both were elected unanimously, 6–0.

2521: 18384: 18232: 18144: 18005: 17353: 17034: 16829: 16175: 15167: 15162: 15026: 14926: 14177: 13455: 13066:

All data for this section taken from the University of Virginia Library, Historical Census Browser, Census Data for Year 1860

12928: 12538: 11241: 11175: 10628: 10065: 10061: 9681: 9162: 9147: 8336: 8125: 8077: 7908: 7877: 7784: 7723:...between the United States and 11 Southern states that seceded from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America. 7685: 7452: 6688: 4400: 4215: 4060: 3893: 2924:

Confederates slowed the Yankee invaders, at heavy cost to the Southern infrastructure. The Confederates burned bridges, laid

2693: 2236: 2195: 1819: 1582: 1151: 742: 14013: 12966: 10330:, many believed the war was won and there was no need for more troops. Then the new year brought defeat over February 6–23: 3343: 18174: 16434: 16138: 16110: 15349: 15157: 15126: 15056: 14916: 14490: 12667:

McKenzie, Robert Tracy (2002). "Contesting Secession: Parson Brownlow and the Rhetoric of Proslavery Unionism, 1860–1861".

9870:

Robert E. May, "The irony of confederate diplomacy: visions of empire, the Monroe doctrine, and the quest for nationhood."

8934: 8695: 6854: 6714: 5502: 2096: 1871:

fellowship with slaveholders, to be preserved. Thus they were committed to values that could not logically be reconciled."

1385: 689: 630: 391: 13288: 11992:. "The Confederacy underwent a government-led industrial revolution during the war, but its economy was slowly strangled." 7900:

Race Unequals: Overseer Contracts, White Masculinities, and the Formation of Managerial Identity in the Plantation Economy

5391:

The Union had large advantages in men and resources at the start of the war; the ratio grew steadily in favor of the Union

5343:

Tredegar Iron Works, Richmond VA. South's largest factory. Ended locomotive production in 1860 to make arms and munitions.

2720: 18248: 18025: 18000: 17513: 17469: 17246: 17177: 17096: 16981: 16844: 16824: 16424: 16414: 16065: 15773: 15136: 15101: 14996: 14574: 12591: 12570: 7649:

Permanent Constitution of the Confederate States, and the Treaties Concluded by the Confederate States with Indian Tribes

5254:

Across the South, widespread rumors alarmed the whites by predicting the slaves were planning some sort of insurrection.

4591: 4486: 4128: 4034: 3935: 3880: 3308:

began a blockade of the major southern ports and prepared an invasion of Louisiana to capture New Orleans in early 1862.

2271: 2223: 1335: 1307: 1253: 1217:

of "sovereign and independent states". Some Northerners reacted by saying "Let the Confederacy go in peace!", while some

1183: 1167: 870: 798: 17409: 15051: 9030: 9010: 8990: 8966: 8914: 8894: 8874: 8854: 8834: 8800: 5467:

the Confederacy were unable to overcome the Union naval blockade of the South's crucial intra-coastal and river routes.

5375:

A third count of the pre-capitalist Southern economy relates to the cultural setting. White southerners did not adopt a

5181:

on the Virginia coast before being passed on into the U.S. mail stream. Mail sent from the North to the South passed at

5105: 2847: 18035: 18010: 17995: 17980: 17449: 17373: 17333: 17297: 17277: 17203: 16910: 16905: 16898: 16893: 16854: 16809: 16575: 16565: 16550: 16318: 16143: 15172: 15121: 15066: 15031: 15016: 15006: 14991: 14966: 14921: 14906: 14841: 14718: 14167: 13713: 13668: 13353: 12713: 12207: 12153: 11953: 11895: 11868: 11740: 11317: 11276: 10889: 10342:, Nashville—the first capital to fall. Among some not yet in uniform, the less victorious "Cause" seemed less glorious. 10226: 9951: 9898: 9758: 9530: 9443: 9420: 9335: 8750: 8723: 8519: 8452: 8100:

The constitutionality of the Confederacy's dissolution is open to interpretation at least to the extent that, like the

7817: 7099:. Catholics included an Irish working-class element in coastal cities and an old French element in southern Louisiana. 5890: 4926: 4144: 4136: 4107: 4099: 3961: 3901: 3867: 3833: 3730: 3674: 2810:

the Confederacy would consent to such terms. European leaders all saw that the Confederacy was on the verge of defeat.

2531: 2417: 2313: 2264: 2257: 2122: 2114: 2109: 1938: 1269: 1249: 1245: 1179: 1175: 840: 826: 506: 429: 94: 16876: 10099: 5141: 4878: 3505:

of Maryland were decisively repulsed, leaving Confederates in control of but 63% of its population. Civil War scholar

2285:

In Virginia, the populous counties along the Ohio and Pennsylvania borders rejected the Confederacy. Unionists held a

17990: 17985: 17970: 17321: 17289: 17265: 16819: 16814: 16804: 16687: 16570: 16560: 16288: 15884: 15778: 15655: 15152: 15116: 15036: 14976: 14956: 14951: 14946: 14901: 14332: 14324: 14202: 14146: 14058: 13950: 13936: 13883: 13509: 13480: 12901: 12872: 12513: 11989: 11783: 11405: 11105: 10930: 9437: 8101: 7749: 7080: 6968: 6638:. The population of Richmond swelled after it became the Confederate capital, reaching an estimated 128,000 in 1864. 5449:. The two were hanged by Confederate authorities near the railroad tracks so passing train passengers could see them. 5351: 4784: 4086: 4021: 4008: 3859: 3846: 3825: 2571:

Once war with the United States began, the Confederacy pinned its hopes for survival on military intervention by the

2216: 2209: 2202: 1971: 1847: 1843: 1789: 1719: 1571: 1413: 1163: 1159: 1155: 784: 770: 756: 17835: 14048: 12306:

Coulter, E. Merton (1927). "The Movement for Agricultural Reorganization in the Cotton South during the Civil War".

7304: 2891:

The Seal has symbols of an independent agricultural Confederacy surrounding an equestrian Washington, sword encased.

18189: 18053: 17934: 17853: 15081: 15046: 14986: 14941: 14104: 13086:"U.S. Bureau of the Census, Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places: 1860, Internet Release date: June 15, 1998" 8300: 7174:, which made it illegal to deny the right to vote because of race; and repeal each state's ordinance of secession. 4747: 4712: 4246:

officials of the Confederate government in some cases. On the other hand, the Confederate Constitution contained a

4230:, the Confederate version prohibited the central government from using revenues collected in one state for funding 3645:

by sea-based amphibious assault in August, ending Gulf coast trade east of the Mississippi River. In December, the

3058:

re-enlist after their one-year commitment, thus on April 16, 1862, the Confederate Congress imposed the first mass

2992: 2876:

is a critic of Lee's offensive strategy: "Lee pursued a faulty military strategy that ensured Confederate defeat".

2039: 1546: 604: 521: 14027: 1742:(seven states before the onset of the war and four states after the onset) that declared their secession from the 18217: 18030: 17525: 16849: 16647: 16632: 16514: 16474: 16373: 16358: 16343: 16338: 16170: 16075: 15106: 15001: 14961: 14682: 14518: 13401:

Deutsch, Eberhard P. (1966). "United States v. Jefferson Davis: Constitutional Issues in the Trial for Treason".

13380:

Deutsch, Eberhard P. (1966). "United States v. Jefferson Davis: Constitutional Issues in the Trial for Treason".

8974: 7492: 7410: 5858: 4910: 4809: 4804: 4417: 4205:

In February, 1861, Southern leaders met in Montgomery, Alabama to adopt their first constitution, establishing a

4171: 4047: 3948: 3390: 2985: 2294: 2230: 1991: 1171: 812: 10165:

Soldiering in the Army of Northern Virginia: A Statistical Portrait of the Troops Who Served under Robert E. Lee

9607:

Lebergott, Stanley (1981). "Through the Blockade: The Profitability and Extent of Cotton Smuggling, 1861–1865".

8396: 7075:. Baptists and Methodists both broke off from their Northern coreligionists over the slavery issue, forming the 4214:

provisions for the recognition and protection of slavery in any territory of the Confederacy. It maintained the

2999:. On March 1, 1861, on behalf of the Confederate government, Davis assumed control of the military situation at 2821:. Militarily this meant little. Brazil represented the "peoples most identical to us in Institutions", in which 18349: 18120: 16672: 15991: 15755: 15111: 15076: 14981: 14687: 14217: 13838:, New York: Oxford University Press, 1993; Revised, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1996, p. xii 9786:

A compilation of the messages and papers of the Confederacy: including the diplomatic correspondence, 1861–1865

7319: 7053: 5565:

and Spanish and Mexican doubloons at a fixed rate of exchange. Confederate money was paper and postage stamps.

4894: 3043: 3035: 2685: 2441: 1851: 1811: 1210: 1202: 1139: 172: 13983: 9377:

Francis M. Carroll, "The American Civil War and British Intervention: The Threat of Anglo-American Conflict."

8670: 2719:

John Slidell, the Confederate States emissary to France, succeeded in negotiating a loan of $ 15,000,000 from

2150:, before being driven out of the state. For the remainder of the war, it operated as a government in exile at 18159: 17958: 16030: 15951: 15768: 15234: 14692: 10579:

The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies; Series 1

9412: 8170:"Pride or Prejudice?: Racial Prejudice, Southern Heritage, and White Support for the Confederate Battle Flag" 8054: 7366:

The enemies of President Davis proposed that the Confederacy "died of Davis". He was unfavorably compared to

7186:

most blacks and many poor whites. This exclusion and a weakened Republican Party remained the norm until the

7111: 5224:

The Confederacy actively used the army to arrest people suspected of loyalty to the United States. Historian

4323: 3619: 2614: 1762: 1577: 1299: 16755: 13992: 10762:. In May retreating Confederates burned their two pre-war Navy yards at Norfolk and Pensacola. See Coulter, 8143:"Pride or Prejudice? Racial Prejudice, Southern Heritage, and White Support for the Confederate Battle Flag" 5614: 3574: 2564:

rebellion". Mid-war parleys between the two sides occurred without formal political recognition, though the

18164: 16303: 16045: 15835: 15810: 15522: 14597: 14302: 14242: 13975: 10845:. It made two sorties, was captured by Union forces, repaired, and returned to service as the ironclad USS 10081:, pp. 296, 304. Two days later Lincoln proclaimed a blockade, declaring them pirates. Davis responded with 9476: 7991: 7457: 7400:

Revolution, but he showed "fewer weaknesses than any other" contemporary character available for the role.

5207: 2780: 1792:

had grown. Another factor leading to secession and the formation of the Confederacy was the development of

1777: 1735: 1612: 1311: 39: 11551: 10197:'Necessity Knows No Law': Vested Rights and the Styles of Reasoning in the Confederate Conscription Cases" 9855: 5125: 4725:

by free and slave populations within each state. Two Congresses sat in six sessions until March 18, 1865.

3369:, its River Defense Fleet was sunk. Confederates withdrew from northern Mississippi and northern Alabama. 3050:) maintained cadet corps that trained Confederate military leadership. A naval academy was established at 3026:

who had resigned their Federal commissions and were appointed to senior positions. Many had served in the

2297:, but sentiment in the region remained deeply divided. In the 50 counties that would make up the state of 2133:

and restrict Federal movements. This led to a confrontation, and in June federal forces drove him and the

261: 18329: 17952: 17890: 17493: 17465: 17230: 16734: 16482: 16233: 16070: 16060: 16055: 16013: 15437: 14736: 14187: 14097: 14042: 13085: 13023: 12783: 11816: 10678: 9516: 8641:

Journal and Proceedings of the Missouri State Convention Held at Jefferson City and St. Louis, March 1861

8215: 7122: 7076: 5801: 5684: 4702: 4247: 3289: 3047: 2703:

attempted unsuccessfully to convince Palmerston to intervene. By September 1862 the Union victory at the

2697: 1493: 1277: 17872: 17731: 9461: 8951: 8028: 3267:, but Confederate artillery drove it away. In March, President Lincoln notified South Carolina Governor 2372:

formed a secession convention, which voted to join the Confederacy on March 16, 1861, and appointed Dr.

18277: 18134: 17928: 17600: 17317: 16625: 16213: 16040: 15923: 15901: 15830: 15745: 14806: 14607: 14485: 14467: 13307: 11461:""Legal Materials on the Confederate States of America in the Schaffer Law Library", Albany Law School" 11268: 9838: 7170:

which guaranteed dual U.S. and state citizenship to all native-born residents, regardless of race; the

7008: 6978: 6698: 5901:. Occupiers pillaged, freed slaves, and evicted those who refused to swear loyalty oaths to the Union. 3722: 3545: 3537: 3493:

VA in December. Both armies then turned to winter quarters to recruit and train for the coming spring.

3436: 3000: 2610: 2524:, Georgia, as its state capital, put in a bid noting its central location and rail connections, as did 1987: 1832: 1755: 1747: 1473: 1438: 1230: 12554: 11509: 9205: 9106:

The General Assembly of Virginia, July 30, 1619 – January 11, 1978: A Bicentennial Register of Members

7841: 5919: 1314:. Intense periods of Lost Cause activity developed around the turn of the 20th century and during the 290: 18291: 18179: 18047: 17910: 17560: 17457: 17397: 16744: 16657: 16613: 16419: 16201: 16003: 15976: 15956: 15857: 15663: 15568: 14866: 14781: 14697: 14347: 14272: 13928: 11573:

McCaleb, Walter Flavius (1906). "The Organization of the Post-Office Department of the Confederacy".

10682: 9939: 9466: 8784: 7592: 7435: 7187: 7033: 6740: 6614: 5977: 5517: 5274: 5267: 3734: 3604: 3519: 3482: 2904: 2881: 2818: 2708: 2665:

Lord John Russell, British foreign secretary and later PM, considered mediation in the 'American War'

2317: 2158: 2134: 1983: 1979: 1906: 1552: 1536: 684: 13013:

Calculated by dividing the number of owners (obtained via the census) by the number of free persons.

12241: 10742:, North Carolina along with a large garrison in February. In March, Confederates abandoned forts at 10539:

at Washington, to reinforce Fort Sumter peaceably, if permitted 'but forcibly if they must' ...

10023: 8249:

Aaron Sheehan-Dean, "A Book for Every Perspective: Current Civil War and Reconstruction Textbooks",

3062:

on North American territory. (A year later, on March 3, 1863, the United States Congress passed the

2779:. European travelers visited and wrote accounts for publication. Importantly in 1862, the Frenchman 1994:), and disintegrated in April–May 1865. It was formed by delegations from seven slave states of the 17841: 17829: 17823: 17425: 17309: 16959: 16620: 16504: 16429: 16404: 16399: 16363: 16283: 15981: 15966: 15547: 14831: 14796: 14731: 14672: 14667: 14397: 12169:

Burdekin, Richard; Langdana, Farrokh (1993). "War Finance in the Southern Confederacy, 1861–1865".

10739: 10533: 10335: 10327: 9560:

Abraham Lincoln and a New Birth of Freedom: The Union and Slavery in the Diplomacy of the Civil War

5816: 5286: 4821: 4772: 3714: 3510: 3490: 3285: 3247: 3095:

each governor to supply the volunteer shortfall. States responded by passing their own draft laws.

3027: 2896: 2421: 2346: 1600: 1513: 1488: 1453: 1428: 11194:, United States Naval War Records Office, United States Office of Naval Records and Library, 1894 9943:

Drawn with the Sword: Reflections on the American Civil War: Reflections on the American Civil War

9790: 9702: 9354:

Abraham Lincoln; Complete Works, Comprising His Speeches, State Papers, and Miscellaneous Writings

8622:"Why do people believe myths about the Confederacy? Because our textbooks and monuments are wrong" 5865:

Unionism—opposition to the Confederacy—was strong in certain areas within the Confederate States.

5626: 3641:

engaged Union gunboats for six months on the Roanoke River in North Carolina. The Federals closed

3599:

in July, ending Southern access to the trans-Mississippi West. July brought short-lived counters,

3304:

in September and no serious Confederate advance in western Virginia occurred until the next year.

17699: 17544: 17501: 16974: 16608: 16228: 16196: 16191: 15889: 15862: 15254: 14751: 14741: 14513: 14508: 14362: 13999: 11631:

Garrison, L. R. (1916). "Administrative Problems of the Confederate Post Office Department, II".

11309: 11055: 10833: 10670: 10665:, p. 27. In the Mississippi River Valley, during the first half of February, central Tennessee's 10201: 8265:"Using Confederate Documents to Teach About Secession, Slavery, and the Origins of the Civil War" 7836: 7440: 5011: 3563: 3412: 3366: 2981: 2977: 2700: 2377: 1478: 1261: 86: 11664: 11610:

Garrison, L. R. (1915). "Administrative Problems of the Confederate Post Office Department, I".

11340:, p. 22. The Texas delegation had four in the U.S. Congress, seven in the Montgomery Convention. 10922: 10916: 10193: 7549:. The plates for the Seal were engraved in England but never received due to the Union Blockade. 7013: 5595:

making it a crime to grow an excess. But food shortages only worsened, especially in the towns.

5480:

torn up to get replacement rails for trunk lines, and rolling stock wore out through heavy use.

5457:

At the onset of the Civil War the South had a rail network disjointed and plagued by changes in

3477:

In the east, Union forces could not close on Richmond. General McClellan landed his army on the

3393:

while the Ordnance Department secured its own blockade runners for dedicated munitions cargoes.

2491: 18253: 17624: 17285: 17223: 16593: 16293: 15867: 15457: 15294: 15269: 14801: 14702: 14617: 14357: 14266: 13443: 12077:

Spencer Jones, "The Influence of Horse Supply Upon Field Artillery in the American Civil War",

11756: 10759: 10755: 10686: 8313:

Confederate leaders themselves made it plain that slavery was the key issue sparking secession.

7152: 7088: 5912:

In Texas, local officials harassed and murdered Unionists and Germans during the Civil War. In

5894: 5281: 5219: 4830: 4778: 4235: 3541: 3370: 2635: 2599: 2535: 2528:, noting its strategically interior situation, rail connections and deposits of coal and iron. 2429: 2316:

did not secede, citizens exhibited divided loyalties. Regiments of Marylanders fought in Lee's

1773: 1766: 1739: 1641: 1634: 1433: 1276:

on April 16, 1862. By 1865, the Confederacy's federal government dissolved into chaos, and the

1131: 361: 70: 35: 13705: 13497: 12505: 12499: 12143: 11943: 11885: 11858: 9941: 9888: 9520: 9352: 9325: 8442: 8326: 8115: 7865: 4017: 3855: 3198:; it represented an increasingly widespread disillusionment with the Confederate experiment." 2021:

The statesmen who led the secession movement were unashamed to explicitly cite the defense of

17904: 17805: 17761: 17552: 17509: 17073: 17014: 16509: 16409: 16223: 15872: 15825: 15735: 15703: 15410: 15400: 14846: 14836: 14821: 14771: 14726: 14382: 14367: 14260: 13343: 13065: 12703: 12197: 11730: 11530:

Walter Flavius McCaleb, "The Organization of the Post-Office Department of the Confederacy."

10298: 10216: 9685: 9658: 8740: 8713: 7898: 7578: 7371: 7269: 7247: 7072: 5529: 5060: 4932: 4852: 4675: 4666: 4658: 4448: 4386: 4116: 3910: 3790: 3229: 3207: 3078: 2760: 2623: 2514: 2242: 1895: 1828: 1667: 1622: 1541: 1503: 1355: 1315: 1237: 492: 10946: 9125: 8535: 5853: 5173:

carry some of the mail across enemy lines. Later, mail that crossed lines had to be sent by

18303: 17787: 17755: 17568: 17389: 17128: 16667: 16519: 16492: 15961: 15740: 15723: 15380: 14876: 14861: 14856: 14826: 14811: 14791: 14409: 14313: 14197: 11024: 10666: 10524: 9408: 9048:

A House Divided, A Study of Statehood Politics and the Copperhead Movement in West Virginia

7430: 7216: 7063:

Most large denominations experienced a North–South split in the prewar era on the issue of

6886: 6838: 6816: 6626:

The CSA was overwhelmingly rural. Few towns had populations of more than 1,000—the typical

5693: 5574: 5446: 5359: 5182: 4539: 4267: 4231: 3726: 3642: 3615: 3608: 3596: 3281: 2643: 2631: 2576: 2495: 2369: 2030: 1797: 1781: 1606: 1559: 1463: 1423: 1302:, an idealized view of the Confederacy valiantly fighting for a just cause, emerged in the 1280: 1134:

that existed from February 8, 1861, to May 9, 1865. The Confederacy was composed of eleven

1051: 242: 12865:

The Shattering of Texas Unionism: Politics in the Lone Star State during the Civil War Era

12394:

Chesson, Michael B. (1984). "Harlots or Heroines? A New Look at the Richmond Bread Riot".

10026:, TN became a major source of supply for Confederate armies, comparable to Nassau and its 4056: 3889: 2659: 8: 18212: 17975: 17940: 17898: 17878: 17775: 17743: 17576: 17341: 17329: 17048: 16930: 16885: 16652: 16444: 16333: 16207: 15852: 15805: 15552: 15512: 15497: 15390: 15239: 14911: 14871: 14746: 14707: 14677: 14632: 14592: 14192: 14182: 12623: 12091:

Sharrer, G. Terry (1995). "The Great Glanders Epizootic, 1861–1866: A Civil War Legacy".

11397: 11051: 10850: 10825: 10813: 10751: 8626: 7809: 7529: 7194:

of the early 20th century did not achieve national levels of prosperity until long after

7049: 7021: 5980:

with mild winters and long, hot, humid summers. The climate and terrain varied from vast

5913: 5525: 5053: 4976: 4843: 4182: 4152: 3969: 3646: 3627: 3459: 3293: 3121: 2914: 2736: 2627: 2513:, served as capital of the Confederate States from February 4 until May 29, 1861, in the 2465: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2361: 2329: 2286: 2157:

Not having seceded, neither Kentucky nor Missouri was declared in rebellion in Lincoln's

2147: 1888: 1839: 1751: 1418: 1408: 884: 327: 82: 9784: 8365:

The Idea of a Southern Nation: Southern Nationalists and Southern Nationalism, 1830–1860

3548:, but the Union consolidated positions along the Virginia coast and the Chesapeake Bay. 142: 18222: 18059: 17608: 17592: 17584: 17381: 17361: 17273: 17261: 17116: 16967: 16498: 16368: 15894: 15879: 15760: 15718: 15690: 15527: 15492: 15339: 15299: 14816: 14786: 14776: 14652: 14647: 14627: 14622: 14602: 14352: 14255: 14172: 14120: 13746: 13616: 13525: 13410: 13389: 13324: 13267: 13220: 13186:

Edgar Legare Pennington, "The Confederate Episcopal Church and the Southern Soldiers."

12992: 12890: 12830: 12800: 12763: 12684: 12438: 12403: 12376: 12315: 12100: 12038: 11845:

Agriculture and the Confederacy: Policy, Productivity, and Power in the Civil War South

11814:

Kolchin, Peter (2015). "Reexamining Southern Emancipation in Comparative Perspective".

11640: 11619: 11590: 11487:

Constitution of the Confederate States of America – Wikisource, the free online library

11295: 10839: 10520: 10139: 9834: 9632: 9624: 9589: 8389: 8292: 7487: 7178: 7159: 6772: 6724: 6630:

had a population under 500. Of the twenty largest U.S. cities in the 1860 census, only

5996:

to flourish; on both sides more soldiers died from disease than were killed in combat.

5993: 5906: 5225: 5157: 5004: 4685: 4515: 4234:

in another state. The Confederate Constitution's equivalent to the U.S. Constitution's

4095: 3957: 3662: 3592: 3502: 3478: 3463: 3362: 3332: 3268: 3222: 3023: 3019: 3008: 2939: 2909: 2873: 2713: 2704: 2619: 2548: 2499: 2482: 2143: 2035: 1910: 1731: 1468: 1371: 1359: 1303: 1291: 1206: 1143: 617: 575: 548: 341: 334: 205: 90: 76: 15472: 11394:

The Historical Atlas of the Congresses of the Confederate States of America: 1861–1865

7707: 7067:. The creation of a new country necessitated independent structures. For example, the 5562: 4082: 3842: 2696:, showed interest in recognition of the Confederacy or at least mediation of the war. 2388:

served in both Confederate Congresses as Arizona's delegate. In 1862, the Confederate

1894:

The first secession state conventions from the Deep South sent representatives to the

1205:

in 1860, a portion of the southern states were convinced that their slavery-dependent

18184: 18169: 18149: 17922: 17817: 17799: 17445: 17185: 17110: 17104: 17054: 16740: 15996: 15598: 15532: 15467: 15370: 15289: 15249: 14851: 14657: 14612: 14227: 13946: 13943:

The Historical Atlas of the Congresses of the Confederate States of America 1861–1865

13932: 13879: 13750: 13709: 13698: 13635:

Beringer, Richard E.; Still, William N. Jr.; Jones, Archer; Hattaway, Herman (1986).

13505: 13476: 13451: 13349: 12924: 12897: 12868: 12767: 12709: 12688: 12534: 12509: 12442: 12203: 12149: 12108: 11985: 11949: 11891: 11864: 11779: 11736: 11464: 11401: 11313: 11272: 11237: 11171: 11101: 10926: 10828:, repelled amphibious assault of Savannah for the duration of the war. Union General 10624: 10294: 10222: 10082: 9947: 9894: 9754: 9689: 9677: 9636: 9526: 9416: 9331: 9249:

was never held. The (5) Fifth Session was held November 18, 1861 – February 17, 1862.

9237:

The Historical Atlas of the Congresses of the Confederate States of America 1861–1865

9143: 8746: 8719: 8515: 8448: 8332: 8284: 8232: 8191: 8121: 7904: 7873: 7813: 7780: 7755: 7745: 7376: 7367: 7057: 6930: 6864: 6794: 6009: 6005: 5954: 5924: 5866: 5848: 5147: 5040: 5033: 5029: 4679: 4650: 4596: 4503: 4491: 4429: 4239: 3750: 3741:, Virginia, on April 9, 1865. "The Surrender" marked the end of the Confederacy. The 3623: 3515: 3051: 2868: 2822: 2764: 2749: 2543: 2130: 2092: 2010: 1926: 1793: 1327: 1218: 1065: 410: 11016:

had ranged the Atlantic for two years, sinking 58 vessels worth $ 6,54,000 [

9572:

Gentry, Judith Fenner (1970). "A Confederate Success in Europe: The Erlanger Loan".

7044:

together formed majorities of both the white and the slave population, becoming the

5545:

The Confederate government took over the three national mints in its territory: the

5501:

Both the individual Confederate states and later the Confederate government printed

5463: 4030: 3876: 2716:

of 1791–1804) led to the British considering intervention for humanitarian reasons.

2067: 1306:

among former Confederate generals and politicians, and in organizations such as the

18154: 18139: 17946: 17916: 17884: 17811: 17793: 17485: 17477: 17369: 17349: 15608: 15477: 15447: 15442: 15375: 15314: 15309: 15264: 14766: 14756: 14662: 14642: 14637: 14387: 14377: 14337: 14071: 13738: 13608: 13316: 13259: 13236:

W. Harrison Daniel, "Southern Protestantism and Army Missions in the Confederacy".

12792: 12755: 12676: 12430: 12178: 12030: 11582: 11044: 10832:

captured Savannah from the land side in December 1864. The British blockade runner

10829: 10806: 10532:. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: National Pub. Co.; Chicago: Zeigler, McCurdy. p. 10302: 10189: 10068:, Louisiana for those from Havana, Cuba and Mexican ports of Tampico and Vera Cruz. 9616: 9581: 9457: 9072: 8809: 8276: 8224: 8181: 7342: 7325: 7291: 7279: 6908: 6619: 5554: 5506: 5441: 4997: 4900: 4251: 3600: 3486: 3447: 3401: 3358: 3263: 3178: 3159: 3142: 3125:

Southern Unionists throughout the Confederate States resisted the 1862 conscription

2814: 2806: 2772: 2647: 2568:

predominantly governed military relationships on both sides of uniformed conflict.

2525: 2412: 2408:

Indian nations. After several battles, Union armies took control of the territory.

2350: 2139: 1951: 1863: 1855: 1661: 1518: 1483: 1448: 1443: 395: 383: 12892:

Southern Rights: Political Prisoners and the Myth of Confederate Constitutionalism

12730: 11968: 11164:

hauled down the last Confederate flag at Liverpool in the UK on November 5, 1865.

11157:

had been purchased from Denmark and set sail from Spain in March. The crew of the

9159: 8378:

North Over South: Northern Nationalism and American Identity in the Antebellum Era

7689: 4004: 3821: 1933: 1758:'s reasons for refusing to allow the Southern states to secede. Proponents of the 18089: 17866: 17847: 17781: 17767: 17701: 17437: 17197: 17147: 17079: 16997: 16796: 16682: 15971: 15820: 15713: 15593: 15588: 15583: 15573: 15542: 15452: 15395: 15385: 15344: 14372: 14342: 14162: 14017: 14010: 14006: 13292: 13072: 12970: 12598: 12577: 9671: 9400: 9166: 9079: 9034: 9014: 8994: 8970: 8938: 8918: 8898: 8878: 8858: 8838: 8804: 8699: 8400: 7802: 7774: 7310: 7274: 7148: 6750: 5878: 5827:"Stainless Banner"—consisted of a lengthened white field area with a Battle Flag 5538: 5178: 5165: 5111: 4990: 4884: 4662: 4654: 4620: 4558: 4460: 4367: 4327: 4292: 4227: 3666: 3470: 3386: 3206:

The American Civil War broke out in April 1861 with a Confederate victory at the

2996: 2887: 2801: 2503: 2373: 2365: 2151: 1902: 1884: 1867: 1803: 1565: 1323: 1294:, the Confederate states were readmitted to the Congress after each ratified the 1226: 1194: 462: 14053: 12705:

A House Divided, Statehood Politics and the Copperhead Movement in West Virginia

12272:

Kidd, Jessica Fordham (2006). "Privation and Pride: Life in Blockaded Alabama".

11192:

Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion

10551: 8931: 8692: 8556: 4069: 3923: 3540:

campaign was ended January 2, 1863, at the inconclusive Battle of Stones River (

17616: 17166: 17085: 15750: 15698: 15537: 15502: 15462: 15354: 15334: 15329: 15284: 14563: 14404: 14392: 13729:

Moretta, John (1999). "Pendleton Murrah and States Rights in Civil War Texas".

13285: 12566: 12501:

Mothers of Invention: Women of the Slaveholding South in the American Civil War

11158: 10642:

Francis H. Pierpont: Union War Governor of Virginia and Father of West Virginia

10503: 10290: 9471: 7287: 7211: 6635: 5989: 5985: 5962: 5886: 5882: 5550: 5546: 5433: 5161: 5131: 5095: 4834: 4577: 4472: 4316: 3768: 3754: 3581: 3374: 3301: 3258: 3195: 3104: 3063: 2900: 2580: 2305: 2100: 1824: 1458: 995: 981: 17215: 13305:

Nichols, Roy Franklin (1926). "United States vs. Jefferson Davis, 1865–1869".

12293:

Ersatz in the Confederacy: Shortages and Substitutes on the Southern Homefront

9940:

James M. McPherson Professor of American History Princeton University (1996).

9875: 9620: 8186: 8169: 5972:

Map of the states and territories claimed by the Confederate States of America

4721:

Confederate Congress was a unicameral assembly; each state received one vote.

3240: 3054:, Virginia in 1863, but no midshipmen graduated before the Confederacy's end. 2079: 1937:

Blue indicates the Union states and light blue Union-supporting slave states (

18313: 17860: 17737: 17709: 17521: 17042: 16944: 16785: 16018: 15618: 15613: 15603: 15578: 15487: 15482: 15324: 15319: 15304: 15274: 15244: 14582: 14207: 13836:

Freedom's Lawmakers: A Directory Of Black Officeholders During Reconstruction

12021:

Ramsdell, Charles W. (1917). "The Confederate Government and the Railroads".

11305: 11203: 10821: 10743: 10339: 10310: 9692:

in Bermuda, where a Confederate agent openly worked to help blockade runners.

9027: 9007: 8987: 8963: 8911: 8891: 8871: 8851: 8831: 8797: 8288: 8236: 8195: 7759: 7346: 7295: 7092: 5936: 5828: 5489:

pulled the wagons. The supply was undermined by an unprecedented epidemic of

5260: 4670: 4405: 4206: 3635: 3531: 3498: 3297: 3031: 2965: 2776: 2639: 2395:

Confederate supporters in the trans-Mississippi west claimed portions of the

1859: 1759: 1743: 1628: 1390: 1331: 1284: 1214: 1090: 897: 423: 31: 14076: 9719:

The Cause of All Nations: An International History of the American Civil War

8280: 8228: 6609: 5337: 5323: 4288: 3685: 3133:

Confederate conscription was not universal; it was a selective service. The

17749: 17191: 17122: 16487: 16464: 16454: 16449: 15986: 15928: 15840: 15815: 15728: 15708: 15507: 15405: 14049:

Oklahoma Digital Maps: Digital Collections of Oklahoma and Indian Territory

13876:

After Secession: Jefferson Davis and the Failure of Confederate Nationalism

13825:, ed. Glenn Feldman (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2001, p. 46). 12182: 12112: 10306: 7930:

Multinational Operations, Alliances, and International Military Cooperation

7195: 7045: 5931:

Up to 100,000 men living in states under Confederate control served in the

5819:) it sometimes proved difficult to distinguish the Stars and Bars from the 5407: 5311: 5255: 4983: 4608: 4527: 3506: 3451: 3059: 2828: 2744: 2689: 2592: 2584: 222: 13742: 12680: 12434: 11009:, pp. 305–306. The most successful Confederate merchant raider 1863–1864, 7739: 7284:

Ways and Means: Lincoln and His Cabinet and the Financing of the Civil War

7238:, the Supreme Court ruled—by a 8–1 majority—to reaffirm its conclusion in 2767:, who entered the Confederacy via Mexico, Fitzgerald Ross of the Austrian 2677:

French Emperor Napoleon III sought joint French–British recognition of CSA

2587:

to Paris. On their way in 1861, the U.S. Navy intercepted their ship, the

2458: 17725: 15259: 14297: 14277: 12962: 11010: 8393: 7618: 7511:

Slaves are included in the above population according to the 1860 census.

7191: 7129: 6672: 6631: 6627: 5697: 5458: 5400: 4759: 4243: 3670: 3429: 3004: 2732: 2606: 2565: 1995: 1922: 1914: 1319: 1241: 1023: 530: 515: 356: 190: 13414: 13393: 13191: 13149: 12834: 12804: 12380: 11644: 11623: 8296: 8264: 8210: 5957:

bisected the country, and the western half was often referred to as the

5857:

Map of the county secession votes of 1860–1861 in Appalachia within the

5815:

states of Kentucky and Missouri). During the First Battle of Bull Run, (

4303:

Davis and Stephens were elected president and vice president, unopposed

3699: 3082:

Recruitment poster: "Do not wait to be drafted". Under half re-enlisted.

2671: 2475: 16642: 15517: 15279: 14480: 14475: 13620: 13328: 13271: 13224: 13119: 12759: 12407: 12319: 12104: 12042: 11594: 11535: 11265:

Civil War and Agrarian Unrest: The Confederate South and Southern Italy

9628: 9593: 7389: 7286:(2022) that the Confederacy's failure to raise adequate revenue led to 7221: 7144: 7140: 7041: 7029: 5932: 5870: 5376: 5364: 5307: 4950: 4707: 4260: 2976:

The military armed forces of the Confederacy comprised three branches:

1966:

Evolution of the Confederate States between December 1860 and July 1870

1962: 1879: 1815: 1135: 30:"Confederate States" redirects here. For the system of government, see 13204:

The Green and the Gray: The Irish in the Confederate States of America

12945:

Southerner vs. Southerner: Union Supporters Below the Mason-Dixon Line

12068:

Ramsdell, "The Confederate Government and the Railroads", pp. 809–810.

11761:

History Net: Where History Comes Alive – World & US History Online

7353:

tended to be narrowly state-based, "negative, carping and petty". The

7024:. The Secession Convention of Southern Churches was held here in 1861. 5953:

the far western territories were deserts. The southern reaches of the

5185:, also in Virginia, where it was also inspected before being sent on. 17720: 16922: 15906: 14089: 14035: 13599:

Owsley (1925). "Local Defense and the Overthrow of the Confederacy".

12796: 12619:"How the Confederate battle flag became an enduring symbol of racism" 11695:

before 1863 while memories of the votes on secession remained fresh."

9860:. New York and Washington, The Neale publishing company. p. 203. 5689: 5579: 5396: 5018: 4916: 4847: 4643: 4330:, as the Confederacy was defeated before the completion of his term. 4178: 3761: 3325: 2925: 2405: 1351: 967: 911: 387: 16989: 13823:

Reading Southern History: Essays on Interpreters and Interpretations

13633:

Rable (1994) 257. For a detailed criticism of Owsley's argument see

13612: 13320: 13263: 12920:

Sherman's Horsemen: Union Cavalry Operations in the Atlanta Campaign

12034: 11586: 11540: 11510:"Records of District Courts of the United States, National Archives" 9585: 8142: 7978:

Union and Anti-Slavery speeches, delivered during the Rebellion, etc

5512: 3556: 3423: 3018:

The Confederate military leadership included many veterans from the

2960: 2938:

traders. But that trade was interrupted in the first year of war by

2006:) and two territories were given seats in the Confederate Congress. 15911: 14054:

Confederate States of America Collection at the Library of Congress

10552:

Lincoln's proclamation calling for troops from the remaining states

9843:. September 12, 1861. p. 1 – via accessiblearchives.com. 7525: 7521: 7374:, editor of the most influential newspaper in the Confederacy, the 7037: 5898: 5706: 5490: 4838: 4825: 2740: 2437: 2433: 2425: 2354: 2003: 1999: 1955: 1946: 1942: 1339: 1127: 1009: 925: 375: 13250:

Dorris, J. T. (1928). "Pardoning the Leaders of the Confederacy".

12504:. Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press. pp. 9789:. Volume II. Nashville: United States Publishing Company. p. 9673:

Lifeline of the Confederacy: Blockade Running During the Civil War

9655:

Lifeline of the Confederacy: Blockade Running During the Civil War

9462:"Letter from Professor Wm. G. Allen [dated June 20, 1853]" 2342: 281: Territorial claims made and under partial control for a time 13144:

W. Harrison Daniel, "Southern Presbyterians in the Confederacy."

9118: 7945:

Comparative Politics: Principles of Democracy and Democratization

7064: 6952: 4856: 3485:). Lee's strike north was turned back at Antietam MD, then Union 2768: 2684:

Throughout the early years of the war, British foreign secretary

2401: 2022: 1330:

would continue to support white supremacist policies such as the

953: 939: 403: 13160:

W. Harrison Daniel, "The Southern Baptists in the Confederacy."

12335:

Reconstruction In Georgia: Economic, Social, Political 1865–1872

11168:

Last Flag Down: The Epic Journey of the Last Confederate Warship

10650:

37th Congress, 3rd Session, Senate Bill S.531, February 14, 1863

9886: 7085:

Protestant Episcopal Church in the Confederate States of America

6641:

The cities of the Confederacy included (by size of population):

4043: 3944: 3138:

army furloughs, churches, schools, apothecaries and newspapers.

3030:(including Robert E. Lee and Jefferson Davis), but some such as 2349:, a Cherokee secessionist and Confederate Representative in the 1260:—then seceded and joined the Confederacy. On February 22, 1862, 16709:

List of films and television shows about the American Civil War

13215:

Sidney J. Romero, "Louisiana Clergy and the Confederate Army".

11653: 9857:

The public life and diplomatic correspondence of James M. Mason

9108:, Virginia State Library, Richmond, Virginia, 1978, pp. 478–493 7831: 7829: 7575:"Preventing Diplomatic Recognition of the Confederacy, 1861–65" 5968: 5874: 5415: 3733:

fell immediately. Lee surrendered a remnant of 50,000 from the

2591:

and took them to Boston, an international episode known as the

2014: 12821:

Elliott, Claude (1947). "Union Sentiment in Texas 1861–1865".

11023:], but she was trapped and sunk in June by the chain-clad 7927: 7380:. Beyond the early honeymoon period, Davis was never popular. 4266:

Some historians have referred to the Confederacy as a form of

4177:

or being admitted to the Confederacy (for subsequent states);

3795: 3146:

appointed by state Governor patronage expanded significantly.

2933:

led to Congress abolishing the Ranger service two years later.

2785:

Seven months in the rebel states during the North American War

11801:

The Emancipation Proclamation: A Brief History with Documents

9093:

West Virginia and the Civil War, Mountaineers Are Always Free

7547:

equestrian statue at the Virginia Capitol, Richmond, Virginia

7060:

was very high and chaplains played a major role in the Army.

5981: 5387: 2813:

The Confederacy's biggest foreign policy successes were with

1037: 14431: 13131:

Pamela Robinson-Durso, "Chaplains in the Confederate Army."

13114:

Randall M. Miller, Harry S. Stout, and Charles Reagan, eds.

12454: 12452: 10554:(bottom of page); Department of War details to States (top). 9390:

Blumenthal (1966) p. 151; Jones (2009) p. 321; Owsley (1959)

8511:

The Confederate Battle Flag: America's Most Embattled Emblem

8168:

Ogorzalek, Thomas; Piston, Spencer; Strother, Logan (2017).

7826: 3038:

but did not serve in the Army) had little or no experience.

14021: 11732:

Blacks in the United States Army: Portraits Through History

5961:. The highest point (excluding Arizona and New Mexico) was 5521: 5082:

Postage stamps and postal history of the Confederate States

3787:

List of C.S. states by date of admission to the Confederacy

3607:. Robert E. Lee's strike into Pennsylvania was repulsed at 3331:

General Burnside halted at the bridge. Battle of Antietam (

3261:

had attempted to resupply the garrison with the steamship,

2692:

of France, and, to a lesser extent, British Prime Minister

13989:, published weekly by Turnwold, Ga., edited by J.A. Turner 13669:"The Hidden Story of the North's Victory in the Civil War" 13634: 13173:

G. Clinton Prim. "Southern Methodism in the Confederacy".

8783:

Crofts pp. 337–338, quoting the North Carolina politician

7921: 3729:. When the Union broke through Lee's lines at Petersburg, 2293:

in June 1861, establishing a "restored government" with a

12449: 11969:

Tariff of the Confederate States of America, May 21, 1861

11498: 11496: 11018: 8952:

Lincoln's calling-up of the militia of the several States

7426:

Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps

7294:, despite the prowess of its military leadership such as 7158:

The U.S. government began a decade-long process known as

1730:

A consensus of historians who address the origins of the

13368:

Nichols, "United States vs. Jefferson Davis, 1865–1869".

13345:

The Papers of Jefferson Davis: June 1865 – December 1870

12960:

Two-thirds of soldiers' deaths occurred due to disease.

10526:

A Constitutional View of the Late War Between the States

10056:, pp. 287–288. The principal ports on the Atlantic were 9547:

American foreign relations: A history, to 1920: Volume 1

9095:, History Press, Charleston, South Carolina, 2011, p. 28 8324: 7963:

History of Mississippi, the Heart of the South, volume 1

7744:. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. p. 55. 7651:. D & S Publishers, Indian Rocks Beach. p. 1,2. 5992:. The subtropical climate made winters mild but allowed 4787:

of Mississippi, December 23–24, 1861 and January 6, 1862

3721:

The Confederacy's last remaining blockade-running port,

2759:

establishment of independence. These observers included

13700:

The Confederate Republic: A Revolution Against Politics

13656:. University of Georgia Press. pp. 64–83, 424–457. 11301:

For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War

10738:, p. 354. Federal sea-based amphibious forces captured 9915:

For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War

8444:

The Routledge Encyclopedia of Civil War Era Biographies

8167: 4781:

of Virginia, December 10–21, 1861 and January 7–8, 1862

3415:, (Monitor and Merrimac) nearby destroyed Union warship 2304:

Attempts to secede from the Confederacy by counties in

1838:

Background factors in the run up to the Civil War were

13188:

Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church

12224:"1861 O 50C MS Seated Liberty Half Dollars | NGC" 11493: 11165: 5445:

Passers-by abused the bodies of Union supporters near

4226:

Constitution, like the U.S. Constitution, contained a

18275: 14038:– numerous online text, image, and audio collections. 13994:

The Federal and the Confederate Constitution Compared

13804: 13802: 13568: 13047:

Figures for Virginia include the future West Virginia

13024:"Selected Statistics on Slavery in the United States" 10597:, University of Kentucky Press, 1993, 2nd ed., p. 130 8141:

Strother, Logan; Piston, Spencer; Ogorzalek, Thomas.

7478:

List of treaties of the Confederate States of America

7263: 7032:. Both free and enslaved populations identified with 3649:

ended Confederate operations in the western theater.

2848:

Confederate States Army § Morale and motivations

2551:, which served as their headquarters for eight days. 2174:

Historian Daniel W. Crofts disagrees with McPherson:

14000:

Photographs of the original Confederate Constitution

13450:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. xix. 11663:. Smithsonian National Postal Museum. Archived from 11550:. Smithsonian National Postal Museum. Archived from 11233:

A Short History of the Confederate States of America

9782: 9327:

Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years and the War Years

9169:, University of Maryland. Retrieved January 4, 2012. 7975: 6995:

Wilmington, North Carolina in the American Civil War

4750:

functioned as the Confederacy's legislative branch.

2602:

for the Confederacy, much less military assistance.

1829:

Confederate forces bombarded the Union's Fort Sumter

1726:

Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War

18360:

Former regions and territories of the United States

11776:

Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery

9405:

James Murray Mason : defender of the old South

9126:"Background of the Confederate States Constitution" 8738: 8667:"Secession Acts of the Thirteen Confederate States" 8140: 7569: 7567: 7565: 7071:split, with much of the new leadership provided by 6019:

Percentages may not total 100% because of rounding.

2308:were checked by martial law. Although slaveholding 1326:. Advocates sought to ensure future generations of 1221:wanted to maintain their loyalty to the Union. The 18119: 13799: 13697: 12889: 12652:Noe, Kenneth W.; Wilson, Shannon H., eds. (1997). 12628: 11548:"U.S. Postal Issue Used in the Confederacy (1893)" 10921:(2nd ed.). Univ. of Kentucky Press. pp. 10545: 9890:Major Problems in the Civil War and Reconstruction 9688:. An example of agents working openly occurred in 8117:Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory 8079:Short History of the Confederate States of America 7969: 7890: 7804:This mighty scourge: perspectives on the Civil War 7801: 4767:Presidents pro tempore of the Provisional Congress 3713:were defeated or disbanding. At the February 1865 3614:September and November left Confederates yielding 3288:) in Virginia July and in August, Wilson's Creek ( 3183:military recruiter under Bragg, then J.E. Johnston 2183:The order of secession resolutions and dates are: 11941: 11856: 10892:found at "The Angle" of the Battle of Gettysburg. 10673:fell with a small army. By the end of the month, 9887:Michael Perman; Amy Murrell Taylor, eds. (2010). 8318: 7932:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 21,27. 7227: 3373:by a combined Army-Navy force under U.S. Admiral 2547:surrender. Davis and most of his cabinet fled to 2506:and dubbed the "last Capitol of the Confederacy". 1941:) that primarily stayed in Union control, though 1776:had admitted new states into the Union in pairs, 18311: 16395:Confederate States presidential election of 1861 13977:Confederate States of Am. Army and Navy Uniforms 13639:. University of Georgia Press. pp. 443–457. 12531:Scarlett's Sisters: Young Women in the Old South 12366: 12168: 11982:American Civil War: Naval & Economic Warfare 11883: 11728: 8810:"South Carolina documents including signatories" 8549: 7956: 7954: 7942: 7701: 7699: 7562: 4762:of Georgia, February 4, 1861 – February 17, 1862 4295:, President of the Confederacy from 1861 to 1865 3277:Lincoln directed states to provide 75,000 troops 3164:Conscription Bureau chief, April 1862 – May 1863 1978:The Confederacy expanded in May–July 1861 (with 1236:The Civil War began on April 12, 1861, when the 1142:and warred against the United States during the 17245: 14068:Works by or about Confederate States of America 13341: 12533:. U of North Carolina Press. pp. 273–280. 11387: 11385: 9515: 9350: 9160:Chronology of Emancipation during the Civil War 8745:. University of Georgia Press. pp. 42–43. 8619: 8174:Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 8113: 7965:. S. J. Clarke publishing Company. p. 784. 7733: 7731: 5679: 5429:Confederate railroads in the American Civil War 5234:severely limited by a domestic passport system. 3705:Appomattox Courthouse, site of "The Surrender". 3661:The first three months of 1865 saw the Federal 3626:to encircle Richmond and besiege Lee's army at 3272:1861, General Beauregard forced its surrender. 1229:and states under its control were known as the 34:. For a list of confederate nation states, see 27:Unrecognized state in North America (1861–1865) 16219:Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. 12616: 12348:McCurry, Stephanie (2011). "Bread or Blood!". 11288: 10816:Web Archives. In both events, as with the CSS 10214: 9121:. Army of the Cumberland and George H. Thomas. 8440: 7960: 7896: 7258: 4816:Tribal Representatives to Confederate Congress 4307:. They were inaugurated on February 22, 1862. 4280:President of the Confederate States of America 3003:, where South Carolina state militia besieged 2376:as the new territorial governor. They won the 2334:New Mexico Territory in the American Civil War 18390:States and territories disestablished in 1865 18105: 17685: 17231: 16975: 16771: 14105: 14081: 13815: 13691: 13689: 13442: 13431:Interpreting American History: Reconstruction 12954: 11479: 11256: 10758:fell and Savannah, Georgia was closed by the 10621:General Lee's Army: From Victory to Collapse, 9753:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 124. 9323: 7951: 7936: 7696: 6604: 4333: 4319:, a power also held by some state governors. 1694: 1344:modern display of the Confederate battle flag 93:. Please discuss this issue on the article's 13974:Civil War Research & Discussion Group – 13766:Conscription and Conflict in the Confederacy 13295:, December 25, 1868. Accessed July 18, 2014. 12969:. Louisiana State University. Archived from 12816: 12814: 12555:The Confederate States of America, 1861–1865 12002:Hankey, John P. (2011). "The Railroad War". 11778:. New York: Knopf. pp. 30–36, 105–166. 11382: 11294: 10838:was purchased and converted to the ironclad 10717: 10715: 10701: 10699: 10697: 10695: 10178:The Confederate States of America: 1861–1865 10127:Conscription and Conflict in the Confederacy 9330:. Sterling Publishing Company. p. 151. 9223:Two Fires: American Indians in the Civil War 9140:General Lee's Army: from victory to collapse 8711: 8595:The Growth of Southern Nationalism 1848–1861 8536:"1860 Presidential General Election Results" 8514:. Harvard University Press. pp. 23–27. 8427: 8425: 8423: 8421: 8134: 7728: 7416:Cabinet of the Confederate States of America 7361: 7116: 5245:Economy of the Confederate States of America 4647:Davis's cabinet in 1861, Montgomery, Alabama 4340:Cabinet of the Confederate States of America 4170:Statehood date is the date of ratifying the 3990: 3462:'s ironclads from Savannah in 1862 with the 2534:, was chosen for the interim capital at the 14009:and other Civil War documents owned by the 13579:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 12602:National Flags". Retrieved October 4, 2012. 11208:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships 11100:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. p. 967. 10685:(naval Fort Pillow), but they withdrew and 10218:The Black Experience in the Civil War South 9804: 9704:The American Catholic Historical Researches 9676:. University of South Carolina Press, 1991 9119:"Marx and Engels on the American Civil War" 8580:The Confederate States of America 1861–1865 8055:"Industry and Economy during the Civil War" 7645: 7473:List of Confederate monuments and memorials 5869:were widespread in the mountain regions of 5568: 5282:concept was promoted within certain circles 3808: 1780:. This had kept a sectional balance in the 1238:South Carolina militia attacked Fort Sumter 18395:States and territories established in 1861 18112: 18098: 17692: 17678: 17238: 17224: 16982: 16968: 16778: 16764: 14112: 14098: 13686: 12612: 12610: 12608: 12396:Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 12242:"Confederate Coinage: A Short-lived Dream" 11190:United States Government Printing Office, 9653:(2001) vol. 1 p. 202 and Stephen R. Wise, 8107: 7766: 7623:Danville Museum of Fine Arts & History 7577:. U.S. Department of State. Archived from 5724:Flags of the Confederate States of America 5719:Flags of the Confederate States of America 5164:to the position of Postmaster General, by 5046:Texas-East William Pinckney Hill 1861–1865 3797:State flags, statehood and territory dates 3775: 2841: 2338:Indian Territory in the American Civil War 1901:The new provisional Confederate President 1701: 1687: 260: 14011:Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library 13923:Eicher, John H., & Eicher, David J., 13704:. Univ of North Carolina Press. pp. 12811: 12651: 11948:. U. of Georgia Press. pp. 105–109. 11798: 10915:Rice, Otis K.; Brown, Stephen W. (1993). 10914: 10712: 10692: 9824: 9822: 9748: 9606: 9206:"The Civil War Comes to Indian Territory" 9158:Freedmen & Southern Society Project, 8418: 8185: 8120:. Harvard University Press. p. 259. 7928:Robert S. Rush; William W. Epley (2007). 7857: 7799: 7793: 7641: 7639: 7468:List of Confederate arsenals and armories 7447:C.S.A.: The Confederate States of America 5422: 3439:, location of the only cruiser engagement 2956:Military forces of the Confederate States 2481:The second Capitol of the Confederacy in 301: Contested Native American territory 47:C.S.A.: The Confederate States of America 14308:Treatment of slaves in the United States 14036:DocSouth: Documenting the American South 13821:Fred A. Bailey, "E. Merton Coulter", in 13651: 13056:Rows may not add to 100% due to rounding 12923:. Indiana University Press. p. 28. 12780: 12728: 12666: 12332: 12020: 12010:(3). Kalmbach Publishing Company: 24–35. 11995: 11887:Encyclopedia of African American History 11860:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Civil War 11630: 11609: 11262: 11202:This article incorporates text from the 10519: 9435: 9050:, Univ. of Pittsburgh Press, 1964, p. 49 8331:. Oxford University Press. p. 184. 7705: 7201: 7105: 7097:Presbyterian Church in the United States 7069:Presbyterian Church in the United States 7056:were fully ensured by Confederate laws. 7012: 6608: 5967: 5918: 5852: 5800: 5683: 5578: 5511: 5496: 5440: 5432: 5386: 5368:considerations apart from productivity. 4706: 4642: 4287: 3584:ended trade with the Confederate states. 3120: 3077: 2959: 2886: 2605:The Confederates who had believed that " 2490: 2464:The first Capitol of the Confederacy in 2341: 1961: 1932: 1878: 1810:. His victory triggered declarations of 18325:1865 disestablishments in North America 18228:South Carolina Declaration of Secession 16051:Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War 14223:South Carolina Declaration of Secession 13728: 13652:Beringer, Richard; et al. (1986). 13551:"Treason Clause: Doctrine and Practice" 13400: 13379: 13304: 12993:"1860 Census of Population and Housing" 12820: 12745: 12605: 12420: 12393: 12347: 12305: 12090: 12049: 11813: 11773: 11572: 11045:CSS Atlanta, USS Atlanta. Navy Heritage 10807:CSS Atlanta, USS Atlanta. Navy Heritage 9651:Encyclopedia of American foreign policy 9028:North Carolina's Ordinance of Secession 8798:South Carolina's Ordinance of Secession 8615: 8613: 8577: 8046: 8027:Hacker, J. David (September 20, 2011). 7737: 7483:List of historical separatist movements 7421:Commemoration of the American Civil War 7087:, which had reluctantly split from the 5965:in Texas at 8,750 feet (2,670 m). 4699:Provisional Confederate States Congress 4185:was organized by the Confederate States 3673:in North Carolina, and Sherman finally 3562:Bombardment of Vicksburg, Mississippi. 3349:Burying Union dead. Antietam, Maryland. 3117:Confederate Conscription Acts 1862–1864 2142:and, on October 31, 1861, it passed an 1350:, when the battle flag was used by the 1296:13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution 14: 18335:Anti-black racism in the United States 18312: 16036:Modern display of the Confederate flag 14119: 13964:Bibliography of the American Civil War 13873: 13788: 13598: 13574: 13502:Encyclopedia of the Reconstruction Era 13495: 13470: 13249: 12592:Brief History of the Confederate Flags 12571:Brief History of the Confederate Flags 12528: 12290: 12195: 12141: 12001: 11391: 9819: 9810: 9571: 9187: 8715:Sketches from the Five States of Texas 8345:from the original on September 5, 2015 8262: 8026: 7808:. Oxford University Press US. p. 7772: 7636: 7463:List of Confederate arms manufacturers 7083:. Elites in the southeast favored the 5602: 5382: 4201:Constitution of the Confederate States 3780: 3760:, surrendered on November 6, 1865, in 3525: 3007:in Charleston harbor, held by a small 18370:History of the Southern United States 18355:Former countries of the United States 18233:Virginia Secession Convention of 1861 18093: 17953:The Great Republic of Rough and Ready 17673: 17219: 16963: 16759: 16254: 15643: 15207: 14430: 14233:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers 14131: 14093: 14080: 14029:Photographic History of the Civil War 13763: 13695: 13666: 13475:. Stackpole Books. pp. 155–159. 12916: 12887: 12701: 12497: 12482: 12467: 11713: 11633:The Southwestern Historical Quarterly 11612:The Southwestern Historical Quarterly 11166:John Baldwin; Ron Powers (May 2008). 11095: 10022:, p. 286. After capture by Federals, 9853: 9456: 9399: 9393: 8643:, George Knapp & Co., 1861, p. 47 8507: 8208: 8075: 8052: 7947:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 214. 7863: 7453:History of the Southern United States 6689:New Orleans in the American Civil War 5947: 5503:Confederate States of America dollars 5049:Texas-West Thomas J. Devine 1861–1865 4754:President of the Provisional Congress 4222:of slaves among slaveholding states. 3989: 3807: 2233:(February 1; referendum February 23) 1854:, Southern and Northern nationalism, 1673:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers 18405:White supremacy in the United States 18320:1861 establishments in North America 17653: 13878:. Louisiana State University Press. 13601:Mississippi Valley Historical Review 13433:(Kent State University Press, 2016). 13252:Mississippi Valley Historical Review 12961: 12862: 12847: 12271: 11757:"African Americans In The Civil War" 10593:Rice, Otis K. and Stephen W. Brown, 9059:Rice, Otis K. and Stephen W. Brown, 8832:Mississippi's Ordinance of Secession 8718:. Texas A&M UP. pp. 27–28. 8610: 7779:. Harper Collins. pp. 256–257. 6715:Charleston in the American Civil War 5842: 5296: 4969: 4794:Sessions of the Confederate Congress 4736: 3580:Closing of Mobile Bay, Alabama. The 3489:offensive was disastrously ended at 3371:New Orleans was captured on April 29 2862: 1738:was the principal aim of the eleven 1334:through activities such as building 53: 18249:2012 U.S. state secession petitions 17721:Kingdoms and Provinces of New Spain 16390:Committee on the Conduct of the War 16066:United Daughters of the Confederacy 13789:Donald, David Herbert, ed. (1996). 13116:Religion and the American Civil War 12617:Erin Blakemore (January 12, 2021). 12202:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 41. 11170:. Three Rivers Press. p. 368. 11098:The Civil War, a narrative: Vol III 11054:Web Archives, in 1863 the ironclad 10947:"The Civil War Comes to Charleston" 9751:Three Months in the Southern States 7741:The Burden of Confederate Diplomacy 6855:Nashville in the American Civil War 5483: 4775:of South Carolina, February 4, 1861 4746:For the first year, the unicameral 3509:argues that 1862 was the strategic 3311: 2913:there remained in place during the 2789:Three Months in the Southern States 2260:(April 17; referendum May 23, 1861) 2055:houses of Congress to accept them. 1734:agree that the preservation of the 1308:United Daughters of the Confederacy 24: 18375:Politics of the American Civil War 16460:U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 16255: 15799:impeachment managers investigation 14178:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry 13957: 13348:. Louisiana State UP. p. 96. 12735:. New York, The Macmillan company. 12708:. Univ. of Pittsburgh. p. 8. 12483:Frank, Lisa Tendrich, ed. (2008). 10890:High-water mark of the Confederacy 10824:, and his successor and Commodore 10457:The Confederates States of America 9830:"Spain and the Confederate States" 9783:Richardson, James D., ed. (1905). 9444:University of North Carolina Press 9008:Tennessee's Ordinance of Secession 8912:Louisiana's Ordinance of Secession 8592: 8303:from the original on April 7, 2023 8008:from the original on April 1, 2010 7593:"Reaction to the Fall of Richmond" 6741:Richmond in the American Civil War 5213: 4674:Back row, standing left to right: 4216:ban on international slave-trading 3201: 2579:. The Confederate government sent 2115:Confederate government of Kentucky 1583:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry 1439:End of slavery in British colonies 25: 18416: 18259:List of state partition proposals 15885:Reconstruction military districts 14333:Abolitionism in the United States 14288:Plantations in the American South 14203:Origins of the American Civil War 13968: 13900:The Confederate States of America 13810:The Confederate States of America 13555:LII / Legal Information Institute 13530:LII / Legal Information Institute 12823:Southwestern Historical Quarterly 12260:The Confederate States of America 12129:, (February 2006) 45#1 pp. 30–36 11377:The Confederate States of America 11364:The Confederate States of America 11351:The Confederate States of America 11338:The Confederate States of America 11139:The Confederate States of America 11126:The Confederate States of America 11071:The Confederate States of America 11041:The Confederate States of America 11007:The Confederate States of America 10994:The Confederate States of America 10981:The Confederate States of America 10968:The Confederate States of America 10877:The Confederate States of America 10864:The Confederate States of America 10803:The Confederate States of America 10790:The Confederate States of America 10777:The Confederate States of America 10764:The Confederate States of America 10736:The Confederate States of America 10608:The Confederate States of America 10565:The Confederate States of America 10483:The Confederate States of America 10470:The Confederate States of America 10444:The Confederate States of America 10431:The Confederate States of America 10418:The Confederate States of America 10405:The Confederate States of America 10392:The Confederate States of America 10379:The Confederate States of America 10366:The Confederate States of America 10353:The Confederate States of America 10324:The Confederate States of America 10287:The Confederate States of America 10274:The Confederate States of America 10261:The Confederate States of America 10114:The Confederate States of America 10096:The Confederate States of America 10079:The Confederate States of America 10054:The Confederate States of America 10041:The Confederate States of America 10020:The Confederate States of America 10007:The Confederate States of America 9994:The Confederate States of America 9981:The Confederate States of America 9968:The Confederate States of America 9928:The Confederate States of America 9312:The Confederate States of America 9286:The Confederate States of America 9273:The Confederate States of America 8964:Virginia's Ordinance of Secession 8693:Missouri's Ordinance of Secession 7870:A Companion to the American South 7776:The Confederate Nation: 1861–1865 7520:Population values do not include 7081:Methodist Episcopal Church, South 6969:Atlanta in the American Civil War 5893:. Union forces captured parts of 5712: 4785:Josiah Abigail Patterson Campbell 3656: 3073: 2237:Inauguration of President Lincoln 1925:in April 1861, Lincoln called up 1720:Origins of the American Civil War 1572:The Impending Crisis of the South 1414:Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions 426:of independent states (1861–1862) 18400:White supremacy in North America 18345:Federal constitutional republics 18297: 18285: 18190:Northwest Territorial Imperative 18074: 18073: 18054:Provisional Government of Hawaii 17935:Provisional Government of Oregon 17854:Provisional Government of Mexico 17652: 17641: 17640: 17408: 17024: 16875: 16739: 16730: 16729: 15868:Enforcement Act of February 1871 15841:Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 13892: 13867: 13854: 13841: 13828: 13782: 13772: 13757: 13722: 13660: 13654:Why the South Lost the Civil War 13644: 13637:Why the South Lost the Civil War 13627: 13592: 13583: 13543: 13518: 13489: 13464: 13436: 13423: 13403:American Bar Association Journal 13382:American Bar Association Journal 13371: 13362: 13335: 13298: 13278: 13243: 13230: 13209: 13196: 13180: 13167: 13154: 13146:North Carolina Historical Review 13138: 13125: 13108: 13099: 13078: 13059: 13050: 13041: 13016: 13007: 12985: 12937: 12910: 12896:. University Press of Virginia. 12881: 12856: 12841: 12774: 12739: 12722: 12695: 12660: 12645: 12584: 12560: 12547: 12522: 12491: 12476: 12461: 12414: 12387: 12360: 12341: 12326: 12299: 12284: 12265: 12252: 12234: 12216: 12189: 12171:Explorations in Economic History 12162: 12148:. Knopf Doubleday. p. 378. 12135: 12125:Keith Miller, "Southern Horse", 12119: 12084: 12081:, (April 2010), 74#2 pp. 357–377 12071: 12062: 12014: 11974: 11962: 11935: 11926: 11913: 11904: 11877: 11850: 11837: 11828: 11807: 11799:Vorenberg, Michael, ed. (2010). 11792: 11767: 11749: 11722: 11707: 11698: 11688: 11679: 11661:"Confederate States Post Office" 11601: 11566: 11524: 11502: 11453: 11440: 11427: 11414: 11369: 11356: 11343: 11330: 11247: 11224: 11215: 11195: 11184: 11144: 11131: 11118: 11089: 11076: 11063: 11033: 10999: 10986: 10973: 10960: 10939: 10908: 10895: 10882: 10869: 10856: 10795: 10782: 10769: 10728: 10655: 10634: 10613: 10600: 10587: 10570: 10557: 10513: 10497: 10488: 10475: 10462: 10449: 10436: 10423: 10410: 10397: 10384: 10371: 10358: 10345: 10316: 10279: 10266: 10253: 10244: 10235: 10208: 10183: 10170: 10157: 10132: 10119: 10106: 10088: 10071: 10046: 10033: 10012: 9999: 9986: 9973: 9960: 9933: 9920: 9907: 9880: 9864: 9847: 9776: 9767: 9742: 9733: 9724: 9711: 9695: 9664: 9643: 9600: 9565: 9552: 9539: 8988:Arkansas' Ordinance of Secession 8892:Georgia's Ordinance of Secession 8872:Alabama's Ordinance of Secession 8852:Florida's Ordinance of Secession 8620:James W. Loewen (July 1, 2015). 8209:Woods, M. E. (August 20, 2012). 7897:McMurtry-Chubb, Teri A. (2021). 7535: 7318: 7303: 5787: 5773: 5758: 5743: 5728: 5649: 5637: 5625: 5613: 5336: 5322: 5140: 5124: 5104: 5088: 5000:1861, Edward J. Harden 1861–1865 4925: 4909: 4893: 4877: 4748:Provisional Confederate Congress 4115: 4094: 4081: 4068: 4055: 4042: 4029: 4016: 4003: 3956: 3943: 3922: 3909: 3888: 3875: 3854: 3841: 3820: 3698: 3684: 3573: 3555: 3487:Major General Ambrose Burnside's 3422: 3400: 3391:S. Isaac, Campbell & Company 3342: 3324: 3239: 3221: 3170: 3151: 2993:Provisional Confederate Congress 2670: 2658: 2474: 2457: 2078: 2066: 1070: 1056: 1042: 1028: 1014: 1000: 986: 972: 958: 944: 930: 916: 902: 877: 863: 847: 833: 819: 805: 791: 777: 763: 749: 735: 719: 605:Battle of Appomattox Court House 246: 227: 210: 165: 141: 134: 73:to read and navigate comfortably 58: 18:Confederacy (American Civil War) 18380:Separatism in the United States 18218:Mississippi Secession Ordinance 16653:New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 16515:When Johnny Comes Marching Home 16076:Wilmington insurrection of 1898 14022:University of Georgia Libraries 13791:Why the North Won the Civil War 13577:State Rights in the Confederacy 12967:"Statistics on the War's Costs" 12917:Evans, David (March 22, 1999). 12485:Women in the American Civil War 12291:Massey, Mary Elizabeth (1952). 11463:. Albanylaw.edu. Archived from 11084:Refugee Life in the Confederacy 9609:The Journal of Economic History 9574:The Journal of Southern History 9509: 9484: 9450: 9442:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: 9429: 9384: 9371: 9361: 9344: 9317: 9304: 9291: 9278: 9265: 9252: 9242: 9228: 9215: 9198: 9181: 9172: 9152: 9132: 9111: 9098: 9085: 9066: 9053: 9040: 9020: 9000: 8980: 8975:Restored government of Virginia 8956: 8944: 8924: 8904: 8884: 8864: 8844: 8824: 8790: 8777: 8768: 8759: 8732: 8705: 8691:Weigley (2000) p. 43 See also, 8685: 8659: 8646: 8634: 8601: 8586: 8571: 8528: 8501: 8492: 8483: 8474: 8469:The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861 8461: 8434: 8405: 8383: 8370: 8357: 8256: 8243: 8202: 8161: 8094: 8069: 8020: 7984: 7903:. Lexington Books. p. 31. 7837:"Confederate States of America" 7706:Tikkanen, Amy (June 17, 2020). 7673:Why the North Won the Civil War 7493:National Civil War Naval Museum 7411:American Civil War prison camps 5999: 5692:at Natchez City Cemetery is in 4194: 3675:took Charleston, South Carolina 3446:During the Civil War fleets of 3110: 2949: 2502:was the temporary residence of 1338:and influencing the authors of 1106:), commonly referred to as the 75:. When this tag was added, its 18121:Secession in the United States 15756:Southern Homestead Act of 1866 12951:. Retrieved December 27, 2022. 12023:The American Historical Review 11575:The American Historical Review 9813:The Fall of the House of Dixie 9525:. A&C Black. p. 144. 9436:Flanders, Ralph Betts (1933). 9221:Laurence M. Between Hauptman, 9073:The Civil War in West Virginia 7678: 7665: 7655: 7611: 7585: 7514: 7505: 7229:Sprott v. United States (1874) 7095:belonging to the 1861-founded 7054:separation of church and state 5075: 4692: 3669:. The Union Blockade captured 3250:), the North's "Big Skedaddle" 2323: 2029:Southern Democrats had chosen 1970:Secessionists argued that the 1508: 1209:were threatened, and began to 1203:President of the United States 13: 1: 18365:Former unrecognized countries 18340:Confederate States of America 18208:Confederate States of America 17965:Confederate States of America 16171:Ladies' Memorial Associations 15873:Enforcement Act of April 1871 15769:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson 15644: 13920:, New York: Bison Books, 1983 13764:Moore, Albert Burton (1924). 13667:Foner, Eric (March 8, 2022). 13471:Murray, Robert Bruce (2003). 13448:The American South: a history 12995:. Census.gov. January 7, 2009 12333:Thompson, C. Mildred (1915). 12199:The Language of the Civil War 10805:, pp. 287, 306, 302, 306 and 10180:, op. cit., pp. 313–315, 318. 9439:Plantation slavery in Georgia 9413:University of Tennessee Press 9188:Farish, Thomas Edwin (1915). 8932:Texas' Ordinance of Secession 8325:Patrick Karl O'Brien (2002). 7976:Charles Daniel Drake (1864). 7555: 7358:by the Davis administration. 7112:Lost Cause of the Confederacy 6014: 3749:post-surrender insurgency or 3622:to take Savannah and Grant's 2615:World Anti-Slavery Convention 1927:75,000 of the states' militia 1814:by seven slave states of the 1346:primarily started during the 1211:secede from the United States 1100:Confederate States of America 120:Confederate States of America 18385:Slavery in the United States 17959:The Kingdom of Beaver Island 16304:Confederate revolving cannon 16046:Sons of Confederate Veterans 15917:South Carolina riots of 1876 15895:Indian Council at Fort Smith 15846:South Carolina riots of 1876 15811:Knights of the White Camelia 14303:Slavery in the United States 14061:Confederate Veteran Magazine 13473:Legal Cases of the Civil War 12369:Georgia Historical Quarterly 10754:, North Carolina. In April, 9815:. Random House. p. 248. 8739:Wilfred Buck Yearns (2010). 7800:McPherson, James M. (2007). 7458:Knights of the Golden Circle 7384:oppression, preventing the " 7377:Richmond (Virginia) Examiner 7166:which outlawed slavery; the 5942: 5680:Effect on women and families 5462:to await freight cars and a 4273: 3501:'s invasion of Kentucky and 3232:, Charleston, South Carolina 2554: 1874: 1547:Burning of Pennsylvania Hall 1509:Secession of Southern states 1362:used it for demonstrations. 1312:Sons of Confederate Veterans 273: The Confederate States 40:Confederacy (disambiguation) 7: 17247:Confederate States senators 16950:Organized January 18, 1862. 16786:Political divisions of the 16658:New York City riots of 1863 16483:Battle Hymn of the Republic 16234:United Confederate Veterans 16071:Children of the Confederacy 16061:United Confederate Veterans 16056:Southern Historical Society 15208: 14688:Price's Missouri Expedition 14158:Timeline leading to the War 14132: 13504:. Bloomsbury. p. 649. 13133:Journal of Church and State 12888:Neely, Mark E. Jr. (1999). 12784:Journal of Southern History 12729:McGregor, James C. (1922). 12498:Faust, Drew Gilpin (1996). 12468:Ezell, John Samuel (1963). 12142:Cooper, William J. (2010). 12079:Journal of Military History 11817:Journal of Southern History 11716:Southern Negroes, 1861–1865 11392:Martis, Kenneth C. (1994). 9946:. Oxford U.P. p. 152. 9872:Journal of Southern History 9522:Gladstone: God and Politics 9379:Canadian Journal of History 8578:Coulter, E. Merton (1950). 8216:Journal of American History 7868:. In Boles, John B. (ed.). 7403: 7259:Theories regarding downfall 7123:Pardons for ex-Confederates 7091:in 1861. Other elites were 7077:Southern Baptist Convention 7028:The CSA was overwhelmingly 7018:St. John's Episcopal Church 7002: 4870: 4703:Confederate States Congress 4248:Necessary and Proper Clause 3691:Armory, Richmond, Virginia. 3518:pushed Federal forces from 3048:Virginia Military Institute 2698:Chancellor of the Exchequer 2448: 2247:President Lincoln's call-up 1862:, and modernization in the 1542:Martyrdom of Elijah Lovejoy 1386:End of Atlantic slave trade 1278:Confederate States Congress 1240:. Four slave states of the 631:Debellation and dissolution 85:content into sub-articles, 10: 18421: 17929:Republic of the Rio Grande 16626:Confederate Secret Service 16214:Grand Army of the Republic 16106:Grand Army of the Republic 15924:Southern Claims Commission 13961: 13909: 13446:; Terrill, Tom E. (2009). 13308:American Historical Review 13291:November 22, 2017, at the 12732:The Disruption of Virginia 12702:Curry, Richard O. (1964). 12597:February 24, 2021, at the 12576:February 24, 2021, at the 12458:Paskoff, "Measures of War" 11942:Thomas Conn Bryan (2009). 11863:. Oxford Up. p. 291. 11857:William L. Barney (2011). 11714:Wiley, Bell Irvin (1938). 11532:American Historical Review 11269:Cambridge University Press 11150:The French-built ironclad 10582:. Vol. 5. p. 56. 9839:Charleston, South Carolina 9749:Fremantle, Arthur (1864). 8447:. Routledge. p. 150. 8102:United States Constitution 7980:. p. 219,220,222,241. 7671:David Herbert Donald, ed. 7597:American Battlefield Trust 7290:and being unable to win a 7120: 7109: 7009:Christian views on slavery 7006: 6605:Rural and urban population 6018: 6003: 5846: 5716: 5688:This Confederate memorial 5656:Rail bridge, Petersburg VA 5572: 5426: 5414:The Confederacy adopted a 5242: 5238: 5217: 5208:surviving Confederate mail 5079: 4696: 4649:Front row, left to right: 4337: 4334:Administration and cabinet 4277: 4198: 3784: 3723:Wilmington, North Carolina 3620:Sherman's March to the Sea 3529: 3114: 3001:Charleston, South Carolina 2991:On February 28, 1861, the 2953: 2845: 2327: 2274:(May 7; referendum June 8) 2243:Bombardment of Fort Sumter 1972:United States Constitution 1833:Charleston, South Carolina 1808:1860 presidential election 1723: 1717: 1713: 1629:Recapture of Anthony Burns 1499:1860 presidential election 1474:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 1348:1948 presidential election 1318:of the 1950s and 1960s in 1290:After the war, during the 44: 29: 18241: 18200: 18127: 18069: 17911:Republic of Indian Stream 17716: 17635: 17536: 17417: 17406: 17253: 17176: 17157: 17138: 17095: 17066:Secretary of the Treasury 17064: 17033: 17022: 17005: 16939: 16921: 16884: 16873: 16795: 16725: 16701: 16614:Confederate States dollar 16586: 16528: 16473: 16425:Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 16420:Emancipation Proclamation 16382: 16314:Medal of Honor recipients 16271: 16267: 16250: 16202:Confederate Memorial Hall 16184: 16163: 16121: 16093: 16084: 16004:Confederate Memorial Hall 15977:Confederate History Month 15957:Civil War Discovery Trail 15937: 15858:Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 15689: 15664:Reconstruction Amendments 15654: 15650: 15639: 15561: 15430: 15423: 15363: 15227: 15220: 15216: 15203: 15145: 14892: 14885: 14716: 14572: 14531: 14499: 14466: 14459: 14455: 14426: 14323: 14273:Emancipation Proclamation 14241: 14142: 14138: 14127: 14087: 14082:Links to related articles 13929:Stanford University Press 13575:Owsley, Frank L. (1925). 13526:"SPROTT v. UNITED STATES" 13071:October 11, 2014, at the 12867:. LSU Press. p. 83. 12274:Alabama Heritage Magazine 12145:Jefferson Davis, American 12057:Ersatz in the Confederacy 11890:. ABC-CLIO. p. 351. 11884:Leslie Alexander (2010). 11774:Litwack, Leon F. (1979). 11735:. McFarland. p. 13. 11729:Martha S. Putney (2003). 11490:. Retrieved July 6, 2018. 11263:Dal Lago, Enrico (2018). 9621:10.1017/S0022050700044946 9477:Frederick Douglass' Paper 9165:October 11, 2007, at the 9104:Leonard, Cynthia Miller, 9078:October 15, 2004, at the 9033:October 12, 2007, at the 9013:October 12, 2007, at the 8993:October 12, 2007, at the 8969:October 12, 2007, at the 8937:October 12, 2007, at the 8917:October 12, 2007, at the 8897:October 12, 2007, at the 8877:October 12, 2007, at the 8857:October 12, 2007, at the 8837:October 12, 2007, at the 8803:October 12, 2007, at the 8698:October 12, 2007, at the 8399:December 4, 2011, at the 8263:Loewen, James W. (2011). 8187:10.1017/S1742058X17000017 8082:. Belford co. p. 503 8076:Davis, Jefferson (1890). 7992:"Learn – Civil War Trust" 7943:John T. Ishiyama (2011). 7872:. John Wiley & Sons. 7773:Thomas, Emory M. (1979). 7738:Hubbard, Charles (2000). 7436:Confederate Patent Office 7188:Voting Rights Act of 1965 7117:Amnesty and treason issue 7034:evangelical Protestantism 6974: 6948: 6926: 6904: 6882: 6860: 6834: 6812: 6790: 6768: 6746: 6720: 6694: 6668: 6655: 6652: 6649: 6646: 6615:A Home on the Mississippi 6583: 6569: 6555: 6541: 6527: 6513: 6499: 6494: 6491: 6488: 6485: 6447: 6415: 6383: 6351: 6319: 6287: 6255: 6223: 6191: 6159: 6127: 6095: 6086: 6079: 6070: 6061: 6056: 6049: 6042: 6035: 6030: 6027: 5978:humid subtropical climate 5620:Potters House, Atlanta GA 5583:Richmond bread riot, 1863 5275:Emancipation Proclamation 5268:1860 United States census 5249: 4590: 4586: 4567: 4548: 4485: 4481: 4444:Secretary of the Treasury 4442: 4438: 4399: 4395: 4376: 4357: 4167: 3996: 3985: 3814: 3803: 3794: 3735:Army of Northern Virginia 3605:New York City draft riots 2836: 2709:Emancipation Proclamation 2318:Army of Northern Virginia 2159:Emancipation Proclamation 2127:constitutional convention 2049: 1578:Oberlin–Wellington Rescue 1553:American Slavery As It Is 1086: 698: 685:Confederate States dollar 677: 673: 663: 653: 649: 644: 640: 627: 614: 601: 586: 571: 558: 554: 544: 527: 512: 502: 498: 486: 482: 472: 468: 456: 452: 442: 416: 402: 368: 352: 320: 310: 259: 200: 195:Under God, our Vindicator 185: 130: 125: 118: 17873:Santa Fe de Nuevo México 17848:Second Republic of Texas 17842:Republic of the Floridas 17830:Republic of East Florida 17824:Republic of West Florida 17788:United States of America 17732:Santa Fe de Nuevo México 17708:within the contemporary 16688:U.S. Sanitary Commission 16599:Battlefield preservation 16505:Marching Through Georgia 16430:Hampton Roads Conference 16405:Confiscation Act of 1862 16400:Confiscation Act of 1861 16176:U.S. national cemeteries 15982:Confederate Memorial Day 15967:Civil War Trails Program 15836:New Orleans riot of 1866 13496:Zuczek, Richard (2006). 13342:Jefferson Davis (2008). 12196:Wright, John D. (2001). 11704:Neely (1993) pp. 11, 16. 10918:West Virginia, A History 10595:West Virginia, A History 10221:. ABC-CLIO. p. 43. 9893:. Cengage. p. 178. 9854:Mason, Virginia (1906). 9730:"Thomas1979" pp. 219–221 9545:Thomas Paterson, et al. 9470:. p. 4 – via 9351:Abraham Lincoln (1920). 9212:(2013) 59#3 pp. 279–319. 9061:West Virginia, A History 8742:The Confederate Congress 8652:Eugene Morrow Violette, 8557:"Reluctant Confederates" 8114:David W. Blight (2009). 7866:"The Plantation Economy" 7499: 7264:"Died of states' rights" 5569:Food shortages and riots 5289:was carried out was the 5287:compensated emancipation 4822:Elias Cornelius Boudinot 4773:Robert Woodward Barnwell 4683:Illustration printed in 3991:(listed chronologically) 3715:Hampton Roads Conference 3469:. Secretary of the Navy 2897:First Battle of Bull Run 2739:as special agent to the 2707:, Lincoln's preliminary 2422:Elias Cornelius Boudinot 2368:in the southern part of 1786:House of Representatives 1601:Trial of Reuben Crandall 1514:Peace Conference of 1861 1489:Caning of Charles Sumner 1272:, and enacted the first 1215:confederation government 562:Provisional constitution 538:House of Representatives 17836:First Republic of Texas 16609:Confederate war finance 16229:Southern Cross of Honor 16197:1938 Gettysburg reunion 16192:1913 Gettysburg reunion 15890:Reconstruction Treaties 15863:Enforcement Act of 1870 15746:Freedman's Savings Bank 14363:Lane Debates on Slavery 14188:Lincoln–Douglas debates 14016:April 29, 2012, at the 13925:Civil War High Commands 13498:"Texas v. White (1869)" 13120:excerpt and text search 12949:Warfare History Network 12654:Civil War in Appalachia 12553:Coulter, Ellis Merton. 12055:Mary Elizabeth Massey. 11534:12#1 (1906), pp. 66–74 11310:Oxford University Press 11082:Mary Elizabeth Massey, 10689:was captured downriver. 10215:Stephen V. Ash (2010). 10202:Mississippi Law Journal 9707:. 1901. pp. 27–28. 9649:Alexander DeConde, ed. 9357:. Century. p. 542. 8607:"Thomas1979" pp. 59, 81 8508:Coski, John M. (2005). 8441:John D. Wright (2013). 8269:OAH Magazine of History 8253:(2005) 51#3 pp. 317–324 8057:. National Park Service 8053:Arrington, Benjamin P. 7961:Dunbar Rowland (1925). 7864:Smith, Mark M. (2008). 7842:Encyclopædia Britannica 7712:Encyclopedia Britannica 7441:Confederate war finance 7355:1863 mid-term elections 7236:Sprott v. United States 6661:Return to U.S. control 5976:Much of the area had a 5807:Confederate Battle Flag 5549:in North Carolina, the 5012:Alexander Mosby Clayton 4936:South Carolina District 4920:North Carolina District 4220:existing internal trade 3809:(listed alphabetically) 3776:Government and politics 3387:John Fraser and Company 3282:Bethel Church, Virginia 2842:Motivations of soldiers 2103:portrait of Washington. 1954:, which is present-day 1494:Lincoln–Douglas debates 1322:to growing support for 1264:leaders re-installed a 1262:Confederate States Army 338:(until April 2–3, 1865) 45:For the 2004 film, see 18254:Ordinance of Secession 16668:Richmond riots of 1863 16594:Baltimore riot of 1861 16374:U.S. Military Railroad 16294:Confederate Home Guard 16026:Historiographic issues 15992:Historical reenactment 14491:Revenue Cutter Service 14358:William Lloyd Garrison 14267:Dred Scott v. Sandford 14005:March 3, 2012, at the 13916:Bowman, John S. (ed), 13429:John David Smith, ed. 13190:17.4 (1948): 356–383. 13148:44.3 (1967): 231–255. 12848:Campbell, Randolph B. 12183:10.1006/exeh.1993.1015 11921:The Confederate Nation 11910:"Thomas1979" pp. 12–15 11834:"Thomas1979" pp. 13–14 11096:Foote, Shelby (1974). 11050:April 7, 2010, at the 11030:off Cherbourg, France. 10812:April 7, 2010, at the 10760:Battle of Fort Pulaski 10619:Glatthaar, Joseph T., 10521:Stephens, Alexander H. 10508:Reveille in Washington 9811:Levine, Bruce (2013). 9381:(2012) 47#1 pp. 94–95. 9324:Carl Sandburg (1940). 9138:Glatthaar, Joseph T., 8328:Atlas of World History 7256: 7153:Andersonville, Georgia 7025: 6623: 5973: 5928: 5895:coastal North Carolina 5862: 5811: 5768:"Blood Stained Banner" 5701: 5677: 5632:Downtown Charleston SC 5584: 5533: 5520:depicts a vignette of 5450: 5438: 5423:Transportation systems 5392: 5236: 5220:Confederate patriotism 4831:Samuel Benton Callahan 4779:Thomas Stanhope Bocock 4717: 4689: 4296: 4236:general welfare clause 4172:permanent constitution 3739:Appomattox Court House 3257:In January, President 3135:First Conscription Act 3126: 3083: 2973: 2935: 2892: 2860: 2823:slavery remained legal 2797: 2636:James W. C. Pennington 2600:diplomatic recognition 2536:Virginia State Capitol 2507: 2430:Samuel Benton Callahan 2357: 2181: 2172: 2144:ordinance of secession 2027: 1967: 1959: 1921:attack and capture of 1891: 1778:one slave and one free 1736:institution of slavery 1642:Virginia v. John Brown 1635:Dred Scott v. Sandford 1537:Nat Turner's Rebellion 1360:racial segregationists 1132:Southern United States 591:Permanent constitution 345:(until April 10, 1865) 38:. For other uses, see 36:List of confederations 18350:Former confederations 17905:Republic of Madawaska 17806:Trans-Oconee Republic 17140:Secretary of the Navy 17015:Alexander H. Stephens 16633:Great Revival of 1863 16510:Maryland, My Maryland 16299:Confederate railroads 15962:Civil War Roundtables 15831:Meridian riot of 1871 15826:Memphis riots of 1866 14383:George Luther Stearns 14368:Elijah Parish Lovejoy 14261:Crittenden Compromise 14059:Religion in the CSA: 13918:The Civil War Almanac 13874:Escott, Paul (1992). 13743:10.1353/cwh.1999.0101 13238:Mississippi Quarterly 13219:2.3 (1961): 277–300. 13177:23.4 (1985): 240–249. 12748:West Virginia History 12681:10.1353/cwh.2002.0060 12529:Jabour, Anya (2007). 12435:10.1353/cwh.2008.0007 12337:. pp. 14–17, 22. 11718:. pp. 21, 66–69. 11312:. pp. 106, 109. 10205:(2000) 69: 1123–1180. 10163:Joseph T. Glatthaar, 10125:Albert Burton Moore, 9496:ldhi.library.cofc.edu 8712:A. C. Greene (1998). 8654:A History of Missouri 8281:10.1093/oahmag/oar002 8229:10.1093/jahist/jas272 8029:"Recounting the Dead" 7686:"1860 Census Results" 7372:Edward Alfred Pollard 7313:, governor of Georgia 7270:Frank Lawrence Owsley 7252: 7248:Samuel Freeman Miller 7106:Legacy and assessment 7073:Joseph Ruggles Wilson 7016: 6612: 6004:Further information: 5971: 5922: 5856: 5804: 5687: 5672: 5644:Navy Yard, Norfolk VA 5582: 5515: 5497:Financial instruments 5444: 5436: 5390: 5231: 5218:Further information: 5080:Further information: 5061:John W. Brockenbrough 4853:Robert McDonald Jones 4716:, Montgomery, Alabama 4710: 4676:Christopher Memminger 4667:John Henninger Reagan 4659:Alexander H. Stephens 4646: 4554:Secretary of the Navy 4449:Christopher Memminger 4387:Alexander H. Stephens 4291: 4232:internal improvements 4181:date is the date the 4174:(for the first seven) 3474:their British crews. 3365:, where at the naval 3208:Battle of Fort Sumter 3124: 3081: 2963: 2930: 2890: 2855: 2793: 2761:Arthur Lyon Fremantle 2624:Henry Highland Garnet 2515:Alabama State Capitol 2494: 2345: 2176: 2167: 2019: 1965: 1936: 1896:Montgomery Convention 1882: 1668:Battle of Fort Sumter 1623:Prigg v. Pennsylvania 1504:Crittenden Compromise 1356:civil rights movement 1336:Confederate monuments 1316:civil rights movement 1304:decades after the war 493:Alexander H. Stephens 369:Common languages 225:(popular, unofficial) 17899:Republic of Fredonia 17129:John C. Breckinridge 16886:Governments in exile 16520:Daar kom die Alibama 16435:National Union Party 16111:memorials to Lincoln 16031:Lost Cause mythology 15736:Eufaula riot of 1874 15724:Confederate refugees 14937:District of Columbia 14564:Union naval blockade 14410:Underground Railroad 14198:Nullification crisis 13164:6.4 (1960): 389–401. 12633:on February 17, 2021 12470:The South since 1865 12308:Agricultural History 12093:Agricultural History 11398:Simon & Schuster 10648:Congressional Globe, 10494:Rable (1994) p. 265. 10176:Coulter, E. Merton, 9874:83.1 (2017): 69–106 9409:Knoxville, Tennessee 9046:Curry, Richard Orr, 8498:"Thomas1979" pp. 4–5 8489:"Thomas1979" pp. 3–4 8480:Potter, pp. 448–484. 8413:The Impending Crisis 8001:. October 29, 2013. 7708:"American Civil War" 7646:W. W. Gaunt (1864). 7431:Confederate colonies 7164:Thirteenth Amendment 5877:. Unionists, led by 5575:Southern bread riots 5553:in Georgia, and the 5447:Knoxville, Tennessee 5291:District of Columbia 5197:Prisoner of War mail 4800:Provisional Congress 4742:Provisional Congress 4713:Provisional Congress 4540:John C. Breckinridge 4268:Herrenvolk democracy 4150:Jan. 18, 1862: 4142:Dec. 10, 1861: 4134:Nov. 28, 1861: 4079:Apr. 22, 1861: 4053:Mar. 29, 1861: 4040:Mar. 23, 1861: 4027:Mar. 21, 1861: 4014:Mar. 16, 1861: 4001:Mar. 13, 1861: 3973:: Jan. 18, 1862 3952:: Mar. 23, 1861 3905:: Nov. 28, 1861 3897:: Mar. 29, 1861 3884:: Mar. 21, 1861 3871:: Dec. 10, 1861 3863:: Mar. 16, 1861 3850:: Apr. 22, 1861 3829:: Mar. 13, 1861 3520:Charleston, Virginia 3034:(who graduated from 3028:Mexican–American War 2867:Civil War historian 2644:Samuel Ringgold Ward 2632:Charles Lenox Remond 2496:William T. Sutherlin 2418:Confederate Congress 2370:New Mexico Territory 1883:The inauguration of 1798:American nationalism 1607:Commonwealth v. Aves 1464:Nashville Convention 1454:Mexican–American War 1424:Nullification crisis 1300:Lost Cause mythology 1207:plantation economies 435:republic (1862–1865) 392:Indigenous languages 331:(until May 29, 1861) 243:The Bonnie Blue Flag 18213:Louisiana secession 18048:Free State of Jones 17941:California Republic 17776:Republic of Watauga 17744:Provincias Internas 17706:unrecognized states 17049:Robert M. T. Hunter 16678:Supreme Court cases 16445:Radical Republicans 16224:Old soldiers' homes 16208:Confederate Veteran 16134:artworks in Capitol 15853:Reconstruction acts 15714:Colfax riot of 1873 14678:Richmond-Petersburg 14283:Fugitive slave laws 14213:Popular sovereignty 14193:Missouri Compromise 14183:Kansas-Nebraska Act 13941:Martis, Kenneth C. 13902:, pp. 108, 113, 103 13849:Freedom's Lawmakers 13793:. pp. 112–113. 13589:"Thomas1979" p. 155 12863:Baum, Dale (1998). 12624:National Geographic 11945:Confederate Georgia 11467:on November 3, 2007 11296:M. McPherson, James 11128:, pp. 323–325, 327. 11052:Library of Congress 10851:Siege of Petersburg 10849:supporting Grant's 10826:Josiah Tattnall III 10814:Library of Congress 10766:, pp. 287, 306, 302 10485:, pp. 323–325, 327. 10472:, pp. 322–324, 326. 10407:, pp. 313–314, 319. 10250:Levine pp. 146–147. 10098:, pp. 299–302. The 9773:"Thomas1979" p. 243 9721:(2014) pp. 257–270. 9549:(2009) pp. 149–155. 9128:. Civilwarhome.com. 8656:(1918), pp. 393–395 8627:The Washington Post 8471:(1976) pp. 484–514. 7581:on August 28, 2013. 7370:by critics such as 7328:, governor of Texas 7250:would remark that: 7050:Freedom of religion 6570:Free black females 5994:infectious diseases 5914:Cooke County, Texas 5603:Devastation by 1865 5383:National production 5054:James D. Halyburton 4977:William Giles Jones 4960:– not established. 4844:Burton Allen Holder 4305:on November 6, 1861 4126:Jul. 2, 1861: 4113:May 20, 1861: 4105:May 18, 1861: 4066:Apr. 3, 1861: 3939:: Jul. 2, 1861 3931:: Apr. 3, 1861 3918:: May 20, 1861 3837:: May 18, 1861 3781:Political divisions 3647:Battle of Nashville 3624:Wilderness Campaign 3595:, Mississippi, and 3526:Anaconda: 1863–1864 3460:Josiah Tattnall III 3385:companies, such as 3294:George B. McClellan 3284:), First Bull Run ( 2915:Gettysburg Campaign 2737:Ambrose Dudley Mann 2628:Sarah Parker Remond 2544:Wilderness Campaign 2511:Montgomery, Alabama 2466:Montgomery, Alabama 2390:New Mexico campaign 2386:Marcus H. MacWillie 2330:Confederate Arizona 2191:(December 20, 1860) 2091:Both sides honored 1889:Montgomery, Alabama 1831:, in the harbor of 1767:secession documents 1479:Kansas–Nebraska Act 1419:Missouri Compromise 1409:Northwest Ordinance 1374: 1298:outlawing slavery. 328:Montgomery, Alabama 77:readable prose size 18330:American Civil War 18292:American Civil War 18223:Missouri secession 18155:Confederate States 18060:Republic of Hawaii 17756:Florida Occidental 17159:Postmaster-General 17148:Stephen R. Mallory 17117:George W. Randolph 17035:Secretary of State 16788:Confederate States 16499:A Lincoln Portrait 16440:Politicians killed 16364:U.S. Balloon Corps 16359:Union corps badges 16139:memorials to Davis 16009:Disenfranchisement 15880:Reconstruction era 15761:Timber Culture Act 15719:Compromise of 1877 14683:Franklin–Nashville 14353:Frederick Douglass 14256:Cornerstone Speech 14173:Compromise of 1850 14121:American Civil War 13673:The New York Times 13444:Cooper, William J. 13240:17.4 (1964): 179+. 13202:David T. Gleeson, 13105:Dabney 1990 p. 182 12943:Scott, E. Carele. 12760:10.1353/wvh.0.0060 12262:, pp. 127, 151–153 11932:"Thomas1979" p. 16 11230:Davis, Jefferson. 10750:Florida, and lost 10328:Battle of Manassas 10299:James J. Pettigrew 10167:(2011) p. 3, ch. 9 10060:, North Carolina, 9835:Charleston Mercury 9191:History of Arizona 8812:. Docsouth.unc.edu 8559:. Personal.tcu.edu 8411:Potter, David M., 8390:Elizabeth R. Varon 8376:Susan-Mary Grant, 7599:. December 9, 2008 7488:List of civil wars 7341:In 1863, Governor 7179:Compromise of 1877 7026: 6624: 6495:60 years and over 5974: 5948:Region and climate 5929: 5907:Texas Hill Country 5885:, took control of 5867:Southern Unionists 5863: 5812: 5753:"Stainless Banner" 5702: 5585: 5534: 5451: 5439: 5393: 5158:American Civil War 5099:Postmaster General 5005:Edwin Warren Moise 4718: 4690: 4573:Postmaster General 4516:George W. Randolph 4418:Robert M.T. Hunter 4401:Secretary of State 4297: 4261:federal government 4240:protective tariffs 4092:May 7, 1861: 3965:: May 7, 1861 3677:, by land attack. 3663:Carolinas Campaign 3603:into Ohio and the 3566:controlled rivers. 3536:The failed Middle 3363:Memphis, Tennessee 3275:Following Sumter, 3127: 3084: 3024:United States Navy 3020:United States Army 2974: 2910:Battle of Antietam 2893: 2874:James M. McPherson 2714:Haitian Revolution 2705:Battle of Antietam 2651:Southern support. 2620:Frederick Douglass 2549:Danville, Virginia 2532:Richmond, Virginia 2508: 2500:Danville, Virginia 2483:Richmond, Virginia 2358: 2099:and used the same 2036:Stephen A. Douglas 1968: 1960: 1909:, North Carolina; 1892: 1732:American Civil War 1469:Compromise of 1850 1372:American Civil War 1365: 1292:Reconstruction era 1270:Richmond, Virginia 1266:federal government 1223:federal government 1146:. The states were 1144:American Civil War 1108:Confederate States 576:American Civil War 549:American Civil War 342:Danville, Virginia 335:Richmond, Virginia 315:Unrecognized state 206:God Save the South 18273: 18272: 18267: 18266: 18087: 18086: 17923:Republic of Texas 17818:State of Muskogee 17800:State of Franklin 17667: 17666: 17213: 17212: 17186:Judah P. Benjamin 17111:Judah P. Benjamin 17055:Judah P. Benjamin 16957: 16956: 16931:Arizona Territory 16753: 16752: 16721: 16720: 16717: 16716: 16551:Italian Americans 16536:African Americans 16493:John Brown's Body 16246: 16245: 16242: 16241: 16159: 16158: 15997:Robert E. Lee Day 15741:Freedmen's Bureau 15704:Brooks–Baxter War 15635: 15634: 15631: 15630: 15627: 15626: 15419: 15418: 15199: 15198: 15195: 15194: 15191: 15190: 14608:Northern Virginia 14554:Trans-Mississippi 14527: 14526: 14422: 14421: 14418: 14417: 14314:Uncle Tom's Cabin 14251:African Americans 14031:, 10 vols., 1912. 13864:, pp. 119–20, 180 13862:Black Legislators 13731:Civil War History 13457:978-0-7425-6095-6 13284:Johnson, Andrew. 13217:Louisiana History 13175:Methodist history 13162:Civil War History 13028:faculty.weber.edu 12965:(June 13, 2001). 12930:978-0-253-21319-8 12669:Civil War History 12540:978-0-8078-3101-4 12472:. pp. 27–28. 12423:Civil War History 12295:. pp. 71–73. 11843:R. Douglas Hurt, 11685:Neely (1999) p. 1 11554:on March 29, 2012 11242:978-1-175-82358-8 11177:978-0-307-23656-2 10903:War for the Union 10640:Ambler, Charles, 10629:978-0-684-82787-2 10623:Free Press 2008. 10295:Nathan B. Forrest 10144:navyandmarine.org 10083:letters of marque 9913:James McPherson, 9682:978-0-87249-799-3 9670:Wise, Stephen R. 9480:, August 5, 1853. 9460:(July 22, 1853). 9210:Civil War History 9148:978-0-684-82787-2 8593:Craven, Avery O. 8467:David M. Potter, 8431:Freehling, p. 503 8338:978-0-19-521921-0 8251:Civil War History 8127:978-0-674-02209-6 7910:978-1-4985-9907-8 7879:978-1-4051-3830-7 7786:978-0-06-206946-7 7530:Arizona Territory 7368:George Washington 7245:Associate Justice 7128:holding, and the 7058:Church attendance 7000: 6999: 6981:, North Carolina 6701:, South Carolina 6599: 6598: 6556:Free black males 6481: 6480: 6010:Black Southerners 6006:White Southerners 5959:Trans-Mississippi 5955:Mississippi River 5925:James P. Brownlow 5849:Southern Unionist 5843:Southern Unionism 5765:3rd National Flag 5750:2nd National Flag 5735:1st National Flag 5297:Political economy 5266:According to the 5148:George Washington 5072: 5071: 5041:West H. Humphreys 5034:Benjamin F. Perry 5030:Andrew G. Magrath 4867: 4866: 4680:LeRoy Pope Walker 4651:Judah P. Benjamin 4641: 4640: 4597:Judah P. Benjamin 4504:Judah P. Benjamin 4492:Leroy Pope Walker 4430:Judah P. Benjamin 4191: 4190: 4183:Arizona Territory 4163: 4162: 4153:Arizona Territory 3981: 3980: 3970:Arizona Territory 3751:guerrilla warfare 3516:William W. Loring 3367:Battle of Memphis 2869:E. Merton Coulter 2863:Military strategy 2765:Coldstream Guards 2750:Judah P. Benjamin 2701:William Gladstone 2686:Lord John Russell 2432:representing the 2424:representing the 2378:Battle of Mesilla 2198:(January 9, 1861) 2131:St. Louis Arsenal 2093:George Washington 2085:20-cent C.S. 1863 2073:10-cent U.S. 1861 2031:John Breckinridge 1864:antebellum period 1840:partisan politics 1760:pseudo-historical 1711: 1710: 1560:Uncle Tom's Cabin 1367:Events leading to 1274:Confederate draft 1096: 1095: 1082: 1081: 1078: 1077: 1066:Arizona Territory 890: 889: 885:Arizona Territory 618:Military collapse 597:February 22, 1862 488:• 1861–1865 458:• 1861–1865 382:minor languages: 251: 233: 217: 112: 111: 79:was 16,000 words. 16:(Redirected from 18412: 18302: 18301: 18300: 18290: 18289: 18288: 18281: 18128:Active movements 18114: 18107: 18100: 18091: 18090: 18077: 18076: 17947:State of Deseret 17917:Indian Territory 17885:Coahuila y Tejas 17879:Sonora y Sinaloa 17812:Hawaiian Kingdom 17794:Vermont Republic 17750:Florida Oriental 17694: 17687: 17680: 17671: 17670: 17660: 17656: 17655: 17648: 17644: 17643: 17628: 17620: 17612: 17604: 17596: 17588: 17580: 17572: 17564: 17556: 17548: 17529: 17517: 17505: 17497: 17489: 17481: 17473: 17461: 17453: 17441: 17433: 17412: 17401: 17393: 17385: 17377: 17365: 17357: 17345: 17337: 17325: 17313: 17305: 17293: 17281: 17269: 17240: 17233: 17226: 17217: 17216: 17178:Attorney-General 17097:Secretary of War 17028: 16984: 16977: 16970: 16961: 16960: 16943:Admitted to the 16879: 16780: 16773: 16766: 16757: 16756: 16743: 16733: 16732: 16556:Native Americans 16541:German Americans 16334:Partisan rangers 16329:Official Records 16269: 16268: 16252: 16251: 16144:memorials to Lee 16091: 16090: 15652: 15651: 15641: 15640: 15428: 15427: 15225: 15224: 15218: 15217: 15205: 15204: 15178:Washington, D.C. 14972:Indian Territory 14932:Dakota Territory 14890: 14889: 14807:Chancellorsville 14598:Jackson's Valley 14588:Blockade runners 14464: 14463: 14457: 14456: 14428: 14427: 14388:Thaddeus Stevens 14378:Lysander Spooner 14338:Susan B. Anthony 14140: 14139: 14129: 14128: 14114: 14107: 14100: 14091: 14090: 14078: 14077: 14072:Internet Archive 13903: 13896: 13890: 13889: 13871: 13865: 13858: 13852: 13845: 13839: 13832: 13826: 13819: 13813: 13806: 13797: 13794: 13786: 13780: 13776: 13770: 13769: 13761: 13755: 13754: 13726: 13720: 13719: 13703: 13693: 13684: 13683: 13681: 13679: 13664: 13658: 13657: 13648: 13642: 13640: 13631: 13625: 13624: 13596: 13590: 13587: 13581: 13580: 13572: 13566: 13565: 13563: 13561: 13547: 13541: 13540: 13538: 13536: 13522: 13516: 13515: 13493: 13487: 13486: 13468: 13462: 13461: 13440: 13434: 13427: 13421: 13418: 13397: 13375: 13369: 13366: 13360: 13359: 13339: 13333: 13332: 13302: 13296: 13282: 13276: 13275: 13247: 13241: 13234: 13228: 13213: 13207: 13200: 13194: 13184: 13178: 13171: 13165: 13158: 13152: 13142: 13136: 13135:33 (1991): 747+. 13129: 13123: 13112: 13106: 13103: 13097: 13096: 13094: 13092: 13082: 13076: 13063: 13057: 13054: 13048: 13045: 13039: 13038: 13036: 13034: 13020: 13014: 13011: 13005: 13004: 13002: 13000: 12989: 12983: 12982: 12980: 12978: 12973:on July 11, 2007 12958: 12952: 12941: 12935: 12934: 12914: 12908: 12907: 12895: 12885: 12879: 12878: 12860: 12854: 12853: 12845: 12839: 12838: 12818: 12809: 12808: 12797:10.2307/27648821 12778: 12772: 12771: 12743: 12737: 12736: 12726: 12720: 12719: 12699: 12693: 12692: 12664: 12658: 12657: 12649: 12643: 12642: 12640: 12638: 12632: 12627:. Archived from 12614: 12603: 12590:Sansing, David, 12588: 12582: 12581:October 4, 2012. 12564: 12558: 12551: 12545: 12544: 12526: 12520: 12519: 12495: 12489: 12488: 12480: 12474: 12473: 12465: 12459: 12456: 12447: 12446: 12418: 12412: 12411: 12391: 12385: 12384: 12364: 12358: 12357: 12345: 12339: 12338: 12330: 12324: 12323: 12303: 12297: 12296: 12288: 12282: 12281: 12269: 12263: 12256: 12250: 12249: 12238: 12232: 12231: 12220: 12214: 12213: 12193: 12187: 12186: 12166: 12160: 12159: 12139: 12133: 12123: 12117: 12116: 12088: 12082: 12075: 12069: 12066: 12060: 12053: 12047: 12046: 12018: 12012: 12011: 11999: 11993: 11978: 11972: 11966: 11960: 11959: 11939: 11933: 11930: 11924: 11917: 11911: 11908: 11902: 11901: 11881: 11875: 11874: 11854: 11848: 11841: 11835: 11832: 11826: 11825: 11811: 11805: 11804: 11796: 11790: 11789: 11771: 11765: 11764: 11753: 11747: 11746: 11726: 11720: 11719: 11711: 11705: 11702: 11696: 11692: 11686: 11683: 11677: 11676: 11674: 11672: 11667:on July 20, 2011 11657: 11651: 11648: 11627: 11605: 11599: 11598: 11570: 11564: 11563: 11561: 11559: 11544: 11538: 11528: 11522: 11521: 11519: 11517: 11506: 11500: 11491: 11489: 11483: 11477: 11476: 11474: 11472: 11457: 11451: 11448:Historical Atlas 11444: 11438: 11435:Historical Atlas 11431: 11425: 11422:Historical Atlas 11418: 11412: 11411: 11389: 11380: 11373: 11367: 11360: 11354: 11347: 11341: 11334: 11328: 11327: 11292: 11286: 11285: 11260: 11254: 11251: 11245: 11228: 11222: 11221:Gallagher p. 157 11219: 11213: 11199: 11198: 11188: 11182: 11181: 11148: 11142: 11135: 11129: 11122: 11116: 11115: 11093: 11087: 11080: 11074: 11067: 11061: 11037: 11031: 11003: 10997: 10990: 10984: 10977: 10971: 10964: 10958: 10957: 10955: 10953: 10943: 10937: 10936: 10912: 10906: 10899: 10893: 10886: 10880: 10873: 10867: 10860: 10854: 10830:Tecumseh Sherman 10799: 10793: 10786: 10780: 10773: 10767: 10732: 10726: 10723:Historical Atlas 10719: 10710: 10707:Historical Atlas 10703: 10690: 10679:Island Number 10 10663:Historical Atlas 10659: 10653: 10638: 10632: 10617: 10611: 10604: 10598: 10591: 10585: 10583: 10574: 10568: 10561: 10555: 10549: 10543: 10541: 10531: 10517: 10511: 10501: 10495: 10492: 10486: 10479: 10473: 10466: 10460: 10453: 10447: 10440: 10434: 10427: 10421: 10414: 10408: 10401: 10395: 10388: 10382: 10375: 10369: 10362: 10356: 10349: 10343: 10320: 10314: 10283: 10277: 10270: 10264: 10257: 10251: 10248: 10242: 10239: 10233: 10232: 10212: 10206: 10196: 10190:Alfred L. Brophy 10187: 10181: 10174: 10168: 10161: 10155: 10154: 10152: 10150: 10136: 10130: 10123: 10117: 10110: 10104: 10092: 10086: 10075: 10069: 10050: 10044: 10037: 10031: 10028:blockade runners 10016: 10010: 10003: 9997: 9990: 9984: 9977: 9971: 9964: 9958: 9957: 9937: 9931: 9924: 9918: 9911: 9905: 9904: 9884: 9878: 9868: 9862: 9861: 9851: 9845: 9844: 9826: 9817: 9816: 9808: 9802: 9801: 9799: 9797: 9780: 9774: 9771: 9765: 9764: 9746: 9740: 9737: 9731: 9728: 9722: 9715: 9709: 9708: 9699: 9693: 9668: 9662: 9647: 9641: 9640: 9604: 9598: 9597: 9569: 9563: 9556: 9550: 9543: 9537: 9536: 9513: 9507: 9506: 9504: 9502: 9488: 9482: 9481: 9454: 9448: 9447: 9433: 9427: 9426: 9401:Young, Robert W. 9397: 9391: 9388: 9382: 9375: 9369: 9365: 9359: 9358: 9348: 9342: 9341: 9321: 9315: 9308: 9302: 9299:Historical Atlas 9295: 9289: 9282: 9276: 9269: 9263: 9260:Historical Atlas 9256: 9250: 9246: 9240: 9232: 9226: 9219: 9213: 9202: 9196: 9195: 9185: 9179: 9176: 9170: 9156: 9150: 9136: 9130: 9129: 9122: 9115: 9109: 9102: 9096: 9091:Snell, Mark A., 9089: 9083: 9070: 9064: 9057: 9051: 9044: 9038: 9024: 9018: 9004: 8998: 8984: 8978: 8960: 8954: 8948: 8942: 8928: 8922: 8908: 8902: 8888: 8882: 8868: 8862: 8848: 8842: 8828: 8822: 8821: 8819: 8817: 8794: 8788: 8781: 8775: 8772: 8766: 8765:McPherson p. 278 8763: 8757: 8756: 8736: 8730: 8729: 8709: 8703: 8689: 8683: 8682: 8680: 8678: 8673:on March 8, 2017 8669:. Archived from 8663: 8657: 8650: 8644: 8638: 8632: 8631: 8617: 8608: 8605: 8599: 8598: 8590: 8584: 8583: 8575: 8569: 8568: 8566: 8564: 8553: 8547: 8546: 8544: 8542: 8532: 8526: 8525: 8505: 8499: 8496: 8490: 8487: 8481: 8478: 8472: 8465: 8459: 8458: 8438: 8432: 8429: 8416: 8409: 8403: 8387: 8381: 8374: 8368: 8363:John McCardell, 8361: 8355: 8354: 8352: 8350: 8322: 8316: 8315: 8310: 8308: 8260: 8254: 8247: 8241: 8240: 8206: 8200: 8199: 8189: 8165: 8159: 8158: 8156: 8154: 8138: 8132: 8131: 8111: 8105: 8098: 8092: 8091: 8089: 8087: 8073: 8067: 8066: 8064: 8062: 8050: 8044: 8043: 8041: 8039: 8024: 8018: 8017: 8015: 8013: 8007: 7996: 7988: 7982: 7981: 7973: 7967: 7966: 7958: 7949: 7948: 7940: 7934: 7933: 7925: 7919: 7918: 7894: 7888: 7887: 7861: 7855: 7854: 7852: 7850: 7833: 7824: 7823: 7807: 7797: 7791: 7790: 7770: 7764: 7763: 7735: 7726: 7725: 7720: 7718: 7703: 7694: 7693: 7692:on June 4, 2004. 7688:. Archived from 7682: 7676: 7669: 7663: 7659: 7653: 7652: 7643: 7634: 7633: 7631: 7629: 7615: 7609: 7608: 7606: 7604: 7589: 7583: 7582: 7571: 7550: 7539: 7533: 7518: 7512: 7509: 7343:Pendleton Murrah 7326:Pendleton Murrah 7322: 7307: 7292:war of attrition 7280:Roger Lowenstein 7089:Episcopal Church 6653:1860 population 6644: 6643: 6620:Currier and Ives 6585:Total population 6483: 6482: 6025: 6024: 5796:"Southern Cross" 5791: 5777: 5762: 5747: 5738:"Stars and Bars" 5732: 5653: 5641: 5629: 5617: 5563:French Napoleons 5555:New Orleans Mint 5507:Edward C. Elmore 5484:Horses and mules 5340: 5326: 5191:Blockade runners 5144: 5128: 5108: 5092: 4998:Henry R. Jackson 4970: 4929: 4913: 4904:Georgia District 4901:Henry R. Jackson 4897: 4888:Florida District 4881: 4760:Howell Cobb, Sr. 4737: 4592:Attorney General 4487:Secretary of War 4344: 4343: 4252:Supremacy Clause 4186: 4175: 4155: 4147: 4139: 4131: 4123: 4119: 4110: 4102: 4098: 4089: 4085: 4076: 4072: 4063: 4059: 4050: 4046: 4037: 4033: 4024: 4020: 4011: 4007: 3987: 3986: 3972: 3964: 3960: 3951: 3947: 3938: 3930: 3926: 3917: 3913: 3904: 3896: 3892: 3883: 3879: 3870: 3862: 3858: 3849: 3845: 3836: 3828: 3824: 3805: 3804: 3792: 3791: 3702: 3688: 3577: 3564:Federal gunboats 3559: 3546:Chancellorsville 3448:armored warships 3426: 3404: 3383:blockade running 3359:Battle of Shiloh 3346: 3328: 3312:Incursions: 1862 3300:was defeated at 3264:Star of the West 3246:First Bull Run ( 3243: 3225: 3184: 3179:Gideon J. Pillow 3174: 3165: 3160:Gabriel J. Rains 3155: 3143:Twenty Negro Law 2970:General in Chief 2899:, also known as 2807:Duncan F. Kenner 2773:Justus Scheibert 2725:blockade runners 2674: 2662: 2648:William G. Allen 2526:Opelika, Alabama 2478: 2461: 2413:Indian Territory 2397:Indian Territory 2351:Indian Territory 2295:rump legislature 2135:General Assembly 2082: 2070: 1952:Indian Territory 1703: 1696: 1689: 1662:Star of the West 1519:Corwin Amendment 1484:Ostend Manifesto 1449:Texas annexation 1444:Texas Revolution 1375: 1364: 1074: 1073: 1060: 1059: 1046: 1045: 1032: 1031: 1018: 1017: 1004: 1003: 990: 989: 976: 975: 962: 961: 948: 947: 934: 933: 920: 919: 906: 905: 894: 893: 881: 880: 867: 866: 857: 851: 850: 837: 836: 823: 822: 809: 808: 795: 794: 781: 780: 767: 766: 753: 752: 739: 738: 729: 723: 722: 716: 715: 700: 699: 690:State currencies 593: 578: 567:February 8, 1861 540: 396:Indian territory 380: 300: 288: 280: 272: 264: 253: 252: 235: 234: 219: 218: 177: 169: 159: 153: 145: 138: 116: 115: 107: 104: 98: 62: 61: 54: 21: 18420: 18419: 18415: 18414: 18413: 18411: 18410: 18409: 18310: 18309: 18308: 18298: 18296: 18286: 18284: 18276: 18274: 18269: 18268: 18263: 18237: 18196: 18123: 18118: 18088: 18083: 18065: 17891:Las Californias 17867:Alta California 17782:United Colonies 17768:Alta California 17712: 17698: 17668: 17663: 17651: 17639: 17631: 17623: 17615: 17607: 17599: 17591: 17583: 17575: 17567: 17559: 17551: 17543: 17532: 17520: 17508: 17500: 17492: 17484: 17476: 17464: 17456: 17444: 17436: 17424: 17413: 17404: 17396: 17388: 17380: 17368: 17360: 17348: 17340: 17328: 17316: 17308: 17296: 17284: 17272: 17260: 17249: 17244: 17214: 17209: 17198:Thomas H. Watts 17172: 17153: 17134: 17123:James A. Seddon 17105:Leroy P. Walker 17091: 17074:C. G. Memminger 17060: 17029: 17020: 17001: 16998:Jefferson Davis 16988: 16958: 16953: 16935: 16917: 16880: 16871: 16791: 16784: 16754: 16749: 16713: 16697: 16582: 16546:Irish Americans 16524: 16469: 16378: 16369:U.S. Home Guard 16309:Field artillery 16263: 16262: 16238: 16180: 16155: 16117: 16086: 16080: 15972:Civil War Trust 15939: 15933: 15821:Ethnic violence 15806:Kirk–Holden war 15685: 15646: 15623: 15557: 15415: 15359: 15212: 15187: 15141: 14894: 14881: 14712: 14693:Sherman's March 14673:Bermuda Hundred 14568: 14523: 14495: 14451: 14450: 14414: 14373:J. Sella Martin 14343:James G. Birney 14319: 14237: 14163:Bleeding Kansas 14151: 14134: 14123: 14118: 14083: 14043:Boston Athenæum 14018:Wayback Machine 14007:Wayback Machine 13971: 13966: 13960: 13958:Further reading 13955: 13912: 13907: 13906: 13897: 13893: 13886: 13872: 13868: 13859: 13855: 13846: 13842: 13833: 13829: 13820: 13816: 13807: 13800: 13787: 13783: 13777: 13773: 13762: 13758: 13727: 13723: 13716: 13694: 13687: 13677: 13675: 13665: 13661: 13649: 13645: 13632: 13628: 13613:10.2307/1895910 13597: 13593: 13588: 13584: 13573: 13569: 13559: 13557: 13549: 13548: 13544: 13534: 13532: 13524: 13523: 13519: 13512: 13494: 13490: 13483: 13469: 13465: 13458: 13441: 13437: 13428: 13424: 13376: 13372: 13367: 13363: 13356: 13340: 13336: 13321:10.2307/1838262 13303: 13299: 13293:Wayback Machine 13283: 13279: 13264:10.2307/1891664 13248: 13244: 13235: 13231: 13214: 13210: 13201: 13197: 13185: 13181: 13172: 13168: 13159: 13155: 13143: 13139: 13130: 13126: 13113: 13109: 13104: 13100: 13090: 13088: 13084: 13083: 13079: 13073:Wayback Machine 13064: 13060: 13055: 13051: 13046: 13042: 13032: 13030: 13022: 13021: 13017: 13012: 13008: 12998: 12996: 12991: 12990: 12986: 12976: 12974: 12959: 12955: 12942: 12938: 12931: 12915: 12911: 12904: 12886: 12882: 12875: 12861: 12857: 12846: 12842: 12819: 12812: 12779: 12775: 12744: 12740: 12727: 12723: 12716: 12700: 12696: 12665: 12661: 12650: 12646: 12636: 12634: 12615: 12606: 12599:Wayback Machine 12589: 12585: 12578:Wayback Machine 12565: 12561: 12552: 12548: 12541: 12527: 12523: 12516: 12496: 12492: 12481: 12477: 12466: 12462: 12457: 12450: 12419: 12415: 12392: 12388: 12365: 12361: 12350:Civil War Times 12346: 12342: 12331: 12327: 12304: 12300: 12289: 12285: 12270: 12266: 12257: 12253: 12240: 12239: 12235: 12228:www.ngccoin.com 12222: 12221: 12217: 12210: 12194: 12190: 12167: 12163: 12156: 12140: 12136: 12127:Civil War Times 12124: 12120: 12089: 12085: 12076: 12072: 12067: 12063: 12054: 12050: 12035:10.2307/1836241 12019: 12015: 12000: 11996: 11984:(2003) p. 138. 11980:Ian Drury, ed. 11979: 11975: 11967: 11963: 11956: 11940: 11936: 11931: 11927: 11918: 11914: 11909: 11905: 11898: 11882: 11878: 11871: 11855: 11851: 11842: 11838: 11833: 11829: 11812: 11808: 11797: 11793: 11786: 11772: 11768: 11755: 11754: 11750: 11743: 11727: 11723: 11712: 11708: 11703: 11699: 11693: 11689: 11684: 11680: 11670: 11668: 11659: 11658: 11654: 11606: 11602: 11587:10.2307/1832885 11571: 11567: 11557: 11555: 11546: 11545: 11541: 11529: 11525: 11515: 11513: 11508: 11507: 11503: 11494: 11485: 11484: 11480: 11470: 11468: 11459: 11458: 11454: 11445: 11441: 11432: 11428: 11419: 11415: 11408: 11390: 11383: 11374: 11370: 11361: 11357: 11348: 11344: 11335: 11331: 11320: 11293: 11289: 11279: 11261: 11257: 11252: 11248: 11229: 11225: 11220: 11216: 11196: 11189: 11185: 11178: 11149: 11145: 11136: 11132: 11123: 11119: 11108: 11094: 11090: 11081: 11077: 11068: 11064: 11038: 11034: 11004: 11000: 10991: 10987: 10978: 10974: 10965: 10961: 10951: 10949: 10945: 10944: 10940: 10933: 10913: 10909: 10900: 10896: 10887: 10883: 10874: 10870: 10861: 10857: 10800: 10796: 10787: 10783: 10774: 10770: 10733: 10729: 10720: 10713: 10704: 10693: 10683:Plum Point Bend 10660: 10656: 10645: 10639: 10635: 10618: 10614: 10605: 10601: 10592: 10588: 10576: 10575: 10571: 10562: 10558: 10550: 10546: 10529: 10518: 10514: 10502: 10498: 10493: 10489: 10480: 10476: 10467: 10463: 10454: 10450: 10441: 10437: 10428: 10424: 10415: 10411: 10402: 10398: 10389: 10385: 10376: 10372: 10363: 10359: 10350: 10346: 10321: 10317: 10284: 10280: 10271: 10267: 10258: 10254: 10249: 10245: 10240: 10236: 10229: 10213: 10209: 10194: 10188: 10184: 10175: 10171: 10162: 10158: 10148: 10146: 10138: 10137: 10133: 10124: 10120: 10111: 10107: 10093: 10089: 10076: 10072: 10051: 10047: 10038: 10034: 10017: 10013: 10004: 10000: 9991: 9987: 9978: 9974: 9965: 9961: 9954: 9938: 9934: 9925: 9921: 9912: 9908: 9901: 9885: 9881: 9869: 9865: 9852: 9848: 9828: 9827: 9820: 9809: 9805: 9795: 9793: 9781: 9777: 9772: 9768: 9761: 9747: 9743: 9738: 9734: 9729: 9725: 9716: 9712: 9701: 9700: 9696: 9669: 9665: 9648: 9644: 9605: 9601: 9586:10.2307/2205869 9570: 9566: 9557: 9553: 9544: 9540: 9533: 9517:Richard Shannon 9514: 9510: 9500: 9498: 9490: 9489: 9485: 9474:. Reprinted in 9455: 9451: 9434: 9430: 9423: 9415:. p. 166. 9398: 9394: 9389: 9385: 9376: 9372: 9366: 9362: 9349: 9345: 9338: 9322: 9318: 9309: 9305: 9296: 9292: 9283: 9279: 9270: 9266: 9257: 9253: 9247: 9243: 9233: 9229: 9220: 9216: 9203: 9199: 9186: 9182: 9177: 9173: 9167:Wayback Machine 9157: 9153: 9137: 9133: 9124: 9117: 9116: 9112: 9103: 9099: 9090: 9086: 9080:Wayback Machine 9071: 9067: 9058: 9054: 9045: 9041: 9035:Wayback Machine 9025: 9021: 9015:Wayback Machine 9005: 9001: 8995:Wayback Machine 8985: 8981: 8971:Wayback Machine 8961: 8957: 8949: 8945: 8939:Wayback Machine 8929: 8925: 8919:Wayback Machine 8909: 8905: 8899:Wayback Machine 8889: 8885: 8879:Wayback Machine 8869: 8865: 8859:Wayback Machine 8849: 8845: 8839:Wayback Machine 8829: 8825: 8815: 8813: 8808: 8805:Wayback Machine 8795: 8791: 8782: 8778: 8773: 8769: 8764: 8760: 8753: 8737: 8733: 8726: 8710: 8706: 8700:Wayback Machine 8690: 8686: 8676: 8674: 8665: 8664: 8660: 8651: 8647: 8639: 8635: 8618: 8611: 8606: 8602: 8591: 8587: 8576: 8572: 8562: 8560: 8555: 8554: 8550: 8540: 8538: 8534: 8533: 8529: 8522: 8506: 8502: 8497: 8493: 8488: 8484: 8479: 8475: 8466: 8462: 8455: 8439: 8435: 8430: 8419: 8410: 8406: 8401:Wayback Machine 8388: 8384: 8375: 8371: 8362: 8358: 8348: 8346: 8339: 8323: 8319: 8306: 8304: 8261: 8257: 8248: 8244: 8207: 8203: 8166: 8162: 8152: 8150: 8139: 8135: 8128: 8112: 8108: 8099: 8095: 8085: 8083: 8074: 8070: 8060: 8058: 8051: 8047: 8037: 8035: 8025: 8021: 8011: 8009: 8005: 7994: 7990: 7989: 7985: 7974: 7970: 7959: 7952: 7941: 7937: 7926: 7922: 7911: 7895: 7891: 7880: 7862: 7858: 7848: 7846: 7845:. July 20, 1998 7835: 7834: 7827: 7820: 7798: 7794: 7787: 7771: 7767: 7752: 7736: 7729: 7716: 7714: 7704: 7697: 7684: 7683: 7679: 7670: 7666: 7660: 7656: 7644: 7637: 7627: 7625: 7617: 7616: 7612: 7602: 7600: 7591: 7590: 7586: 7573: 7572: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7540: 7536: 7519: 7515: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7497: 7406: 7364: 7362:"Died of Davis" 7329: 7323: 7314: 7311:Joseph E. Brown 7308: 7266: 7261: 7232: 7207: 7149:prisoner-of-war 7147:of a notorious 7125: 7119: 7114: 7108: 7011: 7005: 6607: 6320:South Carolina 6288:North Carolina 6090: 6088: 6083: 6081: 6076: 6074: 6072: 6067: 6065: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6051: 6046: 6044: 6039: 6037: 6032: 6020: 6017: 6012: 6002: 5950: 5945: 5879:Parson Brownlow 5851: 5845: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5769: 5767: 5766: 5763: 5754: 5752: 5751: 5748: 5739: 5737: 5736: 5733: 5721: 5715: 5682: 5657: 5654: 5645: 5642: 5633: 5630: 5621: 5618: 5605: 5577: 5571: 5530:C. G. Memminger 5526:R. M. T. Hunter 5499: 5486: 5431: 5425: 5385: 5348: 5347: 5346: 5345: 5344: 5341: 5332: 5331: 5330: 5327: 5299: 5252: 5247: 5241: 5222: 5216: 5214:Civil liberties 5179:Fortress Monroe 5175:'Flag of Truce' 5166:Jefferson Davis 5152: 5150: 5145: 5136: 5134: 5129: 5120: 5117:The first stamp 5115: 5112:Jefferson Davis 5109: 5100: 5098: 5093: 5084: 5078: 5073: 5028:South Carolina 5017:North Carolina 4991:Jesse J. Finley 4964:District Courts 4937: 4935: 4930: 4921: 4919: 4914: 4905: 4903: 4898: 4889: 4887: 4885:Jesse J. Finley 4882: 4873: 4868: 4833:Unknown years, 4705: 4697:Main articles: 4695: 4686:Harper's Weekly 4682: 4673: 4663:Jefferson Davis 4655:Stephen Mallory 4648: 4621:Thomas H. Watts 4559:Stephen Mallory 4461:George Trenholm 4368:Jefferson Davis 4342: 4336: 4328:Jefferson Davis 4293:Jefferson Davis 4282: 4276: 4228:commerce clause 4203: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4176: 4169: 4159: 4158: 4151: 4143: 4135: 4127: 4114: 4106: 4093: 4080: 4067: 4054: 4041: 4028: 4015: 4002: 3992: 3977: 3976: 3968: 3955: 3942: 3934: 3921: 3908: 3900: 3887: 3874: 3866: 3853: 3840: 3832: 3819: 3810: 3799: 3789: 3783: 3778: 3710: 3709: 3708: 3707: 3706: 3703: 3694: 3693: 3692: 3689: 3667:Philip Sheridan 3659: 3589: 3588: 3587: 3586: 3585: 3578: 3569: 3568: 3567: 3560: 3534: 3528: 3511:high-water mark 3483:Second Manassas 3479:Lower Peninsula 3471:Stephen Mallory 3444: 3443: 3442: 3441: 3440: 3427: 3418: 3417: 3416: 3405: 3354: 3353: 3352: 3351: 3350: 3347: 3338: 3337: 3336: 3329: 3314: 3255: 3254: 3253: 3252: 3251: 3244: 3235: 3234: 3233: 3228:Bombardment of 3226: 3204: 3202:Victories: 1861 3185: 3182: 3175: 3166: 3163: 3156: 3119: 3113: 3076: 2997:Jefferson Davis 2958: 2952: 2882:invading armies 2865: 2850: 2844: 2839: 2802:John A. Roebuck 2763:of the British 2694:Lord Palmerston 2682: 2681: 2680: 2679: 2678: 2675: 2667: 2666: 2663: 2557: 2504:Jefferson Davis 2489: 2488: 2487: 2486: 2485: 2479: 2470: 2469: 2468: 2462: 2451: 2442:Cherokee Nation 2374:Lewis S. Owings 2353:of present-day 2340: 2328:Main articles: 2326: 2245:(April 12) and 2152:Marshall, Texas 2107: 2106: 2105: 2104: 2097:Founding Father 2088: 2087: 2086: 2083: 2075: 2074: 2071: 2052: 1913:, Georgia; and 1903:Jefferson Davis 1885:Jefferson Davis 1877: 1868:David M. Potter 1804:Abraham Lincoln 1784:but not in the 1740:Southern states 1728: 1722: 1716: 1707: 1678: 1677: 1656: 1648: 1647: 1596: 1588: 1587: 1566:Bleeding Kansas 1532: 1524: 1523: 1404: 1396: 1395: 1381: 1369: 1328:Southern whites 1324:racial equality 1227:Washington D.C. 1195:Abraham Lincoln 1116:the Confederacy 1071: 1057: 1043: 1029: 1015: 1001: 987: 973: 959: 945: 931: 917: 903: 878: 864: 855: 848: 834: 820: 806: 792: 778: 764: 750: 736: 727: 720: 694: 666: 656: 633: 620: 607: 594: 589: 579: 574: 564: 536: 533: 518: 489: 463:Jefferson Davis 459: 438: 409: 381: 372: 359: 348: 344: 337: 330: 306: 305: 302: 298: 294: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 255: 254: 247: 236: 228: 221: 220: 211: 196: 181: 180: 179: 175: 174: 170: 162: 161: 157: 156: 154: 151: 150: 146: 139: 121: 108: 102: 99: 80: 63: 59: 50: 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 18418: 18408: 18407: 18402: 18397: 18392: 18387: 18382: 18377: 18372: 18367: 18362: 18357: 18352: 18347: 18342: 18337: 18332: 18327: 18322: 18307: 18306: 18294: 18271: 18270: 18265: 18264: 18262: 18261: 18256: 18251: 18245: 18243: 18239: 18238: 18236: 18235: 18230: 18225: 18220: 18215: 18210: 18204: 18202: 18198: 18197: 18195: 18194: 18193: 18192: 18182: 18177: 18172: 18167: 18162: 18157: 18152: 18147: 18142: 18137: 18131: 18129: 18125: 18124: 18117: 18116: 18109: 18102: 18094: 18085: 18084: 18082: 18081: 18070: 18067: 18066: 18064: 18063: 18057: 18051: 18045: 18044: 18043: 18038: 18033: 18028: 18023: 18021:South Carolina 18018: 18016:North Carolina 18013: 18008: 18003: 17998: 17993: 17988: 17983: 17978: 17973: 17962: 17956: 17950: 17944: 17938: 17932: 17926: 17920: 17914: 17908: 17902: 17896: 17895: 17894: 17888: 17882: 17876: 17870: 17864: 17851: 17845: 17839: 17833: 17827: 17821: 17815: 17809: 17803: 17797: 17791: 17785: 17779: 17773: 17772: 17771: 17765: 17759: 17753: 17747: 17741: 17735: 17729: 17717: 17714: 17713: 17697: 17696: 17689: 17682: 17674: 17665: 17664: 17662: 17661: 17649: 17636: 17633: 17632: 17630: 17629: 17621: 17613: 17605: 17597: 17589: 17581: 17573: 17565: 17557: 17549: 17540: 17538: 17534: 17533: 17531: 17530: 17518: 17506: 17498: 17490: 17482: 17474: 17462: 17454: 17442: 17434: 17421: 17419: 17415: 17414: 17407: 17405: 17403: 17402: 17394: 17386: 17378: 17366: 17358: 17346: 17338: 17326: 17314: 17306: 17294: 17282: 17270: 17257: 17255: 17251: 17250: 17243: 17242: 17235: 17228: 17220: 17211: 17210: 17208: 17207: 17201: 17195: 17189: 17182: 17180: 17174: 17173: 17171: 17170: 17167:John H. Reagan 17163: 17161: 17155: 17154: 17152: 17151: 17144: 17142: 17136: 17135: 17133: 17132: 17126: 17120: 17114: 17108: 17101: 17099: 17093: 17092: 17090: 17089: 17086:John H. Reagan 17083: 17080:G. A. Trenholm 17077: 17070: 17068: 17062: 17061: 17059: 17058: 17052: 17046: 17039: 17037: 17031: 17030: 17023: 17021: 17019: 17018: 17011: 17009: 17007:Vice-President 17003: 17002: 16987: 16986: 16979: 16972: 16964: 16955: 16954: 16952: 16951: 16948: 16947:June 20, 1863. 16940: 16937: 16936: 16934: 16933: 16927: 16925: 16919: 16918: 16916: 16915: 16914: 16913: 16903: 16902: 16901: 16890: 16888: 16882: 16881: 16874: 16872: 16870: 16869: 16868: 16867: 16862: 16852: 16847: 16842: 16840:South Carolina 16837: 16835:North Carolina 16832: 16827: 16822: 16817: 16812: 16807: 16801: 16799: 16793: 16792: 16783: 16782: 16775: 16768: 16760: 16751: 16750: 16748: 16747: 16737: 16726: 16723: 16722: 16719: 16718: 16715: 16714: 16712: 16711: 16705: 16703: 16699: 16698: 16696: 16695: 16693:Women soldiers 16690: 16685: 16680: 16675: 16670: 16665: 16660: 16655: 16650: 16648:Naming the war 16645: 16640: 16635: 16630: 16629: 16628: 16618: 16617: 16616: 16606: 16601: 16596: 16590: 16588: 16584: 16583: 16581: 16580: 16579: 16578: 16573: 16568: 16563: 16553: 16548: 16543: 16538: 16532: 16530: 16526: 16525: 16523: 16522: 16517: 16512: 16507: 16502: 16495: 16490: 16485: 16479: 16477: 16471: 16470: 16468: 16467: 16462: 16457: 16452: 16447: 16442: 16437: 16432: 16427: 16422: 16417: 16412: 16407: 16402: 16397: 16392: 16386: 16384: 16380: 16379: 16377: 16376: 16371: 16366: 16361: 16356: 16351: 16346: 16341: 16336: 16331: 16326: 16321: 16316: 16311: 16306: 16301: 16296: 16291: 16286: 16284:Campaign Medal 16281: 16275: 16273: 16265: 16264: 16261: 16260: 16259:Related topics 16256: 16248: 16247: 16244: 16243: 16240: 16239: 16237: 16236: 16231: 16226: 16221: 16216: 16211: 16204: 16199: 16194: 16188: 16186: 16182: 16181: 16179: 16178: 16173: 16167: 16165: 16161: 16160: 16157: 16156: 16154: 16153: 16148: 16147: 16146: 16141: 16136: 16125: 16123: 16119: 16118: 16116: 16115: 16114: 16113: 16108: 16097: 16095: 16088: 16082: 16081: 16079: 16078: 16073: 16068: 16063: 16058: 16053: 16048: 16043: 16038: 16033: 16028: 16023: 16022: 16021: 16016: 16006: 16001: 16000: 15999: 15994: 15989: 15987:Decoration Day 15984: 15979: 15974: 15969: 15964: 15959: 15954: 15943: 15941: 15940:Reconstruction 15935: 15934: 15932: 15931: 15926: 15921: 15920: 15919: 15909: 15904: 15899: 15898: 15897: 15887: 15882: 15877: 15876: 15875: 15870: 15865: 15860: 15850: 15849: 15848: 15843: 15838: 15833: 15828: 15818: 15813: 15808: 15803: 15802: 15801: 15796: 15794:second inquiry 15791: 15786: 15781: 15776: 15766: 15765: 15764: 15758: 15751:Homestead Acts 15748: 15743: 15738: 15733: 15732: 15731: 15721: 15716: 15711: 15706: 15701: 15699:Alabama Claims 15695: 15693: 15691:Reconstruction 15687: 15686: 15684: 15683: 15682: 15681: 15679:15th Amendment 15676: 15674:14th Amendment 15671: 15669:13th Amendment 15660: 15658: 15648: 15647: 15637: 15636: 15633: 15632: 15629: 15628: 15625: 15624: 15622: 15621: 15616: 15611: 15606: 15601: 15596: 15591: 15586: 15581: 15576: 15571: 15565: 15563: 15559: 15558: 15556: 15555: 15550: 15545: 15540: 15535: 15530: 15525: 15520: 15515: 15510: 15505: 15500: 15495: 15490: 15485: 15480: 15475: 15470: 15465: 15460: 15455: 15450: 15445: 15440: 15434: 15432: 15425: 15421: 15420: 15417: 15416: 15414: 15413: 15408: 15403: 15398: 15393: 15388: 15383: 15378: 15373: 15367: 15365: 15361: 15360: 15358: 15357: 15352: 15347: 15342: 15337: 15332: 15327: 15322: 15317: 15312: 15307: 15302: 15300:J. E. Johnston 15297: 15295:A. S. Johnston 15292: 15287: 15282: 15277: 15272: 15267: 15262: 15257: 15252: 15247: 15242: 15237: 15235:R. H. Anderson 15231: 15229: 15222: 15214: 15213: 15201: 15200: 15197: 15196: 15193: 15192: 15189: 15188: 15186: 15185: 15180: 15175: 15170: 15165: 15160: 15155: 15149: 15147: 15143: 15142: 15140: 15139: 15134: 15129: 15124: 15119: 15114: 15109: 15104: 15099: 15097:South Carolina 15094: 15089: 15084: 15079: 15074: 15072:North Carolina 15069: 15064: 15059: 15054: 15049: 15044: 15039: 15034: 15029: 15024: 15019: 15014: 15009: 15004: 14999: 14994: 14989: 14984: 14979: 14974: 14969: 14964: 14959: 14954: 14949: 14944: 14939: 14934: 14929: 14924: 14919: 14914: 14909: 14904: 14898: 14896: 14887: 14883: 14882: 14880: 14879: 14874: 14869: 14864: 14859: 14854: 14849: 14844: 14839: 14834: 14829: 14824: 14819: 14814: 14809: 14804: 14799: 14797:Fredericksburg 14794: 14789: 14784: 14779: 14774: 14769: 14764: 14759: 14754: 14749: 14744: 14739: 14737:Wilson's Creek 14734: 14729: 14723: 14721: 14714: 14713: 14711: 14710: 14705: 14700: 14695: 14690: 14685: 14680: 14675: 14670: 14665: 14660: 14655: 14650: 14645: 14640: 14635: 14630: 14625: 14620: 14615: 14610: 14605: 14600: 14595: 14590: 14585: 14579: 14577: 14570: 14569: 14567: 14566: 14561: 14556: 14551: 14549:Lower Seaboard 14546: 14541: 14535: 14533: 14529: 14528: 14525: 14524: 14522: 14521: 14516: 14511: 14505: 14503: 14497: 14496: 14494: 14493: 14488: 14483: 14478: 14472: 14470: 14461: 14453: 14452: 14449: 14448: 14445: 14442: 14439: 14436: 14432: 14424: 14423: 14420: 14419: 14416: 14415: 14413: 14412: 14407: 14405:Harriet Tubman 14402: 14401: 14400: 14393:Charles Sumner 14390: 14385: 14380: 14375: 14370: 14365: 14360: 14355: 14350: 14345: 14340: 14335: 14329: 14327: 14321: 14320: 14318: 14317: 14310: 14305: 14300: 14295: 14290: 14285: 14280: 14275: 14270: 14263: 14258: 14253: 14247: 14245: 14239: 14238: 14236: 14235: 14230: 14228:States' rights 14225: 14220: 14215: 14210: 14205: 14200: 14195: 14190: 14185: 14180: 14175: 14170: 14165: 14160: 14154: 14152: 14150: 14149: 14143: 14136: 14135: 14125: 14124: 14117: 14116: 14109: 14102: 14094: 14088: 14085: 14084: 14075: 14074: 14065: 14056: 14051: 14046: 14039: 14033: 14025: 13997: 13990: 13985:The Countryman 13981: 13970: 13969:External links 13967: 13962:Main article: 13959: 13956: 13954: 13953: 13939: 13921: 13913: 13911: 13908: 13905: 13904: 13891: 13884: 13866: 13853: 13840: 13827: 13814: 13798: 13781: 13771: 13768:. p. 295. 13756: 13737:(2): 126–146. 13721: 13715:978-0807821442 13714: 13696:Rable (1994). 13685: 13659: 13643: 13626: 13607:(4): 492–525. 13591: 13582: 13567: 13542: 13517: 13510: 13488: 13481: 13463: 13456: 13435: 13422: 13420: 13419: 13409:(3): 263–268. 13398: 13388:(2): 139–145. 13370: 13361: 13355:978-0807133415 13354: 13334: 13315:(2): 266–284. 13297: 13277: 13242: 13229: 13208: 13195: 13179: 13166: 13153: 13137: 13124: 13107: 13098: 13077: 13058: 13049: 13040: 13015: 13006: 12984: 12953: 12936: 12929: 12909: 12902: 12880: 12873: 12855: 12852:. p. 264. 12840: 12829:(4): 449–477. 12810: 12791:(3): 589–620. 12773: 12738: 12721: 12715:978-0822977513 12714: 12694: 12675:(4): 294–312. 12659: 12644: 12604: 12583: 12567:Sansing, David 12559: 12546: 12539: 12521: 12514: 12490: 12475: 12460: 12448: 12413: 12402:(2): 131–175. 12386: 12359: 12340: 12325: 12298: 12283: 12264: 12251: 12233: 12215: 12209:978-1573561358 12208: 12188: 12177:(3): 352–376. 12161: 12155:978-0307772640 12154: 12134: 12118: 12083: 12070: 12061: 12059:(1952) p. 128. 12048: 12029:(4): 794–810. 12013: 11994: 11973: 11961: 11955:978-0820334998 11954: 11934: 11925: 11912: 11903: 11897:978-1851097746 11896: 11876: 11870:978-0199878147 11869: 11849: 11836: 11827: 11806: 11791: 11784: 11766: 11748: 11742:978-0786415939 11741: 11721: 11706: 11697: 11687: 11678: 11652: 11650: 11649: 11639:(3): 232–250. 11628: 11618:(2): 111–141. 11600: 11565: 11539: 11523: 11512:. Archives.gov 11501: 11492: 11478: 11452: 11439: 11426: 11413: 11406: 11381: 11368: 11355: 11342: 11329: 11319:978-0195124996 11318: 11287: 11278:978-1108340625 11277: 11271:. p. 79. 11255: 11246: 11236:, 1890, 2010. 11223: 11214: 11183: 11176: 11143: 11130: 11117: 11106: 11088: 11075: 11062: 11032: 10998: 10985: 10972: 10959: 10938: 10931: 10907: 10901:Allan Nevins, 10894: 10881: 10868: 10855: 10794: 10781: 10768: 10740:Roanoke Island 10727: 10711: 10691: 10654: 10633: 10612: 10599: 10586: 10569: 10567:, pp. 352–353. 10556: 10544: 10512: 10504:Margaret Leech 10496: 10487: 10474: 10461: 10448: 10446:, pp. 317–318. 10435: 10422: 10420:, pp. 315–317. 10409: 10396: 10383: 10370: 10357: 10344: 10336:Roanoke Island 10315: 10303:John H. Morgan 10291:John B. Gordon 10278: 10265: 10252: 10243: 10234: 10228:978-0275985240 10227: 10207: 10182: 10169: 10156: 10140:"1862blackCSN" 10131: 10118: 10105: 10100:Torpedo Bureau 10087: 10070: 10045: 10032: 10011: 10009:, pp. 333–338. 9998: 9985: 9972: 9959: 9953:978-0199727834 9952: 9932: 9919: 9906: 9900:978-0618875207 9899: 9879: 9863: 9846: 9818: 9803: 9775: 9766: 9760:978-1429016667 9759: 9741: 9732: 9723: 9717:Don H. Doyle, 9710: 9694: 9663: 9642: 9615:(4): 867–888. 9599: 9580:(2): 157–188. 9564: 9558:Howard Jones, 9551: 9538: 9532:978-1847252036 9531: 9508: 9483: 9472:newspapers.com 9449: 9446:. p. 289. 9428: 9422:978-0870499982 9421: 9392: 9383: 9370: 9360: 9343: 9337:978-1402742880 9336: 9316: 9303: 9290: 9277: 9264: 9251: 9241: 9227: 9214: 9197: 9194:. Vol. 2. 9180: 9178:Bowman, p. 48. 9171: 9151: 9131: 9110: 9097: 9084: 9065: 9052: 9039: 9019: 8999: 8979: 8955: 8943: 8923: 8903: 8883: 8863: 8843: 8823: 8789: 8785:Jonathan Worth 8776: 8767: 8758: 8752:978-0820334769 8751: 8731: 8725:978-0890968536 8724: 8704: 8684: 8658: 8645: 8633: 8609: 8600: 8597:. p. 390. 8585: 8570: 8548: 8527: 8521:978-0674029866 8520: 8500: 8491: 8482: 8473: 8460: 8454:978-0415878036 8453: 8433: 8417: 8404: 8382: 8369: 8356: 8337: 8317: 8255: 8242: 8223:(2): 415–439. 8201: 8180:(1): 295–323. 8160: 8133: 8126: 8106: 8093: 8068: 8045: 8019: 7983: 7968: 7950: 7935: 7920: 7909: 7889: 7878: 7856: 7825: 7819:978-0198042761 7818: 7792: 7785: 7765: 7750: 7727: 7695: 7677: 7664: 7654: 7635: 7610: 7584: 7560: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7551: 7534: 7513: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7386:Stars and Bars 7363: 7360: 7331: 7330: 7324: 7317: 7315: 7309: 7302: 7288:hyperinflation 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7231: 7226: 7212:Texas v. White 7206: 7203:Texas v. White 7200: 7184:to now exclude 7160:Reconstruction 7121:Main article: 7118: 7115: 7107: 7104: 7004: 7001: 6998: 6997: 6991: 6988: 6985: 6982: 6976: 6972: 6971: 6965: 6962: 6959: 6956: 6950: 6946: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6937: 6934: 6928: 6924: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6915: 6912: 6906: 6902: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6893: 6890: 6884: 6880: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6871: 6868: 6862: 6858: 6857: 6851: 6848: 6845: 6842: 6836: 6832: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6823: 6820: 6814: 6810: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6801: 6798: 6792: 6788: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6779: 6776: 6770: 6766: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6757: 6754: 6748: 6744: 6743: 6737: 6734: 6731: 6728: 6722: 6718: 6717: 6711: 6708: 6705: 6702: 6696: 6692: 6691: 6685: 6682: 6679: 6676: 6670: 6666: 6665: 6662: 6659: 6657:1860 U.S. rank 6654: 6651: 6648: 6636:Union blockade 6606: 6603: 6597: 6596: 6593: 6590: 6587: 6581: 6580: 6577: 6574: 6571: 6567: 6566: 6563: 6560: 6557: 6553: 6552: 6549: 6546: 6543: 6542:Female slaves 6539: 6538: 6535: 6532: 6529: 6525: 6524: 6521: 6518: 6515: 6514:White females 6511: 6510: 6507: 6504: 6501: 6497: 6496: 6493: 6490: 6487: 6486:Age structure 6479: 6478: 6475: 6472: 6469: 6466: 6463: 6460: 6457: 6454: 6451: 6445: 6444: 6441: 6438: 6435: 6432: 6429: 6426: 6423: 6420: 6417: 6413: 6412: 6409: 6406: 6403: 6400: 6397: 6394: 6391: 6388: 6385: 6381: 6380: 6377: 6374: 6371: 6368: 6365: 6362: 6359: 6356: 6353: 6349: 6348: 6345: 6342: 6339: 6336: 6333: 6330: 6327: 6324: 6321: 6317: 6316: 6313: 6310: 6307: 6304: 6301: 6298: 6295: 6292: 6289: 6285: 6284: 6281: 6278: 6275: 6272: 6269: 6266: 6263: 6260: 6257: 6253: 6252: 6249: 6246: 6243: 6240: 6237: 6234: 6231: 6228: 6225: 6221: 6220: 6217: 6214: 6211: 6208: 6205: 6202: 6199: 6196: 6193: 6189: 6188: 6185: 6182: 6179: 6176: 6173: 6170: 6167: 6164: 6161: 6157: 6156: 6153: 6150: 6147: 6144: 6141: 6138: 6135: 6132: 6129: 6125: 6124: 6121: 6118: 6115: 6112: 6109: 6106: 6103: 6100: 6097: 6093: 6092: 6085: 6078: 6069: 6060: 6055: 6048: 6041: 6034: 6029: 6016: 6013: 6001: 5998: 5963:Guadalupe Peak 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5887:East Tennessee 5883:Andrew Johnson 5847:Main article: 5844: 5841: 5817:First Manassas 5799: 5798: 5793: 5786: 5784: 5780:CSA Naval Jack 5779: 5772: 5770: 5764: 5757: 5755: 5749: 5742: 5740: 5734: 5727: 5725: 5717:Main article: 5714: 5713:National flags 5711: 5681: 5678: 5659: 5658: 5655: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5612: 5604: 5601: 5573:Main article: 5570: 5567: 5551:Dahlonega Mint 5547:Charlotte Mint 5516:The 1862 $ 10 5498: 5495: 5485: 5482: 5427:Main article: 5424: 5421: 5384: 5381: 5342: 5335: 5334: 5333: 5328: 5321: 5320: 5319: 5318: 5317: 5298: 5295: 5251: 5248: 5243:Main article: 5240: 5237: 5215: 5212: 5162:John H. Reagan 5154: 5153: 5146: 5139: 5137: 5132:Andrew Jackson 5130: 5123: 5121: 5110: 5103: 5101: 5096:John H. Reagan 5094: 5087: 5077: 5074: 5070: 5069: 5065: 5064: 5059:Virginia-West 5057: 5052:Virginia-East 5050: 5047: 5044: 5037: 5024: 5023: 5022: 5015: 5008: 5001: 4994: 4987: 4980: 4968: 4939: 4938: 4933:Andrew Magrath 4931: 4924: 4922: 4915: 4908: 4906: 4899: 4892: 4890: 4883: 4876: 4872: 4869: 4865: 4864: 4860: 4859: 4850: 4841: 4828: 4818: 4817: 4813: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4796: 4795: 4790: 4789: 4788: 4782: 4776: 4769: 4768: 4764: 4763: 4756: 4755: 4744: 4743: 4735: 4694: 4691: 4639: 4638: 4635: 4629: 4627: 4626: 4623: 4617: 4615: 4614: 4611: 4605: 4603: 4602: 4599: 4594: 4588: 4587: 4584: 4583: 4580: 4578:John H. Reagan 4575: 4569: 4568: 4565: 4564: 4561: 4556: 4550: 4549: 4546: 4545: 4542: 4536: 4534: 4533: 4530: 4524: 4522: 4521: 4518: 4512: 4510: 4509: 4506: 4500: 4498: 4497: 4494: 4489: 4483: 4482: 4479: 4478: 4475: 4473:John H. Reagan 4469: 4467: 4466: 4463: 4457: 4455: 4454: 4451: 4446: 4440: 4439: 4436: 4435: 4432: 4426: 4424: 4423: 4420: 4414: 4412: 4411: 4408: 4403: 4397: 4396: 4393: 4392: 4389: 4384: 4382:Vice President 4378: 4377: 4374: 4373: 4370: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4355: 4354: 4351: 4348: 4338:Main article: 4335: 4332: 4317:line item veto 4278:Main article: 4275: 4272: 4199:Main article: 4196: 4193: 4189: 4188: 4168: 4165: 4164: 4161: 4160: 4157: 4156: 4148: 4140: 4132: 4124: 4121:North Carolina 4111: 4103: 4090: 4077: 4074:South Carolina 4064: 4051: 4038: 4025: 4012: 3998: 3997: 3994: 3993: 3983: 3982: 3979: 3978: 3975: 3974: 3966: 3953: 3940: 3932: 3928:South Carolina 3919: 3915:North Carolina 3906: 3898: 3885: 3872: 3864: 3851: 3838: 3830: 3816: 3815: 3812: 3811: 3801: 3800: 3785:Main article: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3769:Gary Gallagher 3704: 3697: 3696: 3695: 3690: 3683: 3682: 3681: 3680: 3679: 3658: 3657:Collapse: 1865 3655: 3582:Union blockade 3579: 3572: 3571: 3570: 3561: 3554: 3553: 3552: 3551: 3550: 3530:Main article: 3527: 3524: 3503:Lee's invasion 3491:Fredericksburg 3428: 3421: 3420: 3419: 3406: 3399: 3398: 3397: 3396: 3395: 3375:David Farragut 3348: 3341: 3340: 3339: 3330: 3323: 3322: 3321: 3320: 3319: 3313: 3310: 3302:Cheat Mountain 3286:First Manassas 3259:James Buchanan 3248:First Manassas 3245: 3238: 3237: 3236: 3227: 3220: 3219: 3218: 3217: 3216: 3203: 3200: 3196:libertarianism 3187: 3186: 3176: 3169: 3167: 3157: 3150: 3115:Main article: 3112: 3109: 3105:Macon, Georgia 3075: 3074:Raising troops 3072: 3064:Enrollment Act 3052:Drewry's Bluff 2954:Main article: 2951: 2948: 2940:Admiral Porter 2901:First Manassas 2864: 2861: 2846:Main article: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2781:Charles Girard 2676: 2669: 2668: 2664: 2657: 2656: 2655: 2654: 2653: 2630:, her brother 2607:cotton is king 2583:to London and 2581:James M. Mason 2556: 2553: 2498:'s mansion in 2480: 2473: 2472: 2471: 2463: 2456: 2455: 2454: 2453: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2347:Elias Boudinot 2325: 2322: 2306:East Tennessee 2283: 2282: 2279:North Carolina 2275: 2268: 2261: 2253: 2252: 2251: 2250: 2240: 2227: 2220: 2213: 2206: 2199: 2192: 2189:South Carolina 2101:Gilbert Stuart 2090: 2089: 2084: 2077: 2076: 2072: 2065: 2064: 2063: 2062: 2061: 2051: 2048: 2011:states' rights 1992:North Carolina 1876: 1873: 1825:James Buchanan 1820:he took office 1794:white Southern 1718:Main article: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1708: 1706: 1705: 1698: 1691: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1676: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1657: 1654: 1653: 1650: 1649: 1646: 1645: 1638: 1631: 1626: 1619: 1610: 1603: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1568: 1563: 1556: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1533: 1530: 1529: 1526: 1525: 1522: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1459:Wilmot Proviso 1456: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1434:Tariff of 1828 1431: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1405: 1402: 1401: 1398: 1397: 1394: 1393: 1388: 1382: 1379: 1378: 1258:North Carolina 1188:North Carolina 1148:South Carolina 1138:that declared 1094: 1093: 1088: 1084: 1083: 1080: 1079: 1076: 1075: 1068: 1062: 1061: 1054: 1048: 1047: 1040: 1034: 1033: 1026: 1020: 1019: 1012: 1006: 1005: 998: 996:South Carolina 992: 991: 984: 982:North Carolina 978: 977: 970: 964: 963: 956: 950: 949: 942: 936: 935: 928: 922: 921: 914: 908: 907: 900: 891: 888: 887: 882: 874: 873: 868: 860: 859: 856:North Carolina 852: 844: 843: 838: 830: 829: 824: 816: 815: 810: 802: 801: 796: 788: 787: 782: 774: 773: 768: 760: 759: 754: 746: 745: 740: 732: 731: 728:South Carolina 724: 712: 711: 706: 696: 695: 693: 692: 687: 681: 679: 675: 674: 671: 670: 667: 665:• Slaves 664: 661: 660: 657: 654: 651: 650: 647: 646: 642: 641: 638: 637: 634: 628: 625: 624: 623:April 26, 1865 621: 615: 612: 611: 608: 602: 599: 598: 595: 587: 584: 583: 582:April 12, 1861 580: 572: 569: 568: 565: 559: 556: 555: 552: 551: 546: 545:Historical era 542: 541: 534: 528: 525: 524: 519: 513: 510: 509: 504: 500: 499: 496: 495: 490: 487: 484: 483: 480: 479: 476: 474:Vice President 470: 469: 466: 465: 460: 457: 454: 453: 450: 449: 446: 440: 439: 437: 436: 427: 420: 418: 414: 413: 406: 400: 399: 370: 366: 365: 354: 350: 349: 347: 346: 339: 332: 324: 322: 318: 317: 312: 308: 307: 304: 303: 297: 295: 285: 283: 277: 275: 269: 266: 265: 257: 256: 245: 237: 226: 209: 198: 197: 194: 183: 182: 171: 164: 163: 147: 140: 133: 132: 131: 128: 127: 123: 122: 119: 110: 109: 89:it, or adding 66: 64: 57: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 18417: 18406: 18403: 18401: 18398: 18396: 18393: 18391: 18388: 18386: 18383: 18381: 18378: 18376: 18373: 18371: 18368: 18366: 18363: 18361: 18358: 18356: 18353: 18351: 18348: 18346: 18343: 18341: 18338: 18336: 18333: 18331: 18328: 18326: 18323: 18321: 18318: 18317: 18315: 18305: 18304:North America 18295: 18293: 18283: 18282: 18279: 18260: 18257: 18255: 18252: 18250: 18247: 18246: 18244: 18242:Miscellaneous 18240: 18234: 18231: 18229: 18226: 18224: 18221: 18219: 18216: 18214: 18211: 18209: 18206: 18205: 18203: 18199: 18191: 18188: 18187: 18186: 18183: 18181: 18178: 18176: 18173: 18171: 18168: 18166: 18163: 18161: 18158: 18156: 18153: 18151: 18148: 18146: 18143: 18141: 18138: 18136: 18133: 18132: 18130: 18126: 18122: 18115: 18110: 18108: 18103: 18101: 18096: 18095: 18092: 18080: 18072: 18071: 18068: 18061: 18058: 18055: 18052: 18049: 18046: 18042: 18041:West Virginia 18039: 18037: 18034: 18032: 18029: 18027: 18024: 18022: 18019: 18017: 18014: 18012: 18009: 18007: 18004: 18002: 17999: 17997: 17994: 17992: 17989: 17987: 17984: 17982: 17979: 17977: 17974: 17972: 17968: 17967: 17966: 17963: 17960: 17957: 17954: 17951: 17948: 17945: 17942: 17939: 17936: 17933: 17930: 17927: 17924: 17921: 17918: 17915: 17912: 17909: 17906: 17903: 17900: 17897: 17892: 17889: 17886: 17883: 17880: 17877: 17874: 17871: 17868: 17865: 17862: 17861:Mexican Texas 17858: 17857: 17855: 17852: 17849: 17846: 17843: 17840: 17837: 17834: 17831: 17828: 17825: 17822: 17819: 17816: 17813: 17810: 17807: 17804: 17801: 17798: 17795: 17792: 17789: 17786: 17783: 17780: 17777: 17774: 17769: 17766: 17763: 17760: 17757: 17754: 17751: 17748: 17745: 17742: 17739: 17736: 17733: 17730: 17727: 17724: 17723: 17722: 17719: 17718: 17715: 17711: 17710:United States 17707: 17703: 17695: 17690: 17688: 17683: 17681: 17676: 17675: 17672: 17659: 17650: 17647: 17638: 17637: 17634: 17626: 17622: 17618: 17614: 17610: 17606: 17602: 17598: 17594: 17590: 17586: 17582: 17578: 17574: 17570: 17566: 17562: 17558: 17554: 17550: 17546: 17542: 17541: 17539: 17535: 17527: 17523: 17519: 17515: 17511: 17507: 17503: 17499: 17495: 17491: 17487: 17483: 17479: 17475: 17471: 17467: 17463: 17459: 17455: 17451: 17447: 17443: 17439: 17435: 17431: 17427: 17423: 17422: 17420: 17416: 17411: 17399: 17395: 17391: 17387: 17383: 17379: 17375: 17371: 17367: 17363: 17359: 17355: 17351: 17347: 17343: 17339: 17335: 17331: 17327: 17323: 17319: 17315: 17311: 17307: 17303: 17299: 17295: 17291: 17287: 17283: 17279: 17275: 17271: 17267: 17263: 17259: 17258: 17256: 17252: 17248: 17241: 17236: 17234: 17229: 17227: 17222: 17221: 17218: 17205: 17202: 17199: 17196: 17193: 17190: 17187: 17184: 17183: 17181: 17179: 17175: 17168: 17165: 17164: 17162: 17160: 17156: 17149: 17146: 17145: 17143: 17141: 17137: 17130: 17127: 17124: 17121: 17118: 17115: 17112: 17109: 17106: 17103: 17102: 17100: 17098: 17094: 17087: 17084: 17081: 17078: 17075: 17072: 17071: 17069: 17067: 17063: 17056: 17053: 17050: 17047: 17044: 17043:Robert Toombs 17041: 17040: 17038: 17036: 17032: 17027: 17016: 17013: 17012: 17010: 17008: 17004: 16999: 16996: 16992: 16985: 16980: 16978: 16973: 16971: 16966: 16965: 16962: 16949: 16946: 16942: 16941: 16938: 16932: 16929: 16928: 16926: 16924: 16920: 16912: 16909: 16908: 16907: 16904: 16900: 16897: 16896: 16895: 16892: 16891: 16889: 16887: 16883: 16878: 16866: 16863: 16861: 16860:West Virginia 16858: 16857: 16856: 16853: 16851: 16848: 16846: 16843: 16841: 16838: 16836: 16833: 16831: 16828: 16826: 16823: 16821: 16818: 16816: 16813: 16811: 16808: 16806: 16803: 16802: 16800: 16798: 16794: 16789: 16781: 16776: 16774: 16769: 16767: 16762: 16761: 16758: 16746: 16742: 16738: 16736: 16728: 16727: 16724: 16710: 16707: 16706: 16704: 16700: 16694: 16691: 16689: 16686: 16684: 16681: 16679: 16676: 16674: 16671: 16669: 16666: 16664: 16663:Photographers 16661: 16659: 16656: 16654: 16651: 16649: 16646: 16644: 16641: 16639: 16638:Gender issues 16636: 16634: 16631: 16627: 16624: 16623: 16622: 16619: 16615: 16612: 16611: 16610: 16607: 16605: 16602: 16600: 16597: 16595: 16592: 16591: 16589: 16585: 16577: 16574: 16572: 16569: 16567: 16564: 16562: 16559: 16558: 16557: 16554: 16552: 16549: 16547: 16544: 16542: 16539: 16537: 16534: 16533: 16531: 16527: 16521: 16518: 16516: 16513: 16511: 16508: 16506: 16503: 16501: 16500: 16496: 16494: 16491: 16489: 16486: 16484: 16481: 16480: 16478: 16476: 16472: 16466: 16465:War Democrats 16463: 16461: 16458: 16456: 16455:Union Leagues 16453: 16451: 16448: 16446: 16443: 16441: 16438: 16436: 16433: 16431: 16428: 16426: 16423: 16421: 16418: 16416: 16413: 16411: 16408: 16406: 16403: 16401: 16398: 16396: 16393: 16391: 16388: 16387: 16385: 16381: 16375: 16372: 16370: 16367: 16365: 16362: 16360: 16357: 16355: 16354:Turning point 16352: 16350: 16347: 16345: 16342: 16340: 16337: 16335: 16332: 16330: 16327: 16325: 16324:Naval battles 16322: 16320: 16317: 16315: 16312: 16310: 16307: 16305: 16302: 16300: 16297: 16295: 16292: 16290: 16287: 16285: 16282: 16280: 16277: 16276: 16274: 16270: 16266: 16258: 16257: 16253: 16249: 16235: 16232: 16230: 16227: 16225: 16222: 16220: 16217: 16215: 16212: 16210: 16209: 16205: 16203: 16200: 16198: 16195: 16193: 16190: 16189: 16187: 16183: 16177: 16174: 16172: 16169: 16168: 16166: 16162: 16152: 16149: 16145: 16142: 16140: 16137: 16135: 16132: 16131: 16130: 16127: 16126: 16124: 16120: 16112: 16109: 16107: 16104: 16103: 16102: 16099: 16098: 16096: 16092: 16089: 16087:and memorials 16083: 16077: 16074: 16072: 16069: 16067: 16064: 16062: 16059: 16057: 16054: 16052: 16049: 16047: 16044: 16042: 16039: 16037: 16034: 16032: 16029: 16027: 16024: 16020: 16017: 16015: 16012: 16011: 16010: 16007: 16005: 16002: 15998: 15995: 15993: 15990: 15988: 15985: 15983: 15980: 15978: 15975: 15973: 15970: 15968: 15965: 15963: 15960: 15958: 15955: 15953: 15950: 15949: 15948: 15947:Commemoration 15945: 15944: 15942: 15936: 15930: 15927: 15925: 15922: 15918: 15915: 15914: 15913: 15910: 15908: 15905: 15903: 15900: 15896: 15893: 15892: 15891: 15888: 15886: 15883: 15881: 15878: 15874: 15871: 15869: 15866: 15864: 15861: 15859: 15856: 15855: 15854: 15851: 15847: 15844: 15842: 15839: 15837: 15834: 15832: 15829: 15827: 15824: 15823: 15822: 15819: 15817: 15814: 15812: 15809: 15807: 15804: 15800: 15797: 15795: 15792: 15790: 15789:first inquiry 15787: 15785: 15782: 15780: 15777: 15775: 15772: 15771: 15770: 15767: 15762: 15759: 15757: 15754: 15753: 15752: 15749: 15747: 15744: 15742: 15739: 15737: 15734: 15730: 15727: 15726: 15725: 15722: 15720: 15717: 15715: 15712: 15710: 15709:Carpetbaggers 15707: 15705: 15702: 15700: 15697: 15696: 15694: 15692: 15688: 15680: 15677: 15675: 15672: 15670: 15667: 15666: 15665: 15662: 15661: 15659: 15657: 15653: 15649: 15642: 15638: 15620: 15617: 15615: 15612: 15610: 15607: 15605: 15602: 15600: 15597: 15595: 15592: 15590: 15587: 15585: 15582: 15580: 15577: 15575: 15572: 15570: 15567: 15566: 15564: 15560: 15554: 15551: 15549: 15546: 15544: 15541: 15539: 15536: 15534: 15531: 15529: 15526: 15524: 15521: 15519: 15516: 15514: 15511: 15509: 15506: 15504: 15501: 15499: 15496: 15494: 15491: 15489: 15486: 15484: 15481: 15479: 15476: 15474: 15471: 15469: 15466: 15464: 15461: 15459: 15456: 15454: 15451: 15449: 15446: 15444: 15441: 15439: 15436: 15435: 15433: 15429: 15426: 15422: 15412: 15409: 15407: 15404: 15402: 15399: 15397: 15394: 15392: 15389: 15387: 15384: 15382: 15379: 15377: 15374: 15372: 15369: 15368: 15366: 15362: 15356: 15353: 15351: 15348: 15346: 15343: 15341: 15338: 15336: 15333: 15331: 15328: 15326: 15323: 15321: 15318: 15316: 15313: 15311: 15308: 15306: 15303: 15301: 15298: 15296: 15293: 15291: 15288: 15286: 15283: 15281: 15278: 15276: 15273: 15271: 15268: 15266: 15263: 15261: 15258: 15256: 15253: 15251: 15248: 15246: 15243: 15241: 15238: 15236: 15233: 15232: 15230: 15226: 15223: 15219: 15215: 15211: 15206: 15202: 15184: 15181: 15179: 15176: 15174: 15171: 15169: 15166: 15164: 15161: 15159: 15156: 15154: 15151: 15150: 15148: 15144: 15138: 15135: 15133: 15132:West Virginia 15130: 15128: 15125: 15123: 15120: 15118: 15115: 15113: 15110: 15108: 15105: 15103: 15100: 15098: 15095: 15093: 15090: 15088: 15085: 15083: 15080: 15078: 15075: 15073: 15070: 15068: 15065: 15063: 15060: 15058: 15055: 15053: 15052:New Hampshire 15050: 15048: 15045: 15043: 15040: 15038: 15035: 15033: 15030: 15028: 15025: 15023: 15020: 15018: 15015: 15013: 15012:Massachusetts 15010: 15008: 15005: 15003: 15000: 14998: 14995: 14993: 14990: 14988: 14985: 14983: 14980: 14978: 14975: 14973: 14970: 14968: 14965: 14963: 14960: 14958: 14955: 14953: 14950: 14948: 14945: 14943: 14940: 14938: 14935: 14933: 14930: 14928: 14925: 14923: 14920: 14918: 14915: 14913: 14910: 14908: 14905: 14903: 14900: 14899: 14897: 14891: 14888: 14884: 14878: 14875: 14873: 14870: 14868: 14865: 14863: 14860: 14858: 14855: 14853: 14850: 14848: 14845: 14843: 14840: 14838: 14835: 14833: 14830: 14828: 14825: 14823: 14820: 14818: 14815: 14813: 14810: 14808: 14805: 14803: 14800: 14798: 14795: 14793: 14790: 14788: 14785: 14783: 14780: 14778: 14775: 14773: 14770: 14768: 14765: 14763: 14760: 14758: 14755: 14753: 14752:Hampton Roads 14750: 14748: 14745: 14743: 14742:Fort Donelson 14740: 14738: 14735: 14733: 14730: 14728: 14725: 14724: 14722: 14720: 14715: 14709: 14706: 14704: 14701: 14699: 14696: 14694: 14691: 14689: 14686: 14684: 14681: 14679: 14676: 14674: 14671: 14669: 14666: 14664: 14661: 14659: 14656: 14654: 14651: 14649: 14646: 14644: 14641: 14639: 14638:Morgan's Raid 14636: 14634: 14631: 14629: 14626: 14624: 14621: 14619: 14616: 14614: 14611: 14609: 14606: 14604: 14601: 14599: 14596: 14594: 14591: 14589: 14586: 14584: 14583:Anaconda Plan 14581: 14580: 14578: 14576: 14571: 14565: 14562: 14560: 14559:Pacific Coast 14557: 14555: 14552: 14550: 14547: 14545: 14542: 14540: 14537: 14536: 14534: 14530: 14520: 14517: 14515: 14512: 14510: 14507: 14506: 14504: 14502: 14498: 14492: 14489: 14487: 14484: 14482: 14479: 14477: 14474: 14473: 14471: 14469: 14465: 14462: 14458: 14454: 14446: 14443: 14440: 14437: 14434: 14433: 14429: 14425: 14411: 14408: 14406: 14403: 14399: 14396: 14395: 14394: 14391: 14389: 14386: 14384: 14381: 14379: 14376: 14374: 14371: 14369: 14366: 14364: 14361: 14359: 14356: 14354: 14351: 14349: 14346: 14344: 14341: 14339: 14336: 14334: 14331: 14330: 14328: 14326: 14322: 14316: 14315: 14311: 14309: 14306: 14304: 14301: 14299: 14296: 14294: 14293:Positive good 14291: 14289: 14286: 14284: 14281: 14279: 14276: 14274: 14271: 14269: 14268: 14264: 14262: 14259: 14257: 14254: 14252: 14249: 14248: 14246: 14244: 14240: 14234: 14231: 14229: 14226: 14224: 14221: 14219: 14216: 14214: 14211: 14209: 14208:Panic of 1857 14206: 14204: 14201: 14199: 14196: 14194: 14191: 14189: 14186: 14184: 14181: 14179: 14176: 14174: 14171: 14169: 14168:Border states 14166: 14164: 14161: 14159: 14156: 14155: 14153: 14148: 14145: 14144: 14141: 14137: 14130: 14126: 14122: 14115: 14110: 14108: 14103: 14101: 14096: 14095: 14092: 14086: 14079: 14073: 14069: 14066: 14064: 14062: 14057: 14055: 14052: 14050: 14047: 14044: 14040: 14037: 14034: 14032: 14030: 14026: 14023: 14019: 14015: 14012: 14008: 14004: 14001: 13998: 13996: 13995: 13991: 13988: 13986: 13982: 13979: 13978: 13973: 13972: 13965: 13952: 13951:0-13-389115-1 13948: 13944: 13940: 13938: 13937:0-8047-3641-3 13934: 13930: 13926: 13922: 13919: 13915: 13914: 13901: 13895: 13887: 13885:0-8071-1807-9 13881: 13877: 13870: 13863: 13857: 13850: 13844: 13837: 13831: 13824: 13818: 13812:, pp. 105–106 13811: 13805: 13803: 13792: 13785: 13775: 13767: 13760: 13752: 13748: 13744: 13740: 13736: 13732: 13725: 13717: 13711: 13707: 13702: 13701: 13692: 13690: 13674: 13670: 13663: 13655: 13647: 13638: 13630: 13622: 13618: 13614: 13610: 13606: 13602: 13595: 13586: 13578: 13571: 13556: 13552: 13546: 13531: 13527: 13521: 13513: 13511:0-313-33073-5 13507: 13503: 13499: 13492: 13484: 13482:0-8117-0059-3 13478: 13474: 13467: 13459: 13453: 13449: 13445: 13439: 13432: 13426: 13416: 13412: 13408: 13404: 13399: 13395: 13391: 13387: 13383: 13378: 13377: 13374: 13365: 13357: 13351: 13347: 13346: 13338: 13330: 13326: 13322: 13318: 13314: 13310: 13309: 13301: 13294: 13290: 13287: 13281: 13273: 13269: 13265: 13261: 13257: 13253: 13246: 13239: 13233: 13226: 13222: 13218: 13212: 13205: 13199: 13193: 13189: 13183: 13176: 13170: 13163: 13157: 13151: 13147: 13141: 13134: 13128: 13121: 13117: 13111: 13102: 13087: 13081: 13074: 13070: 13067: 13062: 13053: 13044: 13029: 13025: 13019: 13010: 12994: 12988: 12972: 12968: 12964: 12957: 12950: 12946: 12940: 12932: 12926: 12922: 12921: 12913: 12905: 12903:0-8139-1894-4 12899: 12894: 12893: 12884: 12876: 12874:0-8071-2245-9 12870: 12866: 12859: 12851: 12850:Gone to Texas 12844: 12836: 12832: 12828: 12824: 12817: 12815: 12806: 12802: 12798: 12794: 12790: 12786: 12785: 12777: 12769: 12765: 12761: 12757: 12753: 12749: 12742: 12734: 12733: 12725: 12717: 12711: 12707: 12706: 12698: 12690: 12686: 12682: 12678: 12674: 12670: 12663: 12655: 12648: 12631: 12626: 12625: 12620: 12613: 12611: 12609: 12600: 12596: 12593: 12587: 12579: 12575: 12572: 12568: 12563: 12556: 12550: 12542: 12536: 12532: 12525: 12517: 12515:0-8078-2255-8 12511: 12507: 12503: 12502: 12494: 12486: 12479: 12471: 12464: 12455: 12453: 12444: 12440: 12436: 12432: 12428: 12424: 12417: 12409: 12405: 12401: 12397: 12390: 12382: 12378: 12374: 12370: 12363: 12355: 12351: 12344: 12336: 12329: 12321: 12317: 12313: 12309: 12302: 12294: 12287: 12279: 12275: 12268: 12261: 12255: 12247: 12243: 12237: 12229: 12225: 12219: 12211: 12205: 12201: 12200: 12192: 12184: 12180: 12176: 12172: 12165: 12157: 12151: 12147: 12146: 12138: 12132: 12128: 12122: 12114: 12110: 12106: 12102: 12098: 12094: 12087: 12080: 12074: 12065: 12058: 12052: 12044: 12040: 12036: 12032: 12028: 12024: 12017: 12009: 12005: 11998: 11991: 11990:0-00-716458-0 11987: 11983: 11977: 11970: 11965: 11957: 11951: 11947: 11946: 11938: 11929: 11922: 11916: 11907: 11899: 11893: 11889: 11888: 11880: 11872: 11866: 11862: 11861: 11853: 11846: 11840: 11831: 11823: 11819: 11818: 11810: 11802: 11795: 11787: 11785:0-394-50099-7 11781: 11777: 11770: 11762: 11758: 11752: 11744: 11738: 11734: 11733: 11725: 11717: 11710: 11701: 11691: 11682: 11666: 11662: 11656: 11646: 11642: 11638: 11634: 11629: 11625: 11621: 11617: 11613: 11608: 11607: 11604: 11596: 11592: 11588: 11584: 11580: 11576: 11569: 11553: 11549: 11543: 11537: 11533: 11527: 11511: 11505: 11499: 11497: 11488: 11482: 11466: 11462: 11456: 11449: 11443: 11436: 11430: 11423: 11417: 11409: 11407:0-13-389115-1 11403: 11400:. p. 1. 11399: 11395: 11388: 11386: 11378: 11372: 11365: 11359: 11352: 11346: 11339: 11333: 11326: 11321: 11315: 11311: 11307: 11306:New York City 11303: 11302: 11297: 11291: 11284: 11280: 11274: 11270: 11266: 11259: 11253:Davis p. 248. 11250: 11243: 11239: 11235: 11234: 11227: 11218: 11212: 11209: 11206: 11205: 11204:public domain 11193: 11187: 11179: 11173: 11169: 11163: 11162: 11156: 11155: 11147: 11140: 11134: 11127: 11121: 11114: 11109: 11107:0-394-74622-8 11103: 11099: 11092: 11085: 11079: 11072: 11066: 11060: 11059: 11053: 11049: 11046: 11042: 11036: 11029: 11028: 11022: 11020: 11015: 11014: 11008: 11002: 10995: 10989: 10982: 10976: 10969: 10963: 10948: 10942: 10934: 10932:0-8131-1854-9 10928: 10924: 10920: 10919: 10911: 10904: 10898: 10891: 10885: 10878: 10872: 10865: 10859: 10852: 10848: 10844: 10843: 10837: 10836: 10831: 10827: 10823: 10822:Robert E. Lee 10819: 10815: 10811: 10808: 10804: 10798: 10791: 10785: 10778: 10772: 10765: 10761: 10757: 10753: 10749: 10748:St. Augustine 10745: 10741: 10737: 10731: 10724: 10718: 10716: 10708: 10702: 10700: 10698: 10696: 10688: 10684: 10680: 10676: 10672: 10671:Fort Donelson 10669:was lost and 10668: 10664: 10658: 10651: 10649: 10643: 10637: 10630: 10626: 10622: 10616: 10609: 10603: 10596: 10590: 10581: 10580: 10573: 10566: 10560: 10553: 10548: 10540: 10535: 10528: 10527: 10522: 10516: 10509: 10505: 10500: 10491: 10484: 10478: 10471: 10465: 10458: 10452: 10445: 10439: 10432: 10426: 10419: 10413: 10406: 10400: 10393: 10387: 10380: 10374: 10367: 10361: 10354: 10348: 10341: 10340:Fort Donelson 10337: 10333: 10329: 10325: 10319: 10312: 10311:John S. Mosby 10308: 10304: 10300: 10296: 10292: 10288: 10282: 10276:, pp. 310–311 10275: 10269: 10262: 10256: 10247: 10241:Rubin p. 104. 10238: 10230: 10224: 10220: 10219: 10211: 10204: 10203: 10198: 10191: 10186: 10179: 10173: 10166: 10160: 10145: 10141: 10135: 10128: 10122: 10115: 10109: 10101: 10097: 10091: 10084: 10080: 10074: 10067: 10063: 10059: 10055: 10049: 10042: 10036: 10029: 10025: 10021: 10015: 10008: 10002: 9995: 9989: 9982: 9976: 9969: 9963: 9955: 9949: 9945: 9944: 9936: 9930:, pp. 342–343 9929: 9923: 9916: 9910: 9902: 9896: 9892: 9891: 9883: 9877: 9873: 9867: 9859: 9858: 9850: 9842: 9840: 9836: 9831: 9825: 9823: 9814: 9807: 9792: 9788: 9787: 9779: 9770: 9762: 9756: 9752: 9745: 9736: 9727: 9720: 9714: 9706: 9705: 9698: 9691: 9687: 9683: 9679: 9675: 9674: 9667: 9660: 9656: 9652: 9646: 9638: 9634: 9630: 9626: 9622: 9618: 9614: 9610: 9603: 9595: 9591: 9587: 9583: 9579: 9575: 9568: 9562:(2002), p. 48 9561: 9555: 9548: 9542: 9534: 9528: 9524: 9523: 9518: 9512: 9497: 9493: 9487: 9479: 9478: 9473: 9469: 9468: 9467:The Liberator 9463: 9459: 9458:Allen, Wm. G. 9453: 9445: 9441: 9440: 9432: 9424: 9418: 9414: 9410: 9406: 9402: 9396: 9387: 9380: 9374: 9364: 9356: 9355: 9347: 9339: 9333: 9329: 9328: 9320: 9313: 9307: 9300: 9294: 9287: 9281: 9274: 9268: 9261: 9255: 9245: 9238: 9231: 9224: 9218: 9211: 9207: 9201: 9193: 9192: 9184: 9175: 9168: 9164: 9161: 9155: 9149: 9145: 9141: 9135: 9127: 9120: 9114: 9107: 9101: 9094: 9088: 9081: 9077: 9074: 9069: 9062: 9056: 9049: 9043: 9036: 9032: 9029: 9023: 9016: 9012: 9009: 9003: 8996: 8992: 8989: 8983: 8976: 8972: 8968: 8965: 8959: 8953: 8947: 8940: 8936: 8933: 8927: 8920: 8916: 8913: 8907: 8900: 8896: 8893: 8887: 8880: 8876: 8873: 8867: 8860: 8856: 8853: 8847: 8840: 8836: 8833: 8827: 8811: 8806: 8802: 8799: 8793: 8786: 8780: 8774:Crofts p. 336 8771: 8762: 8754: 8748: 8744: 8743: 8735: 8727: 8721: 8717: 8716: 8708: 8701: 8697: 8694: 8688: 8677:September 30, 8672: 8668: 8662: 8655: 8649: 8642: 8637: 8629: 8628: 8623: 8616: 8614: 8604: 8596: 8589: 8582:. p. 61. 8581: 8574: 8558: 8552: 8541:September 30, 8537: 8531: 8523: 8517: 8513: 8512: 8504: 8495: 8486: 8477: 8470: 8464: 8456: 8450: 8446: 8445: 8437: 8428: 8426: 8424: 8422: 8414: 8408: 8402: 8398: 8395: 8391: 8386: 8379: 8373: 8366: 8360: 8344: 8340: 8334: 8330: 8329: 8321: 8314: 8302: 8298: 8294: 8290: 8286: 8282: 8278: 8274: 8270: 8266: 8259: 8252: 8246: 8238: 8234: 8230: 8226: 8222: 8218: 8217: 8212: 8205: 8197: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8179: 8175: 8171: 8164: 8153:September 13, 8148: 8144: 8137: 8129: 8123: 8119: 8118: 8110: 8103: 8097: 8081: 8080: 8072: 8056: 8049: 8034: 8030: 8023: 8004: 8000: 7993: 7987: 7979: 7972: 7964: 7957: 7955: 7946: 7939: 7931: 7924: 7917: 7912: 7906: 7902: 7901: 7893: 7886: 7881: 7875: 7871: 7867: 7860: 7844: 7843: 7838: 7832: 7830: 7821: 7815: 7811: 7806: 7805: 7796: 7788: 7782: 7778: 7777: 7769: 7761: 7757: 7753: 7751:1-57233-092-9 7747: 7743: 7742: 7734: 7732: 7724: 7713: 7709: 7702: 7700: 7691: 7687: 7681: 7674: 7668: 7658: 7650: 7642: 7640: 7624: 7620: 7614: 7598: 7594: 7588: 7580: 7576: 7570: 7568: 7566: 7561: 7548: 7544: 7538: 7531: 7527: 7523: 7517: 7508: 7504: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7448: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7408: 7401: 7397: 7393: 7391: 7387: 7381: 7379: 7378: 7373: 7369: 7359: 7356: 7350: 7348: 7347:Zebulon Vance 7344: 7339: 7337: 7327: 7321: 7316: 7312: 7306: 7301: 7300: 7299: 7297: 7296:Robert E. Lee 7293: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7255: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7241: 7237: 7230: 7225: 7223: 7218: 7214: 7213: 7204: 7199: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7180: 7177:By 1877, the 7175: 7173: 7169: 7165: 7161: 7156: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7131: 7124: 7113: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7094: 7093:Presbyterians 7090: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7074: 7070: 7066: 7061: 7059: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7023: 7019: 7015: 7010: 6996: 6992: 6989: 6986: 6983: 6980: 6977: 6973: 6970: 6966: 6963: 6960: 6957: 6954: 6951: 6947: 6944: 6941: 6938: 6935: 6932: 6929: 6925: 6922: 6919: 6916: 6913: 6910: 6907: 6903: 6900: 6897: 6894: 6891: 6888: 6885: 6881: 6878: 6875: 6872: 6869: 6866: 6863: 6859: 6856: 6852: 6849: 6846: 6843: 6840: 6837: 6833: 6830: 6827: 6824: 6821: 6818: 6815: 6811: 6808: 6805: 6802: 6799: 6796: 6793: 6789: 6786: 6783: 6780: 6777: 6774: 6771: 6767: 6764: 6761: 6758: 6755: 6752: 6749: 6745: 6742: 6738: 6735: 6732: 6729: 6726: 6723: 6719: 6716: 6712: 6709: 6706: 6703: 6700: 6697: 6693: 6690: 6686: 6683: 6680: 6677: 6674: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6645: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6621: 6617: 6616: 6611: 6602: 6594: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6575: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6561: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6547: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6533: 6530: 6526: 6522: 6519: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6505: 6502: 6498: 6484: 6476: 6473: 6470: 6467: 6464: 6461: 6458: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6439: 6436: 6433: 6430: 6427: 6424: 6421: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6407: 6404: 6401: 6398: 6395: 6392: 6389: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6375: 6372: 6369: 6366: 6363: 6360: 6357: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6343: 6340: 6337: 6334: 6331: 6328: 6325: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6311: 6308: 6305: 6302: 6299: 6296: 6293: 6290: 6286: 6282: 6279: 6276: 6273: 6270: 6267: 6264: 6261: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6247: 6244: 6241: 6238: 6235: 6232: 6229: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6215: 6212: 6209: 6206: 6203: 6200: 6197: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6183: 6180: 6177: 6174: 6171: 6168: 6165: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6151: 6148: 6145: 6142: 6139: 6136: 6133: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6119: 6116: 6113: 6110: 6107: 6104: 6101: 6098: 6094: 6059:slaveholders 6026: 6023: 6011: 6007: 5997: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5984:to semi-arid 5983: 5979: 5970: 5966: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5940: 5938: 5937:planter class 5934: 5926: 5921: 5917: 5915: 5910: 5908: 5902: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5891:West Virginia 5888: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5830: 5824: 5822: 5818: 5808: 5803: 5790: 5785: 5776: 5771: 5761: 5756: 5746: 5741: 5731: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5720: 5710: 5708: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5686: 5676: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5652: 5647: 5640: 5635: 5628: 5623: 5616: 5611: 5610: 5609: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5581: 5576: 5566: 5564: 5559: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5543: 5540: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5514: 5510: 5508: 5504: 5494: 5492: 5481: 5477: 5474: 5468: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5448: 5443: 5435: 5430: 5420: 5417: 5412: 5409: 5404: 5402: 5398: 5389: 5380: 5378: 5373: 5369: 5366: 5361: 5355: 5353: 5339: 5325: 5316: 5313: 5312:raw materials 5309: 5303: 5294: 5292: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5276: 5271: 5269: 5264: 5262: 5257: 5246: 5235: 5230: 5227: 5221: 5211: 5209: 5205: 5204: 5203:Blockade mail 5199: 5198: 5192: 5186: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5170: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5151:20 cent, 1863 5149: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5127: 5122: 5118: 5113: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5091: 5086: 5085: 5083: 5068: 5062: 5058: 5055: 5051: 5048: 5045: 5042: 5038: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5026: 5025: 5020: 5016: 5013: 5009: 5006: 5002: 4999: 4995: 4992: 4988: 4985: 4981: 4978: 4974: 4973: 4972: 4971: 4967: 4965: 4961: 4959: 4958:Supreme Court 4955: 4952: 4947: 4943: 4934: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4880: 4875: 4874: 4863: 4858: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4823: 4820: 4819: 4815: 4814: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4797: 4793: 4792: 4791: 4786: 4783: 4780: 4777: 4774: 4771: 4770: 4766: 4765: 4761: 4758: 4757: 4753: 4752: 4751: 4749: 4741: 4740: 4739: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4715: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4700: 4688: 4687: 4681: 4677: 4672: 4671:Robert Toombs 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4645: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4630: 4628: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4618: 4616: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4606: 4604: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4537: 4535: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4525: 4523: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4501: 4499: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4470: 4468: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4458: 4456: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4427: 4425: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4415: 4413: 4409: 4407: 4406:Robert Toombs 4404: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4349: 4346: 4345: 4341: 4331: 4329: 4325: 4324:U.S. Congress 4320: 4318: 4312: 4308: 4306: 4301: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4281: 4271: 4269: 4264: 4262: 4259:a "permanent 4256: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4223: 4221: 4217: 4211: 4208: 4207:confederation 4202: 4184: 4180: 4173: 4166: 4154: 4149: 4146: 4141: 4138: 4133: 4130: 4125: 4122: 4118: 4112: 4109: 4104: 4101: 4097: 4091: 4088: 4084: 4078: 4075: 4071: 4065: 4062: 4058: 4052: 4049: 4045: 4039: 4036: 4032: 4026: 4023: 4019: 4013: 4010: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3995: 3988: 3984: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3818: 3817: 3813: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3773: 3770: 3765: 3763: 3759: 3758: 3752: 3747: 3746: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3719: 3716: 3701: 3687: 3678: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3654: 3650: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3639: 3631: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3612: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3601:Morgan's Raid 3598: 3594: 3583: 3576: 3565: 3558: 3549: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3533: 3532:Anaconda Plan 3523: 3521: 3517: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3499:Braxton Bragg 3494: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3475: 3472: 3468: 3467: 3461: 3456: 3455: 3449: 3438: 3434: 3433: 3425: 3414: 3413:Hampton Roads 3410: 3403: 3394: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3378: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3345: 3334: 3327: 3318: 3309: 3305: 3303: 3299: 3298:Robert E. Lee 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3270: 3266: 3265: 3260: 3249: 3242: 3231: 3224: 3215: 3213: 3209: 3199: 3197: 3191: 3180: 3173: 3168: 3161: 3154: 3149: 3148: 3147: 3144: 3139: 3136: 3131: 3123: 3118: 3108: 3106: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3080: 3071: 3067: 3065: 3061: 3055: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3039: 3037: 3033: 3032:Leonidas Polk 3029: 3025: 3021: 3016: 3012: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2989: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2971: 2967: 2966:Robert E. Lee 2962: 2957: 2947: 2943: 2941: 2934: 2929: 2927: 2922: 2918: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2889: 2885: 2884:of Napoleon. 2883: 2877: 2875: 2870: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2834: 2831: 2830: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2811: 2808: 2803: 2796: 2792: 2791:that he had: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2777:Prussian Army 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2753: 2751: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2728: 2726: 2722: 2717: 2715: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2673: 2661: 2652: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2640:Martin Delany 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2603: 2601: 2597: 2595: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2569: 2567: 2561: 2552: 2550: 2545: 2539: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2527: 2523: 2522:Milledgeville 2518: 2516: 2512: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2484: 2477: 2467: 2460: 2446: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2407: 2403: 2398: 2393: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2382:34th parallel 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2321: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2302: 2300: 2299:West Virginia 2296: 2292: 2288: 2280: 2276: 2273: 2269: 2266: 2262: 2259: 2255: 2254: 2248: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2234: 2232: 2228: 2225: 2221: 2218: 2214: 2211: 2207: 2204: 2200: 2197: 2193: 2190: 2186: 2185: 2184: 2180: 2175: 2171: 2166: 2162: 2160: 2155: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2116: 2111: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2081: 2069: 2060: 2056: 2047: 2043: 2041: 2037: 2032: 2026: 2024: 2018: 2016: 2015:tariff policy 2012: 2007: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1976: 1973: 1964: 1957: 1953: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1939:border states 1935: 1931: 1928: 1924: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1899: 1897: 1890: 1886: 1881: 1872: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1848:nullification 1845: 1841: 1836: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1770: 1768: 1764: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1744:United States 1741: 1737: 1733: 1727: 1721: 1704: 1699: 1697: 1692: 1690: 1685: 1684: 1682: 1681: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1663: 1659: 1658: 1652: 1651: 1644: 1643: 1639: 1637: 1636: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1624: 1620: 1618: 1616: 1611: 1609: 1608: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1598: 1592: 1591: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1573: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1561: 1557: 1555: 1554: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1534: 1528: 1527: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1406: 1400: 1399: 1392: 1391:Panic of 1857 1389: 1387: 1384: 1383: 1377: 1376: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1354:. During the 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1332:Jim Crow laws 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1288: 1286: 1285:Robert E. Lee 1282: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1092: 1091:United States 1089: 1087:Today part of 1085: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1021: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1007: 999: 997: 994: 993: 985: 983: 980: 979: 971: 969: 966: 965: 957: 955: 952: 951: 943: 941: 938: 937: 929: 927: 924: 923: 915: 913: 910: 909: 901: 899: 898:West Virginia 896: 895: 892: 886: 883: 876: 875: 872: 869: 862: 861: 858: 853: 846: 845: 842: 839: 832: 831: 828: 825: 818: 817: 814: 811: 804: 803: 800: 797: 790: 789: 786: 783: 776: 775: 772: 769: 762: 761: 758: 755: 748: 747: 744: 741: 734: 733: 730: 725: 718: 717: 714: 713: 710: 707: 705: 702: 701: 697: 691: 688: 686: 683: 682: 680: 676: 672: 668: 662: 658: 652: 648: 643: 639: 635: 632: 626: 622: 619: 613: 610:April 9, 1865 609: 606: 600: 596: 592: 585: 581: 577: 570: 566: 563: 557: 553: 550: 547: 543: 539: 535: 532: 526: 523: 520: 517: 511: 508: 505: 501: 497: 494: 491: 485: 481: 477: 475: 471: 467: 464: 461: 455: 451: 447: 445: 441: 434: 431: 428: 425: 424:Confederation 422: 421: 419: 415: 412: 407: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 378: 377: 371: 367: 363: 358: 355: 351: 343: 340: 336: 333: 329: 326: 325: 323: 319: 316: 313: 309: 296: 293:West Virginia 292: 284: 276: 268: 267: 263: 258: 244: 240: 224: 207: 203: 199: 193: 192: 188: 184: 178: 168: 160: 144: 137: 129: 124: 117: 114: 106: 96: 92: 88: 84: 78: 74: 72: 67:This article 65: 56: 55: 52: 48: 41: 37: 33: 32:Confederation 19: 18207: 17964: 17856:(1823–1824) 17204:George Davis 17192:Thomas Bragg 16787: 16604:Bibliography 16587:Other topics 16529:By ethnicity 16497: 16450:Trent Affair 16349:Signal Corps 16206: 15929:White League 15816:Ku Klux Klan 15729:Confederados 15656:Constitution 15528:D. D. Porter 15381:Breckinridge 15092:Rhode Island 15087:Pennsylvania 14842:Spotsylvania 14802:Stones River 14782:2nd Bull Run 14732:1st Bull Run 14618:Stones River 14519:Marine Corps 14500: 14486:Marine Corps 14325:Abolitionism 14312: 14265: 14060: 14028: 13993: 13984: 13976: 13942: 13924: 13917: 13899: 13894: 13875: 13869: 13861: 13860:Eric Foner, 13856: 13848: 13843: 13835: 13834:Eric Foner, 13830: 13822: 13817: 13809: 13790: 13784: 13774: 13765: 13759: 13734: 13730: 13724: 13699: 13676:. Retrieved 13672: 13662: 13653: 13646: 13636: 13629: 13604: 13600: 13594: 13585: 13576: 13570: 13558:. Retrieved 13554: 13545: 13533:. Retrieved 13529: 13520: 13501: 13491: 13472: 13466: 13447: 13438: 13430: 13425: 13406: 13402: 13385: 13381: 13373: 13364: 13344: 13337: 13312: 13306: 13300: 13280: 13255: 13251: 13245: 13237: 13232: 13216: 13211: 13203: 13198: 13187: 13182: 13174: 13169: 13161: 13156: 13145: 13140: 13132: 13127: 13115: 13110: 13101: 13089:. Retrieved 13080: 13061: 13052: 13043: 13031:. Retrieved 13027: 13018: 13009: 12997:. Retrieved 12987: 12977:September 8, 12975:. Retrieved 12971:the original 12956: 12948: 12939: 12919: 12912: 12891: 12883: 12864: 12858: 12849: 12843: 12826: 12822: 12788: 12782: 12776: 12754:(2): 23–51. 12751: 12747: 12741: 12731: 12724: 12704: 12697: 12672: 12668: 12662: 12653: 12647: 12635:. Retrieved 12630:the original 12622: 12586: 12562: 12549: 12530: 12524: 12500: 12493: 12484: 12478: 12469: 12463: 12429:(1): 35–62. 12426: 12422: 12416: 12399: 12395: 12389: 12375:(1): 49–83. 12372: 12368: 12362: 12353: 12349: 12343: 12334: 12328: 12311: 12307: 12301: 12292: 12286: 12277: 12273: 12267: 12259: 12254: 12245: 12236: 12227: 12218: 12198: 12191: 12174: 12170: 12164: 12144: 12137: 12126: 12121: 12099:(1): 79–97. 12096: 12092: 12086: 12078: 12073: 12064: 12056: 12051: 12026: 12022: 12016: 12007: 12003: 11997: 11981: 11976: 11964: 11944: 11937: 11928: 11920: 11915: 11906: 11886: 11879: 11859: 11852: 11844: 11839: 11830: 11821: 11815: 11809: 11800: 11794: 11775: 11769: 11760: 11751: 11731: 11724: 11715: 11709: 11700: 11690: 11681: 11671:November 17, 11669:. Retrieved 11665:the original 11655: 11636: 11632: 11615: 11611: 11603: 11581:(1): 66–74. 11578: 11574: 11568: 11556:. Retrieved 11552:the original 11542: 11531: 11526: 11514:. Retrieved 11504: 11481: 11469:. Retrieved 11465:the original 11455: 11447: 11442: 11434: 11429: 11421: 11416: 11393: 11379:, pp. 25, 27 11376: 11371: 11366:, pp. 23–26. 11363: 11358: 11350: 11345: 11337: 11332: 11323: 11300: 11290: 11282: 11264: 11258: 11249: 11232: 11226: 11217: 11210: 11201: 11191: 11186: 11167: 11160: 11153: 11146: 11138: 11133: 11125: 11120: 11113:disinterest. 11111: 11097: 11091: 11083: 11078: 11070: 11065: 11057: 11040: 11035: 11026: 11017: 11012: 11006: 11001: 10993: 10988: 10980: 10975: 10967: 10962: 10950:. Retrieved 10941: 10917: 10910: 10902: 10897: 10884: 10876: 10871: 10863: 10858: 10846: 10841: 10834: 10817: 10802: 10797: 10789: 10784: 10776: 10771: 10763: 10735: 10730: 10722: 10706: 10662: 10657: 10647: 10641: 10636: 10620: 10615: 10607: 10602: 10594: 10589: 10578: 10572: 10564: 10559: 10547: 10537: 10525: 10515: 10507: 10499: 10490: 10482: 10477: 10469: 10464: 10456: 10451: 10443: 10438: 10430: 10425: 10417: 10412: 10404: 10399: 10391: 10386: 10378: 10373: 10365: 10360: 10352: 10347: 10323: 10318: 10307:Turner Ashby 10286: 10281: 10273: 10268: 10260: 10255: 10246: 10237: 10217: 10210: 10200: 10185: 10177: 10172: 10164: 10159: 10147:. Retrieved 10143: 10134: 10126: 10121: 10113: 10108: 10095: 10090: 10078: 10073: 10053: 10048: 10040: 10035: 10019: 10014: 10006: 10001: 9993: 9988: 9980: 9975: 9967: 9962: 9942: 9935: 9927: 9922: 9914: 9909: 9889: 9882: 9871: 9866: 9856: 9849: 9833: 9812: 9806: 9794:. Retrieved 9785: 9778: 9769: 9750: 9744: 9735: 9726: 9718: 9713: 9703: 9697: 9672: 9666: 9654: 9650: 9645: 9612: 9608: 9602: 9577: 9573: 9567: 9559: 9554: 9546: 9541: 9521: 9511: 9499:. Retrieved 9495: 9486: 9475: 9465: 9452: 9438: 9431: 9404: 9395: 9386: 9378: 9373: 9368:populations. 9363: 9353: 9346: 9326: 9319: 9311: 9306: 9298: 9293: 9285: 9280: 9272: 9267: 9259: 9254: 9244: 9236: 9230: 9222: 9217: 9209: 9204:Troy Smith. 9200: 9190: 9183: 9174: 9154: 9139: 9134: 9113: 9105: 9100: 9092: 9087: 9068: 9060: 9055: 9047: 9042: 9026:The text of 9022: 9006:The text of 9002: 8986:The text of 8982: 8962:The text of 8958: 8950:The text of 8946: 8930:The text of 8926: 8910:The text of 8906: 8890:The text of 8886: 8870:The text of 8866: 8850:The text of 8846: 8830:The text of 8826: 8814:. Retrieved 8796:The text of 8792: 8787:(1802–1869). 8779: 8770: 8761: 8741: 8734: 8714: 8707: 8687: 8675:. Retrieved 8671:the original 8661: 8653: 8648: 8640: 8636: 8625: 8603: 8594: 8588: 8579: 8573: 8561:. Retrieved 8551: 8539:. Retrieved 8530: 8510: 8503: 8494: 8485: 8476: 8468: 8463: 8443: 8436: 8415:, pp. 44–45. 8412: 8407: 8385: 8377: 8372: 8364: 8359: 8347:. Retrieved 8327: 8320: 8312: 8305:. Retrieved 8275:(2): 35–44. 8272: 8268: 8258: 8250: 8245: 8220: 8214: 8204: 8177: 8173: 8163: 8151:. Retrieved 8147:academia.edu 8146: 8136: 8116: 8109: 8096: 8086:February 10, 8084:. Retrieved 8078: 8071: 8059:. Retrieved 8048: 8036:. Retrieved 8032: 8022: 8010:. Retrieved 7999:civilwar.org 7998: 7986: 7977: 7971: 7962: 7944: 7938: 7929: 7923: 7914: 7899: 7892: 7883: 7869: 7859: 7847:. Retrieved 7840: 7803: 7795: 7775: 7768: 7740: 7722: 7715:. Retrieved 7711: 7690:the original 7680: 7672: 7667: 7657: 7647: 7626:. Retrieved 7622: 7613: 7601:. Retrieved 7596: 7587: 7579:the original 7543:Union Square 7537: 7516: 7507: 7445: 7398: 7394: 7382: 7375: 7365: 7351: 7340: 7335: 7332: 7283: 7275:Joseph Brown 7267: 7253: 7239: 7235: 7233: 7228: 7210: 7208: 7202: 7196:World War II 7176: 7157: 7139: 7135: 7133:government. 7126: 7101: 7062: 7046:Black church 7027: 6841:, Tennessee 6775:, Tennessee 6675:, Louisiana 6640: 6625: 6613: 6600: 6584: 6528:Male slaves 6500:White males 6492:15–59 years 6448: 6256:Mississippi 6082:as % of 6057:Total number 6021: 6000:Demographics 5975: 5951: 5930: 5911: 5903: 5881:and Senator 5864: 5837: 5833: 5825: 5813: 5703: 5673: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5606: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5586: 5560: 5544: 5539:issuing debt 5535: 5500: 5487: 5478: 5472: 5469: 5456: 5452: 5413: 5408:naval stores 5405: 5394: 5374: 5370: 5356: 5349: 5304: 5300: 5279: 5272: 5265: 5253: 5232: 5223: 5201: 5195: 5187: 5171: 5155: 5135:2 cent, 1862 5066: 5010:Mississippi 4984:Daniel Ringo 4963: 4962: 4957: 4956: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4861: 4810:2nd Congress 4805:1st Congress 4745: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4711: 4684: 4633:George Davis 4609:Thomas Bragg 4528:James Seddon 4321: 4313: 4309: 4302: 4298: 4283: 4265: 4257: 4224: 4212: 4204: 4195:Constitution 3796: 3766: 3756: 3744: 3720: 3711: 3660: 3651: 3637: 3632: 3613: 3590: 3542:Murfreesboro 3535: 3507:Allan Nevins 3495: 3476: 3465: 3453: 3445: 3431: 3408: 3379: 3355: 3315: 3306: 3274: 3262: 3256: 3205: 3192: 3188: 3140: 3132: 3128: 3111:Conscription 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3068: 3060:conscription 3056: 3040: 3017: 3013: 2990: 2986:Marine Corps 2975: 2950:Armed forces 2944: 2936: 2931: 2923: 2919: 2894: 2878: 2866: 2856: 2851: 2827: 2812: 2798: 2794: 2788: 2784: 2756: 2754: 2745:Pope Pius IX 2733:belligerents 2729: 2718: 2690:Napoleon III 2683: 2604: 2593: 2588: 2585:John Slidell 2570: 2562: 2558: 2540: 2530: 2519: 2509: 2410: 2394: 2360:Citizens at 2359: 2303: 2284: 2226:(January 26) 2219:(January 19) 2212:(January 11) 2205:(January 10) 2182: 2177: 2173: 2168: 2163: 2156: 2120: 2108: 2057: 2053: 2044: 2028: 2020: 2008: 1977: 1969: 1919: 1900: 1893: 1856:expansionism 1844:abolitionism 1837: 1802: 1771: 1729: 1660: 1640: 1633: 1621: 1614: 1605: 1570: 1558: 1551: 1289: 1235: 1192: 1124:unrecognized 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1097: 709:Succeeded by 708: 703: 655:• 1860 433:presidential 374: 353:Largest city 238: 208:(unofficial) 201: 189: 187:Motto: 186: 155:Bottom: Flag 113: 100: 68: 51: 18175:Puerto Rico 18062:(1894–1898) 18056:(1893–1894) 18050:(1863–1865) 18006:Mississippi 17969:1861–1865; 17961:(1850–1856) 17949:(1849–1850) 17937:(1841–1848) 17925:(1836–1846) 17919:(1834–1907) 17913:(1832–1835) 17901:(1826–1827) 17893:, 1836–1846 17887:, 1824–1835 17881:, 1824–1830 17875:, 1821–1846 17869:, 1821–1836 17863:, 1821–1824 17859:1835–1846; 17838:(1812–1813) 17820:(1799–1803) 17814:(1795–1893) 17802:(1784–1788) 17796:(1777–1791) 17790:(1776–1783) 17784:(1775–1776) 17778:(1772–1777) 17770:, 1804–1821 17764:, 1769–1801 17762:La Luisiana 17758:, 1783–1821 17752:, 1783–1821 17746:, 1776–1821 17740:, 1690–1821 17734:, 1598–1821 17728:, 1565–1821 17726:New Navarre 17000:(1861–1865) 16830:Mississippi 16790:(1861–1865) 16410:Copperheads 16122:Confederate 16014:Black Codes 15340:E. K. Smith 15221:Confederate 15168:New Orleans 15163:Chattanooga 15027:Mississippi 14927:Connecticut 14895:territories 14886:Involvement 14847:Cold Harbor 14837:Fort Pillow 14827:Chattanooga 14822:Chickamauga 14772:Seven Pines 14762:New Orleans 14727:Fort Sumter 14668:Valley 1864 14501:Confederacy 14298:Slave Power 14278:Fire-Eaters 14063:, May, 1922 13987:, 1862–1866 13258:(1): 3–21. 12356:(3): 36–41. 12314:(1): 3–17. 11558:January 29, 11450:, pp. 90–91 11424:, pp. 72–73 11043:, in 1862, 10756:New Orleans 10687:Fort Pillow 10066:New Orleans 9239:(1994) p. 8 8349:October 25, 8061:February 5, 8033:Opinionator 7192:Solid South 7130:Amnesty Act 6889:, Virginia 6867:, Virginia 6819:, Virginia 6727:, Virginia 6673:New Orleans 6632:New Orleans 6628:county seat 6489:0–14 years 6084:population 6054:population 6047:households 6033:population 5794:Battle Flag 5698:Mississippi 5524:flanked by 5459:track gauge 5401:King Cotton 5280:Though the 5076:Post office 5032:1861–1864, 4951:front lines 4693:Legislative 4238:prohibited 4061:Mississippi 3894:Mississippi 3671:Fort Fisher 3616:Chattanooga 3597:Port Hudson 3230:Fort Sumter 3044:The Citadel 3005:Fort Sumter 2829:Confederado 2566:laws of war 2324:Territories 2196:Mississippi 1996:Lower South 1923:Fort Sumter 1915:New Orleans 1242:Upper South 1219:Southerners 1152:Mississippi 1136:U.S. states 1024:Mississippi 743:Mississippi 704:Preceded by 636:May 5, 1865 531:Lower house 516:Upper house 503:Legislature 408:Confederate 362:May 1, 1862 357:New Orleans 191:Deo vindice 176:(1863–1865) 152:(1861–1863) 103:August 2024 91:subheadings 18314:Categories 18145:California 17478:W. Johnson 17330:R. Johnson 17318:H. Johnson 16911:government 16899:government 16865:government 16643:Juneteenth 16164:Cemeteries 16041:Red Shirts 15952:Centennial 15902:Red Shirts 15310:Longstreet 15240:Beauregard 15183:Winchester 15158:Charleston 15127:Washington 15062:New Mexico 15057:New Jersey 14917:California 14893:States and 14877:Five Forks 14862:Mobile Bay 14832:Wilderness 14812:Gettysburg 14792:Perryville 14777:Seven Days 14708:Appomattox 14633:Gettysburg 14593:New Mexico 14460:Combatants 14435:Combatants 14348:John Brown 13091:August 29, 12999:August 29, 11824:(1): 7–40. 11516:August 29, 11471:August 29, 11161:Shenandoah 10667:Fort Henry 10332:Fort Henry 10062:Charleston 10058:Wilmington 9657:, (1991), 9262:, pp. 7–8. 8816:August 29, 8394:HNN online 8012:August 27, 7556:References 7282:argued in 7268:Historian 7168:Fourteenth 7151:camp near 7145:commandant 7141:Henry Wirz 7110:See also: 7042:Methodists 7030:Protestant 7022:Montgomery 7007:See also: 6979:Wilmington 6955:, Georgia 6933:, Georgia 6911:, Georgia 6887:Alexandria 6817:Petersburg 6797:, Georgia 6753:, Alabama 6699:Charleston 6462:5,582,222 6459:1,027,967 6456:3,521,110 6453:9,103,332 6428:1,105,453 6419:1,596,318 6355:1,109,801 6352:Tennessee 6224:Louisiana 6195:1,057,286 6064:population 6015:Population 5933:Union Army 5871:Appalachia 5821:Union flag 5464:locomotive 5377:work ethic 5365:free labor 5352:black belt 5308:turpentine 5273:Lincoln's 5261:Bell Wiley 5226:Mark Neely 5183:City Point 5039:Tennessee 5003:Louisiana 3767:Historian 3757:Shenandoah 3643:Mobile Bay 3628:Petersburg 3609:Gettysburg 3333:Sharpsburg 3212:Charleston 3036:West Point 2926:land mines 2688:, Emperor 2287:Convention 2249:(April 15) 1816:Deep South 1763:Lost Cause 1724:See also: 1352:Dixiecrats 1126:breakaway 645:Population 417:Government 404:Demonym(s) 87:condensing 18026:Tennessee 18001:Louisiana 17702:sovereign 17206:(1864–65) 17200:(1862–63) 17194:(1861–62) 17169:(1861–65) 17150:(1861–65) 17125:(1862–65) 17113:(1861–62) 17082:(1864–65) 17076:(1861–64) 17057:(1862–65) 17051:(1861–62) 17017:(1861–65) 16995:President 16923:Territory 16845:Tennessee 16825:Louisiana 16621:Espionage 16415:Diplomacy 16383:Political 16339:POW camps 16085:Monuments 15912:Scalawags 15907:Redeemers 15645:Aftermath 15594:Pinkerton 15533:Rosecrans 15498:McClellan 15401:Memminger 15137:Wisconsin 15102:Tennessee 15022:Minnesota 14997:Louisiana 14872:Nashville 14817:Vicksburg 14747:Pea Ridge 14698:Carolinas 14653:Red River 14648:Knoxville 14628:Tullahoma 14623:Vicksburg 14603:Peninsula 14575:campaigns 14441:Campaigns 14218:Secession 13898:Coulter, 13808:Coulter, 13751:143584568 13650:See also 12768:159561246 12689:143199643 12443:144929048 12258:Coulter, 11923:pp. 15–16 11375:Coulter, 11362:Coulter, 11349:Coulter, 11336:Coulter, 11154:Stonewall 11137:Coulter, 11124:Coulter, 11069:Coulter, 11039:Coulter, 11027:Kearsarge 11025:USS 11005:Coulter, 10992:Coulter, 10979:Coulter, 10966:Coulter, 10875:Coulter, 10862:Coulter, 10801:Coulter, 10788:Coulter, 10775:Coulter, 10752:New Berne 10744:Fernandia 10734:Coulter, 10675:Nashville 10610:, p. 353. 10606:Coulter, 10563:Coulter, 10481:Coulter, 10468:Coulter, 10459:, p. 324. 10455:Coulter, 10442:Coulter, 10429:Coulter, 10416:Coulter, 10403:Coulter, 10390:Coulter, 10377:Coulter, 10364:Coulter, 10351:Coulter, 10322:Coulter, 10285:Coulter, 10272:Coulter, 10259:Coulter, 10112:Coulter, 10094:Coulter, 10077:Coulter, 10052:Coulter, 10039:Coulter, 10018:Coulter, 10005:Coulter, 9992:Coulter, 9979:Coulter, 9966:Coulter, 9926:Coulter, 9796:March 18, 9637:154654909 9501:April 21, 9314:, p. 102. 9310:Coulter, 9284:Coulter, 9271:Coulter, 8563:April 19, 8289:0882-228X 8237:0021-8723 8196:1742-058X 7760:745911382 7619:"History" 7528:, or the 7172:Fifteenth 6839:Nashville 6416:Virginia 6128:Arkansas 6071:% of Free 6062:% of Free 6045:number of 6038:number of 5988:and arid 5943:Geography 5690:tombstone 5397:sugarcane 5310:). These 5063:1861–1865 5056:1861–1865 5043:1861–1865 5021:1861–1865 5019:Asa Biggs 5014:1861–1865 5007:1861–1865 4993:1861–1862 4986:1861–1865 4982:Arkansas 4979:1861–1865 4966:– judges 4917:Asa Biggs 4855:1863–65, 4848:Chickasaw 4846:1864–65, 4824:1862–65, 4363:President 4274:Executive 4179:territory 4129:Tennessee 4035:Louisiana 3936:Tennessee 3881:Louisiana 3762:Liverpool 3745:Stonewall 3638:Albemarle 3593:Vicksburg 3538:Tennessee 3437:Cherbourg 3290:Oak Hills 3009:U.S. Army 2555:Diplomacy 2406:Chickasaw 2272:Tennessee 2239:, March 4 2224:Louisiana 2148:Cassville 2040:John Bell 1988:Tennessee 1911:Dahlonega 1907:Charlotte 1875:Secession 1860:economics 1852:secession 1812:secession 1790:abolition 1403:Political 1340:textbooks 1281:adjourned 1254:Tennessee 1184:Tennessee 1168:Louisiana 1140:secession 1122:, was an 1120:the South 968:Louisiana 912:Tennessee 871:Tennessee 799:Louisiana 669:3,521,110 659:9,103,332 444:President 388:Louisiana 373:English ( 291:Separated 149:Top: Flag 126:1861–1865 95:talk page 83:splitting 81:Consider 18170:Sequoyah 18150:Cascadia 18079:Category 18036:Virginia 18011:Missouri 17996:Kentucky 17981:Arkansas 17646:Category 17446:Caperton 17426:Barnwell 16906:Missouri 16894:Kentucky 16855:Virginia 16810:Arkansas 16735:Category 16576:Seminole 16566:Cherokee 16319:Medicine 16272:Military 16185:Veterans 16019:Jim Crow 15784:timeline 15579:Ericsson 15562:Civilian 15543:Sheridan 15503:McDowell 15463:Farragut 15448:Burnside 15438:Anderson 15431:Military 15411:Stephens 15371:Benjamin 15364:Civilian 15250:Buchanan 15228:Military 15173:Richmond 15122:Virginia 15067:New York 15042:Nebraska 15032:Missouri 15017:Michigan 15007:Maryland 14992:Kentucky 14967:Illinois 14942:Delaware 14922:Colorado 14907:Arkansas 14867:Franklin 14787:Antietam 14658:Overland 14613:Maryland 14532:Theaters 14438:Theaters 14014:Archived 14003:Archived 13931:, 2001, 13851:, p. xii 13678:March 8, 13560:June 18, 13415:25723552 13394:25723506 13289:Archived 13069:Archived 12963:Nofi, Al 12835:30237490 12805:27648821 12637:July 21, 12595:Archived 12574:Archived 12381:40584640 12113:11639801 11645:30237275 11624:30234666 11446:Martis, 11433:Martis, 11420:Martis, 11298:(1997). 11141:, p. 287 11073:, p. 305 11058:Savannah 11048:Archived 10983:, p. 356 10970:, p. 357 10818:Virginia 10810:Archived 10721:Martis, 10709:, p. 28. 10705:Martis, 10661:Martis, 10523:(1870). 10381:, p. 313 10116:, p. 321 9996:, p. 346 9983:, p. 343 9690:Hamilton 9519:(2008). 9403:(1998). 9297:Martis, 9275:, p. 100 9258:Martis, 9163:Archived 9142:, 2008. 9076:Archived 9031:Archived 9011:Archived 8991:Archived 8967:Archived 8935:Archived 8915:Archived 8895:Archived 8875:Archived 8855:Archived 8835:Archived 8807:. Also, 8801:Archived 8696:Archived 8397:Archived 8343:Archived 8307:April 7, 8301:Archived 8297:23210244 8003:Archived 7849:June 25, 7717:June 28, 7628:July 12, 7603:July 12, 7526:Kentucky 7522:Missouri 7404:See also 7336:Standard 7079:and the 7038:Baptists 7003:Religion 6931:Columbus 6795:Savannah 6725:Richmond 6678:168,675 6477:132,760 6465:316,632 6425:201,523 6422:490,865 6396:421,649 6390:182,566 6387:604,215 6364:834,082 6361:149,335 6358:275,719 6332:301,302 6326:402,406 6323:703,708 6300:661,563 6297:125,090 6294:331,059 6291:992,622 6268:354,674 6262:436,631 6259:791,305 6236:376,276 6230:331,726 6227:708,002 6204:595,088 6201:109,919 6198:462,198 6192:Georgia 6163:140,424 6160:Florida 6140:324,335 6134:111,115 6131:435,450 6108:529,121 6102:435,080 6099:964,201 6096:Alabama 6091:colored 6073:families 5899:Freedmen 5873:and the 5707:old maid 5518:CSA note 5491:glanders 5473:de facto 5114:, 5 cent 4996:Georgia 4989:Florida 4975:Alabama 4871:Judicial 4839:Seminole 4826:Cherokee 4145:Kentucky 4137:Missouri 4108:Arkansas 4100:Virginia 3962:Virginia 3902:Missouri 3868:Kentucky 3834:Arkansas 3731:Richmond 3727:was lost 3454:Virginia 3409:Virginia 2964:General 2905:Maryland 2757:de facto 2741:Holy See 2721:Erlanger 2449:Capitals 2434:Seminole 2426:Cherokee 2355:Oklahoma 2314:Maryland 2310:Delaware 2291:Wheeling 2281:(May 20) 2265:Arkansas 2258:Virginia 2123:Missouri 2110:Kentucky 2004:Kentucky 2000:Missouri 1984:Arkansas 1980:Virginia 1975:states. 1956:Oklahoma 1947:Missouri 1943:Kentucky 1806:won the 1774:Congress 1655:Military 1595:Judicial 1429:Gag rule 1380:Economic 1320:reaction 1310:and the 1250:Arkansas 1246:Virginia 1199:election 1180:Arkansas 1176:Virginia 1128:republic 1010:Virginia 926:Arkansas 841:Arkansas 827:Virginia 678:Currency 507:Congress 411:Southern 376:de facto 71:too long 18278:Portals 18201:History 18165:Lakotah 17991:Georgia 17986:Florida 17976:Arizona 17971:Alabama 17700:Former 17658:Commons 17617:Sparrow 17593:Mitchel 17585:Jemison 17563:(Tenn.) 17553:Garland 17545:Burnett 17537:Class 3 17522:Wigfall 17502:Preston 17486:Maxwell 17440:(Miss.) 17418:Class 2 17400:(Miss.) 17254:Class 1 16991:Cabinet 16820:Georgia 16815:Florida 16805:Alabama 16702:Related 16571:Choctaw 16561:Catawba 16344:Rations 16289:Cavalry 16151:Removal 15779:efforts 15763:of 1873 15609:Stevens 15604:Stanton 15589:Lincoln 15548:Sherman 15483:Halleck 15473:Frémont 15458:Du Pont 15396:Mallory 15355:Wheeler 15290:Jackson 15270:Forrest 15210:Leaders 15153:Atlanta 15117:Vermont 15037:Montana 14977:Indiana 14952:Georgia 14947:Florida 14912:Arizona 14902:Alabama 14852:Atlanta 14767:Corinth 14719:battles 14663:Atlanta 14643:Bristoe 14544:Western 14539:Eastern 14444:Battles 14243:Slavery 14147:Origins 14133:Origins 14070:at the 14020:at the 13945:(1994) 13910:Sources 13847:Foner, 13708:, 259. 13621:1895910 13535:June 4, 13329:1838262 13272:1891664 13225:4230621 13206:(2013). 13118:(1998) 12506:139–152 12408:4248710 12320:3739261 12280:: 8–15. 12105:3744026 12043:1836241 11919:Thomas 11595:1832885 11013:Alabama 10923:134–135 10847:Atlanta 10842:Atlanta 10024:Memphis 9876:excerpt 9629:2120650 9594:2205869 9301:, p. 2. 9225:(1996). 8038:May 19, 7217:a state 7065:slavery 6953:Atlanta 6914:12,493 6909:Augusta 6892:12,652 6870:14,620 6865:Norfolk 6844:16,988 6822:18,266 6800:22,619 6778:22,623 6773:Memphis 6756:29,258 6730:37,910 6704:40,522 6443:58,042 6431:52,128 6399:21,878 6393:76,781 6367:36,844 6335:26,701 6329:58,642 6315:30,463 6303:34,658 6271:30,943 6265:63,015 6251:18,647 6239:22,033 6233:74,725 6207:41,084 6172:78,679 6169:15,090 6166:61,745 6143:11,481 6137:57,244 6111:33,730 6105:96,603 6077:slaves 6068:slaves 6040:slaves 5990:deserts 5986:steppes 5782:1863–65 5694:Natchez 5256:Patrols 5239:Economy 4857:Choctaw 4637:1864–65 4625:1862–63 4613:1861–62 4582:1861–65 4563:1861–65 4532:1862–65 4508:1861–62 4465:1864–65 4453:1861–64 4434:1862–65 4422:1861–62 4391:1861–65 4372:1861–65 4244:impeach 4087:Florida 4022:Georgia 4009:Alabama 3860:Georgia 3847:Florida 3826:Alabama 3466:Atlanta 3432:Alabama 3269:Pickens 2775:of the 2769:Hussars 2402:Choctaw 2362:Mesilla 2267:(May 6) 2217:Georgia 2210:Alabama 2203:Florida 2023:slavery 1850:versus 1714:Origins 1615:Amistad 1164:Georgia 1160:Alabama 1156:Florida 1130:in the 1052:Georgia 954:Alabama 940:Florida 785:Georgia 771:Alabama 757:Florida 629:• 616:• 603:• 588:• 573:• 560:• 529:• 514:• 430:Federal 360:(until 321:Capital 202:Anthem: 69:may be 18160:Hawaii 18135:Alaska 17955:(1850) 17943:(1846) 17931:(1840) 17907:(1827) 17850:(1819) 17844:(1817) 17832:(1812) 17826:(1810) 17808:(1794) 17627:(Ala.) 17625:Yancey 17611:(S.C.) 17603:(Tex.) 17601:Oldham 17595:(Ark.) 17587:(Ala.) 17577:Hunter 17561:Haynes 17555:(Ark.) 17510:Semmes 17494:Peyton 17488:(Fla.) 17460:(N.C.) 17458:Dortch 17398:Watson 17392:(Ala.) 17390:Walker 17364:(N.C.) 17350:Phelan 17312:(N.C.) 17310:Graham 17188:(1861) 17131:(1865) 17119:(1862) 17107:(1861) 17088:(1865) 17045:(1861) 16797:States 16745:Portal 16683:Tokens 15619:Welles 15599:Seward 15584:Hamlin 15553:Thomas 15488:Hooker 15453:Butler 15406:Seddon 15391:Hunter 15376:Bocock 15350:Taylor 15345:Stuart 15335:Semmes 15315:Morgan 15275:Gorgas 15255:Cooper 15146:Cities 15082:Oregon 15047:Nevada 14987:Kansas 14957:Hawaii 14857:Crater 14757:Shiloh 14717:Major 14703:Mobile 14573:Major 14447:States 14398:Caning 13980:, 1861 13949: 13935: 13882: 13749: 13712: 13619: 13508: 13479: 13454: 13413: 13392: 13352: 13327: 13270: 13223: 13192:online 13150:online 13033:May 3, 12927: 12900: 12871: 12833: 12803: 12766: 12712: 12687: 12537: 12512: 12441: 12406: 12379: 12318: 12206: 12152: 12131:online 12111: 12103: 12041: 12004:Trains 11988: 11952: 11894: 11867: 11847:(2015) 11782: 11739: 11643: 11622: 11593: 11536:online 11437:, p. 3 11404: 11316: 11275: 11240: 11200: 11174: 11104: 11086:(1964) 10952:May 3, 10929: 10835:Fingal 10627: 10510:(1942) 10225: 10149:May 3, 10129:(1924) 9950: 9917:(1998) 9897: 9757: 9680: 9635: 9627: 9592: 9529: 9419: 9334: 9146: 8749: 8722: 8518: 8451: 8380:(2000) 8367:(1981) 8335: 8295: 8287: 8235: 8194: 8124: 7907: 7876: 7816: 7783: 7758: 7748: 7205:(1869) 7190:. The 7143:, the 6984:9,553 6958:9,554 6936:9,621 6751:Mobile 6664:Notes 6622:, 1871 6384:Texas 6379:7,300 6347:9,914 6219:3,500 6175:5,152 6123:2,690 6080:Slaves 6075:owning 6066:owning 6028:State 5982:swamps 5875:Ozarks 5829:canton 5416:tariff 5360:slaves 5250:Slaves 5119:, 1861 5067: 4862: 4669:, and 4347:Office 4250:and a 2972:(1865) 2837:At war 2815:Brazil 2771:, and 2646:, and 2596:Affair 2589:Trent, 2577:France 2440:. The 2366:Tucson 2336:, and 2140:Neosho 2050:States 1782:Senate 1617:affair 1531:Social 1342:. The 1256:, and 1186:, and 522:Senate 478: 448: 384:French 311:Status 299: 289: 287: 279: 271: 241: 239:March: 204: 158:(1865) 18185:White 18180:Texas 18140:Black 18031:Texas 17738:Tejas 17619:(La.) 17579:(Va.) 17571:(Ga.) 17547:(Ky.) 17504:(Va.) 17496:(Mo.) 17480:(Mo.) 17470:Tenn. 17466:Henry 17438:Brown 17384:(Mo.) 17370:Simms 17362:Reade 17354:Miss. 17344:(Ga.) 17342:Lewis 17298:Davis 17274:Clark 17262:Baker 16945:Union 16850:Texas 16488:Dixie 16475:Music 16094:Union 15938:Post- 15774:trial 15574:Chase 15569:Adams 15538:Scott 15513:Meigs 15508:Meade 15478:Grant 15468:Foote 15443:Buell 15424:Union 15386:Davis 15330:Price 15320:Mosby 15265:Ewell 15260:Early 15245:Bragg 15107:Texas 15002:Maine 14962:Idaho 14468:Union 13747:S2CID 13617:JSTOR 13411:JSTOR 13390:JSTOR 13325:JSTOR 13268:JSTOR 13221:JSTOR 12831:JSTOR 12801:JSTOR 12764:S2CID 12685:S2CID 12439:S2CID 12404:JSTOR 12377:JSTOR 12316:JSTOR 12101:JSTOR 12039:JSTOR 11641:JSTOR 11620:JSTOR 11591:JSTOR 10530:(PDF) 9686:p. 86 9659:p. 86 9633:S2CID 9625:JSTOR 9590:JSTOR 8293:JSTOR 8006:(PDF) 7995:(PDF) 7500:Notes 7390:Adams 7240:White 6990:1865 6964:1864 6942:1865 6920:1865 6898:1861 6876:1862 6850:1862 6828:1865 6806:1864 6784:1862 6762:1865 6736:1865 6710:1865 6684:1862 6650:City 6449:Total 6087:Total 6050:Total 6043:Total 6036:Total 6031:Total 5923:Col. 5810:Jack. 5805:This 4835:Creek 4048:Texas 3949:Texas 3177:Gen. 3158:Gen. 2594:Trent 2438:Creek 2231:Texas 2095:as a 1756:North 1752:agree 1748:Union 1746:(the 1231:Union 1193:With 1172:Texas 1118:, or 1038:Texas 813:Texas 223:Dixie 17569:Hill 17526:Tex. 17430:S.C. 17382:Vest 17334:Ark. 17302:N.C. 17290:Ala. 17286:Clay 17266:Fla. 16673:Salt 16279:Arms 16129:List 16101:List 15614:Wade 15523:Pope 15493:Hunt 15325:Polk 15285:Hood 15280:Hill 15112:Utah 15077:Ohio 14982:Iowa 14514:Navy 14509:Army 14481:Navy 14476:Army 14041:The 13947:ISBN 13933:ISBN 13880:ISBN 13710:ISBN 13680:2022 13562:2024 13537:2024 13506:ISBN 13477:ISBN 13452:ISBN 13350:ISBN 13093:2010 13035:2023 13001:2010 12979:2008 12925:ISBN 12898:ISBN 12869:ISBN 12710:ISBN 12639:2022 12535:ISBN 12510:ISBN 12246:PCGS 12204:ISBN 12150:ISBN 12109:PMID 11986:ISBN 11950:ISBN 11892:ISBN 11865:ISBN 11780:ISBN 11737:ISBN 11673:2010 11560:2011 11518:2010 11473:2010 11402:ISBN 11314:ISBN 11273:ISBN 11238:ISBN 11172:ISBN 11159:CSS 11152:CSS 11102:ISBN 11056:CSS 11011:CSS 10954:2023 10927:ISBN 10840:CSS 10746:and 10625:ISBN 10309:and 10223:ISBN 10151:2023 9948:ISBN 9895:ISBN 9798:2013 9755:ISBN 9678:ISBN 9527:ISBN 9503:2024 9417:ISBN 9332:ISBN 9144:ISBN 9123:and 8818:2010 8747:ISBN 8720:ISBN 8679:2014 8565:2014 8543:2014 8516:ISBN 8449:ISBN 8351:2015 8333:ISBN 8309:2023 8285:ISSN 8233:ISSN 8192:ISSN 8155:2019 8122:ISBN 8088:2015 8063:2022 8040:2018 8014:2017 7905:ISBN 7874:ISBN 7851:2019 7814:ISBN 7781:ISBN 7756:OCLC 7746:ISBN 7719:2020 7630:2021 7605:2021 7222:null 7052:and 7040:and 6993:See 6987:100 6975:14. 6967:See 6949:13. 6927:12. 6905:11. 6883:10. 6853:See 6739:See 6713:See 6687:See 6592:52% 6589:44% 6576:54% 6573:40% 6562:50% 6559:45% 6548:51% 6545:45% 6534:51% 6531:44% 6520:52% 6517:44% 6506:52% 6503:43% 6474:39% 6471:31% 6440:31% 6437:26% 6411:355 6408:30% 6405:28% 6376:25% 6373:25% 6344:57% 6341:46% 6312:33% 6309:28% 6283:773 6280:55% 6277:49% 6248:47% 6245:29% 6216:44% 6213:37% 6187:932 6184:44% 6181:34% 6155:144 6152:26% 6149:20% 6120:45% 6117:35% 6089:free 6052:free 6008:and 5528:and 5522:Hope 5200:and 5036:1865 4701:and 4678:and 4601:1861 4544:1865 4520:1862 4496:1861 4477:1865 4410:1861 4353:Term 4350:Name 3755:CSS 3743:CSS 3636:CSS 3464:CSS 3452:CSS 3435:off 3430:CSS 3407:CSS 3389:and 3046:and 3022:and 2984:and 2982:Navy 2978:Army 2819:Cuba 2817:and 2611:1833 2436:and 2428:and 2411:The 2404:and 2364:and 2312:and 2277:11. 2270:10. 2125:, a 2038:and 2002:and 1945:and 1613:The 1370:the 1112:C.S. 1098:The 173:Seal 17704:or 17609:Orr 17514:La. 17450:Va. 17374:Ky. 17322:Ga. 17278:Mo. 16993:of 15518:Ord 15305:Lee 13739:doi 13706:258 13609:doi 13317:doi 13260:doi 12793:doi 12756:doi 12677:doi 12431:doi 12179:doi 12031:doi 11583:doi 11019:sic 9791:697 9617:doi 9582:doi 8277:doi 8225:doi 8182:doi 8149:: 7 7392:". 7234:In 7209:In 6961:99 6939:97 6917:77 6895:75 6873:61 6861:9. 6847:54 6835:8. 6825:50 6813:7. 6803:41 6791:6. 6781:38 6769:5. 6759:27 6747:4. 6733:25 6721:3. 6707:22 6695:2. 6669:1. 6595:4% 6579:6% 6565:5% 6551:3% 6537:4% 6523:4% 6509:4% 6468:6% 6434:5% 6402:5% 6370:4% 6338:9% 6306:5% 6274:9% 6242:6% 6210:7% 6178:7% 6146:4% 6114:6% 5859:ARC 5537:to 3737:at 3411:at 3210:in 2783:'s 2575:or 2289:in 2263:9. 2256:8. 2229:7. 2222:6. 2215:5. 2208:4. 2201:3. 2194:2. 2187:1. 2121:In 1887:in 1268:in 1225:in 1201:as 1197:'s 1114:), 1104:CSA 390:), 18316:: 13927:, 13801:^ 13745:. 13735:45 13733:. 13688:^ 13671:. 13615:. 13605:11 13603:. 13553:. 13528:. 13500:. 13407:52 13405:. 13386:52 13384:. 13323:. 13313:31 13311:. 13266:. 13256:15 13254:. 13026:. 12947:. 12827:50 12825:. 12813:^ 12799:. 12789:71 12787:. 12762:. 12750:. 12683:. 12673:48 12671:. 12621:. 12607:^ 12569:. 12508:. 12451:^ 12437:. 12427:54 12425:. 12400:92 12398:. 12373:86 12371:. 12354:50 12352:. 12310:. 12278:82 12276:. 12244:. 12226:. 12175:30 12173:. 12107:. 12097:69 12095:. 12037:. 12027:22 12025:. 12008:71 12006:. 11822:81 11820:. 11759:. 11637:19 11635:. 11616:19 11614:. 11589:. 11579:12 11577:. 11495:^ 11396:. 11384:^ 11322:. 11308:: 11304:. 11281:. 11267:. 11110:. 10925:. 10714:^ 10694:^ 10536:. 10534:36 10506:, 10338:, 10334:, 10305:, 10301:, 10297:, 10293:, 10199:, 10192:, 10142:. 9832:. 9821:^ 9684:, 9631:. 9623:. 9613:41 9611:. 9588:. 9578:36 9576:. 9494:. 9464:. 9411:: 9407:. 9208:, 8624:. 8612:^ 8420:^ 8341:. 8311:. 8299:. 8291:. 8283:. 8273:25 8271:. 8267:. 8231:. 8221:99 8219:. 8213:. 8190:. 8178:14 8176:. 8172:. 8145:. 8031:. 7997:. 7953:^ 7913:. 7882:. 7839:. 7828:^ 7812:. 7810:65 7754:. 7730:^ 7721:. 7710:. 7698:^ 7638:^ 7621:. 7595:. 7564:^ 7524:, 7298:. 7198:. 7048:. 7036:. 7020:, 6681:6 6647:# 6618:, 5939:. 5696:, 5293:. 4837:, 4665:, 4661:, 4657:, 4653:, 4270:. 3764:. 3725:, 3630:. 3335:). 3214:. 3181:, 3162:, 2988:. 2980:, 2968:, 2917:. 2642:, 2638:, 2634:, 2626:, 2622:, 2573:UK 2420:: 2384:. 2332:, 2154:. 2013:, 1990:, 1986:, 1982:, 1858:, 1846:, 1842:, 1835:. 1800:. 1769:. 1358:, 1252:, 1248:, 1233:. 1190:. 1182:, 1178:, 1174:, 1170:, 1166:, 1162:, 1158:, 1154:, 1150:, 18280:: 18113:e 18106:t 18099:v 17693:e 17686:t 17679:v 17528:) 17524:( 17516:) 17512:( 17472:) 17468:( 17452:) 17448:( 17432:) 17428:( 17376:) 17372:( 17356:) 17352:( 17336:) 17332:( 17324:) 17320:( 17304:) 17300:( 17292:) 17288:( 17280:) 17276:( 17268:) 17264:( 17239:e 17232:t 17225:v 16983:e 16976:t 16969:v 16779:e 16772:t 16765:v 14113:e 14106:t 14099:v 14024:. 13888:. 13753:. 13741:: 13718:. 13682:. 13623:. 13611:: 13564:. 13539:. 13514:. 13485:. 13460:. 13417:. 13396:. 13358:. 13331:. 13319:: 13274:. 13262:: 13227:. 13122:. 13095:. 13075:. 13037:. 13003:. 12981:. 12933:. 12906:. 12877:. 12837:. 12807:. 12795:: 12770:. 12758:: 12752:3 12718:. 12691:. 12679:: 12656:. 12641:. 12543:. 12518:. 12487:. 12445:. 12433:: 12410:. 12383:. 12322:. 12312:1 12248:. 12230:. 12212:. 12185:. 12181:: 12158:. 12115:. 12045:. 12033:: 11971:. 11958:. 11900:. 11873:. 11803:. 11788:. 11763:. 11745:. 11675:. 11647:. 11626:. 11597:. 11585:: 11562:. 11520:. 11475:. 11410:. 11211:. 11180:. 11021:? 10956:. 10935:. 10853:. 10584:4 10231:. 10195:" 10153:. 10030:. 9956:. 9903:. 9841:) 9837:( 9800:. 9763:. 9661:. 9639:. 9619:: 9596:. 9584:: 9535:. 9505:. 9425:. 9340:. 9037:. 8997:. 8941:. 8921:. 8901:. 8881:. 8861:. 8841:. 8820:. 8755:. 8728:. 8702:. 8681:. 8630:. 8567:. 8545:. 8524:. 8457:. 8353:. 8279:: 8239:. 8227:: 8198:. 8184:: 8157:. 8130:. 8090:. 8065:. 8042:. 8016:. 7853:. 7822:. 7789:. 7762:. 7632:. 7607:. 7532:. 5705:" 5700:. 5532:. 1958:. 1702:e 1695:t 1688:v 1244:— 1110:( 1102:( 398:) 394:( 386:( 379:) 364:) 105:) 101:( 97:. 49:. 42:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Confederate States of America

Index