31:
2176:
754:, Conrad lost the support of the papalists in Lombardy. He once rhetorically asked Liutprand, one of the leaders of the Pataria, "Since you are a teacher of Patarenes, what do you think of bishops and priests who possess royal rights and present not food to the king?" Without Matilda's support, Conrad became a supporter of the Pataria. The historian Landulf Junior praised Conrad for refusing investiture to neither
569:. Ekkehard otherwise gives positive account of Conrad's motivation, describing him as "a thoroughly catholic man, most devoted to the apostolic see, inclining to religion rather than government or war ... well enough furnished with courage and boldness preferr to occupy his time with reading rather than with sports". Other sources favorable to Conrad include the
702:. Urban in turn promised Conrad "his advice and aid in obtaining the kingship and the crown of the empire", probably a promise to crown him in the future, after he had control of the kingdom. By these actions Conrad transformed himself from a rebellious son to a papally-sponsored anti-king and supporter of the
776:
After this, Conrad could hardly influence political events in Italy. There is no record that Urban or his successor had any contact with him, or that his father-in-law ever sent him support beyond his daughter's dowry. He died unexpectedly of a fever at the age of twenty-seven on 27 July 1101 in
741:
were supporters of Conrad, while Welf IV had sided with the emperor. In a sign of the turning tide, Welf, with the help of
Patriarch Udalric and Duke Henry of Carinthia, invaded Italy and secured his claims to the inheritance. This reduced Conrad to total reliance on Matilda of Tuscany.
390:, because there was nobody in Germany to which Henry could entrust his son. Conrad subscribed to his first royal charter in 1079. When Henry returned to Germany, Conrad remained in Italy to act as a pledge to the imperialist party there. He was placed in the care of Archbishop
620:. The papal legate who was present, probably to speak with Conrad, immediately declared Arnulf deposed. The accusation might have been that Arnulf had performed undue service to Conrad to secure his investiture, or that he had been too obeisant, a charge of simony
319:, and their eldest son to reach adulthood, his older brother Henry having been born and died in the same month of August 1071. Conrad's rule in Lorraine and Germany was nominal. He spent most of his life in Italy and there he was king in fact as well as in name.
494:
In Italy, Conrad was unsuccessful in resisting
Matilda of Tuscany until his father came down in the spring of 1090. In 1091 he was at his father's side, as his "most beloved son". On 19 December 1091 Conrad's grandmother, the Margravine
773:, elected in his place. In a letter of 1106, Henry admitted that Henry V's election had been opposed by many and that he "fear that there would be civil war between the two brothers and that a great disaster would befall the kingdom."
440:
as well, but no marriage could be agreed to since the duke refused to do homage for Apulia. Again Henry left Conrad in Italy (July 1081), this time in the care of the lay princes "to watch over the province for him", according to the
487:) comes from a charter issued at Aachen shortly before his coronation, after which Henry appointed Godfrey of Bouillon duke in his place. By January 1088 Conrad had returned to Italy, with Bishop
694:
had not been performed for a pope since the ninth century, and was revived specifically for Conrad. On 15 April, in a second meeting at
Cremona, Conrad swore an oath, either of "security" or of "
672:
sect, participated in orgies, and had offered
Eupraxia to Conrad, stating that this was the reason for his turning against his father. Shortly after the council, he swore an oath of loyalty to
421:'s words. Henry sent envoys to the Saxons asking them to accept his son Conrad as their king, and in exchange he promised never to enter Saxony. (Conrad was apparently back in Germany.)
375:
596:
In mid-March Conrad was captured by his father through a ruse, but soon escaped and in late July was elected king by
Matilda, Welf and their allies and crowned in Milan by Archbishop
698:", to the pope, guaranteeing the "life, limb and Roman papacy" to Urban. This oath was customary for kings who would be crowned emperor, but Conrad went further and promised to
785:. Miracles were said to have accompanied his funeral. According to Ekkehard of Aura, "the sign of the cross on the arm" of Conrad's corpse, a clear indication that he was a
721:
with a large fleet and a dowry of "many gifts of treasure". The wedding took place in Pisa in 1095. That same year, Matilda of
Tuscany divorced Welf V, whose enraged father,
395:
363:
to pass to
Godfrey of Bouillon. The total absence of Conrad from his duchy caused or abetted the decline of ducal authority in it. In 1082, while Conrad was in Italy, the
488:
479:
449:
491:
as his chancellor and advisor. Shortly after his return to Italy, his mother died. The passing of Bertha perhaps provoked the rupture between Conrad and his father.
500:
443:
629:
516:
755:
714:
466:
589:
records that Henry was so abject after Conrad's rebellion that he attempted suicide, but this may be a hyperbole allusive to the suicide of the biblical
507:
on 29 June 1091. Henry, however, declared Conrad the rightful heir and placed him in charge of the march. The southern counties meanwhile were seized by
378:
Conrad II depicted as Duke of Lower
Lorraine (the caption reads Cunr dux) in a family tree of the Holy Roman Emperors from a late 12th-century manuscript
1351:
2138:
616:
on 6 December 1093, although many of the bishops present to celebrate his coronation refused to attend the investiture of Arnulf, accusing him of
709:
In the same year, the pope and
Matilda of Tuscany helped arrange a marriage of Conrad to Constance (also called Matilda), a daughter of Count
1565:
789:
in spirit. Ekkehard also states that Conrad never tolerated any slander against his father, and always referred to him as lord and emperor.
1260:
Cum sis magister patarinorum, quid sentis de pontificibus et sacerdotibus regia iura possidentibus et regi nulla alimenta presentatibus?
813:
as Conrad I of Italy. "Conrad (III)" indicates the number he would have had were he counted as a full king of
Germany on analogy with
2938:
2928:
561:, who was likewise named Conrad". This was perhaps the same person as the Count Conrad sent by the young king as an envoy to King
425:, speaking for the Saxons, "desired neither the son nor the father" since he had "often seen a bad calf begotten by a bad ox."
1480:
2700:
2131:
1370:
1356:
193:
1410:
344:
402:. In October 1080, Conrad was present in the camp when a force from northern Italy defeated the troops of Marchioness
2918:
2876:
1928:
1908:
1888:
1558:
336:
1390:
2933:
2836:
1933:
1923:
1893:
1780:
613:
2796:
2447:
2124:
1953:
1903:
1745:
597:
686:(groom), leading the pope's horse as a symbolic gesture of humility first performed, according to tradition, by
2860:
2367:
2011:
1973:
1968:
1948:
1849:
1415:
335:. He was baptised in the abbey three days later. After Henry's victory against the Saxons, he arranged for an
2884:
2868:
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1963:
1958:
1938:
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1898:
1878:
1834:
1711:
1706:
1329:
332:
2852:
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2772:
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1943:
1918:
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1765:
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1701:
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261:
135:
100:
2828:
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1775:
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1691:
1524:
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145:
110:
504:
2067:
1983:
1866:
734:
1855:
2943:
2095:
2076:
2057:
1824:
806:
343:
on Christmas Day 1075 to swear an oath recognising Conrad as his successor. After the death of Duke
2035:
1861:
1395:
528:
347:
on 22 February 1076, Henry refused to appoint the late duke's own choice of successor, his nephew,
781:. There were reports of poisoning. He was buried in Santa Reparata in Florence, now superseded by
2923:
2261:
1656:
1574:
722:
644:
in 1080, who was travelling with him, even offered to resign so that Henry could negotiate with
612:
was being kept. After Conrad's coronation, Anselm died and the new king invested his successor,
2635:
2016:
1785:
1487:
814:
738:
609:
297:
41:
519:. Throughout 1092 Conrad was campaigning in the march of Turin to establish imperial control.
386:
with his parents. Early the next year (1077) he accompanied his father across the Alps on the
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1802:
1750:
1722:
782:
414:
59:
2913:
2908:
2812:
2679:
2048:
2002:
1883:
1813:
1790:
1760:
637:
624:. Conrad was at the height of his power in 1094, when his father was staying with Margrave
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8:
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352:
348:
69:
368:
2613:
1844:
1672:
1636:
1342:
751:
566:
562:
508:
418:
403:
309:
81:
2116:
2706:
2687:
2532:
2285:
1677:
1606:
1366:
810:
759:
710:
223:
173:
169:
2621:
2540:
2516:
1872:
1770:
1650:
1596:
1338:
1327:(1968). "The Succession of the Archbishops of Milan in the Time of Pope Urban II".
1324:
730:
726:
703:
665:
552:
496:
474:
428:
In 1081, Henry entered Italy, where he endeavoured to wed his son to a daughter of
422:
399:
360:
189:
1402:
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1729:
1621:
1611:
1514:
641:
633:
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387:
316:
301:
281:
271:
76:
351:, and instead named his two-year-old son Duke of Lower Lorraine. He did appoint
2716:
2508:
1755:
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1662:
1451:
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512:
437:
433:
328:
251:
205:
161:
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2657:
2147:
2086:
1533:
786:
687:
673:
645:
557:
413:
In December 1080, the Saxon lords who had supported the kingship of the late
305:
117:
1631:
1582:
1419:(in German), vol. 16, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 554–556
364:
165:
30:
1399:(in German), vol. 12, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 496–496
2594:
2500:
1796:
383:
2479:
2455:
2431:
2105:
461:
In 1087, Conrad returned to Germany. On 30 May, he was crowned king in
1543:
648:
if that was all that stood in the way. There is a contemporary tract,
2674:
2524:
2423:
2383:
2359:
2343:
2208:
2200:
2175:
669:
590:
374:
769:, Conrad's father had him formally deposed and his younger brother,
359:) to perform the daily functions of government. He also allowed the
2644:
2608:
2439:
2415:
2407:
2391:
2375:
2351:
2311:
1992:
1362:
778:
652:, arguing the two popes claims should be adjudicated by a council.
585:, which describes Conrad as a pawn in hands of Matilda of Tuscany.
548:
417:
against Henry gathered "to discuss the state of their kingdom " in
209:
185:
962:, p. 65, describes the "almost suicidal" crossing of the Alps
2471:
2463:
2335:
2327:
2319:
2303:
2295:
2224:
2216:
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682:
677:
536:
532:
246:
35:
Conrad depicted as king in a manuscript of the early 13th century
2399:
2269:
2240:
2232:
805:
The numbering "Conrad II" is typical of older sources, such as
695:
617:
462:
407:
340:
355:, the deceased duke's brother-in-law, as his son's vice-duke (
2277:
1103:
1072:
1060:
1035:
1033:
1031:
994:
992:
766:
605:
544:
483:. The last reference to Conrad as duke of Lower Lotharingia (
965:
2248:
868:
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
718:
503:, as her heir following the death of Peter's father, Count
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1156:
1154:
1115:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1050:
1048:
1028:
989:
855:
2146:
1288:
1237:
1225:
1213:
1190:
1178:
1166:
1151:
1084:
1045:
1016:
1004:
977:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
499:, died. She had named her ten-year-old great-grandson,
1276:
1264:
1249:
1139:
953:
941:
929:
917:
878:
555:, he was instigated to revolt by "one of his father's
527:
In 1093, with the support of Matilda and her husband,
843:
890:
831:
551:), Conrad rebelled against his father. According to
1435:
Heart of Europe: A History of the Holy Roman Empire
1300:
1127:
733:died and his vast lands were disputed by his sons.
664:and confirmed the accusations of his stepmother,
2900:
469:. The ceremony was attended by Albert of Namur,
398:, both excommunicated prelates and opponents of
725:, switched allegiance and was restored to the
2132:
1559:
1382:Germany in the High Middle Ages, c. 1050–1200
765:In April or May 1098 at an assembly held in
577:. Among sources unfavorable to him are the
296:(12 February 1074 – 27 July 1101), was the
2139:
2125:
1566:
1552:
729:by the emperor in 1096. In 1097, Margrave
331:while his father was fighting against the
29:
1423:
1384:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1379:
1294:
1282:
1243:
1231:
1219:
1207:
1184:
1172:
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1121:
1109:
1097:
1078:
1066:
1054:
1039:
1022:
1010:
998:
983:
971:
959:
947:
935:
923:
884:
849:
581:and Henry IV's anonymous biography, the
373:
1573:
1428:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
1408:
1349:
1323:
1306:
1270:
1255:
1145:
1133:
872:
668:, that Henry IV was a member of a
636:, unable to enter Italy. His antipope,
327:Conrad was born on 12 February 1074 at
2901:
1432:
1388:
911:
837:
308:(1093–1098). He was the second son of
2120:
1547:
650:Altercatio inter Urbanum et Clementum
1357:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani
1363:Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana
13:
745:
660:In March 1095 Conrad attended the
655:
535:-minded cities of northern Italy (
14:
2955:
2939:Heirs apparent who never acceded
2929:11th-century Kings of the Romans
2174:
1350:Fonsega, Cosimo Damiano (1962).
1343:10.1093/ehr/lxxxiii.cccxxvii.285
713:. Constance, escorted by Bishop
382:Conrad passed Christmas 1076 at
1437:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
750:Early during the episcopate of
575:Casus monasterii Petrishusensis
235:
1416:Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie
1359:, Volume 4: Arconati–Bacaredda
799:
456:
1:
1330:The English Historical Review
824:
600:. According to the historian
522:
345:Godfrey IV of Lower Lorraine
322:
262:Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor
7:
10:
2960:
2068:North German Confederation
1984:Confederation of the Rhine
1409:Lindner, Theodor (1882), "
1391:"Konrad (deutscher König)"
1316:
2699:
2584:
2491:
2260:
2183:
2172:
2155:
2085:
2066:
2047:
2025:
2001:
1982:
1671:
1630:
1581:
1531:
1521:
1512:
1504:
1494:
1485:
1477:
1472:
1445:
1424:Robinson, Ian S. (2000).
680:and served as the pope's
604:, he was also crowned at
277:
267:
257:
245:
216:
200:
179:
155:
151:
141:
131:
123:
116:
106:
96:
88:
75:
65:
55:
47:
40:
28:
23:
2919:People from Bad Hersfeld
2587:(title disputed 887–933)
2036:Archduke John of Austria
1396:Neue Deutsche Biographie
1380:Fuhrmann, Horst (1986).
792:
505:Frederick of Montbéliard
480:Annales Weissenburgenses
450:Annales Patherbrunnenses
436:. He offered Robert the
367:was introduced into the
2934:Dukes of Lower Lorraine
1389:Gawlik, Alfred (1980),
760:bishop-elect of Brescia
700:forsake lay investiture
571:Annales sancti Disibodi
222:Constance, daughter of
1488:Duke of Lower Lorraine
1433:Wilson, Peter (2016).
1403:.html full text online
815:Henry (VII) of Germany
711:Roger I of Sicily
511:and Henry granted the
444:Annales Brunwilarenses
379:
298:Duke of Lower Lorraine
183:27 July 1101 (aged 27)
42:Duke of Lower Lorraine
18:Duke of Lower Lorraine
783:Santa Maria del Fiore
587:Bernold of St Blasien
377:
2797:Lothair III (or II)
2150:between 476 and 1556
2049:German Confederation
2003:German Confederation
1361:(in Italian). Rome:
1112:, p. 288 n. 72.
1081:, p. 287 n. 70.
1069:, p. 287 n. 69.
762:, nor to Anselm IV.
515:to the bishop elect
1588:Carolingian dynasty
1575:Monarchs of Germany
1447:Conrad II of Italy
1426:Henry IV of Germany
974:, p. 23 n. 13.
756:Arimanno da Gavardo
715:Robert II of Troina
662:Council of Piacenza
509:Boniface I of Vasto
477:, according to the
471:Godfrey of Bouillon
353:Albert III of Namur
349:Godfrey of Bouillon
196:, Holy Roman Empire
1673:Kingdom of Germany
1637:Kingdom of Germany
1124:, pp. 286–87.
1042:, pp. 262–63.
1001:, pp. 205–06.
875:, pp. 554–56.
809:, who counted the
752:Anselm IV of Milan
690:. The duty of the
674:Pope Urban II
567:Geoffrey Malaterra
563:Roger II of Sicily
467:Sigewin of Cologne
419:Bruno of Merseburg
404:Matilda of Tuscany
380:
310:Holy Roman Emperor
290:Conrad II of Italy
82:King of the Romans
2896:
2895:
2707:Holy Roman Empire
2114:
2113:
2040:
2039:(Imperial Regent)
1678:Holy Roman Empire
1607:Louis the Younger
1542:
1541:
1522:Succeeded by
1495:Succeeded by
1325:Cowdrey, H. E. J.
811:Emperor Conrad II
640:, elected at the
579:Annales Augustani
531:, along with the
497:Adelaide of Turin
396:Denis of Piacenza
287:
286:
282:Roman Catholicism
224:Roger I of Sicily
174:Holy Roman Empire
170:Rhenish Franconia
2951:
2944:Sons of emperors
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2880:
2872:
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2800:
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2736:
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2720:
2701:Kingdom of Italy
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2118:
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2038:
1597:Louis the German
1568:
1561:
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1545:
1544:
1505:Preceded by
1478:Preceded by
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1400:
1385:
1376:
1372:978-8-81200032-6
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1008:
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987:
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969:
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951:
945:
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933:
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921:
915:
909:
888:
882:
876:
870:
853:
847:
841:
835:
818:
803:
731:Adalbert Azzo II
727:duchy of Bavaria
583:Vita Heinrici IV
553:Ekkehard of Aura
489:Ogerius of Ivrea
475:Magnus of Saxony
423:Otto of Northeim
415:Rudolf of Swabia
400:Pope Gregory VII
369:diocese of Liège
361:march of Antwerp
304:(1087–1098) and
292:, also known as
239:
237:
194:Kingdom of Italy
190:March of Tuscany
159:12 February 1074
33:
21:
20:
2959:
2958:
2954:
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2110:
2081:
2062:
2043:
2021:
1997:
1978:
1845:Frederick (III)
1676:
1667:
1635:
1626:
1622:Louis the Child
1612:Charles the Fat
1586:
1577:
1572:
1537:
1527:
1518:
1515:King of Germany
1510:
1500:
1491:
1483:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1448:
1441:
1373:
1337:(327): 285–94.
1319:
1314:
1313:
1305:
1301:
1293:
1289:
1281:
1277:
1269:
1265:
1258:, p. 289:
1254:
1250:
1242:
1238:
1230:
1226:
1218:
1214:
1206:
1191:
1183:
1179:
1171:
1167:
1159:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1120:
1116:
1108:
1104:
1096:
1085:
1077:
1073:
1065:
1061:
1053:
1046:
1038:
1029:
1021:
1017:
1009:
1005:
997:
990:
982:
978:
970:
966:
958:
954:
946:
942:
934:
930:
922:
918:
910:
891:
883:
879:
871:
856:
848:
844:
836:
832:
827:
822:
821:
804:
800:
795:
748:
746:Loss of support
704:Reform movement
676:on 10 April at
658:
656:Papal anti-king
642:Synod of Brixen
634:March of Verona
598:Anselm III
565:, according to
525:
485:dux Lothariorum
459:
430:Robert Guiscard
392:Tedald of Milan
333:Saxon rebellion
325:
317:Bertha of Savoy
302:King of Germany
272:Bertha of Savoy
241:
238: 1095)
233:
229:
226:
212:
184:
160:
79:
77:King of Germany
36:
19:
12:
11:
5:
2957:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2924:Salian dynasty
2921:
2916:
2911:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2882:
2877:Frederick III
2874:
2866:
2858:
2850:
2842:
2834:
2826:
2818:
2810:
2802:
2794:
2786:
2778:
2770:
2762:
2754:
2746:
2738:
2730:
2722:
2713:
2711:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2685:
2671:
2663:
2655:
2641:
2627:
2619:
2605:
2590:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2570:
2562:
2554:
2546:
2538:
2530:
2522:
2514:
2506:
2497:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2477:
2469:
2461:
2453:
2445:
2437:
2429:
2421:
2413:
2405:
2397:
2389:
2381:
2373:
2365:
2357:
2349:
2341:
2333:
2325:
2317:
2309:
2301:
2293:
2283:
2275:
2266:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2246:
2238:
2230:
2222:
2214:
2206:
2198:
2189:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2148:Kings of Italy
2144:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2121:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2092:
2090:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2073:
2071:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2058:Franz Joseph I
2054:
2052:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2032:
2030:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2008:
2006:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1989:
1987:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1746:Lothair II/III
1743:
1738:
1733:
1726:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1683:
1681:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1653:
1648:
1642:
1640:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1593:
1591:
1579:
1578:
1571:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1548:
1540:
1539:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1520:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1493:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1473:Regnal titles
1470:
1469:
1452:Salian dynasty
1449:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1430:
1421:
1406:
1386:
1377:
1371:
1347:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1299:
1297:, p. 301.
1287:
1275:
1273:, p. 294.
1263:
1248:
1246:, p. 297.
1236:
1234:, p. 295.
1224:
1222:, p. 292.
1212:
1210:, p. 300.
1189:
1187:, p. 327.
1177:
1175:, p. 291.
1165:
1163:, p. 289.
1150:
1148:, p. 291.
1138:
1126:
1114:
1102:
1100:, p. 288.
1083:
1071:
1059:
1057:, p. 287.
1044:
1027:
1025:, p. 233.
1015:
1013:, p. 214.
1003:
988:
986:, p. 166.
976:
964:
952:
950:, p. 159.
940:
938:, p. 253.
928:
926:, p. 148.
916:
914:, p. 496.
889:
887:, p. 104.
877:
854:
842:
840:, p. 312.
829:
828:
826:
823:
820:
819:
807:L. A. Muratori
797:
796:
794:
791:
747:
744:
657:
654:
628:and Patriarch
602:Landulf Junior
524:
521:
513:county of Asti
465:by Archbishop
458:
455:
438:march of Fermo
434:Duke of Apulia
388:way to Canossa
329:Hersfeld Abbey
324:
321:
285:
284:
279:
275:
274:
269:
265:
264:
259:
255:
254:
249:
243:
242:
231:
227:
221:
220:
218:
214:
213:
206:Santa Reparata
204:
202:
198:
197:
181:
177:
176:
162:Hersfeld Abbey
157:
153:
152:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
125:
121:
120:
114:
113:
108:
104:
103:
98:
94:
93:
90:
86:
85:
73:
72:
67:
63:
62:
57:
53:
52:
49:
45:
44:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2956:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2889:
2883:
2881:
2875:
2873:
2867:
2865:
2859:
2857:
2851:
2849:
2843:
2841:
2837:Frederick II
2835:
2833:
2827:
2825:
2819:
2817:
2811:
2809:
2803:
2801:
2795:
2793:
2787:
2785:
2779:
2777:
2771:
2769:
2763:
2761:
2755:
2753:
2747:
2745:
2739:
2737:
2731:
2729:
2723:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2698:
2692:
2686:
2684:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2670:
2664:
2662:
2656:
2654:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2640:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2626:
2620:
2618:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2604:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2583:
2577:
2571:
2569:
2563:
2561:
2555:
2553:
2547:
2545:
2539:
2537:
2531:
2529:
2523:
2521:
2515:
2513:
2507:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2476:
2470:
2468:
2462:
2460:
2454:
2452:
2446:
2444:
2438:
2436:
2430:
2428:
2422:
2420:
2414:
2412:
2406:
2404:
2398:
2396:
2390:
2388:
2382:
2380:
2374:
2372:
2366:
2364:
2358:
2356:
2350:
2348:
2342:
2340:
2334:
2332:
2326:
2324:
2318:
2316:
2310:
2308:
2302:
2300:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2282:
2276:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2245:
2239:
2237:
2231:
2229:
2223:
2221:
2215:
2213:
2207:
2205:
2199:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2142:
2137:
2135:
2130:
2128:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2101:Frederick III
2099:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2087:German Empire
2084:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2027:German Empire
2024:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1929:Ferdinand III
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1909:Maximilian II
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1889:Frederick III
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1569:
1564:
1562:
1557:
1555:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1536:
1535:
1534:King of Italy
1530:
1526:
1517:
1516:
1509:
1503:
1499:
1490:
1489:
1482:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1459:
1454:
1453:
1444:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1308:
1303:
1296:
1295:Robinson 2000
1291:
1285:, p. 85.
1284:
1283:Fuhrmann 1986
1279:
1272:
1267:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1245:
1244:Robinson 2000
1240:
1233:
1232:Robinson 2000
1228:
1221:
1220:Robinson 2000
1216:
1209:
1208:Robinson 2000
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1186:
1185:Robinson 2000
1181:
1174:
1173:Robinson 2000
1169:
1162:
1161:Robinson 2000
1157:
1155:
1147:
1142:
1135:
1130:
1123:
1122:Robinson 2000
1118:
1111:
1110:Robinson 2000
1106:
1099:
1098:Robinson 2000
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1080:
1079:Robinson 2000
1075:
1068:
1067:Robinson 2000
1063:
1056:
1055:Robinson 2000
1051:
1049:
1041:
1040:Robinson 2000
1036:
1034:
1032:
1024:
1023:Robinson 2000
1019:
1012:
1011:Robinson 2000
1007:
1000:
999:Robinson 2000
995:
993:
985:
984:Robinson 2000
980:
973:
972:Robinson 2000
968:
961:
960:Fuhrmann 1986
956:
949:
948:Robinson 2000
944:
937:
936:Robinson 2000
932:
925:
924:Robinson 2000
920:
913:
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
894:
886:
885:Robinson 2000
881:
874:
869:
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
852:, p. 95.
851:
850:Robinson 2000
846:
839:
834:
830:
816:
812:
808:
802:
798:
790:
788:
784:
780:
774:
772:
768:
763:
761:
757:
753:
743:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
717:, arrived at
716:
712:
707:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
688:Constantine I
685:
684:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
653:
651:
647:
646:Pope Urban II
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
594:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
559:
558:ministeriales
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
492:
490:
486:
482:
481:
476:
472:
468:
464:
454:
452:
451:
446:
445:
439:
435:
431:
426:
424:
420:
416:
411:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
376:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
320:
318:
314:
313:Henry IV
311:
307:
306:King of Italy
303:
300:(1076–1087),
299:
295:
291:
283:
280:
276:
273:
270:
266:
263:
260:
256:
253:
250:
248:
244:
225:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
182:
178:
175:
171:
167:
163:
158:
154:
150:
147:
144:
140:
137:
134:
130:
126:
122:
119:
118:King of Italy
115:
112:
109:
105:
102:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
78:
74:
71:
68:
64:
61:
58:
54:
50:
46:
43:
39:
32:
27:
22:
16:
2813:Frederick I
2780:
2680:Berengar II
2673:
2643:
2629:
2607:
2593:
2585:Non-dynastic
2557:Charles III
2501:Charlemagne
2493:Carolingians
2286:
2156:Non-dynastic
1934:Ferdinand IV
1924:Ferdinand II
1894:Maximilian I
1871:
1854:
1812:
1797:Henry (VIII)
1795:
1781:Frederick II
1736:Conrad (III)
1735:
1728:
1721:
1655:
1632:East Francia
1583:East Francia
1532:
1513:
1486:
1464:
1457:
1450:
1434:
1425:
1414:
1401:; (
1394:
1381:
1355:
1334:
1328:
1307:Lindner 1882
1302:
1290:
1278:
1271:Cowdrey 1968
1266:
1259:
1256:Cowdrey 1968
1251:
1239:
1227:
1215:
1180:
1168:
1146:Cowdrey 1968
1141:
1134:Fonsega 1962
1129:
1117:
1105:
1074:
1062:
1018:
1006:
979:
967:
955:
943:
931:
919:
880:
873:Lindner 1882
845:
833:
801:
775:
764:
749:
708:
691:
681:
659:
649:
621:
608:, where the
595:
582:
578:
574:
570:
556:
526:
493:
484:
478:
460:
448:
442:
427:
412:
381:
365:peace of God
356:
326:
294:Conrad (III)
293:
289:
288:
15:
2914:1101 deaths
2909:1074 births
2887:(1530–1556)
2879:(1452–1493)
2871:(1431–1437)
2863:(1355–1378)
2861:Charles IV
2855:(1327–1347)
2847:(1311–1313)
2839:(1212–1250)
2831:(1209–1212)
2823:(1186–1197)
2815:(1154–1186)
2807:(1138–1152)
2805:Conrad III
2799:(1125–1137)
2791:(1106–1125)
2783:(1093–1101)
2775:(1056–1105)
2767:(1039–1056)
2759:(1026–1039)
2751:(1004–1024)
2743:(1002–1014)
2666:Lothair II
2600:Berengar I
2595:Unruochings
2541:Charles II
2480:Desiderius
2456:Hildeprand
2432:Aripert II
2287:Interregnum
2089:(1871–1918)
2070:(1867–1871)
2051:(1850–1866)
2029:(1848/1849)
2017:Ferdinand I
2005:(1815–1848)
1986:(1806–1813)
1954:Charles VII
1904:Ferdinand I
1786:Henry (VII)
1761:Frederick I
912:Gawlik 1980
838:Wilson 2016
638:Clement III
622:ab obsequio
457:Salian king
394:and Bishop
132:Predecessor
97:Predecessor
56:Predecessor
2903:Categories
2885:Charles V
2869:Sigismund
2845:Henry VII
2781:Conrad II
2765:Henry III
2757:Conrad II
2735:(996–1002)
2710:(962–1556)
2525:Lothair I
2448:Liutprand
2424:Raginpert
2384:Perctarit
2360:Perctarit
2344:Aripert I
2209:Theodahad
2201:Athalaric
2193:Theodoric
2185:Ostrogoths
2106:William II
1993:Napoleon I
1974:Francis II
1969:Leopold II
1949:Charles VI
1862:Wenceslaus
1850:Charles IV
1756:Henry (VI)
1751:Conrad III
1680:(962–1806)
1675:within the
1585:during the
1538:1093–1098
1519:1087–1098
1492:1076–1087
1481:Godfrey IV
825:References
670:Nicolaitan
614:Arnulf III
610:Iron Crown
80:(Formally
60:Godfrey IV
2853:Louis IV
2821:Henry VI
2773:Henry IV
2749:Henry II
2741:Arduin I
2733:Otto III
2727:(980–983)
2719:(962–973)
2690:(950–963)
2688:Adalbert
2682:(950–963)
2675:Anscarids
2668:(945–950)
2660:(926–947)
2652:(900–905)
2650:Louis II
2638:(922–933)
2624:(891–897)
2616:(889–894)
2609:Guideschi
2602:(887–924)
2567:(896–899)
2559:(879–887)
2551:(877–879)
2549:Carloman
2543:(875–877)
2535:(855–875)
2527:(818–855)
2519:(810–818)
2511:(781–810)
2503:(774–814)
2482:(756–774)
2474:(749–756)
2466:(744–749)
2450:(712–744)
2440:Ansprand
2434:(702–712)
2418:(700–702)
2416:Liutpert
2410:(689–700)
2408:Cunipert
2394:(688–689)
2392:Cunipert
2386:(671–688)
2376:Garibald
2370:(662–671)
2368:Grimoald
2362:(661–662)
2354:(661–662)
2352:Godepert
2346:(653–661)
2338:(652–653)
2330:(636-652)
2322:(626–636)
2314:(616–626)
2312:Adaloald
2306:(590–616)
2298:(584–590)
2290:(574–584)
2280:(572–574)
2272:(568–572)
2251:(552–553)
2243:(541–552)
2227:(540–541)
2219:(536–540)
2211:(534–536)
2203:(526–534)
2195:(493–526)
2165:(476–493)
2096:William I
2077:William I
2012:Francis I
1964:Joseph II
1959:Francis I
1939:Leopold I
1914:Rudolf II
1899:Charles V
1884:Albert II
1879:Sigismund
1835:Henry VII
1791:Conrad IV
1712:Henry III
1707:Conrad II
1639:(919–962)
1634:(911–919)
1590:(843–911)
1498:Godfrey V
1352:"Arnolfo"
591:King Saul
523:Rebellion
473:and Duke
323:Childhood
142:Successor
127:1093–1098
107:Successor
92:1087–1098
70:Godfrey V
66:Successor
51:1076–1087
24:Conrad II
2829:Otto IV
2789:Henry V
2725:Otto II
2645:Bosonids
2636:Rudolph
2622:Lambert
2533:Louis I
2517:Bernard
2472:Aistulf
2464:Ratchis
2336:Rodoald
2328:Rothari
2320:Arioald
2304:Agilulf
2296:Authari
2262:Lombards
2225:Ildibad
2217:Vitiges
2163:Odoacer
1944:Joseph I
1919:Matthias
1840:Louis IV
1830:Albert I
1820:Rudolf I
1766:Henry VI
1717:Henry IV
1702:Henry II
1697:Otto III
1646:Conrad I
1602:Carloman
1508:Henry IV
787:crusader
779:Florence
666:Eupraxia
573:and the
549:Piacenza
533:Patarene
384:Besançon
337:assembly
278:Religion
210:Florence
186:Florence
166:Hersfeld
136:Henry IV
101:Henry IV
2717:Otto I
2703:within
2573:Ratold
2565:Arnulf
2400:Alahis
2270:Alboin
2241:Totila
2233:Eraric
1856:Günther
1814:Alfonso
1808:Richard
1803:William
1776:Otto IV
1741:Henry V
1730:Hermann
1692:Otto II
1651:Henry I
1525:Henry V
1317:Sources
771:Henry V
723:Welf IV
692:strator
683:strator
678:Cremona
632:in the
630:Udalric
537:Cremona
357:vicedux
247:Dynasty
240:
232:
228:
146:Henry V
111:Henry V
2509:Pepin
2278:Cleph
1867:Rupert
1771:Philip
1723:Rudolf
1687:Otto I
1663:Otto I
1657:Arnulf
1617:Arnulf
1463:
1411:Konrad
1369:
758:, the
696:fealty
618:simony
529:Welf V
463:Aachen
408:Mantua
341:Goslar
268:Mother
258:Father
252:Salian
217:Spouse
201:Burial
2658:Hugh
2631:Welfs
2575:(896)
2458:(744)
2442:(712)
2426:(701)
2402:(689)
2378:(671)
2249:Teia
2235:(541)
1873:Jobst
1825:Adolf
1465:Died:
1458:Born:
793:Notes
767:Mainz
626:Henry
606:Monza
545:Milan
501:Peter
406:near
234:(
230:
124:Reign
89:Reign
48:Reign
2705:the
2614:Guy
1467:1101
1460:1074
1367:ISBN
739:Hugh
737:and
735:Fulk
719:Pisa
547:and
541:Lodi
517:Oddo
447:and
315:and
180:Died
156:Born
1413:",
1339:doi
339:at
2905::
2678::
2648::
2634::
2612::
2598::
1393:,
1365:.
1354:.
1335:83
1333:.
1192:^
1153:^
1086:^
1047:^
1030:^
991:^
892:^
857:^
706:.
593:.
543:,
539:,
453:.
432:,
410:.
371:.
236:m.
208:,
192:,
188:,
172:,
168:,
164:,
2140:e
2133:t
2126:v
1567:e
1560:t
1553:v
1405:)
1375:.
1345:.
1341::
1309:.
1136:.
817:.
84:)
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