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million acres (5300 km), thus forming the Jocko or
Flathead Indian Reservation. Conditions had become intolerable for the Salish by the late 1880s, after the Missoula and Bitter Root Valley Railroad was constructed directly through the tribe's lands, with neither permission from the native owners nor payment to them. Charlot finally signed an agreement to leave the Bitterroot Valley in November 1889. Inaction by Congress, however, delayed the removal for another two years, and according to some observers, the tribe's desperation reached a level of outright starvation. In October 1891, a contingent of troops from
32:
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language that defined the
Bitterroot Valley south of Lolo Creek as a "conditional reservation" for the Salish. Victor put his X mark on the document, convinced that the agreement would not require his people to leave their homeland. No other word came from the government for the next fifteen years, so the Salish assumed that they would indeed stay in their Bitterroot Valley forever.
480:
534:(formerly known as Kerr Dam). They are the first Indian nation in the United States to own a hydroelectric dam. CSKT also operates the only local electricity provider Mission Valley Power, as well as S&K Electronics (founded 1984), and the internationally operating S&K Technologies (founded 1999). Other tribal businesses are the
424:(aka Charlo, Claw of the Little Grizzly). Like his father, Charlot adhered to a policy of nonviolent resistance. He insisted on the right of his people to remain in the Bitterroot Valley. But territorial citizens and officials thought the new chief could be pressured into capitulating. In 1871, they successfully lobbied President
504:, the tribes are governed by a tribal council. The Tribal Council has ten members, and the council elects from within a chairman, Vice Chairman, Secretary and Treasurer. The tribal government offers a number of services to tribal members and is the chief employer on the reservation. The tribes operate a tribal college, the
433:, to make arrangements with the tribe for their removal. Charlot ignored their demands and even their threats of bloodshed, and he again refused to sign any agreement to leave. U.S. officials then simply forged Charlot's "X" onto the official copy of the agreement that was sent to the Senate for ratification.
400:, the pervasive cross-cultural miscommunication ran even deeper than problems of language and translation. Tribal people came to the meeting assuming they were going to formalize an already-recognized friendship. Non-Indians came with the goal of making official their claims to native lands and resources.
238:
The Salis-Tunaxe lived immediately to the north of the
Flathead. There was no sharp line between the two tribal territories, and the people in the border zone often intermarried. Further north lived the Kutenai-Tunaxe (Kootenai-Tunaxe). To the east of them lived the Salisan tribes' common enemy, the
1241:
Historical sketch of the
Flathead Indian Nation from the year 1813-1890: embracing the history of the establishment of St. Mary's Indian Mission in the Bitter Root Valley, Mont.: with sketches of the missionary life of Father Ravalli and other early missionaries: wars of the Blackfeet and Flatheads
412:
from the Salish. Many non-Indians were already well aware of the valley's potential value for agriculture and its relatively temperate climate in winter. Because of the resistance of Chief Victor (Many Horses), Stevens ended up inserting into the treaty complicated (and doubtless poorly translated)
218:
The
Flathead and the Pend d'Oreille both agree that the Flathead once occupied a large territory on the plains east of the Rocky Mountains. This tribal homeland included the present-day counties of Broadwater, Jefferson, Deer Lodge, Silver Bow, Madison and Gallatin and parts of Lewis & Clark,
436:
Over time, the real reason for the
Hellgate treaty meetings became clear to the Salish and Pend d'Oreille people. Under the terms spelled out in the written document, the tribes ceded to the United States more than twenty million acres (81,000 km) of land and reserved from cession about 1.3
100:
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to declare that the survey required by the treaty had been conducted and that it had found that the Jocko (Flathead) Reservation was better suited to the needs of the Salish. On the basis of Grant's executive order, Congress sent a delegation, led by future president
1109:
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463:, the Flathead Tribes were able to resist the government's plans to terminate their tribal relationship in Congressional hearings in 1954. In 2021 the Bison were returned to the Confederated Salish and Kootenai tribes
444:
The three main tribes moved to the
Flathead Reservation were the Bitterroot Salish, the Pend d'Oreille, and the Kootenai. The Bitterroot Salish and the Pend d'Oreille tribes spoke dialects of the same Salish language.
345:. Between 1700 and 1750, they were driven back by pedestrian Blackfoot warriors armed with fire weapons. Finally, they were forced out of the bison range and west of the divide along with the Kutenai-Tunaxe.
487:
The tribe has about 6800 members with approximately 4,000 tribal members living on the
Flathead Reservation as of 2013, and 2,800 tribal members living off the reservation. Their predominant religion is
377:, Missouri, to which they sent four delegations to request missionaries (or "Black Robes") to minister to the tribe. Their request was finally granted, and a number of missionaries, including
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314:. Newly acquired mounts made it possible to overtake the American bison and the secured meat and skins could easily be carried by packhorses. All other game lost in importance.
420:, pressure upon the Salish intensified from both illegal non-Indian squatters and government officials. In 1870, Victor died, and he was succeeded as chief by his son,
202:
but established their headquarters near the eastern slope of the Rocky
Mountains. Occasionally, hunting parties went west of the Continental Divide but not west of the
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302:
The Salish got horses from the
Shoshone, and the animal changed the life of the people. When they had had only dogs, the Salish had paid no special attention to the
848:
Teit, James A. (1930): The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus. Smithsonian Institution. 45th Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology. Washington.
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observer, Adrian Hoecken, said that the translations were so poor that "not a tenth of what was said was understood by either side." But as in the meeting with
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341:. Some of the survivors took refuge among the Salish. With the near extinction of the Salish-Tunaxe, the Salish extended their hunting grounds northward to
369:(September 4, 1805). Lewis and Clark came there and asked for horses but eventually ate the horses due to starvation. The Flatheads also appear in the
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A dispute over off-reservation hunting between a band of Pend d'Oreilles and the state of Montana's Fish and Game department resulted in the
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forced Charlot and the Salish out of the Bitterroot and roughly marched the small band sixty miles to the Flathead Reservation.
1159:
In the Name of the Salish & Kootenai Nation: The 1855 Hell Gate Treaty and the Origin of the Flathead Indian Reservation
953:"'Charlot loves his people': The Defeat of Bitterroot Salish Aspirations for an Independent Bitterroot Valley Community"
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with the United States in 1855. From the start, treaty negotiations were plagued by serious translation problems. A
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492:. 1,100 Native Americans from other tribes and more than 10,000 non-Native Americans also live on the reservation.
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Both the Salish-Tunaxe and the Semteuse were almost "killed off in wars" with the Blackfoot and further reduced by
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Getting Good Crops Economic and Diplomatic Survival Strategies of the Montana Bitterroot Salish Indians, 1870–1891
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by some of the groups, though the modern groups associated with the Flathead Reservation never engaged in it.
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361:. The first written record of the tribes is either from their meeting with trapper Andrew Garcia, explorer
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Before they had had horses, the Salish had lived in conical tents covered with two to four layers of sewed
88:
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Territories of the Salish (Flathead), Salish-Tunaxe, Kutenai-Tunaxe, Pend d'Oreille, and Semteuse (1700?)
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152:
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The tribe consisted of at least four bands. Respectively, they had winter quarters near present-day
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782:
619:. The original territory comprised about 22 million acres (89,000 km) at the time of the 1855
40:
1205:. St. Ignatius, Mont: Flathead Culture Committee, Confederated Salish & Kootenai Tribes, 1979.
1215:
800:
505:
520:
The tribes are the biggest employer on the reservation. In 2011, they provided 65% of all jobs.
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soon replaced the old lodge. Instead of rawhide bags of many shapes and sizes, the women made
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semi-surrounded the Salish from northeast to southwest. It seems the Salish did not know the
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Challenge to survive : history of the Salish tribes of the Flathead Indian Reservation
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Land of the Flatheads; a sketch of the Flathead Reservation, Montana, its past and present
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The peoples of these tribes originally lived in the areas of Montana, parts of
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by Europeans who came to the area. The name was originally applied to various
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1324:, Northwestern University, Digital Library Collections, "Kalispel", Page 51
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243:. West of the Rocky Mountains held the Pend d'Oreille the territory around
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Meagher and Park. This was about the time when they got the first horses.
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279:
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1212:. Northwest historical series, 9. Glendale, Calif: A. H. Clark Co, 1969.
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Flathead and Kootenay; The Rivers, the Tribes, and the Region's Traders
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524:
779:(1904–1977), noted writer, Native American activist and anthropologist
1201:
Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Reservation.
859:"As Told by Charlie Russell (1912) - Discovering Lewis & Clark ®"
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342:
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878:"A Cross in the Wilderness: St. Mary's Mission Celebrates 175 Years"
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252:
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Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Reservation
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206:. The easternmost edge of their ancestral hunting forays were the
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404:, the new governor and superintendent of Indian affairs for the
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at this time. They may have been regarded as bands of Shoshone.
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and sketches of history, trapping and trading in the early days
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103:
Flathead delegation in Washington, D.C., with interpreter, 1884
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1046:
Indian Country Today The Bison have returned January 22,2021
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As the first to organize a tribal government under the 1934
297:
198:
The Salish (Flatheads) initially lived entirely east of the
127:
Tipi and Mission Mountains at 2015 Arlee Celebration Pow Wow
19:"Flathead Indian" redirects here. For the fish species, see
635:
Salish men near tipis (1903, Flathead Reservation, Montana)
322:
318:
307:
271:
1228:
Three Eagles and Grizzly Bear Looking Up Period, 1800-1840
1139:
1125:
479:
381:, were eventually sent. The Flatheads are also located in
527:
311:
920:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 30–32.
508:, and a heritage museum called "The People's Center" in
1303:
1106:
Sustainable Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy
1328:
Flathead Indians historical and genealogical resources
1188:
The Salish People and the Lewis and Clark Expedition
1175:. Pablo, Mont: Salish Kootenai College Press, 1997.
1161:. Pablo, Mont: Salish Kootenai College Press, 1996.
550:
and most populous community on the reservation) and
647:is over 1.3 million acres (5,300 km) in size.
416:After the 1864 gold rush in the newly established
1309:Official site of Nkwusm Salish Language Institute
294:lived far away. They were unknown to the Salish.
1374:Federally recognized tribes in the United States
1335:
455:Though marked for termination in 1953 under the
1191:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2005.
707:, a 422-foot (129 m) Liberty Ship, the SS
650:The Tribal Council represents eight districts:
1084:Sustainable Economic Development Study Results
1059:"Montana tribes drive the road to sovereignty"
523:The tribes own and jointly operate a valuable
262:Later well-established plains tribes like the
1278:The brand, a tale of the Flathead reservation
1263:. Missoula, MT: Press of the Daily Missoulian
1050:
761:, boxer, WBC & IBF Cruiserweight Champion
159:. The government includes members of several
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332:
230:, east of Butte and in the Big Hole Valley.
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210:, Crazy Mountain, and Little Belt Ranges.
16:Indigenous tribe in Montana, United States
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1185:Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes.
1171:Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes.
1075:
941:
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408:, was intent on obtaining cession of the
298:Horses and the changed life of the Salish
76:Learn how and when to remove this message
1304:Official site of the Confederated Tribes
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39:This article includes a list of general
1344:Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes
1157:Bigart, Robert, and Clarence Woodcock.
957:Montana The Magazine of Western History
882:Montana The Magazine of Western History
875:
817:
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1232:Victor and Alexander Period, 1840-1870
1224:From Time Immemorial, Traditional Life
1203:A Brief History of the Flathead Tribes
1031:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
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711:, was named in his honor and built in
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581:, was completed in 1938 and dams the
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371:records of the Roman Catholic Church
353:The Flatheads lived now between the
178:The peoples of this area were named
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1245:. Helena, MT: Journal Publishing Co
598:
589:southwest of Polson, Montana (2017)
321:mats, depending on the season. The
13:
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306:, which they had hunted just like
213:
45:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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1359:Native American tribes in Wyoming
1354:Native American tribes in Montana
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512:, seat of the tribal government.
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806:Ktunaxa Kinbasket Tribal Council
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1349:Native American tribes in Idaho
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457:House concurrent resolution 108
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951:Bigart, Robert (Spring 2010).
876:Baumler, Ellen (Spring 2016).
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188:artificial cranial deformation
171:tribes and is centered on the
1:
1257:Smead, William Henry (1905).
1116:(pdf; 4,96 MB), Dezember 2015
1057:Matthews, Mark (2001-08-13).
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796:Alameda's hot springs retreat
536:KwaTaqNuk Resort & Casino
92:Flathead Nation Flag at 2015
593:
450:Swan Valley Massacre of 1908
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1275:Broderick, Therese (1909).
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186:, based on the practice of
173:Flathead Indian Reservation
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1208:Johnson, Olga Weydemeyer.
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388:The tribes negotiated the
367:Lewis and Clark Expedition
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153:federally recognized tribe
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1321:The North American Indian
1314:Treaty of Hellgate (1855)
502:Indian Reorganization Act
461:Indian termination policy
333:Forced west of the divide
783:Jaune Quick-to-See Smith
532:Séliš Ksanka Ql'ispé Dam
475:Arlee Celebration Powwow
194:Early days of the Salish
1216:Salish Kootenai College
914:Bigart, Robert (2012).
801:Kootenai Tribe of Idaho
506:Salish Kootenai College
60:more precise citations.
1283:Alice Harriman Company
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155:in the U.S. state of
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1142:S&K Technologies
989:US Statutes at Large
771:Terese Marie Mailhot
765:Debra Magpie Earling
713:Richmond, California
641:Flathead Reservation
577:, formerly known as
406:Washington Territory
1364:Ktunaxa governments
1319:Edward S. Curtis's
1128:S&K Electronics
863:www.lewis-clark.org
379:Pierre-Jean De Smet
1222:(2008). Volume 1,
1112:2022-10-28 at the
1090:2022-10-28 at the
728:Salishan languages
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585:a few miles below
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459:of the US federal
200:Continental Divide
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410:Bitterroot Valley
161:Bitterroot Salish
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609:British Columbia
599:Aboriginal lands
483:KwaTuqNuk Resort
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204:Bitterroot Range
180:Flathead Indians
94:Arlee Esyapqeyni
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742:Archaeology
715:, in 1943.
673:Hot Springs
548:Lake County
544:county seat
280:Gros Ventre
268:Assiniboine
66:August 2012
58:introducing
1338:Categories
1288:2014-03-01
1267:2014-03-01
1249:2014-03-01
1068:2022-09-05
1018:2014-12-19
812:References
724:Languages
525:hydropower
327:parfleches
41:references
963:(1): 27.
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594:Geography
530:, called
375:St. Louis
365:, or the
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1088:Archived
1027:cite web
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773:, author
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693:District
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288:Cheyenne
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