22:
178:
A wide variety of abnormalities of the hands and feet, including the nails and the creases of the hand, have been described and differentiated. Many of these abnormalities do not have an impact on function but may be useful in diagnosing genetic syndromes; for example, the
157:
One class of congenital limb deformities, limb reduction defects, occurs when one or more limbs are undersized or missing parts. The prevalence of these defects in the United States is approximately 1 in 1900 births. This category includes
415:
408:
174:
among others. These defects are more likely to be unilateral than bilateral, more likely to affect the upper limbs than lower limbs, and are associated with complex genetic syndromes about 10% of the time.
401:
1109:
1564:
393:
1102:
39:
86:
58:
995:
1358:
1095:
65:
488:
288:"Chapter 4.9b: Congenital Malformations and Deformations of the Musculoskeletal System: Limb Reduction Defects/Limb Deficiencies"
287:
150:, one of the most common congenital deformities of the lower limbs, occurs approximately 1 in 1000 births. It can be treated by
1165:
1160:
72:
936:
54:
1260:
313:
Biesecker, Leslie G.; Aase, John M.; Clericuzio, Carol; Gurrieri, Fiorella; Temple, I. Karen; Toriello, Helga (2009).
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990:
8:
1350:
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808:
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670:
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1005:
985:
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225:
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1207:
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735:
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184:
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1023:
916:
758:
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348:
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163:
1333:
946:
713:
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589:
521:
330:
141:
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1328:
921:
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675:
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594:
566:
171:
1028:
973:
780:
665:
658:
639:
571:
535:
315:"Elements of morphology: Standard terminology for the hands and feet"
21:
1317:
1180:
470:
466:
448:
147:
1038:
696:
312:
294:. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. November 27, 2020
268:. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. October 26, 2020
137:
disorders which primarily affect the upper and lower limbs.
581:
292:
Birth
Defects Surveillance: A Manual for Programme Managers
1014:
544:
457:
154:, or by a combination of physical therapy and surgery.
1117:
358:
266:"Facts about Upper and Lower Limb Reduction Defects"
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1556:
144:, where a foot or hand has more than 5 digits.
1565:Congenital disorders of musculoskeletal system
1103:
409:
210:"Update on clubfoot: etiology and treatment"
203:
1110:
1096:
416:
402:
214:Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research
338:
241:
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
1557:
1091:
397:
937:Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome
44:adding citations to reliable sources
15:
13:
427:malformations and deformations of
14:
1576:
1359:Bannayan–Riley–Ruvalcaba syndrome
20:
610:Congenital patellar dislocation
489:Wallis–Zieff–Goldblatt syndrome
181:single transverse palmar crease
31:needs additional citations for
1166:Bonnet–Dechaume–Blanc syndrome
306:
280:
258:
197:
1:
1161:Sakati–Nyhan–Tisdale syndrome
190:
55:"Congenital limb deformities"
1399:Tatton-Brown–Rahman syndrome
1369:Benign symmetric lipomatosis
183:is commonly associated with
7:
1489:Branchio-oto-renal syndrome
1364:Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome
896:Oto-palato-digital syndrome
891:Hallermann–Streiff syndrome
615:Congenital knee dislocation
433:musculoskeletal abnormality
131:Congenital limb deformities
124:Congenital limb deformities
10:
1581:
1461:Zimmermann–Laband syndrome
1413:Laurence–Moon–Bardet–Biedl
1374:Klippel–Trénaunay syndrome
1324:Caudal regression syndrome
1299:Klippel–Trénaunay syndrome
1261:Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome
1231:Cornelia de Lange syndrome
927:Craniodiaphyseal dysplasia
1433:
1412:
1349:
1309:Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome
1279:
1206:
1126:
1061:
1037:
1013:
1004:
959:
909:
901:Treacher Collins syndrome
871:
843:
834:
825:
791:
752:reduction deficits / limb
751:
695:
688:
623:
580:
543:
534:
497:
465:
456:
439:
362:
226:10.1007/s11999-009-0734-9
123:
1379:Neurofibromatosis type I
1266:Snyder–Robinson syndrome
1216:1q21.1 deletion syndrome
1156:Saethre–Chotzen syndrome
726:Cenani–Lenz syndactylism
479:Cleidocranial dysostosis
1289:Adducted thumb syndrome
1251:Silver–Russell syndrome
873:Craniofacial dysostosis
1425:Laurence–Moon syndrome
1221:Aarskog–Scott syndrome
1176:Baller–Gerold syndrome
1119:Congenital abnormality
429:musculoskeletal system
1420:Bardet–Biedl syndrome
1304:Nail–patella syndrome
1196:Pierre Robin sequence
1136:Acrocephalosyndactyly
981:Klippel–Feil syndrome
206:Gurnett, Christina A.
1351:Overgrowth syndromes
991:Spina bifida occulta
507:Madelung's deformity
484:Sprengel's deformity
331:10.1002/ajmg.a.32596
319:Am. J. Med. Genet. A
208:(18 February 2009).
40:improve this article
1339:VACTERL association
809:RAPADILINO syndrome
204:Dobbs, Matthew B.;
1294:Holt–Oram syndrome
1186:Goldenhar syndrome
1146:Carpenter syndrome
671:Rocker bottom foot
1552:
1551:
1449:Feingold syndrome
1236:Dubowitz syndrome
1226:Cockayne syndrome
1151:Pfeiffer syndrome
1085:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1006:Thoracic skeleton
986:Spondylolisthesis
955:
954:
821:
820:
817:
816:
684:
683:
530:
529:
391:
390:
128:
127:
118:Medical condition
116:
115:
108:
90:
1572:
1533:Donohue syndrome
1509:Timothy syndrome
1389:Proteus syndrome
1384:Perlman syndrome
1246:Robinow syndrome
1191:Moebius syndrome
1112:
1105:
1098:
1089:
1088:
1053:Pectus carinatum
1048:Pectus excavatum
1011:
1010:
969:Spinal curvature
961:Vertebral column
881:Crouzon syndrome
845:Craniosynostosis
841:
840:
832:
831:
697:fingers and toes
693:
692:
605:Discoid meniscus
562:Upington disease
541:
540:
463:
462:
454:
453:
418:
411:
404:
395:
394:
360:
359:
353:
352:
342:
310:
304:
303:
301:
299:
284:
278:
277:
275:
273:
262:
256:
255:
245:
220:(5): 1146–1153.
201:
168:radial dysplasia
152:physical therapy
121:
120:
111:
104:
100:
97:
91:
89:
48:
24:
16:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1521:Marfan syndrome
1505:Keutel syndrome
1493:CHARGE syndrome
1477:Fraser syndrome
1435:
1434:Combined/other,
1429:
1408:
1404:Weaver syndrome
1345:
1275:
1271:Turner syndrome
1256:Seckel syndrome
1241:Noonan syndrome
1202:
1122:
1116:
1086:
1073:
1069:Poland syndrome
1057:
1033:
1000:
951:
905:
867:
813:
804:Larsen syndrome
792:multiple joints
787:
747:
680:
619:
600:Genu recurvatum
576:
553:Hip dislocation
526:
493:
443:
435:
422:
392:
387:
386:
371:
357:
356:
311:
307:
297:
295:
286:
285:
281:
271:
269:
264:
263:
259:
202:
198:
193:
135:musculoskeletal
133:are congenital
119:
112:
101:
95:
92:
49:
47:
37:
25:
12:
11:
5:
1578:
1568:
1567:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1542:Fryns syndrome
1536:
1524:
1512:
1496:
1480:
1464:
1452:
1439:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1394:Sotos syndrome
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1355:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1285:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1212:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1141:Apert syndrome
1132:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1115:
1114:
1107:
1100:
1092:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1071:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1044:
1042:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1020:
1018:
1008:
1002:
1001:
999:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
977:
976:
965:
963:
957:
956:
953:
952:
950:
949:
944:
939:
934:
932:Dolichocephaly
929:
924:
919:
913:
911:
907:
906:
904:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
877:
875:
869:
868:
866:
865:
863:Trigonocephaly
860:
855:
849:
847:
838:
836:Skull and face
829:
823:
822:
819:
818:
815:
814:
812:
811:
806:
801:
799:Arthrogryposis
795:
793:
789:
788:
786:
785:
784:
783:
778:
773:
761:
755:
753:
749:
748:
746:
745:
744:
743:
733:
728:
723:
721:Arachnodactyly
718:
717:
716:
701:
699:
690:
686:
685:
682:
681:
679:
678:
673:
668:
663:
662:
661:
649:
648:
647:
642:
629:
627:
625:foot deformity
621:
620:
618:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
586:
584:
578:
577:
575:
574:
569:
564:
559:
549:
547:
538:
532:
531:
528:
527:
525:
524:
519:
514:
509:
503:
501:
499:hand deformity
495:
494:
492:
491:
486:
481:
475:
473:
460:
451:
437:
436:
421:
420:
413:
406:
398:
389:
388:
385:
384:
372:
367:
366:
364:
363:Classification
355:
354:
305:
279:
257:
195:
194:
192:
189:
140:An example is
126:
125:
117:
114:
113:
28:
26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1577:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1208:Short stature
1205:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1003:
997:
996:Sacralization
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
975:
972:
971:
970:
967:
966:
964:
962:
958:
948:
945:
943:
942:Plagiocephaly
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
914:
912:
908:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
886:Hypertelorism
884:
882:
879:
878:
876:
874:
870:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
853:Scaphocephaly
851:
850:
848:
846:
842:
839:
837:
833:
830:
828:
824:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
796:
794:
790:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
768:
767:
766:
762:
760:
757:
756:
754:
750:
742:
739:
738:
737:
736:Brachydactyly
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
715:
712:
711:
710:
706:
703:
702:
700:
698:
694:
691:
689:Either / both
687:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
660:
657:
656:
655:
654:
650:
646:
643:
641:
638:
637:
636:
635:
631:
630:
628:
626:
622:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
587:
585:
583:
579:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
557:Hip dysplasia
554:
551:
550:
548:
546:
542:
539:
537:
533:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
504:
502:
500:
496:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
476:
474:
472:
468:
464:
461:
459:
455:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
419:
414:
412:
407:
405:
400:
399:
396:
383:
379:
378:
374:
373:
370:
365:
361:
350:
346:
341:
336:
332:
328:
325:(1): 93–127.
324:
320:
316:
309:
293:
289:
283:
267:
261:
253:
249:
244:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
200:
196:
188:
186:
185:Down syndrome
182:
176:
173:
169:
165:
161:
155:
153:
149:
145:
143:
138:
136:
132:
122:
110:
107:
99:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64:
60:
57: –
56:
52:
51:Find sources:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
1526:
1514:
1498:
1482:
1466:
1454:
1442:
1314:Gastrulation
1280:
1128:Craniofacial
917:Macrocephaly
763:
759:Acheiropodia
731:Ectrodactyly
651:
632:
517:Oligodactyly
512:Clinodactyly
444:
441:Appendicular
375:
322:
318:
308:
296:. Retrieved
291:
282:
270:. Retrieved
260:
217:
213:
199:
177:
164:ectrodactyly
156:
146:
139:
130:
129:
102:
93:
83:
76:
69:
62:
50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
1436:known locus
1334:Sirenomelia
947:Saddle nose
714:Webbed toes
705:Polydactyly
590:Genu valgum
522:Polydactyly
142:polydactyly
1329:Ectromelia
922:Platybasia
858:Oxycephaly
771:Phocomelia
765:Ectromelia
741:Stub thumb
709:Syndactyly
676:Hammer toe
645:Pigeon toe
595:Genu varum
567:Coxa valga
425:Congenital
191:References
172:phocomelia
66:newspapers
1538:Multiple
1121:syndromes
974:Scoliosis
781:Hemimelia
666:Pes cavus
659:Flat feet
640:Club foot
572:Coxa vara
298:March 18,
272:March 18,
234:1528-1132
96:July 2018
1559:Category
1318:mesoderm
1181:Cyclopia
1024:Cervical
471:shoulder
467:clavicle
449:dysmelia
349:19125433
252:19224303
148:Clubfoot
1039:sternum
382:D017880
340:3224990
243:2664438
80:scholar
1172:Other
1062:other:
776:Amelia
653:valgus
347:
337:
250:
240:
232:
170:, and
160:amelia
82:
75:
68:
61:
53:
1281:Limbs
1029:Bifid
910:other
827:Axial
634:varus
87:JSTOR
73:books
1015:ribs
582:knee
458:Arms
445:limb
377:MeSH
345:PMID
323:149A
300:2021
274:2021
248:PMID
230:ISSN
59:news
545:hip
536:Leg
335:PMC
327:doi
238:PMC
222:doi
218:467
42:by
1561::
1528:19
1516:15
1507:,
1500:12
1491:,
1472:13
1320::
707:/
555:/
469:/
447:/
431:/
380::
343:.
333:.
321:.
317:.
290:.
246:.
236:.
228:.
216:.
212:.
187:.
166:,
162:,
1535:)
1531:(
1523:)
1519:(
1511:)
1503:(
1495:)
1487:(
1484:8
1479:)
1475:(
1470:/
1468:4
1463:)
1459:(
1456:3
1451:)
1447:(
1444:2
1316:/
1111:e
1104:t
1097:v
1041::
1017::
417:e
410:t
403:v
369:D
351:.
329::
302:.
276:.
254:.
224::
109:)
103:(
98:)
94:(
84:·
77:·
70:·
63:·
36:.
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