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environmental result or outcome, e.g. number of breeding birds, or number of plant species in grasslands, with the flexibility to choose what management is required to achieve the desired result." Results-based payment programs are also commonly referred to as Pay for
Performance or Payment for Ecosystem Services. These programs differ from traditional conservation programs by focusing on observed, verifiable outcomes as opposed to implementation of best practices. Pure results-based programs refer to programs that provide payments to farmers solely on the delivery of an environmental outcome. Hybrid results-based programs refer to programs that may have a management requirement component in addition to payments for observable environmental outcomes. Results based programs often increase farmer autonomy and participation, produce clear quantifiable results and effectively link payment to environmental conservation outcomes. Some NGOs have started to pilot similar programs in the US, for example Winrock International partnered with the Sand County Foundation to provide payment to farmers for reducing nutrient loads from their lands across the Midwest.
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grassland, for example reduction of pesticides, reduction of grassland mowing, and most commonly, organic farming. In a 2015 review of studies examining the effects of the two schemes, it was found that out-of-production schemes had a higher success rate at enhancing the number of thriving species around the land. The reason behind this is thought to be the scheme's focus on enhancing specific species by providing them with more unaltered habitats, which results in more food resources for the specific species. On the other hand, in-production schemes attempt to enhance the quality of the land in general, and are thus less species specific. Based on the findings, the reviewers suggest that schemes which more specifically target the declining groups of species, may be more effective. The findings and the targets will be implemented between 2015 and 2020, so that by 2025, the effectiveness of these schemes can be re-assessed and will have increased significantly (Batáry et al. 2015).
1026:. As the changes in practices that ensure the protection of the environment are costly to farmers, the EU developed agri-environment schemes to financially compensate individual farmers for applying these changes and therefore increased the implementation of conservation agriculture. The schemes are voluntary for farmers. Once joined, they commit to a minimum of five years during which they have to adopt various sustainable farming techniques. According to the Euro-stat website, in 2009 the agricultural area enrolled in agri-environment schemes covered 38.5 million hectares (20.9% of agricultural land in the 27 member states of the EU at the time) (Agri-environmental indicator 2015). The
1018:. In the following years the main purpose of these schemes changed slightly. Initially, they sought to protect threatened habitats, but gradually shifted their focus to the prevention of the loss of wildlife from agricultural landscapes. Most recently, the schemes are placing more emphasis on improving the services that the land can provide to humans (e.g. pollination). Overall, farmers involved in the scheme aim to practice environmentally friendlier farming techniques such as: reducing the use of pesticides, managing or altering their land to increase more wildlife friendly habitats (e.g. increasing areas of trees and bushes), reducing irrigation,
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field which will then be beneficial for the producer the next year when crops are planted once again. The practice of grazing livestock using CA helps the farmer who raises crops on that field and the farmer who raises the livestock that graze off that field. Livestock produce compost or manure which are a great help in generating soil fertility (Pawley W.H. 1963). The practices of CA and grazing livestock on a field for many years can allow for better yields in the following years as long as these practices continue to be followed.
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establishing an organic layer and producing its own fertilizer and this may take time. It can be many years before a producer will start to see better yields than he/she has had previously. Another financial undertaking is purchasing of new equipment. When starting to use CA, a producer may have to buy new planters or drills in order to produce effectively. These financial tasks are ones that may impact whether or not a producer decides to switch to CA or not.
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1006:. This process has been used for quite some time now, but the future is looking towards ways to handle and conserve nutrients within manure for a longer time. But besides animal waste, food and urban waste are also being looked towards as a way to use growth within CA (Kirchmann & Thorvaldsson 2000). Turning these products from waste to being used to grow crops and improve yields is something that would be beneficial for conservationists and producers.
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improving, and making more efficient use of their natural resources" (FAO 2006). Producers will find that the benefits of CA will come later rather than sooner. Since CA takes time to build up enough organic matter and have soils become their own fertilizer, the process does not start to work overnight. But if producers make it through the first few years of production, results will start to become more satisfactory.
1075:, there were around 6.08 billion people on Earth in the year 2000. By 2050 there will be an estimated 9.1 billion people. With this increase comes the responsibility for producers to increase food supply using the same or less land than we use today. Problems arise in the fact that if CA farms do not produce as much as conventional farms, this leaves the world with less food for more people.
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will act as a natural insecticide and herbicide against specific crops. Not allowing insects or weeds to establish a pattern will help to eliminate problems with yield reduction and infestations within fields (FAO 2007). Crop rotation can also help build up soil infrastructure. Establishing crops in a rotation allows for an extensive buildup of rooting zones which will allow for better
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conservationist outlook. But in the tropics there is more pressure to change to conservation areas because of the limited resources that are available. Places like Europe have also started to catch onto the ideas and principles of CA, but still nothing much is being done to change due to there being a minimal amount of pressure for people to change their ways of living (FAO 2006).
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patches of initial vegetation) while harvesting a diverse grouping of crops around it. This, in turn, allows for animals such as bees to pollinate, and the natural predation of unwanted pests. By practicing such method the harvester can expect to see much lower yields, but also an increase in biodiversity given time. This decrease of yield then gives rise to the idea of
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this mulch will produce a high organic matter level which will act as a fertilizer for the soil surface. If CA practices were used done for many years and enough organic matter was being built up at the surface, then a layer of mulch would start to form. This layer helps prevent soil erosion from taking place and ruining the soil's profile or layout. The presence of
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critical because the global population has increased over the years and more food needs to be produced every year (New
Standard 1992). Sometimes referred to as "agricultural environmental management", conservation agriculture may be sanctioned and funded through conservation programs promulgated through agricultural legislation, such as the
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renewable resource, which means that whatever is taken out of the soil can be put back over time (New
Standard 1992). As long as good soil upkeep is maintained, the soil will continue to renew itself. This could be very beneficial to a producer who is practicing CA and is looking to keep soils at a productive level for an extended time.
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As in any other business, producers and conservationists are always looking towards the future. In this case CA is a very important process to be looked at for future generation. There are many organizations that have been created to help educate and inform producers and conservationists in the world
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called "The role of conservation agriculture and sustainable agriculture", crop rotation can be used best as a disease control against other preferred crops (Hobbs et al. 2007). This process will not allow pests such as insects and weeds to be set into a rotation with specific crops. Rotational crops
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On the side of the producer and/or farmer, CA can eventually do all that is done in conventional agriculture, and it can conserve better than conventional agriculture. CA according to
Theodor Friedrich, who is a specialist in CA, believes "Farmers like it because it gives them a means of conserving,
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while also allowing for production of agricultural products. In this approach, land is set aside to preserve the wildlife while the rest is used to fulfill the farmers need of agricultural commodities. Farmers take this approach by leaving some aspects of the land the same (i.e., scattered trees and
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According to the article "The role of conservation agriculture and sustainable agriculture", the layer of mulch that is built up over time will become like a buffer zone between soil and mulch and this will help reduce wind and water erosion. With this comes the protection of the soil's surface when
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has caught on as a process that can save soil organic levels for a longer period and still allow the soil to be productive for longer periods (FAO 2007). Additionally, the process of tilling can increase time and labor for producing that crop. Minimum soil disturbance also reduce destruction of soil
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CA is shown to have even higher yields and higher outputs than conventional agriculture once it has been established over long periods. Also, a producer has the benefit of knowing that the soil in which his crops are grown is a renewable resource. According to New
Standard Encyclopedia, soils are a
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On the side of the conservationist, CA can be seen as beneficial because there is an effort to conserve what people use every day. Since agriculture is one of the most destructive forces against biodiversity, CA can change the way humans produce food and energy. With conservation come environmental
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in CA is much like the first in dealing with protecting the soil. The principle of managing the top soil to create a permanent organic soil cover can allow for growth of organisms within the soil structure. This growth will break down the mulch that is left on the soil surface. The breaking down of
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When no-till practices are followed, the producer sees a reduction in production cost for a certain crop. Tillage of the ground requires more money in order to fuel tractors or to provide feed for the animals pulling the plough. The producer sees a reduction in labor because he or she does not have
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Allen B, Hart K, Radley G, Tucker G, Keenleyside C, Oppermann R, Underwood E, Menadue H, Poux X, Beaufoy G, Herzon I, Povellato A, Vanni F, PraĹľan J, Hudson T, Yellachich N (2014) Biodiversity protection through results-based remuneration of ecological achievement. Report
Prepared for the European
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In this vein, in recent years 'results based pilot programs' have been introduced across the EU under Pillar Two of the Common
Agriculture Policy. Results-based agri-environmental programs are defined by the European Commission as "schemes where farmers and land managers are paid for delivering an
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The farmer and/or producer can use this same land in another way when crops have been harvested. The introduction of grazing livestock to a field that once held crops can be beneficial for the producer and also the field itself. Livestock manure can be used as a natural fertilizer for a producer's
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Land sparing is another way that producer and conservationist can be on the same page. Land sparing advocates for the land that is being used for agricultural purposes to continue to produce crops at increased yield. With an increase in yield on all land that is in use, other land can be set aside
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Agriculture according to the New
Standard Encyclopedia is "one of the most important sectors in the economies of most nations" (New Standard 1992). At the same time conservation is the use of resources in a manner that safely maintains a resource that can be used by humans. Conservation has become
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The Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has determined that conservation agriculture (CA) has three key principles that producers (farmers) can proceed through in the process of CA. These three principles outline what conservationists and producers believe can be done to
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In conservation agriculture there are many examples that can be looked towards as a way of farming and at the same time conserving. These practices are well known by most producers. The process of no-till is one that follows the first principle of CA, causing minimal mechanical soil disturbance.
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There are not enough people who can financially turn from conventional farming to conservation. The process of CA takes time; when a producer first becomes a conservationist, the results can be a financial loss to them (in most cases, the investment and policy generally exist). CA is based upon
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As much as conservation agriculture can benefit the world, there are some problems that come with it. There are many reasons why conservation agriculture cannot always be a win-win situation. Examples of these disadvantages include high initial costs of specialized planting equipment, and a new
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is practiced), and focus on improving or setting land aside that will not be used for the production of food, for example, the addition of wildflower strips. In-production schemes (used for a smaller scale, but more intensively farmed land) focus on the sustainable management of arable crops or
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Interactions with livestock and competition for crop residues - In developing countries, livestock is often an integral part of the farming system, so it needs to be considered when introducing CA. The application of CA requires a critical level of crop residues remaining on the surface, while
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problems within their fields. These producers are using the same principles within CA, in that they are leaving cover over their fields in order to save fields from erosion and leaching of chemicals (Kirchmann & Thorvaldsson 2000). Processes and studies like this are allowing for a better
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No-till also brings other benefits to the producer. According to the FAO, tillage is one of the most "energy consuming" processes that can be used: It requires a lot of labor, time, and fuel to till. Producers can save 30% to 40% of time and labor by practicing the no-till process. (FAO 3020)
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With the struggle to adapt comes the struggle to make CA grow across the globe. CA has not spread as quickly as most conservationists would like. The reason for this is because there is not enough pressure for producers in places such as North
America to change their way of living to a more
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for conservation and production for biodiversity. Agricultural land stays in production but would have to increase its yield potential to keep up with demand. Land that is not being put into agriculture would be used for conserving biodiversity (Green, et al. 2005). In fact, data from the
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dynamic farming system that requires new management skills and a learning process by the farmer. Long term experience with conservation farming all over the world has shown that this system does not present more or less but different problems to a farmer, all of them possible to resolve.
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Keenleyside C, Radley G, Tucker G, Underwood E, Hart K,Allen B and Menadue H (2014) Results-based Payments for Biodiversity Guidance Handbook: Designing and implementing results-based agri-environment programs 2014-20. Prepared for the European Commission, DG Environment, Contract No
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rain falls on the ground. Land that is not protected by a layer of mulch is left open to the elements (Hobbs et al. 2007). This type of ground cover also helps keep the temperature and moisture levels of the soil at a higher level rather than if it was tilled every year (FAO 2007).
817:, and preventing water loss from occurring within the soil. In the past agriculture has looked at soil tillage as a main process in the introduction of new crops to an area. It was believed that tilling the soil would increase fertility within the soil through
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increases the amount of oxygen in the soil and increases the aerobic processes, hastening the breakdown of organic material. Thus more nutrients are available for the next crop but, at the same time, the soil is depleted more quickly of its nutrient reserves.
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called "Farming and the Fate of Wild Nature" there are two more kinds of CA. The practice of wildlife-friendly farming and land sparing are ideas for producers who are looking to practice better conservation towards biodiversity (Green, et al. 2005).
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In the same journal article is presented another way in which producers and conservationists are looking towards the future. Circulation of plant nutrients can be a vital part for conserving the future. An example of this would be the use of
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spent a total of €3.23 billion on agri-environment schemes in 2012, significantly exceeding the cost of managing special sites of conservation (Natura 2000) that year, which came to a total of €39.6 million (Batáry et al. 2015).
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Hobbs, P.R., Sayre, Ken & Gupta, R. (2008) The role of conservation agriculture in sustainable agriculture. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences 363(1491):
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traditionally most of these residues are used for feeding livestock. It is a common practice to allow livestock to graze in the harvested crop fields or to slash the crop residue and store it for fodder.
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With CA comes the idea of producing enough food. With cutting back in fertilizer, not tilling the ground, and other processes comes the responsibility to feed the world. According to the
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Grass, Ingo; Loos, Jacqueline; Baensch, Svenja; Batáry, Péter; Librán-Embid, Felipe; Ficiciyan, Anoush; Klaus, Felix; Riechers, Maraja; Rosa, Julia; Tiede, Julia; Udy, Kristy (2019).
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and natural biological processes above and below the ground surface, which contribute to increased water and nutrient use efficiency and to improved and sustained crop production."
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Fisher, K. A., Winsten, J. R., Spratt, E. U., Anderson, R. U., & Smith, R. U. (2017). Pay for Performance Conservation: A How-To Guide (pp. 1-43, Rep.). Delta Institute.
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as "Conservation Agriculture (CA) is a farming system that can prevent losses of arable land while regenerating degraded lands.It promotes minimum soil disturbance (i.e.
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Fischer, Joern; Abson, David J.; Butsic, Van; Chappell, M. Jahi; Ekroos, Johan; Hanspach, Jan; Kuemmerle, Tobias; Smith, Henrik G.; Wehrden, Henrik von (2014).
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Batáry, P. et al., 2015. The role of agri-environment schemes in conservation and environmental management. Conservation Biology, 29(4), pp. 1006–1016.
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Allen B, et al (2014) Biodiversity protection through results-based remuneration of ecological achievement. Report Prepared for the European Commission
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Pawley, W.H. 1963. Possibilities of Increasing World Food Production. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome, Italy. Pg 98.
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Kirchmann, H., Thorvaldsson, G. 2000. European Journal of Agronomy. Challenging Targets for Future Agriculture. Vol. 12, Issues 3-4. Pg 145-161.
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of CA. These organizations can help to inform, conduct research, and buy land in order to preserve animals and plants (New Standard 1992).
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Organic molecules in the soil break down into phosphates, nitrates and other beneficial elements which are thus better absorbed by plants.
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Gupta, R., Hobbs, P.R., Sayre, Ken. 2007. The role of conservation agriculture in sustainable agriculture. The Royal Society. Pg. 1-13.
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There are two main types of agri-environment schemes which have shown different outcomes. Out-of-production schemes tend to be used in
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Increase in water conservation due to the layer of organic matter and ground cover to help eliminate transportation and access runoff.
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Conservation Agriculture, Agriculture and Consumer Protection Department, Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations
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Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). 2007. Agriculture and Consumer Protection Department. Rome, Italy Available from
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Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). 2006. Agriculture and Consumer Protection Department. Rome, Italy Available from
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understanding of how to conserve what we are using and finding ways to put back something that may have been lost before.
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that takes place in the soil. Also tilling of soil can cause severe erosion and crusting which leads to a decrease in
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Commission, DG Environment, Contract No ENV.B.2/ETU/2013/0046, Institute for European Environmental Policy, London.
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in CA is practicing minimum soil disturbance which is essential to maintaining minerals within the soil, stopping
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Agricultural Environmental Management, Water Quality Information Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture
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New Standard Encyclopedia. 1992. Standard Educational Operation. Chicago, Illinois. Pg(s) A-141, C-546.
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also reduce the velocity of runoff and the impact of rain drops thus reducing soil erosion and runoff.
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Besides conserving the soil, there are other examples of how CA is used. According to an article in
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https://web.archive.org/web/20071213192023/http://www.prb.org/Journalists/FAQ/WorldPopulation.aspx
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In the field of CA there are many benefits that both the producer and conservationist can obtain.
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Within fields that are controlled by CA the producer will see an increase in organic matter.
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Another way in which CA is looking to the future is through prevention. According to the
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Wildlife-friendly farming, also known as land sharing, allows for the conservation of
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micro and macro-organism habitats that is common in conventional ploughing practices.
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Conservation- or eco-agriculture involves multiple elements to protect wildlife.
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needed to produce the same amount of food declined by 68 percent worldwide.
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benefits of CA. These benefits include less erosion possibilities, better
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Population Reference Bureau. 2007. Washington, D.C. Available from
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The FAO believes that there are three major benefits from CA:
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or crop interactions. According to an article published in the
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In 1992, 'agri-environment schemes' became compulsory for all
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Willy H. Verheye, ed. (2010). "Conservation Agriculture".
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Willy H. Verheye, ed. (2010). "Conservation Agriculture".
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1151:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
1122:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
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practices (where the farming land is widespread and less
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Farming system to preserve and regenerate land capacity
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to be in the fields as long as a conventional farmer.
1345:"Land Sparing Versus Land Sharing: Moving Forward"
1172:"Land Sparing Versus Land Sharing: Moving Forward"
807:conserve what we use for a longer period of time.
1607:Agri-environmental indicator- commitments, 2015.
1407:"Peak Farmland and the Prospect for Land Sparing"
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1957:Other effective area-based conservation measures
1576:Soils, Plant Growth and Crop Production Volume I
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1545:Soils, Plant Growth and Crop Production Volume I
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931:shows that between 1961 and 2012, the amount of
1952:Integrated Conservation and Development Project
976:Improvement of soil structure and rooting zone.
861:Physiological Transactions of the Royal Society
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121:Agriculture in Mesoamerica
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2466:
2321:
2158:
2101:
2070:
1990:
1857:
1737:
1724:
1624:(Accessed November 2007).
1622:http://www.fao.org/ag/ca/
1617:(Accessed November 2007).
905:Wildlife-friendly farming
648:Universities and colleges
608:Universities and colleges
2354:Central African Republic
2002:Conservation designation
1920:Environmental protection
1905:Conspicuous conservation
1895:Conservation photography
1870:Conservation development
1865:Conservation agriculture
1583:Publishers. p. 99.
1552:Publishers. p. 98.
1460:. Global Change Data Lab
1010:Agri-environment schemes
838:The second key principle
768:Conservation agriculture
633:Agriculturist profession
452:Agricultural engineering
437:Agricultural cooperative
2578:Sustainable food system
2573:Sustainable agriculture
2093:Human–wildlife conflict
1977:Site-based conservation
1900:Conservation psychology
1718:Conservation of species
1095:Sustainable agriculture
855:the practicing diverse
811:The first key principle
603:Sustainable food system
598:Sustainable agriculture
489:Animal-free agriculture
457:Agricultural technology
53:more precise citations.
2150:Species reintroduction
1809:Latent extinction risk
1275:Cite journal requires
889:
853:The third principle is
731:Agriculture portal
690:History of agriculture
675:Agriculture by country
670:Agricultural machinery
638:Agricultural machinery
556:Mechanised agriculture
126:Austronesian expansion
2568:Permaculture concepts
2522:List of organisations
2176:Hawaiian honeycreeper
2116:Ecosystem restoration
2088:Habitat fragmentation
2083:Fortress conservation
2042:Marine protected area
2012:Conservation easement
2007:Conservation district
1972:Roadside conservation
1890:Conservation movement
1834:Species translocation
1774:Conservation genetics
1764:Conservation behavior
1232:Berry, Brosi (2008).
887:
868:(Hobbs et al. 2007).
680:Agriculture companies
643:Government ministries
442:Agricultural supplies
279:Convertible husbandry
2484:Planetary boundaries
2474:Conservation officer
2078:Conservation refugee
2027:Habitat conservation
2017:Conservation reserve
1982:Wetland conservation
1880:Conservation grazing
1875:Conservation finance
1839:Conservation welfare
1804:In-situ conservation
1799:Extinction threshold
1794:Ex-situ conservation
1349:Conservation Letters
1176:Conservation Letters
494:Cellular agriculture
447:Agricultural science
116:Neolithic Revolution
2558:Agriculture by type
1824:Nature conservation
1814:Marine conservation
1784:Conservation status
1361:2014ConL....7..149F
1312:2019PeoNa...1..262G
1188:2014ConL....7..149F
1028:European Commission
375:Steam sterilization
2121:Island restoration
2052:Open space reserve
1844:Threatened species
1370:10.1111/conl.12084
1197:10.1111/conl.12084
981:Future development
949:water conservation
890:
866:water infiltration
284:Rotational grazing
166:Columbian exchange
2545:
2544:
2504:Soil conservation
2057:Wildlife corridor
1940:Forest protection
1935:Forest management
1590:978-1-84826-367-3
1559:978-1-84826-367-3
1457:Our World in Data
1403:Ausubel, Jesse H.
1300:People and Nature
1040:intensive farming
1036:extensive farming
765:
764:
613:Urban agriculture
586:Rice-duck farming
534:Intensive farming
504:Extensive farming
79:
78:
71:
2585:
2535:
2534:
2419:Papua New Guinea
2311:Cryopreservation
2276:Gray nurse shark
1930:Flagship species
1754:Captive breeding
1711:
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591:Rice-fish system
499:Contract farming
484:Animal husbandry
222:Animal husbandry
181:Green Revolution
132:Ancient history
95:
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49:this article by
40:inline citations
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2062:30 by 30 target
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1602:Further reading
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2186:Golden eagle
2022:Gap analysis
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1749:Biodiversity
1739:Conservation
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529:Horticulture
474:Agroforestry
432:Agribusiness
389:Hydroculture
365:Smallholding
353:
146:Ancient Rome
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59:October 2013
56:
37:
2424:South Sudan
2409:New Zealand
2103:Restoration
1085:Agroecology
933:arable land
581:Polyculture
407:Hydroponics
397:Aquaculture
338:Paddy field
323:Monoculture
217:Agrivoltaic
191:Monoculture
112:Prehistory
85:Agriculture
51:introducing
2552:Categories
2359:Costa Rica
2322:By country
2242:Slow loris
2218:Polar bear
2071:Key issues
1858:Approaches
1490:2020-11-27
1452:"Land Use"
1448:Roser, Max
1155:24 October
1126:26 October
1106:References
661:Categories
576:Plantation
524:Free range
519:Feed ratio
412:Aeroponics
402:Aquaponics
269:Free-range
264:Fertilizer
34:references
2399:Mauritius
2379:Indonesia
2364:Hong Kong
2334:Australia
2306:Seed bank
2296:Sea otter
2166:Arthropod
2138:Rewilding
1992:Protected
1330:2575-8314
1216:1755-263X
695:Livestock
514:Farmhouse
296:Intensive
259:Extensive
2537:Category
2444:Scotland
2414:Pakistan
2394:Malaysia
2230:Elephant
2159:By taxon
1789:Endemism
1464:April 4,
1450:(2019).
1389:58906191
1253:41317523
1079:See also
1051:Problems
995:leaching
939:Benefits
880:Examples
843:mulching
479:Agronomy
343:Ranching
2467:Related
2456:forests
2404:Namibia
2384:Ireland
2369:Iceland
2281:Manatee
2271:Dolphin
2225:Cheetah
1741:biology
1682:543-555
1357:Bibcode
1308:Bibcode
1184:Bibcode
898:Science
873:Plowing
815:erosion
778:of the
539:animals
462:Digital
425:Related
370:Terrace
354:Colonia
333:Organic
328:Orchard
318:Natural
301:animals
274:Grazing
254:Dryland
237:poultry
209:On land
186:Organic
103:History
47:improve
2434:Uganda
2429:Sweden
2349:Canada
2344:Brazil
2339:Belize
2329:Angola
2302:Plant
2291:Salmon
2266:Marine
2181:Raptor
2143:marine
2047:Marxan
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1022:, and
227:cattle
36:, but
2389:Italy
2374:India
2247:Tiger
2195:Fungi
1994:areas
1581:EOLSS
1550:EOLSS
1410:(PDF)
1385:S2CID
1260:(PDF)
1249:S2CID
1239:: 7.
1237:(PDF)
626:Lists
549:crops
311:crops
291:Hobby
249:Dairy
242:sheep
2259:Wolf
2213:Bear
2171:Bird
1585:ISBN
1554:ISBN
1466:2023
1326:ISSN
1281:help
1212:ISSN
1157:2020
1128:2020
544:pigs
509:Farm
306:pigs
232:pigs
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