1469:
3039:
1928:
2939:
3086:
2977:
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925:, the central authority is relatively weak. Decisions made by the general government in a unicameral legislature, a council of the member states, require subsequent implementation by the member states to take effect; they are not laws acting directly upon the individual but have more the character of interstate agreements. Also, decision-making in the general government usually proceeds by consensus (unanimity), not by the majority. Historically, those features limit the union's effectiveness. Hence, political pressure tends to build over time for the transition to a federal system of government, as in the American, Swiss and German cases of
2580:
2661:
2517:
2717:
2599:
2537:
2642:
2556:
2352:
2623:
3008:
2800:
1172:
1959:
2066:
2912:
2781:
2237:
2047:
2410:
2151:
2442:
3103:
2758:
2371:
2828:
2698:
2182:
825:
2218:
2741:
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1419:
federation, most contemporary students of federalism view the EU as a federal system". Thomas Risse and Tanja A. Börzel claim that the "EU only lacks two significant features of a federation. First, the Member States remain the "masters" of the treaties, i.e., they have the exclusive power to amend or change the constitutive treaties of the EU. Second, the EU lacks a real "tax and spend" capacity, in other words, there is no fiscal federalism".
2086:
1900:
2300:
1591:. The Six Nations have a representative government known as the Grand Council which is the oldest governmental institution still maintaining its original form in North America. Each clan from the five nations sends chiefs to act as representatives and make decisions for the whole confederation. It has been operating since its foundation in 1142 despite limited international recognition today.
1333:). Importantly, negotiation would first need triggering by referendum and executing by constitutional amendment using a current amending mechanism of Canada's constitution—meaning that, while not legal under the current constitution, it is democratically feasible without resorting to extralegal means or international involvement.
3632:. "Our theoretical analysis suggests that the EC/EU is neither a federation nor a confederation in the classical sense. But it does claim that the European political and economic elites have shaped and moulded the EC/EU into a new form of an international organization, namely, a species of "new" confederation".
1409:
in
Luxembourg City as being a primary force behind the building of a federal legal order for the EU, with Josselin stating that a "complete shift from a confederation to a federation would have required to straight-forwardly replace the principality of the member states vis-Ă -vis the Union by that of
1418:
said: "Those uncomfortable using the 'F' word in the EU context should feel free to refer to it as a quasi-federal or federal-like system. Nevertheless, the EU has the necessary attributes of a federal system. It is striking that while many scholars of the EU continue to resist analyzing it as a
1847:
Historical confederations (especially those predating the 20th century) may not fit the current definition of a confederation, may be proclaimed as a federation but be confederal (or the reverse), and may not show any qualities that 21st-century political scientists might classify as those of a
3370:
French: "La
Belgique est (...) incontestablement, une fédération : il n'y a aucun doute (...) Cela étant, la fédération belge possède d'ores et déjà des traits confédéraux qui en font un pays atypique, et qui encouragent apparemment certains responsables à réfléchir à des accommodements
1832:
On July 6, 2024, at the end of the first summit of the
Alliance of Sahel States (AES), the final communiqué announced the creation of a confederation of the three countries of the AES, namely Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger. it was in February 2024 that the military powers of the three countries
1701:
was held. The final official results indicated on 31 May that 55.5% of voters voted in favor of independence. The confederation effectively came to an end after
Montenegro's formal declaration of independence on 3 June 2006 and Serbia's formal declaration of independence on 5 June.
886:, confederations of states tend to be established for dealing with critical issues, such as defence, foreign relations, internal trade or currency, with the central government being required to provide support for all its members. Confederalism represents a main form of
893:
The nature of the relationship among the member states constituting a confederation varies considerably. Likewise, the relationship between the member states and the general government and their distribution of powers varies. Some looser confederations are similar to
1053:
Nevertheless, the
Belgian regions and the linguistic communities do not have the autonomy to leave the Belgian state. As such, federal aspects still dominate. Also, for fiscal policy and public finances, the federal state dominates the other levels of government.
1069:
being the party with the most voter support among the
Flemish population. Parties that strongly advocate Belgian unity and appeal to voters of both communities usually play only a marginal role in nationwide general elections. The system in Belgium is known as
917:
said: "Several sovereign and independent states may unite themselves together by a perpetual confederacy without each, in particular, ceasing to be a perfect state.... The deliberations in common will offer no violence to the sovereignty of each member".
1468:
1425:, the chairman of the body of experts commissioned to elaborate a constitutional charter for the European Union, was confronted with strong opposition from the United Kingdom towards including the words "federal" or "federation" in the unratified
1761:, until it became a federation in 1848 but it retains the name of Confederacy for reasons of historical tradition. The confederacy facilitated management of common interests (such as freedom from external domination especially from the
1488:, a confederacy may refer to a semi-permanent political and military alliance consisting of multiple nations (or "tribes", "bands", or "villages"), which maintained their separate leadership. One of the most well-known is the
1121:, where a massive voter turnout for regional (and often separatist) political parties has become the rule in the last decades, and nationwide parties advocating national unity draw around half or sometimes less of the votes.
1818:. The confederation was created with the objective of co-ordinating common action on economic integration and foreign affairs. However, many of the treaty's provisions have not yet been implemented. Consequently,
1365:
among most member-states. However, unlike a federation, the EU does not have exclusive powers over foreign affairs, defence, taxation, along with the immigration and transit of non-EU nationals. Furthermore, most
1065:(Belgians who speak French or French dialects). For example, in the last several decades, over 95% of Belgians have voted for political parties that represent voters from only one community, the separatist
1460:, campaigns for a confederal Europe. On her election as President of the ECR Party in September 2020 Meloni said, "Let us continue to fight together for a confederate Europe of free and sovereign states".
1814:, and has some characteristics of a federation, it remains a confederation of two sovereign states. Its existence has been seen as an indication of Russia's political and economic support for the
4369:
3296:, called the absence of directly-effective law in the Articles a "defect" and the "great and radical vice" in the initial system. Madison, James, Hamilton, Alexander and Jay, John (1987)
3788:. Series: Public Economics and Social Choice. Centre for Research in Economics and Management, University of Rennes 1, University of Caen: 12. WP 2006-07; UMR CNRS 6211. Archived from
3649:. Series: Public Economics and Social Choice. Centre for Research in Economics and Management, University of Rennes 1, University of Caen: 12. WP 2006–07; UMR CNRS 6211. Archived from
3859:
3479:
1784:
in German) against the
Protestant majority, a vote was held and the majority of the cantons approved the new Federal Constitution which changed the political system to one of a
1057:
The increasingly-confederal aspects of the
Belgian Federal State appear to be a political reflection of the profound cultural, sociological and economic differences between the
1765:, the development of republican institutions in a Europe dominated by monarchies and free trade), and it ensured peace between the different cultural entities of the area.
1390:, as well as in situations when ratification of a treaty or of a treaty amendment is required. Such a form may thus be described as a semi-intergovernmental confederation.
2019:
A Turkic confederation in the western part of the
Eurasian Steppe, between the 10th and 13th centuries. The confederation was dominated by two Turkic nomadic tribes: the
4362:
1998:
A Turkic confederation in the eastern part of the
Eurasian Steppe, between the 9th and 13th centuries. The confederation was dominated by two Turkic nomadic tribes: the
1689:
functioned separately throughout the period of its short existence, and they continued to operate under separate economic policies and to use separate currencies (the
1020:. For example, C. E. Lagasse declared that Belgium was "near the political system of a Confederation" regarding the constitutional reform agreements between Belgian
4037:
1723:, is an example of a modern country that traditionally refers to itself as a confederation because the official (and traditional) name of Switzerland in German (
4355:
1156:
even said on Belgian radio that it is not impossible that the three armed forces of the member-states could be integrated into "Benelux Armed Forces" one day.
1016:, a country with a complicated federal structure has adopted some characteristics of a confederation under the pressure of separatist movements, especially in
3843:
Who is Afraid of a European Federation? How to Constitutionalise a Multi-Level Governance System, Section 4: The European Union as an Emerging Federal System
4099:
3945:
The Ambiguous Iroquois Empire: The Covenant Chain Confederation of Indian Tribes with English Colonies from Its Beginnings to the Lancaster Treaty of 1744
3401:
Robert Deschamps, Michel Quévit, Robert Tollet, "Vers une réforme de type confédéral de l'État belge dans le cadre du maintien de l'union monétaire," in
853:
4220:
3842:
1386:
typical of upper houses in federations. On the other hand, the absolute unanimity typical of intergovernmentalism is required only in respect to the
987:, 2003–2006). Those that have a monarchical form of government (confederated monarchies) are defined by various hierarchical ranks (like kingdoms of
1441:
4159:
3867:
4186:
4129:
1093:. National parties receive over 90% of voter support in those countries. The only geographical areas comparable with Belgium within Europe are
3658:
A complete shift from a confederation to a federation would have required to straightforwardly replace the principalship of the member states
2260:
1675:
1426:
4333:
4325:
3979:
1670:. As a confederation, the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro had very few shared functions, such as defense, foreign affairs and a weak
1449:
1433:
3662:
the Union by that of the European citizens. As a consequence, both confederate and federate features coexist in the judicial landscape.
1393:
However, some academic observers more usually discuss the EU in the terms of it being a federation. As the international law professor
1559:
The Haudenosaunee Confederacy, historically known as the Iroquois League or the League of Five (later Six) Nations, is the country of
4630:
3090:
1698:
1326:
1231:, and to the subsequent incorporation of other colonies and territories. Beginning on 1 July 1867, it was initially a self-governing
70:
284:
4754:
846:
3371:
supplémentaires dans un cadre qui resterait, vaille que vaille, national." Vincent de Coorebyter "La Belgique (con)fédérale" in
3782:
3643:
1655:
1345:(EU). However, it bears some resemblance to both a confederation (or a "new" type of confederation) and a federation. The term
1560:
1341:
Its unique nature and the political sensitivities surrounding it cause there to be no common or legal classification for the
1098:
2872:
1651:
984:
3919:
1405:) wrote, "Europe has charted its own brand of constitutional federalism". Jean-Michel Josselin and Alain Marciano see the
890:, defined as any form of interaction around states that takes place on the basis of sovereign independence or government.
4775:
4005:
3506:
2666:
1815:
1679:
1541:
902:. These elements of such confederations, the international organization and federalist perspective, has been combined as
4034:
1047:
4717:
4302:
4169:
4139:
4109:
3612:
3516:
3462:
3435:
2242:
1671:
1659:
1600:
1485:
1398:
1387:
839:
3567:
3552:
2245:
943:
In terms of internal structure, every confederal state is composed of two or more constituent states, referred to as
1410:
the European citizens. As a consequence, both confederate and federate features coexist in the judicial landscape".
1437:
1313:
3353:
1810:
signed a treaty to form a confederation, which came into force on 26 January 2000. Although it was given the name
3223:
2813:
2646:
2641:
2584:
2560:
2555:
1990:
724:
3607:
Kiljunen, Kimmo (2004). The European Constitution in the Making. Centre for European Policy Studies. pp. 21–26.
3762:
3629:
3354:"Belgian research center whose activities are devoted to the study of decision-making in Belgium and in Europe"
3341:
2966:
1889:, On the 11th year, Kharavela broke up a confederacy of Tamil kingdoms, which was becoming a threat to Kalinga
1647:
895:
531:
486:
24:
1422:
3624:
Burgess, Michael (2000). Federalism and European union: The building of Europe, 1950–2000. Routledge. p. 49.
3451:
Wippman, David (1998). "Practical and Legal Constraints on Internal Power Sharing". In Wippman, David (ed.).
2721:
2716:
1371:
1349:
has also been applied. The EU operates common economic policies with hundreds of common laws, which enable a
964:
357:
31:
4347:
30:"Confederate state" redirects here. For the secessionist Southern states during the American civil war, see
3012:
2603:
1354:
4610:
2845:
1917:
1291:(the latter two created in 1905 as federated provinces from parts of the directly federally administered
1160:
551:
66:
4785:
2521:
1159:
Because of this the Benelux is sometimes labeled as a "kind of confederation" by, for example, Belgian
372:
3889:
1205:
In modern terminology, Canada is a federation, not a confederation. However, to contemporaries of the
4461:
3729:
3281:
2745:
2497:
2478:
2375:
1947:
a multi-ethnic confederation of German, Italian, Czech, Dutch, and French states before 1512; it was
1525:
1406:
1383:
1308:
3813:
3681:
2222:
909:
Since the member states of a confederation retain their sovereignty, they have an implicit right of
3753:
The federal vision: legitimacy and levels of governance in the United States and the European Union
3063:
2249:
1724:
1382:
into national law by national parliaments. Most collective decisions by member states are taken by
959:
forms of government. Those that have a republican form (confederated republics) are usually called
122:
1202:" refers to the process of (or the event of) establishing or joining the Canadian federal state.
4790:
4379:
4330:
2981:
2702:
2697:
2627:
2622:
2264:
1886:
1564:
1509:
780:
347:
3983:
1611:
were composed of loose confederations. The Muisca form of government consisted of two different
1148:
They partially share a common foreign policy, especially in regards to their navies through the
1145:
bound through treaties and based on consensus between the representatives of the member states.
4666:
4411:
4406:
3218:
2338:
1842:
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1521:
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20:
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3544:
3126:
3043:
2109:
1754:
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1292:
1228:
1033:
790:
653:
250:
4319:
4681:
4456:
2943:
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2541:
2536:
2465:
1963:
1627:
1604:
1513:
1497:
1280:
1066:
996:
926:
887:
1757:, which was originally created as an alliance among the valley communities of the central
8:
4780:
4696:
4676:
4590:
4552:
4527:
3742:
3183:
2880:
Also known as the Central African Federation, consisting of the then-British colonies of
2804:
2799:
2485:
2356:
1877:
1776:, when some of the Catholic cantons of Switzerland attempted to set up a separate union (
1666:, but formally functioned as a sovereign subject of international law, and member of the
1501:
1402:
1394:
1379:
1375:
1346:
903:
714:
623:
580:
367:
132:
1473:
4500:
4270:
4262:
4187:"Belarus protests: Putin threatens to intervene as 200,000 gather to oppose Lukashenko"
3719:
3289:
2948:
2730:
2285:
2280:
2203:
1533:
1411:
1322:
1244:
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938:
914:
352:
137:
112:
4161:
Regional Integration and Future Cooperation Initiatives in the Eurasian Economic Union
1171:
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4451:
4421:
4298:
4274:
4194:
4165:
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3431:
3337:
3213:
3188:
2885:
2881:
2785:
2431:
2032:
1932:
1927:
1738:(literally "Swiss Comradeship by Oath"), an expression which was translated into the
1732:
1711:
1492:(or Iroquois), but there were many others during different eras and locations across
1453:
1415:
1240:
1071:
1050:
wrote that the "Belgian political system is already in dynamics of a Confederation".
948:
785:
506:
337:
289:
117:
50:
3789:
3769:
Europe has charted its own brand of constitutional federalism. It works. Why fix it?
3650:
1615:
that governed a region in the central Andean highlands in present-day Colombia. The
4739:
4724:
4575:
4436:
4431:
4254:
3920:"Italy's Giorgia Meloni elected president of European Conservatives and Reformists"
3711:
3163:
2387:
2316:
2090:
1588:
1549:
1276:
1106:
618:
541:
511:
385:
127:
107:
3480:"'Een Belgische confederatie leidt onvermijdelijk tot drie onafhankelijke staten'"
4712:
4635:
4625:
4537:
4520:
4441:
4416:
4337:
4292:
4041:
3452:
3425:
3285:
2916:
2911:
2414:
2051:
1762:
1663:
1631:
1576:
879:
829:
802:
658:
648:
445:
342:
4245:
Heinz H. F. Eulau (1941). "Theories of Federalism under the Holy Roman Empire".
3280:
This was the key feature that distinguished the first American union, under the
1036:
called Belgium "undoubtedly a federation... some aspects of a confederation" in
4532:
4510:
4484:
4076:
2446:
2304:
2299:
1857:
1769:
1667:
1457:
1342:
1114:
899:
807:
738:
643:
476:
390:
19:
This article is about the type of state. For the Canadian political event, see
3715:
3699:
3427:
Disputed Territories: The Transnational Dynamics of Ethnic Conflict Settlement
3386:
Le système institutionnel belge est déjà inscrit dans une dynamique de type cs
4769:
4605:
4505:
4471:
4377:
4198:
3534:
3198:
3108:
2474:
2460:
2070:
1904:
1694:
1612:
1584:
1580:
1572:
1568:
1505:
1493:
1489:
1358:
1268:
1183:
922:
589:
491:
481:
322:
4744:
4640:
4620:
4615:
4580:
4131:
Legal Aspects of the Regional Integration Processes in the Post-Soviet Area
3168:
2199:
2186:
2155:
2150:
2122:
2078:
Also known as the Iroquois Confederacy or the Six (formerly Five) Nations.
1749:(Helvetic Confederation). It had been a confederacy since its inception in
1445:
1288:
1260:
1252:
743:
670:
664:
638:
633:
609:
599:
536:
425:
245:
169:
4013:
1186:, not a confederate association of sovereign states, the usual meaning of
4671:
4595:
3208:
2853:
2833:
2675:
1797:
1716:
1318:
1264:
1153:
1138:
1078:
748:
733:
675:
546:
410:
209:
204:
184:
174:
164:
824:
4749:
4691:
4656:
4547:
4542:
4479:
4446:
4388:
4266:
3357:
3178:
3173:
2195:
2135:
1913:
1785:
1296:
1236:
1142:
1077:
That makes Belgium fundamentally different from federal countries like
980:
753:
709:
704:
699:
685:
526:
317:
199:
194:
58:
38:
4297:. Vol. 3. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 529–581.
4221:"Junta-led Sahel states rule out return to West African economic bloc"
1860:, but appear here because of their self-styling as a "confederation":
1833:
announced the creation of the AES after their withdrawal from ECOWAS.
1215:
did not have the same connotation of a weakly-centralized federation.
4734:
4686:
3732:). Josselin (U. de Rennes-1/CREM) and Marciano (U. de Reims CA/CNRS).
2889:
2857:
2687:
2679:
1890:
1820:
1517:
1094:
1090:
972:
910:
556:
450:
440:
435:
420:
415:
405:
279:
240:
229:
224:
214:
179:
147:
91:
86:
4258:
1978:
4729:
4600:
4426:
3745:(2003). "Chapter 2, Federalism without Constitutionalism: Europe's
3330:
Les Nouvelles institutions politiques de la Belgique et de l'Europe
3145:
2893:
2740:
2683:
2569:
2427:
2327:
2269:
2207:
2024:
2003:
1824:, in 2020, described it as "a mostly unimplemented confederation".
1635:
1545:
1529:
1272:
1232:
1110:
1017:
956:
952:
628:
189:
159:
102:
1697:
was and still is the legal tender in Serbia). On 21 May 2006, the
4661:
4294:
Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture
3389:
3372:
3071:
3055:
2817:
2762:
2423:
2163:
2011:
1807:
1608:
1452:
argues for a reformed European Union along confederal lines. The
1367:
1330:
1304:
1284:
1256:
1149:
1134:
1130:
1086:
1038:
430:
267:
257:
3820:
1916:, simultaneously as an empire exerting control over places like
4585:
4515:
4134:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 98, 100–101.
3980:"Federal Chancellery – The Swiss Confederation – a brief guide"
3203:
3075:
2997:
2928:
2901:
2897:
2612:
2171:
2167:
2020:
1999:
1803:
1295:, first transferred to the Dominion in 1869 and now possessing
1248:
1224:
1191:
1082:
992:
976:
883:
594:
1693:
was and still is the only legal tender in Montenegro, and the
1429:
and the word was replaced with either "Community" or "Union".
1311:) in 1949. A Canadian judicial constitutional interpretation,
3333:
3051:
3028:
3024:
3020:
2993:
2960:
2956:
2770:
1982:
1739:
1594:
1463:
1300:
1118:
1102:
3308:
3306:
3193:
2989:
2924:
1773:
1758:
1750:
1690:
1619:
ruled the northern section of the confederation, while the
1362:
988:
882:
united for purposes of common action. Usually created by a
1567:(in what is now Canada) that consists of six nations: the
3258:, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, p.355.
1329:) to leave the Canadian federal state (addressed also by
3857:
3303:
3269:
Understanding the European Union: a Concise Introduction
2812:
Also known as the Rif Republic. Short-lived republic in
1638:, with the former being composed of distinct diarchies.
898:. Other confederations with stricter rules may resemble
4054:
4035:
CH: Confoederatio Helvetica – Switzerland – Information
3957:
3597:. University of Toronto Press. Pages 37–38, footnote 6.
1912:
Existed as a confederation between the Toltecs and the
4342:
1448:, support a federal model for the European Union. The
1374:
and then scrutinised and approved or rejected by the
1061:(Belgians who speak Dutch or Dutch dialects) and the
1030:
Centre de recherche et d'information socio-politiques
4055:"On the way to becoming a federal state (1815-1848)"
1791:
4098:Romano, Cesare; Alter, Karen; Shany, Yuval (2014).
4291:Miller, Nicholas (2005). "Serbia and Montenegro".
3750:
4244:
4101:The Oxford Handbook of International Adjudication
3545:Library of Parliament / Bibliothèque du Parlement
1370:, which have been developed by consensus between
4767:
4184:
4097:
3890:"The Future of the European Union ECR Statement"
3780:
3697:
3641:
1827:
4185:O'Reilly, Johnny; Luhn, Alec (17 August 2020).
3781:Josselin, Jean Michel; Marciano, Alain (2006).
3698:Josselin, Jean-Michel; Marciano, Alain (2007).
3642:Josselin, Jean Michel; Marciano, Alain (2006).
3256:The Creation of the American Republic 1776–1787
1630:consisted of loose confederations, such as the
3783:"The political economy of European federalism"
3644:"The Political Economy of European Federalism"
3595:The Life and Times of Confederation, 1864–1867
2729:11 Southern US secessionist states during the
1981:led by the Zipazgo and the Northern Muisca of
1133:is a politico-economic union of the states of
4363:
3741:
847:
3635:
3508:Recht in beweging – 27ste VRG-Alumnidag 2020
3284:of 1781, from the second, under the current
2805:Confederal Republic of the Tribes of the Rif
1836:
1778:
1729:
1321:law, set forth negotiating conditions for a
4153:
4151:
4123:
4121:
3982:. Bk.admin.ch. 1 March 2010. Archived from
3860:"Giscard's "federal" ruse to protect Blair"
3700:"How the court made a federation of the EU"
1743:
1434:Political Groups in the European Parliament
1384:weighted majorities and blocking minorities
4370:
4356:
4044:. Swissworld.org. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
3504:
1951:a German polity from 1512 until its fall.
1595:Indigenous confederations in South America
1464:Indigenous confederations in North America
854:
840:
16:Union of sovereign states linked by treaty
3831:. Cambridge University. pp. 223–270.
3704:The Review of International Organizations
3559:Canadiens et leur système de gouvernement
3555:, pp. 7, 29. French version published as
3457:. Cornell University Press. p. 220.
3091:Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities
2305:Seven United Provinces of the Netherlands
1259:from Canada West, formerly the colony of
1251:from Canada East, formerly the colony of
1243:. The initial colonies involved were the
1152:. The Dutch defence minister (2010–2012)
71:List of countries by system of government
4157:
4148:
4127:
4118:
3858:Evans-Pritchard, Ambrose (8 July 2003).
1856:Some have more the characteristics of a
1641:
1467:
1170:
4077:"Russia and Belarus form confederation"
3547:, Catalogue No. X9‑11/2016E, 2016‑03),
3477:
3450:
2117:Officially, the "Swiss Confederation".
1662:. The state was constituted as a loose
1563:(in what is now the United States) and
4768:
4290:
4218:
3917:
3826:
3312:
1372:relevant national government ministers
1198:has an additional unrelated meaning. "
932:
4351:
4331:Confederation: The Creation of Canada
4247:The American Political Science Review
3918:Gehrke, Laurenz (29 September 2020).
3693:
3691:
3592:
3583:(5th ed. supplemented), para. 5.1(b).
3530:
3528:
3454:International Law and Ethnic Conflict
3423:
2529:Had no head of state nor government.
1484:In the context of the history of the
1182:Canada is an unusually decentralized
921:Under a confederation, compared to a
4343:United Confederation of Taino People
2873:Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
1977:Consisted of the Southern Muisca of
1652:State Union of Serbia and Montenegro
1012:Many scholars have claimed that the
985:State Union of Serbia and Montenegro
4006:"The Swiss Confederation Institute"
2667:Federal Republic of Central America
1699:Montenegrin independence referendum
13:
3841:Thomas Risse and Tanja A. Börzel,
3688:
3525:
3430:. Berghahn Books. pp. 30–31.
2786:United Republics of North Caucasus
1882:1050 BCE–second century BCE
1725:the majority language of the Swiss
1601:Pre-Columbian cultures of Colombia
1486:indigenous peoples of the Americas
1388:Common Foreign and Security Policy
1239:, whose government was led by Sir
14:
4802:
4312:
4010:The Swiss Confederation Institute
3300:, Penguin, Harmondsworth, p. 147.
2814:Spanish-occupied northern Morocco
2143:A Turkoman tribal confederation.
2130:A Turkoman tribal confederation.
1792:Union State of Russia and Belarus
1336:
1307:), and finally Newfoundland (now
4219:Balima, Boureima (6 July 2024).
3829:A Political Theory of Federalism
3570:First edition published in 1980.
3511:(in Dutch). Gompel&Svacina.
3326:Le confédéralisme n'est pas loin
3119:
3101:
3084:
3037:
3006:
2975:
2937:
2910:
2866:
2826:
2798:
2779:
2756:
2739:
2715:
2696:
2659:
2640:
2621:
2597:
2578:
2554:
2535:
2515:
2459:
2440:
2408:
2369:
2350:
2298:
2279:
2235:
2216:
2180:
2149:
2103:
2084:
2064:
2045:
1957:
1926:
1898:
1314:Reference Re Secession of Quebec
823:
4378:Autonomous types of first-tier
4238:
4212:
4178:
4091:
4069:
4047:
4028:
3998:
3972:
3950:
3947:. United Kingdom: Norton., p.94
3937:
3911:
3882:
3851:
3835:
3774:
3735:
3618:
3601:
3586:
3573:
3540:How Canadians Govern Themselves
3498:
3478:Eyskens, Mark (2 August 2021).
3471:
3444:
3417:
3408:
3395:
3254:, cited in Wood, Gordon (1969)
3224:Countries of the United Kingdom
2561:United Provinces of New Granada
1995:9th century–13th century
951:, confederated states can have
3562:, n de catalogue X9‑11/2016F,
3378:
3364:
3346:
3318:
3274:
3271:, Palgrave, Basingstoke, p. 6.
3261:
3244:
3235:
1967:
1705:
1648:Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
1227:from three of the colonies of
1048:Catholic University of Louvain
532:Intergovernmental organisation
487:Separation of church and state
25:Confederation (disambiguation)
1:
3229:
2722:Confederate States of America
2502:
2393:
1968:
1828:Confederation of Sahel States
1235:of the British Empire with a
963:(like states of the American
32:Confederate States of America
4326:The Fathers of Confederation
4057:. admin.ch. 27 November 2017
3960:. admin.ch. 13 February 2011
3581:Constitutional Law of Canada
3414:Le petit Larousse 2013 p1247
3141:Confederated personal union.
3130:
3067:
3047:
3016:
3013:Federation of Arab Republics
2985:
2952:
2920:
2876:
2849:
2808:
2789:
2766:
2749:
2725:
2706:
2670:
2650:
2631:
2607:
2604:Confederation of the Equator
2588:
2564:
2545:
2525:
2501:
2489:
2469:
2466:The United States of America
2450:
2418:
2379:
2360:
2342:
2331:
2320:
2308:
2289:
2253:
2226:
2190:
2159:
2139:
2126:
2113:
2094:
2074:
2055:
2036:
2015:
1994:
1936:
1908:
1881:
1623:ruled the southern portion.
1414:political science professor
913:. The political philosopher
329:(socio-political ideologies)
7:
4320:The Principle of Federation
4164:. IGI Global. p. 180.
4104:. OUP Oxford. p. 251.
4079:. BBC News. 8 December 1999
3757:. Oxford University Press.
3157:
2846:Netherlands-Indonesia Union
2647:Peru–Bolivian Confederation
1991:Kimek–Kipchak confederation
1002:
896:international organisations
397:(socio-economic ideologies)
67:List of forms of government
10:
4807:
4776:Constitutional state types
4284:
2522:Confederation of the Rhine
1840:
1795:
1719:, officially known as the
1709:
1271:. Later participants were
1124:
1028:, and the director of the
1007:
936:
878:) is a political union of
36:
29:
18:
4705:
4649:
4568:
4493:
4470:
4462:List of federal countries
4387:
4128:Kembayev, Zhenis (2009).
3730:European Court of Justice
3716:10.1007/s11558-006-9001-y
3328:Charles-Etienne Lagasse,
3282:Articles of Confederation
3241:Oxford English Dictionary
2746:United States of Colombia
2479:Articles of Confederation
2376:New England Confederation
1837:Historical confederations
1654:, a confederation of the
1650:was transformed into the
1407:European Court of Justice
1309:Newfoundland and Labrador
1166:
518:(geo-cultural ideologies)
4336:17 December 2004 at the
4158:Lagutina, Maria (2019).
3845:, Jean Monnet Center at
3593:Waite, Peter B. (1962).
3250:Vattel, Emmerich (1758)
2568:Now part of present-day
2016:10th century–1242
1542:Warm Springs Confederacy
1423:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
1355:common customs territory
1219:generally refers to the
37:Not to be confused with
3267:McCormick, John (2002)
2982:Union of African States
2703:Granadine Confederation
2628:Argentine Confederation
2261:Grand Duke of Lithuania
1887:Hathigumpha inscription
1851:
1745:Confoederatio Helvetica
1510:Seven Nations of Canada
1299:governments as itself,
1046:, Michel Quévit of the
781:Administrative division
725:International relations
4412:Corporative federalism
4407:Cooperative federalism
3827:Bednar, Jenna (2001).
3808:Cite journal requires
3676:Cite journal requires
3424:Wolff, Stefan (2004).
3219:List of confederations
2506: 1805–1824
2498:Tecumseh's confederacy
2339:Illinois Confederation
2223:Livonian Confederation
1843:List of confederations
1779:
1744:
1730:
1656:Republic of Montenegro
1554:Council of Three Fires
1526:Tecumseh's Confederacy
1522:Illinois Confederation
1481:
1351:single economic market
1221:Constitution Act, 1867
1217:Canadian Confederation
1208:Constitution Act, 1867
1179:
1177:Canadian Confederation
23:. For other uses, see
21:Canadian Confederation
4397:Asymmetric federalism
4040:30 March 2015 at the
3943:Jennings, F. (1984).
3298:The Federalist Papers
3127:Serbia and Montenegro
3044:Arab Islamic Republic
2611:Located in northeast
2422:Parts of present-day
2317:Wampanoag Confederacy
2110:Old Swiss Confederacy
1816:Belarusian government
1755:Old Swiss Confederacy
1710:Further information:
1687:constituent republics
1642:Serbia and Montenegro
1538:Blackfoot Confederacy
1518:Pennacook Confederacy
1514:Pontiac's Confederacy
1478:Darlington Collection
1471:
1427:European Constitution
1359:open internal borders
1293:Northwest Territories
1229:British North America
1174:
1034:Vincent de Coorebyter
937:Further information:
791:Democratic transition
654:Self-governing colony
251:Military dictatorship
4457:Symmetric federalism
2944:United Arab Republic
2542:German Confederation
2473:Organization of the
2328:Powhatan Confederacy
2095:13th–17th centuries
1985:led by the Zacazgo.
1964:Muisca Confederation
1885:As described in the
1628:Andean civilizations
1546:Manahoac Confederacy
1530:Muscogee Confederacy
1498:Wabanaki Confederacy
1331:a related Quebec law
1281:Prince Edward Island
1190:in modern terms. In
997:Hashemite Arab Union
927:regional integration
904:supranational unions
888:intergovernmentalism
4697:Territorial dispute
4677:Military occupation
4591:Dependent territory
4553:Supranational union
4528:Multinational state
3864:The Daily Telegraph
3656:on 19 August 2008.
3543:, 9th ed. (Ottawa:
3505:VRG-Alumni (2020).
3392:, 19 September 2008
3360:on 3 February 2007.
3184:Supranational union
3113:2002–present
2838:1945–present
2486:Western Confederacy
2357:Confederate Ireland
2075:1142–present
1878:Three Crowned Kings
1721:Swiss Confederation
1676:ministerial council
1502:Western Confederacy
1403:New York University
1395:Joseph H. H. Weiler
1376:European Parliament
1347:supranational union
1317:, and a subsequent
1223:, which formed the
945:confederated states
933:Confederated states
830:Politics portal
715:Supranational union
624:Dependent territory
537:National government
4755:Tribal sovereignty
4501:Composite monarchy
4016:on 23 January 2011
3870:on 14 January 2013
3795:on 19 August 2008.
3728:(referring to the
3315:, p. 529–581.
3290:Alexander Hamilton
3252:The Law of Nations
2949:United Arab States
2731:American Civil War
2447:Maratha Confedracy
2259:Shared a monarch (
1943:an empire: it was
1660:Republic of Serbia
1534:Great Sioux Nation
1482:
1432:A majority of the
1245:Province of Canada
1225:Dominion of Canada
1180:
1113:(both part of the
1014:Kingdom of Belgium
983:within the former
947:. Regarding their
939:Constituent states
915:Emmerich de Vattel
4786:Political systems
4763:
4762:
4558:Continental union
4452:Fiscal federalism
4422:Ethnic federalism
3847:NYU School of Law
3405:, n°2, pp. 95-111
3214:Military alliance
3189:Continental union
3137:
3136:
2886:Northern Rhodesia
2882:Southern Rhodesia
2432:Equatorial Guinea
2194:Consisted of the
2033:League of Mayapan
1933:Holy Roman Empire
1733:Eidgenossenschaft
1712:Eidgenossenschaft
1454:Brothers of Italy
1416:R. Daniel Kelemen
1323:Canadian province
1241:John A. Macdonald
1237:federal structure
1161:Minister of State
1072:consociationalism
949:political systems
870:(also known as a
864:
863:
815:
814:
786:Democracy indices
761:
760:
564:
563:
373:Semi-presidential
298:
297:
4798:
4740:Stateless nation
4725:Decentralization
4576:Associated state
4437:Federal republic
4432:Federal monarchy
4372:
4365:
4358:
4349:
4348:
4318:P.-J. Proudhon,
4308:
4279:
4278:
4242:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4231:
4216:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4205:
4182:
4176:
4175:
4155:
4146:
4145:
4125:
4116:
4115:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4051:
4045:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4012:. Archived from
4002:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3976:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3954:
3948:
3941:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3915:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3894:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3866:. Archived from
3855:
3849:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3824:
3818:
3817:
3811:
3806:
3804:
3796:
3794:
3787:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3756:
3739:
3733:
3727:
3695:
3686:
3685:
3679:
3674:
3672:
3664:
3655:
3648:
3639:
3633:
3622:
3616:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3590:
3584:
3577:
3571:
3532:
3523:
3522:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3421:
3415:
3412:
3406:
3399:
3393:
3382:
3376:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3356:. Archived from
3350:
3344:
3322:
3316:
3310:
3301:
3278:
3272:
3265:
3259:
3248:
3242:
3239:
3164:Associated state
3131:2003–2006
3125:
3123:
3122:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3095:1994–2023
3089:
3088:
3087:
3068:1982–1989
3042:
3041:
3040:
3011:
3010:
3009:
2986:1961–1963
2980:
2979:
2978:
2953:1958–1961
2942:
2941:
2915:
2914:
2877:1953–1963
2871:
2870:
2869:
2850:1949–1956
2832:
2830:
2829:
2809:1921–1926
2803:
2802:
2790:1918–1919
2784:
2783:
2782:
2767:1872–1876
2761:
2760:
2759:
2750:1863–1886
2744:
2743:
2726:1861–1865
2720:
2719:
2707:1858–1863
2701:
2700:
2671:1842–1844
2665:
2663:
2662:
2651:1836–1839
2645:
2644:
2632:1832–1860
2626:
2625:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2589:1814–1905
2583:
2582:
2581:
2565:1810–1816
2559:
2558:
2546:1815–1866
2540:
2539:
2526:1806–1813
2520:
2519:
2518:
2507:
2504:
2490:1785–1795
2470:1781–1789
2464:
2463:
2451:1713–1818
2445:
2444:
2443:
2419:1690–1902
2413:
2412:
2411:
2398:
2395:
2388:Kingdom of Lunda
2380:1643–1684
2374:
2373:
2372:
2361:1641–1649
2355:
2354:
2353:
2309:1581–1795
2303:
2302:
2290:1536–1814
2284:
2283:
2273:) and currency.
2256:1501–1569
2240:
2239:
2238:
2227:1435–1561
2221:
2220:
2219:
2191:1428–1521
2185:
2184:
2183:
2160:1397–1523
2154:
2153:
2140:1379–1501
2127:1375–1468
2114:1291–1848
2108:
2107:
2106:
2091:Hanseatic League
2089:
2088:
2087:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2056:1137–1716
2050:
2049:
2048:
1973:
1970:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1931:
1930:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1863:
1862:
1782:
1747:
1736:
1672:common president
1561:Native Americans
1550:Iron Confederacy
1436:, including the
1277:British Columbia
1175:Proclamation of
1107:Northern Ireland
967:, 1861–1865) or
880:sovereign states
856:
849:
842:
828:
827:
775:
774:
619:Associated state
577:
576:
552:Internationalism
542:World government
519:
398:
330:
311:
310:
285:Free association
272:
233:
152:
95:
83:
82:
46:
45:
4806:
4805:
4801:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4796:
4795:
4766:
4765:
4764:
4759:
4718:Autonomous area
4701:
4645:
4636:Tributary state
4626:Satellite state
4564:
4538:Political union
4521:Colonial empire
4489:
4466:
4442:Federated state
4417:Dual federalism
4383:
4376:
4338:Wayback Machine
4315:
4305:
4287:
4282:
4259:10.2307/1948073
4243:
4239:
4229:
4227:
4217:
4213:
4203:
4201:
4183:
4179:
4172:
4156:
4149:
4142:
4126:
4119:
4112:
4096:
4092:
4082:
4080:
4075:
4074:
4070:
4060:
4058:
4053:
4052:
4048:
4042:Wayback Machine
4033:
4029:
4019:
4017:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3989:
3987:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3963:
3961:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3942:
3938:
3928:
3926:
3916:
3912:
3902:
3900:
3897:www.ecrgroup.eu
3892:
3888:
3887:
3883:
3873:
3871:
3856:
3852:
3840:
3836:
3825:
3821:
3809:
3807:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3785:
3779:
3775:
3765:
3740:
3736:
3696:
3689:
3677:
3675:
3666:
3665:
3653:
3646:
3640:
3636:
3623:
3619:
3606:
3602:
3591:
3587:
3578:
3574:
3533:
3526:
3519:
3503:
3499:
3489:
3487:
3476:
3472:
3465:
3449:
3445:
3438:
3422:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3400:
3396:
3383:
3379:
3369:
3365:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3323:
3319:
3311:
3304:
3286:US Constitution
3279:
3275:
3266:
3262:
3249:
3245:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3160:
3154:
3152:
3120:
3118:
3102:
3100:
3085:
3083:
3038:
3036:
3007:
3005:
2976:
2974:
2964:
2946:
2936:
2917:Arab Federation
2909:
2867:
2865:
2827:
2825:
2797:
2780:
2778:
2757:
2755:
2738:
2714:
2695:
2660:
2658:
2639:
2620:
2598:
2596:
2579:
2577:
2553:
2534:
2516:
2514:
2505:
2458:
2441:
2439:
2415:Aro Confederacy
2409:
2407:
2400:
2396:
2370:
2368:
2351:
2349:
2297:
2278:
2267:), parliament (
2255:
2254:1447–1492
2236:
2234:
2217:
2215:
2181:
2179:
2148:
2104:
2102:
2085:
2083:
2065:
2063:
2052:Crown of Aragon
2046:
2044:
2037:987–1461
1971:
1958:
1956:
1925:
1909:496–1122
1899:
1897:
1854:
1848:confederation.
1845:
1839:
1830:
1800:
1794:
1763:Habsburg Empire
1731:Schweizerische
1714:
1708:
1664:political union
1644:
1632:Aymara kingdoms
1599:Several of the
1597:
1466:
1363:common currency
1339:
1169:
1127:
1117:) and parts of
1010:
1005:
941:
935:
900:federal systems
860:
822:
817:
816:
803:Democratisation
796:Autocratization
772:
764:
763:
762:
719:
680:
659:Tributary state
649:Satellite state
604:
574:
573:Power structure
566:
565:
517:
516:
498:
469:
455:
446:Totalitarianism
396:
395:
377:
328:
327:
308:
300:
299:
294:
270:
262:
227:
219:
150:
142:
89:
80:
79:Source of power
57:Basic forms of
51:Politics series
42:
35:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4804:
4794:
4793:
4791:Confederations
4788:
4783:
4778:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4721:
4720:
4709:
4707:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4653:
4651:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4572:
4570:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4562:
4561:
4560:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4533:Personal union
4530:
4525:
4524:
4523:
4513:
4511:Dynastic union
4508:
4503:
4497:
4495:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4487:
4485:Regional state
4482:
4476:
4474:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4393:
4391:
4385:
4384:
4382:administration
4375:
4374:
4367:
4360:
4352:
4346:
4345:
4340:
4328:
4323:
4314:
4313:External links
4311:
4310:
4309:
4304:978-1576078006
4303:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4253:(4): 643–664.
4237:
4211:
4177:
4171:978-1799819523
4170:
4147:
4141:978-3540876526
4140:
4117:
4111:978-0199660681
4110:
4090:
4068:
4046:
4027:
3997:
3986:on 14 May 2013
3971:
3949:
3936:
3910:
3899:. 8 March 2017
3881:
3850:
3834:
3819:
3810:|journal=
3773:
3763:
3734:
3687:
3678:|journal=
3634:
3617:
3613:978-9290794936
3600:
3585:
3572:
3524:
3518:978-9463712040
3517:
3497:
3470:
3464:978-0801434334
3463:
3443:
3437:978-1571817181
3436:
3416:
3407:
3394:
3377:
3363:
3345:
3317:
3302:
3273:
3260:
3243:
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3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3159:
3156:
3151:
3150:
3149:confederation.
3142:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3115:
3114:
3111:
3097:
3096:
3093:
3080:
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3069:
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3060:
3059:
3049:
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3033:
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3018:
3015:
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2878:
2875:
2862:
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2842:
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2836:
2822:
2821:
2810:
2807:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2775:
2774:
2768:
2765:
2763:Carlist States
2752:
2751:
2748:
2735:
2734:
2727:
2724:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2692:
2691:
2672:
2669:
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2649:
2636:
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2630:
2617:
2616:
2609:
2606:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2574:
2573:
2566:
2563:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2471:
2468:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2436:
2435:
2420:
2417:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2392:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:Denmark–Norway
2275:
2274:
2265:King of Poland
2257:
2252:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2212:
2211:
2192:
2189:
2176:
2175:
2161:
2158:
2145:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2017:
2014:
2008:
2007:
1996:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1975:
1966:
1953:
1952:
1938:
1935:
1922:
1921:
1910:
1907:
1894:
1893:
1883:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1858:personal union
1853:
1850:
1838:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1796:Main article:
1793:
1790:
1770:Sonderbund War
1707:
1704:
1668:United Nations
1643:
1640:
1603:, such as the
1596:
1593:
1496:, such as the
1465:
1462:
1458:Giorgia Meloni
1456:party, led by
1343:European Union
1338:
1337:European Union
1335:
1325:(though not a
1168:
1165:
1163:Mark Eyskens.
1126:
1123:
1115:United Kingdom
1101:(both part of
1099:Basque Country
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
934:
931:
862:
861:
859:
858:
851:
844:
836:
833:
832:
819:
818:
813:
812:
811:
810:
808:Hybrid regimes
805:
800:
799:
798:
788:
783:
773:
770:
769:
766:
765:
759:
758:
757:
756:
751:
746:
741:
739:Regional power
736:
728:
727:
721:
720:
718:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
689:
688:
682:
681:
679:
678:
673:
668:
661:
656:
651:
646:
644:Puppet monarch
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
613:
612:
606:
605:
603:
602:
597:
592:
584:
583:
575:
572:
571:
568:
567:
562:
561:
560:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
521:
520:
515:
514:
509:
503:
500:
499:
497:
496:
495:
494:
489:
479:
477:State religion
471:
470:
468:
467:
464:
460:
457:
456:
454:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
400:
399:
394:
393:
388:
382:
379:
378:
376:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
348:Constitutional
345:
340:
332:
331:
326:
325:
320:
314:
309:
307:Power ideology
306:
305:
302:
301:
296:
295:
293:
292:
287:
282:
274:
273:
271:(rule by none)
264:
263:
261:
260:
255:
254:
253:
243:
235:
234:
221:
220:
218:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
154:
153:
144:
143:
141:
140:
135:
130:
125:
123:Representative
120:
115:
110:
105:
97:
96:
81:
78:
77:
74:
73:
62:
61:
54:
53:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4803:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4704:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4648:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4606:Indirect rule
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4567:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4506:Dual monarchy
4504:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4492:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4473:
4472:Unitary state
4469:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4402:Confederation
4400:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4386:
4381:
4373:
4368:
4366:
4361:
4359:
4354:
4353:
4350:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4335:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4321:
4317:
4316:
4306:
4300:
4296:
4295:
4289:
4288:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4241:
4226:
4222:
4215:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4181:
4173:
4167:
4163:
4162:
4154:
4152:
4143:
4137:
4133:
4132:
4124:
4122:
4113:
4107:
4103:
4102:
4094:
4078:
4072:
4056:
4050:
4043:
4039:
4036:
4031:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4001:
3985:
3981:
3975:
3959:
3953:
3946:
3940:
3925:
3921:
3914:
3898:
3891:
3885:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3854:
3848:
3844:
3838:
3830:
3823:
3815:
3802:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3770:
3766:
3760:
3755:
3754:
3748:
3744:
3743:J.H.H. Weiler
3738:
3731:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3694:
3692:
3683:
3670:
3663:
3661:
3652:
3645:
3638:
3631:
3627:
3621:
3614:
3610:
3604:
3596:
3589:
3582:
3576:
3569:
3568:9780660044910
3565:
3561:
3560:
3554:
3553:9780660044897
3550:
3546:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3535:Eugene Forsey
3531:
3529:
3520:
3514:
3510:
3509:
3501:
3485:
3484:Site-Knack-NL
3481:
3474:
3466:
3460:
3456:
3455:
3447:
3439:
3433:
3429:
3428:
3420:
3411:
3404:
3398:
3391:
3387:
3381:
3374:
3367:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3343:
3339:
3336:2003, p. 405
3335:
3331:
3327:
3321:
3314:
3309:
3307:
3299:
3295:
3294:Federalist 15
3291:
3287:
3283:
3277:
3270:
3264:
3257:
3253:
3247:
3238:
3234:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3199:African Union
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3155:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3133:
3128:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3110:
3109:African Union
3099:
3098:
3094:
3092:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3070:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3050:
3045:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3019:
3014:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2988:
2983:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2892:(current-day
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2874:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2787:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2764:
2754:
2753:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2637:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2605:
2595:
2594:
2591:
2586:
2585:Sweden–Norway
2576:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2475:United States
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2448:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2416:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2377:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2358:
2348:
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2344:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2233:
2232:
2229:
2224:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2092:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2071:Haudenosaunee
2062:
2061:
2058:
2053:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1965:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1937:800/962–1806
1934:
1929:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1905:Toltec Empire
1896:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1849:
1844:
1834:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1781:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1735:
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1726:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
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1657:
1653:
1649:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1565:First Nations
1562:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1506:Tsenacommacah
1503:
1499:
1495:
1494:North America
1491:
1490:Haudenosaunee
1487:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1442:S&D Group
1439:
1435:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1399:Hague Academy
1396:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1269:New Brunswick
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1213:confederation
1210:
1209:
1203:
1201:
1200:Confederation
1197:
1196:confederation
1193:
1189:
1188:confederation
1185:
1184:federal state
1178:
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1164:
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986:
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928:
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923:federal state
919:
916:
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869:
868:confederation
857:
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723:
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695:Confederation
693:
692:
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683:
677:
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672:
669:
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611:
608:
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590:Unitary state
588:
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579:
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510:
508:
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493:
492:State atheism
490:
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482:Secular state
480:
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386:Authoritarian
384:
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363:Parliamentary
361:
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151:(rule by few)
149:
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139:
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4745:Subsidiarity
4641:Vassal state
4621:Puppet state
4616:Protectorate
4581:Client state
4401:
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4246:
4240:
4228:. Retrieved
4224:
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4190:
4180:
4160:
4130:
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4093:
4083:10 September
4081:. Retrieved
4071:
4059:. Retrieved
4049:
4030:
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4014:the original
4009:
4000:
3988:. Retrieved
3984:the original
3974:
3962:. Retrieved
3958:"Startseite"
3952:
3944:
3939:
3927:. Retrieved
3923:
3913:
3901:. Retrieved
3896:
3884:
3872:. Retrieved
3868:the original
3863:
3853:
3837:
3828:
3822:
3801:cite journal
3790:the original
3776:
3768:
3752:
3746:
3737:
3707:
3703:
3669:cite journal
3659:
3657:
3651:the original
3637:
3620:
3603:
3594:
3588:
3580:
3575:
3556:
3538:
3507:
3500:
3488:. Retrieved
3483:
3473:
3453:
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3426:
3419:
3410:
3402:
3397:
3385:
3380:
3375:24 June 2008
3366:
3358:the original
3348:
3329:
3325:
3320:
3297:
3293:
3276:
3268:
3263:
3255:
3251:
3246:
3237:
3169:Commonwealth
3153:
3144:
2674:Present-day
2268:
2243:Commonwealth
2200:Tenochtitlan
2187:Aztec Empire
2156:Kalmar Union
2123:Kara Koyunlu
1974:–1540
1948:
1944:
1940:
1855:
1846:
1831:
1819:
1811:
1801:
1777:
1767:
1742:
1728:
1720:
1715:
1684:
1645:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1598:
1558:
1483:
1474:Five Nations
1446:Renew Europe
1431:
1421:
1392:
1340:
1312:
1289:Saskatchewan
1261:Upper Canada
1253:Lower Canada
1220:
1212:
1206:
1204:
1195:
1187:
1181:
1158:
1147:
1128:
1076:
1062:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1043:
1037:
1029:
1025:
1024:and between
1021:
1011:
968:
960:
944:
942:
920:
908:
892:
875:
871:
867:
865:
744:Middle power
694:
671:Vassal state
665:Buffer state
663:
639:Puppet state
634:Protectorate
610:Client state
600:Principality
426:Distributism
368:Presidential
246:Dictatorship
170:Gerontocracy
92:rule by many
65:
49:Part of the
43:
4672:Irredentism
4650:Development
4631:Trusteeship
4596:Direct rule
4569:Subordinacy
4380:subdivision
3990:19 February
3964:19 February
3579:P.W. Hogg,
3403:Wallonie 84
3313:Miller 2005
3209:Union State
2967:North Yemen
2854:Netherlands
2834:Arab League
2816:during the
2676:El Salvador
2397: 1665
2196:city-states
1812:Union State
1798:Union State
1717:Switzerland
1706:Switzerland
1472:Map of the
1357:, (mainly)
1265:Nova Scotia
1194:, the word
1154:Hans Hillen
1139:Netherlands
1079:Switzerland
1026:Communities
995:within the
965:Confederacy
957:monarchical
872:confederacy
749:Great power
734:Small power
676:Viceroyalty
547:Nationalism
411:Colonialism
391:Libertarian
353:Directorial
230:rule by one
210:Technocracy
205:Stratocracy
185:Meritocracy
175:Kleptocracy
165:Aristocracy
4781:Federalism
4770:Categories
4750:Suzerainty
4692:Separatism
4667:Detachment
4657:Annexation
4548:Superstate
4543:Real union
4480:Devolution
4447:Federation
4389:Federalism
4061:28 January
3874:15 October
3764:0199245002
3630:0415226473
3486:(in Dutch)
3342:2871277834
3332:, Erasme,
3230:References
3179:Federation
3174:Federalism
3064:Senegambia
2965:joined by
2477:under the
2136:Aq Qoyunlu
1972: 800
1914:Chichimeca
1841:See also:
1786:federation
1780:Sonderbund
1768:After the
1680:parliament
1476:(from the
1380:transposed
1378:, must be
1247:(becoming
1143:Luxembourg
1042:. Also in
999:in 1958).
981:Montenegro
953:republican
754:Superpower
710:Superstate
705:Federation
700:Devolution
686:Federalism
527:City-state
200:Plutocracy
195:Particracy
59:government
39:Federation
4735:Home rule
4687:Secession
4682:Partition
4275:145527513
4199:0140-0460
4191:The Times
3747:Sonderweg
3724:153687230
3710:: 59–75.
3660:vis-Ă -vis
3490:13 August
3288:of 1789.
2890:Nyasaland
2858:Indonesia
2688:Nicaragua
2680:Guatemala
2250:Lithuania
1891:Kharavela
1821:The Times
1802:In 1999,
1646:In 2003,
1589:Tuscarora
1450:ECR Group
1327:territory
1095:Catalonia
1091:Australia
973:republics
969:republics
911:secession
581:Unitarism
557:Globalism
463:Religious
451:Tribalism
441:Socialism
436:Feudalism
421:Despotism
416:Communism
406:Anarchism
343:Communist
290:Stateless
280:Anarchism
241:Despotism
225:Autocracy
215:Theocracy
180:Kritarchy
148:Oligarchy
133:Socialist
87:Democracy
4730:Hegemony
4713:Autonomy
4706:See also
4601:Dominion
4427:Federacy
4334:Archived
4038:Archived
3924:Politico
3384:French:
3158:See also
3146:De facto
2947:and the
2894:Zimbabwe
2773:states.
2684:Honduras
2570:Colombia
2428:Cameroon
2208:Tlacopan
2025:Kipchaks
2023:and the
2004:Kipchaks
2002:and the
1945:de facto
1685:The two
1658:and the
1636:Diaguita
1634:and the
1587:and the
1577:Onondaga
1397:(of the
1361:, and a
1297:devolved
1273:Manitoba
1233:dominion
1111:Scotland
1063:Walloons
1032:(CRISP)
1018:Flanders
1003:Examples
629:Dominion
358:Legalist
338:Absolute
323:Republic
318:Monarchy
190:Noocracy
160:Anocracy
113:Economic
103:Demarchy
4662:Cession
4611:Mandate
4322:, 1863.
4285:Sources
4267:1948073
4225:Reuters
4020:12 July
3929:28 July
3903:25 June
3390:Le Soir
3373:Le Soir
3324:French
3072:Senegal
3056:Tunisia
2818:Rif War
2771:Spanish
2424:Nigeria
2204:Texcoco
2164:Denmark
2012:Cumania
1949:de jure
1941:De jure
1918:Cholula
1869:Period
1808:Belarus
1753:as the
1609:Tairona
1412:Rutgers
1368:EU laws
1319:federal
1305:Nunavut
1285:Alberta
1257:Ontario
1150:BeNeSam
1135:Belgium
1131:Benelux
1125:Benelux
1087:Germany
1059:Flemish
1044:Le Soir
1039:Le Soir
1022:Regions
1008:Belgium
771:Related
466:Secular
431:Fascism
268:Anarchy
258:Tyranny
118:Liberal
4586:Colony
4516:Empire
4494:Unions
4301:
4273:
4265:
4230:8 July
4197:
4168:
4138:
4108:
3761:
3722:
3628:
3611:
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3340:
3204:ECOWAS
3124:
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3076:Gambia
2998:Guinea
2929:Jordan
2902:Malawi
2900:, and
2898:Zambia
2888:, and
2831:
2664:
2613:Brazil
2246:Poland
2172:Norway
2168:Sweden
2021:Cumans
2000:Kimeks
1979:Bacatá
1872:Notes
1804:Russia
1613:rulers
1605:Muisca
1585:Seneca
1583:, the
1581:Cayuga
1579:, the
1575:, the
1573:Oneida
1571:, the
1569:Mohawk
1440:, the
1267:, and
1255:; and
1249:Quebec
1192:Canada
1167:Canada
1141:, and
1137:, the
1097:, the
1083:Canada
993:Jordan
977:Serbia
971:(like
961:states
884:treaty
876:league
595:Empire
507:Global
138:Others
128:Social
108:Direct
4271:S2CID
4263:JSTOR
3893:(PDF)
3793:(PDF)
3786:(PDF)
3720:S2CID
3654:(PDF)
3647:(PDF)
3334:Namur
3292:, in
3052:Libya
3048:1974
3029:Libya
3025:Syria
3021:Egypt
3017:1972
2994:Ghana
2961:Syria
2957:Egypt
2921:1958
2608:1824
2399:–1887
1983:Hunza
1866:Name
1740:Latin
1727:) is
1695:dinar
1301:Yukon
1119:Italy
1103:Spain
512:Local
4299:ISBN
4232:2024
4206:2021
4195:ISSN
4166:ISBN
4136:ISBN
4106:ISBN
4085:2021
4063:2021
4022:2013
3992:2011
3966:2011
3931:2022
3905:2022
3876:2008
3814:help
3759:ISBN
3682:help
3626:ISBN
3609:ISBN
3564:ISBN
3557:Les
3549:ISBN
3513:ISBN
3492:2021
3459:ISBN
3432:ISBN
3338:ISBN
3194:NATO
3074:and
3054:and
3027:and
2996:and
2990:Mali
2959:and
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2856:and
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2263:and
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2206:and
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