Dixie (song) - Knowledge

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Dixie." Then, "Like a flash the thought suggested the first line of the walk-around, and a little later the minstrel, fiddle in hand, was working out the melody" (a different story has it that Emmett's wife uttered the famous line). Yet another variant, dated to 1903, further changes the details: "I was standing by the window, gazing out at the drizzly, raw day, and the old circus feeling came over me. I hummed the old refrain, 'I wish I was in Dixie,' and the inspiration struck me. I took my pen and in ten minutes had written the first verses with music. The remaining verses were easy." In his final years, Emmett even said he had written the song years before he had moved to New York. An article in

40: 286: 629: 1147: 1057: 729:, who may have been the source of Emmett's "Dixie." One strong assertion of the Snowden's claim is the point of view of the original lyrics—not making fun of "darkies," but describing relationships between the mistress of a house and her beau, along with the residents of the "Quarters." This unique point of view reflects the life circumstances of the Snowden family matriarch on her birthplace plantation in Maryland, prior to moving to Ohio. 814:"Dixie" has become an institution, an irrepressible institution in this section of the country ... As a consequence, whenever "Dixie" is produced, the pen drops from the fingers of the plodding clerk, spectacles from the nose and the paper from the hands of the merchant, the needle from the nimble digits of the maid or matron, and all hands go hobbling, bobbling in time with the magical music of "Dixie." 238:, following an AABC pattern. As originally performed, a soloist or small group stepped forward and sang the verses, and the whole company answered at different times; the repeated line "look away" was probably one part sung in unison like this. As the song became popular, the audience likely joined the troupe in singing the chorus. Traditionally, another eight measures of unaccompanied 713:

with minstrel companies, who are always on the look out for songs and sayings that will answer their business." He claimed at one point to have based the first part of "Dixie" on "Come Philander Let's Be Marchin, Every One for His True Love Searchin", which he described as a "song of his childhood days." Musical analysis does show some similarities in the

640:-born minstrel show composer Daniel Decatur Emmett wrote "Dixie" around 1859. Over his lifetime, Emmett often recounted the story of its composition, and details vary with each account. For example, in various versions of the story, Emmett said he had written "Dixie" in a few minutes, in a single night, and over a few days. An 1872 edition of the 708:"Dixie" is the only song Emmett ever said he had written in a burst of inspiration, and analysis of Emmett's notes and writings shows "a meticulous copyist, spent countless hours collecting and composing songs and sayings for the minstrel stage ... ; little evidence was left for the improvisational moment." The 405:." The final stanza rewords portions of Emmett's own "De Wild Goose-Nation": "De tarapin he thot it was time for to trabble / He screw aron his tail and begin to scratch grabble." Even the phrase "Dixie's land" had been used in Emmett's "Johnny Roach" and "I Ain't Got Time to Tarry," both first performed earlier in 1859. 843:, increasing the song's popularity in New Orleans. On the surface "Dixie" seems an unlikely candidate for a Southern hit; it has a Northern composer, stars a black protagonist, is intended as a dance song, and lacks any of the patriotic bluster of most national hymns and marches. Had it not been for the atmosphere of 780: 1168:, c. 1908, said that "though 'Dixie' came to be looked upon as characteristically a song of the South, the hearts of the Northern people never grew cold to it. President Lincoln loved it, and to-day it is the most popular song in the country, irrespective of section." As late as 1934, the music journal 992:

I propose now closing up by requesting you play a certain piece of music or a tune. I thought "Dixie" one of the best tunes I ever heard ... I had heard that our adversaries over the way had attempted to appropriate it. I insisted yesterday that we had fairly captured it ... I presented the

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precedes that of Firth, Pond & Co.'s version, but Emmett later recalled that Werlein had sent him a letter offering to buy the rights for $ 5. In a New York musical publishers' convention, Firth, Pond & Co. succeeded in convincing those present that Emmett was the composer. In future editions

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wrote in 1872 that " claim to authorship of 'Dixie' was and is still disputed, both in and out of the minstrel profession." Emmett himself said, "Show people generally, if not always, have the chance to hear every local song as they pass through the different sections of country, and particularly so

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While "Dixie" evolved and took many forms, with performers frequently adding their own verses or parodic alterations, the chorus largely remained unchanged. Today, the most widely recognized version of "Dixie" is often sung in standard English and focuses on the chorus, which has become emblematic of

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and common troops until 1863. Broadsides circulated with titles like "The Union 'Dixie'" or "The New Dixie, the True 'Dixie' for Northern Singers." Northern "Dixies" disagreed with the Southerners over the institution of slavery and this dispute, at the center of the divisiveness and destructiveness

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published another war-themed "Dixie," which he dedicated to "the Boys in Virginia". The defiant "In Dixie Land I'll take my stand / To live and die in Dixie" were the only lines used with any consistency. The tempo also quickened, as the song was a useful quickstep tune. Confederate soldiers, by and

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took advantage and published "Dixie" in New Orleans. He credited music to J. C. Viereck and Newcomb for lyrics. When the minstrel denied authorship, Werlein changed the credit to W. H. Peters. Werlein's version, subtitled "Sung by Mrs. John Wood," was the first "Dixie" to do away with the faux black

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As African Americans entered minstrelsy, they exploited the song's popularity in the South by playing "Dixie" as they first arrived in a Southern town. According to Tom Fletcher, a black minstrel of the time, it tended to please those who might otherwise be antagonistic to the arrival of a group of

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James H. Street says that "Johaan Dixie" was a Haarlem (Manhattan Island) farmer who decided that his slaves were not profitable because they were idle during the New York winter, so he sent them to Charleston where they were sold. Subsequently, the slaves were busy constantly, longing for the less

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versions of the song. Often these discussed the banalities of camp life: "Pork and cabbage in the pot, / It goes in cold and comes out hot," or, "Vinegar put right on red beet, / It makes them always fit to eat." Others were more nonsensical: "Way down South in the fields of cotton, / Vinegar shoes

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acting out the lyrics, only to be joined by the rest of the company (a dozen or so individuals for the Bryants). As shown by the original sheet music (see below), the dance tune used with "Dixie" by Bryant's Minstrels, who introduced the song on the New York stage, was "Albany Beef", an Irish-style

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It is marvellous with what wild-fire rapidity this tune "Dixie" has spread over the whole South. Considered as an intolerable nuisance when first the streets re-echoed it from the repertoire of wandering minstrels, it now bids fair to become the musical symbol of a new nationality, and we shall be

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Bryant's Minstrels premiered "Dixie" in New York City on April 4, 1859, as part of their blackface minstrel show. It appeared second to last on the bill, perhaps an indication of the Bryants' lack of faith that the song could carry the minstrel show's entire finale. The walkaround was billed as a

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plays the initial twelve notes of the melody from the song. Sacks and Sacks argue that such apparently innocent associations only further serve to tie "Dixie" to its blackface origins, as these comedic programs are, like the minstrel show, "inelegant, parodic dialect-ridden." On the other hand,

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in which "Dixie" debuted, it might have faded into obscurity. Nevertheless, the refrain "In Dixie Land I'll took my stand / To lib an die in Dixie", coupled with the first verse and its sanguine picture of the South, hit a chord. Woods's New Orleans audience demanded no fewer than seven encores.

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In this era of peace between the sections ... thousands of people from every portion of the United States will be only too glad to unite with the ex-confederates in the proposed demonstration, and already some of the leading men who fought on the Union side are enthusiastically in favor of

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Other details emerge in later accounts. In one, Emmett said that "Suddenly... I jumped up and sat down at the table to work. In less than an hour, I had the first verse and chorus. After that it was easy." In another version, Emmett stared out at the rainy evening and thought, "I wish I was in

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Campaigns against "Dixie" and other Confederate symbols have helped create a sense of political ostracism and marginalization among working-class white Southerners. Confederate heritage groups and literature proliferated in the late 1980s and early 1990s in response to criticism of the song.

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outline, but the songs are not closely related. Emmett also credited "Dixie" to an old circus song. Despite the disputed authorship, Firth, Pond & Co. paid Emmett $ 300 for all rights to "Dixie" on February 11, 1861, perhaps fearing complications spurred by the impending Civil War.

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provides one of the earliest accounts, relating that on a Saturday night shortly after Emmett had been taken on as a songwriter for the Bryant's Minstrels, Jerry Bryant told him they would need a new walkaround by the following Monday. By this account, Emmett shut himself inside his

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reel later included by Dan Emmett in an instructional book he co-authored in 1862. Dancers probably performed between verses, and a single dancer used the fiddle solo at the end of the song to "strut, twirl his cane, or mustache, and perhaps slyly wink at a girl on the front row."

1685:(New York: Firth, Pond & Co., 1862). "Albany Beef" was a name for Hudson River sturgeon. The tune shares a part with the reel known as "Buckley's Fancy" or "After the Sun Goes Down" in the Francis O'Neill collection, and "Lord St. Clair's Reel" in the Roche collection (see 1181:"Dixie" had become Emmett's most enduring legacy. In the 1900 census of Knox County, Emmett's occupation is given as "author of Dixie." The band at Emmett's funeral played "Dixie" as he was lowered into his grave. His grave marker, placed 20 years after his death, reads, 1254:

writes that "Today, the performance of 'Dixie' still conjures visions of an unrepentant, militarily recalcitrant South, ready to reassert its aged theories of white supremacy at any moment.... This is why the playing of 'Dixie' still causes hostile reactions."

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expression meaning " in unrealistically rosy fantasizing." For example, "Don't just sit there whistling 'Dixie'!" is a reprimand against inaction, and "You ain't just whistling 'Dixie'!" indicates that the addressee is serious about the matter at hand.

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carrying out the programme. Dixie is as lively and popular an air today as it ever was, and its reputation is not confined to the American continent ... herever it is played by a big, strong band the auditors cannot help keeping time to the music.

705:; this claimant attempted to prove his allegations through a Southern historical society, but he died before they could produce any conclusive evidence. By 1908, four years after Emmett's death, no fewer than 37 people had claimed the song as theirs. 1475:, coupled with the Rebel mascot and the Confederate battle flag school symbol, which led to protests. Confederate heritage websites regularly feature the song, and Confederate heritage groups routinely sing "Dixie" at their gatherings. In his song " 101: 969:

instruction in 1862, and a 1904 work by Charles Burleigh Galbreath claims that Emmett gave his official sanction to Crosby's Union lyrics. At least 39 versions of the song, both vocal and instrumental, were published between 1860 and 1866.

760:(the Citizens Bank of New Orleans, in the French Quarter) which had engraved on the reverse a large DIX (ten, in French, the language of many in New Orleans of the period). The notes were known as Dixies by Southerners, and the area around 1681:"I Wish I Was in Dixie's Land, Written and Composed expressly for Bryant's Minstrels, arranged for the pianoforte by W. L. Hobbs," New York: Firth, Pond & Co., 1860, and New Orleans: P.P. Werlein, 1860. George B. Bruce and Dan Emmett, 1127:, Emmett's death the year before turned sentiments against the project, and the groups were ultimately unsuccessful in having any of the 22 entries universally adopted. The song was played at the dedication of Confederate monuments like 1073:

wrote, "... no one ever heard of Dixie's land being other than Manhattan Island until recently, when it has been erroneously supposed to refer to the South, from its connection with pathetic negro allegory." In 1888 the publishers of a

701:, published on June 26, 1860. Other publishers attributed completely made-up composers with the song: "Jerry Blossom" and "Dixie, Jr.," among others. The most serious of these challenges during Emmett's lifetime came from Southerner 434:

As with other minstrel material, "Dixie" entered common circulation among blackface performers, and many of them added their own verses or altered the song in other ways. Emmett himself adopted the tune for a pseudo-African American

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Sacks and Sacks, p. 212 note 4, call $ 300 "a sum even then considered small"; Abel, p. 31, says that it was "a sizable amount of money in those days, especially for a song." Nathan, p. 269, does not comment on the fairness of the

912:, and possibly for the first time as a band arrangement. Emmett himself reportedly told a fellow minstrel that year that "If I had known to what use they were going to put my song, I will be damned if I'd have written it." 1249:

protested "Dixie" in 1971. In 1989, three black Georgia senators walked out when the Miss Georgia Sweet Potato Queen sang "Dixie" in the Georgia chamber. Some musicologists have challenged the song as racist. For example,

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athletics department announced the song would no longer be played at athletic events – a tradition that had spanned some seven decades at football games and other sporting events. Ole Miss athletic director at the time

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Meanwhile, many Northern abolitionists took offense to the South's appropriation of "Dixie" because it was originally written as a satirical critique of the institution of slavery in the South. Before even the fall of

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with the song's composition, although other people have claimed credit, even during Emmett's lifetime. Compounding the problem are Emmett's own confused accounts of its writing and his tardiness in registering its

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Countless lyrical variants of "Dixie" exist, but the version attributed to Dan Emmett and its variations are the most popular. Emmett's lyrics as they were originally intended reflect the hostile mood of many

3846: 884:"Dixie" quickly spread to the rest of the South, enjoying vast popularity. By the end of 1860, secessionists had adopted it as theirs; on December 20 the band played "Dixie" after each vote for secession at 794:"Dixie" quickly gained wide recognition and status as a minstrel standard, and it helped rekindle interest in plantation material from other troupes, particularly in the third act. It became a favorite of 651:

apartment and wrote the song that Sunday evening. The playbill for Jerry Bryant's Minstrel Show dated Monday, April 4, 1859, lists the first performance of "Dixie's Land" at Mechanics' Hall, New York.

3395: 1067:"Dixie" slowly re-entered Northern repertoires, mostly in private performances. New Yorkers resurrected stories about "Dixie" being a part of Manhattan, thus reclaiming the song for themselves. The 4278: 1380:

Poole sees the "Dixie" car horn, as used on the "General Lee" from the TV show and mimicked by white Southerners, as another example of the song's role as a symbol of "working-class revolt."

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of the American Civil War, played out in the culture of American folk music through the disputes over the meaning of this song. Emmett himself arranged "Dixie" for the military in a book of

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mounted a campaign to acknowledge an official Southern version of the song (one that would purge it forever of its African American associations). Although they obtained the support of the

749:), "Dixieland" was a farm on Long Island, New York, owned by a man named John Dixie. He befriended so many slaves before the Civil War that his place became a sort of a paradise to them. 464:. These variants standardized the spelling and made the song more militant, replacing the slave scenario with specific references to the conflict or to Northern or Southern pride. This 100: 1286:. Johnson believes that modern versions of the song are not racist and simply reinforce that the South "extols family and tradition." Other supporters, such as former State Senator 928:

Southerners who shunned the song's low origins and comedic nature changed the lyrics, usually to focus on Southern pride and the war. Albert Pike's enjoyed the most popularity; the

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A monument in Montgomery, Alabama, on the site of the inauguration reads, "Dixie was played as a band arrangement for the first time on this occasion". Quoted in Sacks and Sacks 4.

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slave owner who had sent his slaves south just before New York's 1827 banning of slavery. The stories had little effect; for most Americans, "Dixie" was synonymous with the South.

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The earliest of these protests came from students of Southern universities, where "Dixie" was a staple of a number of marching bands. Similar protests have since occurred at the

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large, preferred these war versions to the original minstrel lyrics. "Dixie" was probably the most popular song for Confederate soldiers on the march, in battle, and at camp.

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said, "It fits in with where the university has gone in terms of making sure we follow our creed, core values of the athletic department, and that all people feel welcome."

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Northerners, Emmett among them, also declared that the "Dixie Land" of the song was actually in the North. One common story, still cited today, claimed that Dixie was a

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On the Real Side: Laughing, Lying, and Signifying—The Underground Tradition of African-American Humor that Transformed American Culture, from Slavery to Richard Pryor

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in late 1860, and by the end of the decade, it had found its way into the repertoire of British sailors. As the American Civil War broke out, one New Yorker wrote,

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Dixie is sampled in the film scores of a great many American feature films, often to signify Confederate troops and the American Civil War. For example,

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wrote that it was "one of the most popular compositions ever produced" and that it had "been sung, whistled, and played in every quarter of the globe."

305:, and in writing it, the composer drew on a number of earlier works. The first part of the song is anticipated by other Emmett compositions, including " 948:

wrote in 1862 that "The homely air of 'Dixie,' of extremely doubtful origin ... generally believed to have sprung from a noble stock of Southern

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question to the Attorney-General, and he gave his opinion that it is our lawful prize ... I ask the Band to give us a good turn upon it.

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slower than the one usually played today. Rhythmically, the music is "characterized by a heavy, nonchalant, inelegant strut," and is in

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Performers who choose to sing "Dixie" today usually remove the black dialect and combine the song with other pieces. For example,

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However, "Dixie" was still most strongly associated with the South. Northern singers and writers often used it for parody or as a

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dialect and misspellings. The publication did not go unnoticed, and Firth Pond & Co. threatened to sue. The date on Werlein's

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only further made light of the subject. In short, "Dixie" made the case, more strongly than any previous minstrel tune had, that

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playing followed, coming to a partial close in the middle; since 1936, this part has rarely been printed with the sheet music.

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suggested a celebration in honor of "Dixie" and Emmett in Washington as a bipartisan tribute. One of the planners noted that:

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has been lost; extant copies were made during Emmett's retirement, starting in the 1890s. Emmett's tardiness registering the

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published it on May 30, 1861, as "The War Song of Dixie," followed by Werlein, who again credited Viereck for composition.

597:"The New Dixie!: The True 'Dixie' for Northern Singers" takes a different approach, turning the original song on its head: 182:"Dixie" originated in the minstrel shows of the 1850s and quickly became popular throughout the United States. During the 3916: 3026: 1124: 1116: 839: 379: 1563: 401:

clearly echoes "Gumbo Chaff" from the 1830s: "Den Missus she did marry Big Bill de weaver / Soon she found out he was a

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Journalist Clint Johnson calls modern opposition to "Dixie" "an open, not-at-all-secret conspiracy" and an example of

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followed by a longer note), which is integrated into long, melodic phrases. The melodic content consists primarily of

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The lyrics use many common phrases found in minstrel tunes of the day—"I wish I was in ..." dates to at least "

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first made in 1859. It is one of the most distinctively Southern musical products of the 19th century. It was not a

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Detail from a playbill of the Bryant's Minstrels depicting the first part of a walkaround, dated December 19, 1859

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Various theories exist regarding the origin of the term "Dixie". According to Robert LeRoy Ripley (founder of

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ought to be enslaved. This was accomplished through the song's protagonist, who, speaking in an exaggerated

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Sacks and Sacks give the same number of claimants but say "By the time of Emmett's death in 1904 ...".

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at its creation, but it has since entered the American folk vernacular. The song likely rooted the word "

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McLaurin, Melton A. (1992). "Songs of the South: The Changing Image of the South in Country Music".

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Emmett published "Dixie" (under the title "I Wish I Was in Dixie's Land") on June 21, 1860, through

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in the United States. The song presented the point of view, common to minstrelsy at the time, that

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strenuous life on the Haarlem farm; they would chant, "I sure wish we was back on Dixie's land."

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Poole, W. Scott (2005). "Lincoln in Hell: Class and Confederate Symbols in the American South".

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song called "Bow Wow Wow". The second part is possibly related to other material, most likely

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in the 1950s and 1960s, African Americans have frequently criticised "Dixie", saying it is a

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the song. The first verse and chorus, in their best-known non-dialect form, are as follows:

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The Companion to Southern Literature: Themes, Genres, Places, People, Movements, and Motifs

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Supporters consider the song a part of the patriotic American repertoire on a par with "

693:. The earliest of these that is known today is a copyrighted edition for piano from the 214:, who had it played at some of his political rallies and at the announcement of General 1527: 1480: 1216: 944:

as its composer. Accordingly, some ascribed it a longer tradition as a folk song. Poet

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Hotze, Henry (5 May 1861). "Three Months in the Confederate Army: The Tune of Dixie."

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has been long forgotten; and today it is heard everywhere—North, East, South, West."

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Detail from a playbill for Bryant's Minstrels at April 4, 1859, premiere of "Dixie",

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Nathan 245 states that the date of the first performance is often given incorrectly.

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A second "unofficial" Union version was popular among Union troops, referred to as

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Both Union and Confederate composers produced war versions of the song during the

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Smith, Will (September 1934). "The Story of Dixie and Its Picturesque Composer."

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Circa 1908, "How 'Dan' Emmett's Song Became the War Song of the South," New York

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One explanation revolves around currency of the period, the ten-dollar note from

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Introduction to sheet music for "I'm Going Home to Dixie." Quoted in Abel 39.

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material, performances of "Dixie" were accompanied by dancing. The song is a

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Clipping from "The Author of Dixie," c. 1895. Quoted in Sacks and Sacks 156.

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Any Little Girl, That's a Nice Little Girl, Is the Right Little Girl for Me

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The debate has since moved beyond student populations. Members of the 75th

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relic of the Confederacy and a reminder of decades of white domination and

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in other pieces to establish a person or setting as Southern. For example,

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Letter from Col. T. Allston Brown to T. C. De Leon. Published in De Leon,

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and the French-speaking parts of Louisiana came to be known as Dixieland.

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He'd Have to Get Under – Get Out and Get Under (to Fix Up His Automobile)

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National Symbols, Fractured Identities: Contesting the National Narrative

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The Politically Incorrect Guide to the South (and Why It Will Rise Again)

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Clipping from "The War Song of the South". Quoted in Sacks and Sacks 160.

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Still, "Dixie" was not rejected outright in the North. An article in the

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Sweet Freedom's Song: "My Country 'Tis of Thee" and Democracy in America

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in March 1860; the walkaround became the hit of their show. That April,

4311: 4161: 4119: 3499: 3254:

Way up North in Dixie: A Black Family's Claim to the Confederate Anthem

3149:

Reconstructing Dixie: Race, Gender, and Nostalgia in the Imagined South

2782:"Masked and Anonymous – Bob Dylan – Songs, Reviews, Credits – AllMusic" 1487: 1472: 1394: 1303: 1271: 677:

for the song allowed it to proliferate among other minstrel groups and

670: 566: 333: 298: 294: 171: 156: 124: 72: 1363:

often play "Dixie" to quickly set the scene. On the television series

1146: 940:

Southerners who rallied to the song proved reluctant to acknowledge a

877:." Whether ironically or sincerely, Emmett dedicated a sequel called " 414:

I wish I was in the land of cotton, old times there are not forgotten,

4316: 3216:

Rally 'Round the Flag, Boys!: South Carolina and the Confederate Flag

1891:

Mark Knowles, Tap Roots: The Early History of Tap Dancing. Knowledge.

1430: 1337: 1170: 1092: 1056: 974: 949: 905: 834: 686: 674: 589: 329: 276: 261: 176: 2347:

Galbreath, Charles Burleigh (October 1904). "Song Writers of Ohio,"

2325:

Postscript to the poem "War." Quoted in Harwell, Richard B. (1950).

851: 370:" and "Johnny Roach". The fact that "Dixie" and its precursors were 2886:

Singing the New Nation: How Music Shaped the Confederacy, 1861–1865

2786: 1457: 1406: 1275: 1061: 682: 402: 279: 265: 188: 1900:

Clipping titled "Author of Dixie". Quoted in Sacks and Sacks 160.

1290:

of South Carolina, have called the attempts to suppress the song

1078:

songbook included "Dixie" as a "patriotic song," and in 1895 the

1033: 896:. On February 18, 1861, the song took on something of the air of 767:

Another popular theory maintains that the term originated in the

235: 163:" in the American vocabulary as a nickname for the Southern U.S. 19:"Whistling Dixie" redirects here. For the Randy Houser song, see 2853:"The Latest Online Influencer: General William Tecumseh Sherman" 2392: 1330:

quotes the song in the opening scene of his late 1930s score to

3779: 1491: 1359:

The soundtracks of cartoons featuring Southern characters like

1212: 941: 807: 714: 616: 398: 239: 1927:

July 1, 1904. "The Author of 'Dixie' Passes to Great Beyond".

1490:'s parody of the song resurged in popularity as it became the 3468: 1319: 924:

fortunate if it does not impose its very name on our country.

575: 451:

In Dixie's land, I'll take my stand to live and die in Dixie!

445: 418:

In Dixie Land where I was born in, early on a frosty mornin',

246: 160: 24: 3339:

Blacking Up: The Minstrel Show in Nineteenth-century America

2944:

The Confederate Battle Flag: America's Most Embattled Emblem

1939: 1937: 4346: 3588: 3430: 3054:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. 2621:

Scandalize My Name: Black Imagery in American Popular Music

1336:

as a down-beat nostalgic instrumental to set the scene and

1045: 1041: 1037: 637: 382:, implies that despite his freedom, he is homesick for the 167: 3091:

Pen and Ink: Papers on Subjects of More or Less Importance

1738: 425:

In Dixie Land I'll take my stand to live and die in Dixie,

4351: 4286: 2713: 2571: 2010: 1934: 1873: 1861: 1807: 1762: 1726: 1698:

Wootton, Ada Bedell (1936). "Something New about Dixie".

1106:

quoted "Dixie" in the song "Bandana Days" for their 1921

873:

of Werlein's arrangement, Viereck is merely credited as "

3279:(1995 ed.). Mineola, New York: Dover Publications. 2433: 2431: 1665: 1663: 1636: 1624: 1600: 681:

performers. Rival editions and variations multiplied in

3071:"'Dixie' now too symbolic of old South, not of origins" 3826:

Ain't It Funny What a Difference Just a Few Hours Make

3319:"Rehnquist's Inclusion of 'Dixie' Strikes a Sour Note" 1433:

also recorded a version of the song for the 2003 film

1154:" written across the bottom. The portrait belonged to 1002:

Early recordings of the song include band versions by

3235:

An American Iliad: The Story of the Civil War, 2nd ed

2806: 2428: 2229: 2210: 2208: 1991: 1989: 1962: 1797: 1795: 1750: 1714: 1660: 1612: 210:

The song was a favorite of Kentucky native President

23:. For the cultural region of the American South, see 2923:

Branham, Robert James; Hartnett, Stephen J. (2002).

2708:

American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

2644: 2559: 1648: 721:

The latest challenge has been made on behalf of the

2794: 2743:"Is Jesse Helms Whistling 'Dixie' Over Nomination?" 1174:asserted that "the sectional sentiment attached to 774: 297:Hans Nathan, "Dixie" resembles other material that 3461:is available for free viewing and download at the 3130:You Wrote My Life: Lyrical Themes in Country Music 2481: 2462: 2298: 2205: 2127: 1986: 1974: 1831: 1819: 1792: 1051: 855:Unauthorized sheet music to "Dixie", published by 662:supports this, giving a composition date of 1843. 3360:. Baton Route: Louisiana State University Press. 3199:. Middlebury, Vermont: Middlebury College Press. 3190:. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. 3188:Dan Emmett and the Rise of Early Negro Minstrelsy 3151:. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. 4634: 1390:whistled "Dixie" while in an elevator with her. 1150:Photograph of Dan Emmett with "Author of 'Dixie! 798:and was played during his campaign in 1860. The 3840:Always Leave Them Laughing When You Say Goodbye 2922: 2393:"Discography of American Historical Recordings" 1593: 1591: 1589: 1340:makes use of instrumental versions in his 1990 16:Popular mid-19th century American minstrel song 2556:Neely-Chandler, Thomasina, quoted in Johnston. 1547: 1463:For many white Southerners, "Dixie," like the 1242:banned the song from its band's performances. 527:Hurrah! Hurrah! The Stars and Stripes forever! 483:Northern flags in South wind flutter; ... 479:Up! lest worse than death befall you! ... 439:in the 1870s or 1880s. The chorus changed to: 4272: 3795: 3484: 3256:. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. 2966:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 1369:, which takes place in a fictional county in 859:and Halsey of New Orleans, Louisiana, in 1861 512:Then away, then away, then away to the fight! 3093:(2007 ed.). Kessinger Publishing, LLC. 2985:. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing Inc. 2351:, 13: 533–34. Quoted in Sacks and Sacks 156. 1586: 1456:(1995) sings lines from the song while in a 1193:Whose Song 'Dixie Land' inspired the courage 623: 420:Look away, look away, look away, Dixie Land. 416:Look away, look away, look away, Dixie Land. 321:folk songs. The chorus follows portions of " 98: 4085:I've Been Floating Down the Old Green River 3303:History Matters: The U.S. Survey on the Web 3052:Tap Roots: The Early History of Tap Dancing 2405: 1687:https://tunearch.org/Annotation:Albany_Beef 1274:for the 4th Circuit Judicial Conference in 1196:and Devotion of the Southern People and now 733:Origin of the terms "Dixie" and "Dixieland" 571:Ride away, ride away, ride away, ride away. 554:Ride away, ride away, ride away, ride away. 529:Hurrah! Hurrah! Our Union shall not sever! 481:Hear the Northern thunders mutter! ... 423:Then I wish I was in Dixie, hooray! hooray! 4279: 4265: 3802: 3788: 3491: 3477: 3296:"Making Sense of an American Popular Song" 3293: 3251: 3218:. The University of South Carolina Press. 2908:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. 2719: 2665: 2577: 2016: 1943: 1879: 1867: 1813: 1606: 900:when it was played at the inauguration of 632:"I Wish I Was in Dixie's Land" sheet music 38: 3355: 3165: 3146: 2903: 2329:, p. 50. Quoted in turn in Nathan p. 256. 2098: 1502:posting", where it was used to disparage 1270:regularly included "Dixie" in his annual 1202: 988:, Lincoln addressed a White House crowd: 325:," an Emmett piece from earlier in 1859. 313:" (1830s) and ultimately an 18th-century 151:", and other titles, is a song about the 3252:Sacks, Howard L.; Sacks, Judith (1993). 3127: 3107: 3088: 2999: 2961: 2028:September 7, 1872, "Cat and Dog Fight". 1959:. Quoted in Sacks and Sacks 244 note 19. 1199:Thrills the Hearts of a Reunited Nation. 1145: 1055: 850: 778: 627: 543:Away down south in the land of traitors, 284: 4015:He May Be Old, But He's Got Young Ideas 3374: 3316: 3166:McWhirter, Christian (March 31, 2012). 3049: 3000:Johnston, Cynthia (November 11, 2002). 2980: 2538:52: 524. Quoted in Sacks and Sacks 156. 2382:, vol. IV, 207–8. Quoted in Nathan 275. 2099:McWhirter, Christian (March 31, 2012). 1858:Asimov, Chronology of the World, p. 376 245:The song was traditionally played at a 4635: 4092:I've Got My Captain Working for Me Now 3271: 3232: 3213: 3185: 2889:. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. 2740: 2623:, p. 188. Quoted in Sacks and Sacks 4. 2235: 1968: 1825: 1768: 1756: 1744: 1732: 1720: 1669: 1654: 1642: 1630: 1618: 1556: 477:Southrons! hear your country call you! 455:Away, away, away down South in Dixie! 429:Away, away, away down South in Dixie. 111:Instrumental version performed by the 4288:National symbols of the United States 4260: 3931:Cuddle up a Little Closer, Lovey Mine 3783: 3472: 3394:Yoste, Elizabeth (January 30, 2002). 3393: 3341:. New York: Oxford University Press. 3194: 3068: 2941: 2812: 2650: 2565: 2547:Quoted in Sacks and Sacks 223 note 3. 2249:"Herman Frank Arnold Biography, 1929" 1421:) combines "Dixie" with the Union's " 1309: 980:On April 10, 1865, one day after the 615:Soldiers on both sides wrote endless 518:And should your courage falter, boys, 453:Away, away, away down South in Dixie! 427:Away, away, away down South in Dixie, 354:in the late 1850s towards increasing 4078:It Takes the Irish to Beat the Dutch 3336: 3237:. The University Press of Kentucky. 3024: 2882: 2800: 2741:Reaves, Jessica (October 27, 1999). 2691:For Ole Miss sports, 'Dixie' is dead 2689:Ganucheau, Adam. (August 19, 2016). 2468: 2304: 2214: 2133: 1995: 1980: 1837: 1801: 1702:. Quoted in Sacks and Sacks, p. 194. 1397:'s jazz version mixes "Dixie" with " 485:Send them back your fierce defiance! 336:, which originally began with a few 226:"Dixie" is structured into five two- 4698:Race-related controversies in music 4029:I'm Afraid to Come Home in the Dark 3917:Come Josephine in My Flying Machine 3396:"'Dixie' sees less play at Tad Pad" 3356:Warburton, Thomas (2002). "Dixie". 2591:"Bold Beginnings, Bright Tomorrows" 2295:, 43; quoted in turn in Nathan 272. 1125:United Sons of Confederate Veterans 1117:United Daughters of the Confederacy 840:Po-ca-hon-tas, or The Gentle Savage 758:Banque des Citoyens de la Louisiane 13: 4502:America (My Country, 'Tis of Thee) 4057:In the Shade of the Old Apple Tree 3379:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 3294:Spitzer, John; Walters, Ronald G. 3069:Levin, Steve (September 4, 1998). 3025:Kane, G. A. Dr. (March 19, 1893). 2408:Edison Cylinder Records, 1889–1912 2072:, as condensed in the August 1937 1552:. Simon and Schuster. p. 580. 608:In Yankee land I'll take my stand, 309:" (1844), itself a derivative of " 48:Unofficial national anthem of the 14: 4724: 3673:Play Me Like You Play Your Guitar 3427:Example version of "Dixie's Land" 3420: 2964:America's Musical Life: A History 2422:"List of Famous Columbia Records" 1955:Quoted in "The Author of Dixie", 1510:evoking nostalgia for the Union. 1314:The song added a new term to the 1080:Confederate Veterans' Association 4713:Works about the Antebellum South 3973:Forty-five Minutes from Broadway 3809: 3515:Have 'Twangy' Guitar Will Travel 3317:Timberg, Craig (July 22, 1999). 2845: 2836: 2827: 2818: 2774: 2525:. Quoted in Sacks and Sacks 156. 1931:. Quoted in Sacks and Sacks 160. 1238:. In 1968, the President of the 775:Popularity through the Civil War 514:Go meet those Southern traitors, 487:Stamp upon the cursed alliance! 4708:Songs of the American Civil War 4658:Anthems of non-sovereign states 4607:When Johnny Comes Marching Home 3903:Clap Hands! Here Comes Charley! 2875: 2765: 2734: 2725: 2700: 2683: 2674: 2656: 2635: 2626: 2613: 2583: 2550: 2541: 2528: 2515: 2506: 2474: 2453: 2440: 2414: 2399: 2385: 2372: 2363: 2354: 2341: 2332: 2319: 2310: 2281: 2268: 2259: 2241: 2220: 2196: 2187: 2174: 2161: 2148: 2139: 2118: 2092: 2079: 2063: 2053: 2044: 2035: 2022: 2001: 1949: 1921: 1912: 1903: 1894: 1885: 1852: 1843: 1783: 1774: 1705: 1692: 1675: 1232:Georgia Institute of Technology 1028:recorded it for the 1956 album 739:Dixie § Origin of the name 588:That he Will Face the Wrath of 4703:Songs about the American South 4474:Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean 4375:Liberty Enlightening the World 4113:I Wonder Who's Kissing Her Now 3498: 3437:Sheet music for "Dixie's Land" 3006:Present at the Creation series 2697:. Retrieved February 16, 2021. 2380:Abraham Lincoln, The War Years 2182:New York Commercial Advertiser 2180:Circa 1861. Clipping from the 2171:, p. 14. Quoted in Nathan 269. 1929:Mount Vernon Democratic Banner 1577: 1541: 1373:, the musical car horn of the 1266:." For example, Chief Justice 785:Mechanics' Hall, New York City 602:Then I'm glad I'm not in Dixie 504:On! ye patriots to the battle, 1: 4481:The Stars and Stripes Forever 4106:I Want to Go Back to Michigan 3441:Historic American Sheet Music 2904:Cornelius, Steven H. (2004). 2490:. June 20, 1909. pp. 1–2 2349:Ohio Archaeological Quarterly 1683:The Drummers and Fifers Guide 1534: 1007: 997: 930:Natchez (Mississippi) Courier 50:Confederate States of America 4099:I've Got Rings On My Fingers 4071:It's the Same Old Shillelagh 4064:It's a Long Way to Tipperary 3861:Be My Little Baby Bumble Bee 2483:"TRIBUTE PAID RANK AND FILE" 2089:. Retrieved August 18, 2017. 1129:Confederate Private Monument 820:Rumsey and Newcomb Minstrels 610:Won't live or die in Dixie 364:positive institution overall 360:slavery in the United States 221: 7: 4683:Historical national anthems 4663:Billy Murray (singer) songs 4586:Battle Hymn of the Republic 4523:The Army Goes Rolling Along 4043:In the Good Old Summer Time 4022:Hello, Hawaii, How Are You? 4008:He Goes to Church on Sunday 3987:Give My Regards to Broadway 3666:(Dance with the) Guitar Man 3233:Roland, Charles P. (2004). 3214:Prince, K. Michael (2004). 2927:. Oxford University Press. 2597:. Fall 2001. Archived from 2406:Koenigsberg, Allen (1987). 2070:Look Away! A Dixie Notebook 1521:Battle Hymn of the Republic 1513: 1425:" and the negro spiritual " 1423:Battle Hymn of the Republic 1318:: "Whistling 'Dixie'" is a 1121:United Confederate Veterans 746:Ripley's Believe It or Not! 83:Daniel Decatur Emmett, 1859 10: 4729: 4155:On the Old Fall River Line 4050:In the Land of the Buffalo 3966:Everybody Works but Father 3854:At the Moving Picture Ball 3536:$ 1,000,000 Worth of Twang 3089:Matthews, Brander (1888). 2962:Crawford, Richard (2001). 2906:Music of the Civil War Era 2883:Abel, E. Lawrence (2000). 1564:"Lincoln Called For Dixie" 736: 669:in New York. The original 395:I'm Gwine ober de Mountain 275:, firmly establishing the 18: 4653:American military marches 4579:The Washington Post March 4516:Lift Every Voice and Sing 4444: 4407: 4365: 4294: 3817: 3682: 3552: 3506: 2278:and quoted in Nathan 275. 2276:Belles, Beaux, and Brains 1469:University of Mississippi 1223:" with the song "Dixie". 624:Composition and copyright 368:I Ain't Got Time to Tarry 344: 133: 96: 91: 87: 79: 68: 56: 46: 37: 4668:Blackface minstrel songs 4453:The Star-Spangled Banner 4224:The Worst Is Yet to Come 3833:Alexander's Ragtime Band 3529:The "Twangs" the "Thang" 3337:Toll, Robert C. (1974). 3147:McPherson, Tara (2003). 3132:. Taylor & Francis. 2253:finding-aids.lib.unc.edu 915:In May 1861 Confederate 703:William Shakespeare Hays 636:According to tradition, 4600:You're a Grand Old Flag 4245:You're a Grand Old Flag 4217:Under the Anheuser Bush 3868:Because I'm Married Now 3596:Forty Miles of Bad Road 3400:The Daily Mississippian 3168:"The Birth of 'Dixie.'" 3114:The Daily Mississippian 3108:McDaniel, Alex (2009). 3075:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 2981:Johnson, Clint (2007). 2942:Coski, John M. (2005). 2378:Sandburg, Carl. (1939) 2184:. Quoted in Nathan 271. 2158:. Quoted in Nathan 269. 2087:Encyclopedia Britannica 2032:. Quoted in Nathan 256. 1548:Herbert, David (1996). 1523:", the Union equivalent 1471:maintained the "Dixie" 1247:United States Army Band 879:I'm Going Home to Dixie 574:We're marching down to 356:abolitionist sentiments 4693:North American anthems 4614:This Land Is Your Land 4196:Shine On, Harvest Moon 4141:Oh, You Beautiful Doll 4036:In My Merry Oldsmobile 3691:Along the Navajo Trail 3603:Some Kind-a Earthquake 3277:Songs of the Civil War 3050:Knowles, Mark (2002). 2720:Sacks & Sacks 1993 2619:Dennison, Sam (1982). 2578:Sacks & Sacks 1993 2437:Spitzer and Walters 9. 2169:Sea Songs and Shanties 2103:. Opinionator (blog). 2101:"The Birth of 'Dixie'" 2017:Sacks & Sacks 1993 1944:Sacks & Sacks 1993 1880:Sacks & Sacks 1993 1868:Sacks & Sacks 1993 1814:Sacks & Sacks 1993 1711:Spitzer and Walters 8. 1607:Sacks & Sacks 1993 1417:" (often performed by 1346:documentary. In 1943, 1228:University of Virginia 1203:Modern interpretations 1159: 1089: 1064: 995: 926: 881:" to Werlein in 1861. 863:New Orleans publisher 860: 816: 806:performed the song in 787: 633: 620:and paper stockings." 613: 595: 532: 490: 458: 432: 290: 230:groups of alternating 186:, it was adopted as a 153:Southern United States 107: 4621:Battle Cry of Freedom 4572:National Emblem March 4467:America the Beautiful 4231:The Yankee Doodle Boy 3754:Popeye the Hitchhiker 3719:I Almost Lost My Mind 3659:The Ballad of Paladin 3624:Because They're Young 3458:A NATION SINGS (1963) 3375:Watkins, Mel (1994). 3186:Nathan, Hans (1962). 3008:. NPR. Archived from 2680:Quoted in Prince 152. 2291:. Quoted in Harwell, 2167:Whall, W. B. (1913). 2050:Quoted in Nathan 257. 1789:Quoted in Roland 218. 1284:political correctness 1260:America the Beautiful 1209:Civil Rights Movement 1187:Daniel Decatur Emmett 1158:of Knox County, Ohio. 1149: 1084: 1060:"DIXIE'S LAND", 1904 1059: 1052:"Dixie" reconstructed 990: 921: 854: 812: 782: 667:Firth, Pond & Co. 631: 599: 569:will win the battles, 540: 501: 474: 441: 411: 397:" (1843). The second 288: 172:Daniel Decatur Emmett 149:I Wish I Was in Dixie 106: 73:Daniel Decatur Emmett 64:I Wish I Was in Dixie 4342:Pledge of Allegiance 4332:General Grant (tree) 4182:Pride of the Prairie 4169:Play a Simple Melody 2450:, quoted in Abel 43. 2446:1871 edition of the 2156:The New York Clipper 1849:Quoted in Silber 51. 1747:, pp. 260, 262. 1479:," country musician 1436:Masked and Anonymous 1366:The Dukes of Hazzard 1139:, on June 19, 1909. 1137:Nashville, Tennessee 934:Henry Throop Stanton 804:Buckley's Serenaders 307:De Wild Goose-Nation 201:The Bonnie Blue Flag 166:Most sources credit 4648:American folk songs 4428:Novus ordo seclorum 4373:Statue of Liberty ( 4203:Some Sunday Morning 3451:Lincoln and Liberty 3406:on November 4, 2007 3323:The Washington Post 3012:on January 28, 2012 2226:Nathan 267 note 42. 1771:, pp. 362–363. 1735:, pp. 362–364. 1645:, pp. 259–260. 1633:, pp. 249–250. 1573:. February 7, 1909. 1496:internet phenomenon 1415:An American Trilogy 1384:Carol Moseley Braun 1240:University of Miami 1156:Ben and Lew Snowden 1026:Norman Luboff Choir 910:Herman Frank Arnold 822:brought "Dixie" to 723:Snowden Family Band 695:John Church Company 659:The Washington Post 494:Frances J. Crosby's 472:is representative: 34: 4688:Jan and Dean songs 4551:The Air Force Song 4238:You'd Be Surprised 3522:Especially for You 3172:The New York Times 2105:The New York Times 2041:Quoted in Toll 42. 1571:The New York Times 1528:God Save the South 1481:Hank Williams, Jr. 1333:Gone with the Wind 1310:In popular culture 1160: 1065: 1030:Songs of the South 1004:Issler's Orchestra 861: 830:sang "Dixie" in a 788: 634: 462:American Civil War 303:Bryant's Minstrels 291: 205:God Save the South 184:American Civil War 143:", also known as " 108: 32: 4630: 4629: 4509:God Bless America 4488:Hail to the Chief 4397:West Potomac Park 4254: 4253: 3777: 3776: 3733:The Lonesome Road 3031:Richmond Dispatch 2992:978-1-59698-500-1 2896:978-0-8117-0228-7 2695:Mississippi Today 2327:Confederate Music 2293:Confederate Music 2154:August 10, 1861. 1486:During 2021, the 1460:-induced stupor. 1292:cultural genocide 1268:William Rehnquist 1236:Tulane University 1221:We Shall Overcome 1207:Beginning in the 1097:African Americans 886:St. Andrew's Hall 727:Knox County, Ohio 510:'s cannon rattle! 376:African Americans 137: 136: 104: 4720: 4281: 4274: 4267: 4258: 4257: 3959:Don't Bring Lulu 3938:Daddy, Come Home 3804: 3797: 3790: 3781: 3780: 3645:Theme from Dixie 3610:Bonnie Came Back 3493: 3486: 3479: 3470: 3469: 3463:Internet Archive 3415: 3413: 3411: 3402:. Archived from 3390: 3371: 3352: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3300: 3290: 3267: 3248: 3229: 3210: 3191: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3162: 3143: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3104: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3065: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3037:on June 25, 2018 3033:. Archived from 3021: 3019: 3017: 2996: 2977: 2957: 2938: 2919: 2900: 2869: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2857:The New York Sun 2849: 2843: 2840: 2834: 2831: 2825: 2822: 2816: 2810: 2804: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2778: 2772: 2769: 2763: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2753:on July 10, 2008 2749:. 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Gaskin 1012: 1009: 946:John Hill Hewitt 904:, arranged as a 800:New York Clipper 769:Mason–Dixon line 710:New York Clipper 643:New York Clipper 562:men are chattels 444:I wish I was in 391:Clare de Kitchen 386:he was born on. 384:slave plantation 105: 59: 42: 35: 31: 4728: 4727: 4723: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4718: 4717: 4678:Burl Ives songs 4673:Bob Dylan songs 4633: 4632: 4631: 4626: 4440: 4421:E pluribus unum 4415:In God We Trust 4403: 4361: 4290: 4285: 4255: 4250: 3924:Cordelia Malone 3889:Charley, My Boy 3813: 3808: 3778: 3773: 3768:Tuxedo Junction 3761:Trouble in Mind 3705:Dear Lady Twist 3678: 3548: 3502: 3497: 3455:The short film 3445:Duke University 3423: 3418: 3409: 3407: 3387: 3368: 3349: 3327: 3325: 3307: 3305: 3298: 3287: 3264: 3245: 3226: 3207: 3176: 3174: 3159: 3140: 3118: 3116: 3101: 3079: 3077: 3062: 3040: 3038: 3015: 3013: 2993: 2974: 2954: 2935: 2916: 2897: 2878: 2873: 2872: 2862: 2860: 2851: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2837: 2832: 2828: 2823: 2819: 2811: 2807: 2799: 2795: 2780: 2779: 2775: 2770: 2766: 2756: 2754: 2739: 2735: 2730: 2726: 2718: 2714: 2705: 2701: 2688: 2684: 2679: 2675: 2670: 2666: 2661: 2657: 2649: 2645: 2640: 2636: 2631: 2627: 2618: 2614: 2604: 2602: 2601:on May 22, 2010 2589: 2588: 2584: 2576: 2572: 2564: 2560: 2555: 2551: 2546: 2542: 2533: 2529: 2520: 2516: 2511: 2507: 2493: 2491: 2480: 2479: 2475: 2467: 2463: 2458: 2454: 2448:New York Weekly 2445: 2441: 2436: 2429: 2420: 2419: 2415: 2404: 2400: 2391: 2390: 2386: 2377: 2373: 2368: 2364: 2359: 2355: 2346: 2342: 2337: 2333: 2324: 2320: 2315: 2311: 2303: 2299: 2286: 2282: 2273: 2269: 2264: 2260: 2247: 2246: 2242: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2221: 2213: 2206: 2202:Crawford 264–6. 2201: 2197: 2192: 2188: 2179: 2175: 2166: 2162: 2153: 2149: 2144: 2140: 2132: 2128: 2123: 2119: 2109: 2107: 2097: 2093: 2084: 2080: 2074:Reader's Digest 2068: 2064: 2058: 2054: 2049: 2045: 2040: 2036: 2027: 2023: 2015: 2011: 2006: 2002: 1994: 1987: 1979: 1975: 1967: 1963: 1954: 1950: 1942: 1935: 1926: 1922: 1917: 1913: 1908: 1904: 1899: 1895: 1890: 1886: 1878: 1874: 1866: 1862: 1857: 1853: 1848: 1844: 1836: 1832: 1824: 1820: 1812: 1808: 1800: 1793: 1788: 1784: 1779: 1775: 1767: 1763: 1755: 1751: 1743: 1739: 1731: 1727: 1719: 1715: 1710: 1706: 1697: 1693: 1680: 1676: 1668: 1661: 1653: 1649: 1641: 1637: 1629: 1625: 1621:, p. 2478. 1617: 1613: 1605: 1601: 1596: 1587: 1582: 1578: 1566: 1562: 1561: 1557: 1546: 1542: 1537: 1516: 1504:neo-Confederacy 1361:Foghorn Leghorn 1312: 1288:Glenn McConnell 1205: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1151: 1133:Centennial Park 1070:New York Weekly 1054: 1010: 1000: 902:Jefferson Davis 898:national anthem 796:Abraham Lincoln 777: 741: 735: 626: 612: 609: 607: 606: 605:Hooray! Hooray! 604: 603: 594: 587: 586:must understand 581: 579: 573: 572: 570: 565: 555: 553: 544: 531: 528: 526: 525: 519: 517: 516:With iron will. 515: 513: 511: 505: 489: 486: 484: 482: 480: 478: 457: 454: 452: 450: 449:Hooray, Hooray! 448: 431: 428: 426: 424: 422: 421: 419: 417: 415: 352:white Americans 347: 224: 212:Abraham Lincoln 193:national anthem 129: 115: 113:West Point Band 109: 99: 63: 57: 52: 47: 28: 21:Whistlin' Dixie 17: 12: 11: 5: 4726: 4716: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4628: 4627: 4625: 4624: 4617: 4610: 4603: 4596: 4589: 4582: 4575: 4568: 4561: 4558:Semper Paratus 4554: 4547: 4544:Semper Fidelis 4540: 4533: 4530:Anchors Aweigh 4526: 4519: 4512: 4505: 4498: 4495:Hail, Columbia 4491: 4484: 4477: 4470: 4463: 4456: 4448: 4446: 4442: 4441: 4439: 4438: 4431: 4424: 4417: 4411: 4409: 4405: 4404: 4402: 4401: 4400: 4399: 4389: 4387:Mount Rushmore 4384: 4379: 4369: 4367: 4363: 4362: 4360: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4337:American Creed 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4298: 4296: 4292: 4291: 4284: 4283: 4276: 4269: 4261: 4252: 4251: 4249: 4248: 4241: 4234: 4227: 4220: 4213: 4206: 4199: 4192: 4185: 4178: 4171: 4165: 4158: 4151: 4144: 4137: 4130: 4123: 4116: 4109: 4102: 4095: 4088: 4081: 4074: 4067: 4060: 4053: 4046: 4039: 4032: 4025: 4018: 4011: 4004: 3997: 3990: 3983: 3976: 3969: 3962: 3955: 3948: 3945:Dear Sing Sing 3941: 3934: 3927: 3920: 3913: 3906: 3899: 3892: 3885: 3878: 3871: 3864: 3857: 3850: 3843: 3836: 3829: 3821: 3819: 3815: 3814: 3807: 3806: 3799: 3792: 3784: 3775: 3774: 3772: 3771: 3764: 3757: 3750: 3743: 3736: 3729: 3722: 3715: 3708: 3701: 3694: 3686: 3684: 3680: 3679: 3677: 3676: 3669: 3662: 3655: 3648: 3641: 3634: 3627: 3620: 3613: 3606: 3599: 3592: 3585: 3578: 3571: 3564: 3556: 3554: 3550: 3549: 3547: 3546: 3539: 3532: 3525: 3518: 3510: 3508: 3504: 3503: 3496: 3495: 3488: 3481: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3453: 3448: 3434: 3422: 3421:External links 3419: 3417: 3416: 3391: 3385: 3372: 3366: 3353: 3347: 3334: 3314: 3291: 3285: 3269: 3262: 3249: 3243: 3230: 3224: 3211: 3205: 3192: 3183: 3163: 3157: 3144: 3138: 3125: 3105: 3099: 3086: 3066: 3060: 3047: 3022: 2997: 2991: 2978: 2972: 2959: 2952: 2939: 2933: 2920: 2914: 2901: 2895: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2871: 2870: 2859:. July 3, 2022 2844: 2835: 2826: 2824:McPherson 107. 2817: 2815:, p. 208. 2805: 2793: 2773: 2764: 2733: 2724: 2722:, p. 159. 2712: 2699: 2682: 2673: 2664: 2655: 2653:, p. 194. 2643: 2634: 2625: 2612: 2595:Miami Magazine 2582: 2580:, p. 155. 2570: 2568:, p. 105. 2558: 2549: 2540: 2527: 2514: 2505: 2500:Newspapers.com 2488:The Tennessean 2473: 2461: 2452: 2439: 2427: 2413: 2398: 2384: 2371: 2362: 2353: 2340: 2331: 2318: 2309: 2297: 2280: 2267: 2258: 2240: 2238:, p. 269. 2228: 2219: 2204: 2195: 2186: 2173: 2160: 2147: 2138: 2126: 2117: 2091: 2078: 2062: 2052: 2043: 2034: 2021: 2019:, p. 164. 2009: 2000: 1985: 1973: 1971:, p. 266. 1961: 1948: 1946:, p. 161. 1933: 1920: 1911: 1902: 1893: 1884: 1882:, p. 244. 1872: 1870:, p. 160. 1860: 1851: 1842: 1830: 1818: 1816:, p. 156. 1806: 1791: 1782: 1773: 1761: 1759:, p. 262. 1749: 1737: 1725: 1723:, p. 245. 1713: 1704: 1691: 1674: 1672:, p. 260. 1659: 1657:, p. 254. 1647: 1635: 1623: 1611: 1609:, p. 194. 1599: 1597:Warburton 230. 1585: 1576: 1555: 1539: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1532: 1531: 1524: 1515: 1512: 1508:internet memes 1453:The Lost World 1442:The character 1411:Mickey Newbury 1403:Billie Holiday 1311: 1308: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1115:. In 1905 the 1053: 1050: 1015:Gilmore's Band 999: 996: 894:South Carolina 828:Mrs. John Wood 776: 773: 734: 731: 625: 622: 600: 541: 502: 475: 442: 412: 346: 343: 328:As with other 259:sixteenth note 223: 220: 218:'s surrender. 199:, along with " 135: 134: 131: 130: 128: 127: 122: 116: 110: 97: 94: 93: 89: 88: 85: 84: 81: 77: 76: 70: 66: 65: 60: 54: 53: 44: 43: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4725: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4622: 4618: 4615: 4611: 4608: 4604: 4601: 4597: 4594: 4593:Yankee Doodle 4590: 4587: 4583: 4580: 4576: 4573: 4569: 4566: 4562: 4559: 4555: 4552: 4548: 4545: 4541: 4538: 4537:Marines' Hymn 4534: 4531: 4527: 4524: 4520: 4517: 4513: 4510: 4506: 4503: 4499: 4496: 4492: 4489: 4485: 4482: 4478: 4475: 4471: 4468: 4464: 4461: 4457: 4454: 4450: 4449: 4447: 4443: 4437: 4436: 4435:Annuit cœptis 4432: 4430: 4429: 4425: 4423: 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3890: 3886: 3883: 3882:Bon Bon Buddy 3879: 3876: 3872: 3869: 3865: 3862: 3858: 3855: 3851: 3848: 3844: 3841: 3837: 3834: 3830: 3827: 3823: 3822: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3805: 3800: 3798: 3793: 3791: 3786: 3785: 3782: 3769: 3765: 3762: 3758: 3755: 3751: 3748: 3744: 3741: 3737: 3734: 3730: 3727: 3723: 3720: 3716: 3713: 3709: 3706: 3702: 3699: 3695: 3692: 3688: 3687: 3685: 3681: 3674: 3670: 3667: 3663: 3660: 3656: 3653: 3649: 3646: 3642: 3639: 3635: 3632: 3628: 3625: 3621: 3618: 3614: 3611: 3607: 3604: 3600: 3597: 3593: 3590: 3586: 3583: 3579: 3576: 3572: 3569: 3565: 3562: 3561:Rebel-'Rouser 3558: 3557: 3555: 3551: 3545: 3544: 3540: 3538: 3537: 3533: 3531: 3530: 3526: 3524: 3523: 3519: 3517: 3516: 3512: 3511: 3509: 3507:Studio albums 3505: 3501: 3494: 3489: 3487: 3482: 3480: 3475: 3474: 3471: 3464: 3460: 3459: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3428: 3425: 3424: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3392: 3388: 3386:1-55652-351-3 3382: 3378: 3373: 3369: 3367:0-8071-2692-6 3363: 3359: 3354: 3350: 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1753: 1746: 1741: 1734: 1729: 1722: 1717: 1708: 1701: 1695: 1688: 1684: 1678: 1671: 1666: 1664: 1656: 1651: 1644: 1639: 1632: 1627: 1620: 1615: 1608: 1603: 1594: 1592: 1590: 1583:Crawford 266. 1580: 1572: 1565: 1559: 1551: 1544: 1540: 1529: 1525: 1522: 1518: 1517: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1454: 1449: 1445: 1440: 1438: 1437: 1432: 1428: 1427:All My Trials 1424: 1420: 1419:Elvis Presley 1416: 1412: 1408: 1405:song about a 1404: 1400: 1399:Strange Fruit 1396: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1378: 1377: 1372: 1368: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1355: 1354: 1349: 1345: 1344: 1339: 1335: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1321: 1317: 1307: 1305: 1300: 1297:In 2016, the 1295: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1264:Yankee Doodle 1261: 1256: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1173: 1172: 1167: 1166: 1157: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1113: 1112:Shuffle Along 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Lee 983: 978: 976: 971: 968: 963: 959: 953: 951: 947: 943: 938: 935: 931: 925: 920: 918: 913: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 882: 880: 876: 871: 866: 865:P. P. Werlein 858: 857:P. P. Werlein 853: 849: 846: 842: 841: 836: 833: 832:John Brougham 829: 825: 821: 815: 811: 809: 805: 801: 797: 792: 786: 781: 772: 770: 765: 763: 759: 754: 750: 748: 747: 740: 730: 728: 724: 719: 716: 711: 706: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 663: 661: 660: 653: 650: 645: 644: 639: 630: 621: 618: 611: 598: 593: 591: 585: 577: 568: 563: 559: 558:cotton's king 551: 547: 539: 537: 530: 523: 509: 508:Fort Moultrie 500: 498: 495: 488: 473: 471: 467: 463: 456: 447: 440: 438: 430: 410: 406: 404: 400: 396: 392: 387: 385: 381: 380:black dialect 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 342: 339: 335: 331: 326: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 293:According to 287: 283: 281: 278: 274: 271: 267: 266:arpeggiations 263: 260: 256: 252: 248: 243: 241: 237: 233: 229: 219: 217: 216:Robert E. Lee 213: 208: 206: 202: 198: 194: 191: 190: 185: 180: 178: 173: 169: 164: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 132: 126: 123: 121: 118: 117: 114: 95: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 71: 67: 61: 58:Also known as 55: 51: 45: 41: 36: 30: 26: 22: 4565:Semper Supra 4459: 4433: 4426: 4419: 4382:Liberty Bell 4374: 4327:Phrygian cap 4134:Oh! By Jingo 3980:Gasoline Gus 3951: 3910:College Life 3875:Blue Feather 3811:Billy Murray 3726:Just Because 3652:Ring of Fire 3644: 3541: 3534: 3527: 3520: 3513: 3457: 3408:. Retrieved 3404:the original 3399: 3376: 3357: 3338: 3326:. Retrieved 3322: 3308:December 18, 3306:. Retrieved 3302: 3276: 3253: 3234: 3215: 3196: 3187: 3175:. Retrieved 3171: 3148: 3129: 3117:. Retrieved 3113: 3090: 3078:. Retrieved 3074: 3051: 3039:. Retrieved 3035:the original 3030: 3014:. Retrieved 3010:the original 3005: 2982: 2963: 2943: 2924: 2905: 2885: 2876:Bibliography 2861:. Retrieved 2856: 2847: 2842:McLaurin 26. 2838: 2829: 2820: 2808: 2796: 2785: 2776: 2767: 2755:. 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