504:, son of Matthew and former Archbishop of Salerno, who was helping defend Naples, wrote letters about the events to his friends in Salerno. Thus the populace of Salerno saw an opportunity to win some favour with Tancred, so they taunted and besieged the defenseless Constance at Castel Terracena. Constance presented herself on a balcony and spoke to them in the tone of mild remonstrance and admonition, trying to tell them that the situation might improve and the defeat of Henry might be exaggerated by Nicholas, but the Salernitans were determined to capture her for Tancred, so they continued the siege. Constance locked herself in her room, locked the windows, and prayed to God for help and revenge. After a rapid negotiation with Elia di Gesualdo, a distant relative of Tancred, Constance voluntarily went out under the condition that her German guards were allowed to leave unharmed. She was then arrested by Elia (and some barons of Apulia who were related to her) and delivered to Tancred in Messina by Admiral
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981:, and upon her birth a Calabrian abbot named Joachim told William that his daughter would cause the destruction of Sicily. William believed the prediction and shut young Constance up in a monastery and forced her to become a nun to prevent her having husband or children. When permitted to be betrothed to Henry she continuously objected for that she thought her advancing age would become an obstacle, but in vain, "Thus did a wrinkled crone abandon the sacred cloister, discard her monastic veil, and, royally adorned, marry and emerge in public as empress". This apparently contradicted the facts that Constance was indeed the posthumous daughter of Roger II and half-sister of William and she became empress in 1192.
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508:(her brother-in-law who had helped in the defence of Naples), on a bireme galley or dromon with 200 rowers. She was in her attire as empress, wearing a dress quilted with gold and decorated with roses, a cloak covered with precious jewels, and her hair was strewn with gems, making her look like a goddess. Thus she became an important and valuable prize given that Henry had every intention of regaining. When meeting Constance, Tancred blamed her for the invasion, but she proudly responded that she was just taking back her dominion, stolen by Tancred. By September 20, Henry learned the abduction of his wife at Genoa.
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front of
Constance in June 1197) despite reports of her complicity. They continued to live together and issue joint diplomas. On 28 September of that year, Henry died, likely from malaria. Constance was at his death bed and suspected by some of poisoning him (a theory that was criticized by other contemporaries). Theo Kölzer remarks that by this time, their marriage was at a low point. It is possible that the empress felt the mood of her compatriots and passively tolerated the rebels, but the evidence does not conclusively demonstrate that she actively participated in the conspiracies.
624:
515:; Tancred had her eat with Sibylla and sleep in Sibylla's bedroom. Sibylla, who had once quarrelled with Constance, after seeing that the populace of Palermo was showing sympathy to Constance, suggested that Tancred put Constance to death. Tancred disagreed, worrying that this would harm his popularity. So at the suggestion of Tancred, Sibylla discussed with Matthew of Ajello (who had been promoted to chancellor) where to imprison Constance. Matthew wrote a letter to Tancred in her presence, suggesting he put Constance in the
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fief from the Pope all his life, to maintain the dignity of the Empire. That he became much more than King of Sicily could not be predicted when she unexpectedly died in late
November 1198, before the cardinal sent by the Pope to receive her homage arrived. In her will she set up a Council of Regency for Sicily and made Innocent, who was the child's feudal suzerain, his guardian, a reminder to all of the inviolability of his inheritance. She also instructed her subjects to swear fidelity to the Pope.
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388:) swear fealty to her as the probable successor to the throne at the curia of Troia. Matthew strongly opposed this marriage. Abulafia (1988) points out that William did not foresee the union of German and Sicilian crowns as a serious eventuality; his purpose was to consolidate an alliance with an erstwhile enemy of Norman power in Italy. Another aim of William in marrying Constance off was to prevent Tancred from claiming the throne.
740:, but she abandoned the German claim after the coronation of Frederick in Palermo, May 1198. According to Kölzer, the Pope had put pressure on Constance and Frederick to abandon the title. Additionally, the death of Henry had left in Germany a power vacuum that a child monarch could not fill. Constance likely realized that Frederick's perspective in Germany was hopeless and supported the claims of her brother-in-law
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449:, was on a crusade, Henry and Constance were forced to stay in Germany and could not press her claim to the Sicilian crown. Emperor Frederick died in 1190 and the following year Henry and Constance were crowned emperor and empress. Constance then accompanied her husband at the head of a substantial imperial army to forcefully take the Sicilian throne from Tancred with the support of the loyal
480:, who was also participating in the siege of Naples, deserted to Germany, falsely claimed that the emperor had died, and touted himself as a possible successor. Although Henry VI recovered, the imperial army was forced to withdraw from the kingdom altogether. Constance remained in Salerno with a small garrison as a sign that Henry would soon return.
465:, Roger II's mainland capital, sent word ahead that Henry was welcome and invited Constance to stay in her father's old palace to escape the summer heat, and take treatment from doctors for her infirm health. Though welcomed, Constance felt many citizens were still loyal to Tancred as they whispered in groups quietly.
670:, erroneously attributed as Frederick's birthplace by Malispini) to dispel doubt of her maternity. She had the baby in a pavilion tent in the market square of the town, and invited the town matrons to witness the birth. A few days later she returned to the town square and publicly breast-fed the infant.
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Her government displayed a full swing towards the Norman tradition (and rejection of Henry's vision of imperial rule) after her husband's death. She surrounded herself with local advisors and excluded the ambitious
Markward von Anweiler from a position of power, attempting to restrict him to his fief
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and ensured by German troops. A work now known as "A Letter
Concerning the Sicilian Tragedy to Peter" (which was written after William II's death in 1189 and before Henry's successful subjugation of Sicily) accused Constance, a Sicilian princess born and raised in Sicily, of helping to impose German
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king, William made the nobles, and the important men of his court, promise to recognize
Constance's succession if he died without direct heirs. Nevertheless, after his unexpected death in 1189, Tancred seized the throne. Tancred was illegitimate but he had the support of most of the great men of the
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She issued diplomas jointly with
Frederick after his coronation. Constance maintained her title of Holy Roman Empress Dowager, but she tried to keep options open for her son: she accepted the Pope's conditions only as Queen of Sicily and not Empress – her husband had refused to accepted Sicily as a
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said that according to decrees
Celestine III absolved her from her vows, which contradicted the fact that Constance was betrothed during the reign of William II who would reign the next five years and Celestine was elected 7 years later; the chroniclers also said that it was wicked for the Pope to
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who claimed to be king of Sicily and supposedly received a gift of jewels from
Constance. According to German sources hostile to Constance, Constance also joined the revolts against her husband. Apparently, Henry did not act against Constance (other than the fact he had Jordan tortured to death in
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She was able to lead her own government, although certainly Henry's policies and the personnel he left placed some restriction on her independence. Many notaries who had worked for
William II and Tancred, such as Gosfridus de Fogia, now worked for Constance, who based her government in Palermo and
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to request the kingship of
Tancred declared illegitimate, he even did not mention her captivity. While he did not have the power to rescue her, Tancred would not permit Constance to be ransomed unless Henry recognized him. Henry complained to Celestine about the capture of his wife, so the Pope
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Henry died in 1172, as King William II did not marry until 1177 and his marriage remained childless (or ever had a son named Bohemond in 1181), Constance became the sole heir to the Sicilian crown; nonetheless, while said to have been designated the heir and sworn fealty to in 1174, she remained
555:. In September 1192 he proceeded to Lüttich (Liège) to enforce the succession. The majority of the electors of Liège accepted the imperial decision because of the emperor's threat, and Albert de Rethel also relinquished his claim and indignantly refused a financial settlement from the emperor.
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Tancred if he did not release the Empress. (The Pope hoped that by securing Constance's safe passage back to Rome Henry would be better disposed towards the papacy and Celestine would be able to keep the Empire and Sicily from uniting.) Finally, Tancred was willing to give up his negotiating
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and southern Sicily. Henry wanted to placate Sicilians by naming Constance regent. A part of the society, especially the elites who lost power during the transition, rejected German power and ethnic character as possessing a barbarous nature that could not be reasoned with. This group viewed
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knew each other and in her youth she might have intimated the style of leadership of Margaret, so they might have shared a sisterhood if tenuous. (Whether out of the will of Margaret or not, Constance was not released from her monastery during the lifetime of Margaret, who died in 1183.)
772:(when Henry was still alive, she had not hesitated to defend her rights as the natural heiress of her Norman forefathers, even against the authority of the Pope). Faced with the dangers that surrounded any child-king, Constance placed Frederick under the protection of
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Later, Frederick's opponents, using Constance's age (she was 40 at the time of Frederick's birth) as the basis, spread the rumours that he was the son of a butcher. This induced counter-legends, such as a story recorded by a 1282 Florentine chronicle (authored by
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in Naples in the custody of nobleman Aligerno Cottone. There she would be better-guarded since the castle was surrounded by water, and also secluded from the Sicilian people. Tancred accepted their suggestion. In addition, Matthew wrote to Aligerno, ordering
598:, ensuring that in the end neither the papacy nor Sicily scored any real advantage in having had the Empress in their custody at all, only less than a month after her release; Within two weeks Henry and Constance reunited in the imperial castle of Trifels.
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Although Tancred always treated her with courtesy during her captivity, Constance was under extremely careful guard. Sibylla strongly opposed the deference Tancred showed to Constance, believing this would implicitly acknowledge the claims of the latter.
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Henry was already preparing to invade Sicily a second time when Tancred died in February 1194. Later that year he moved south, leveled Salerno to the ground in revenge for arresting Constance, entered Palermo unopposed, deposed Tancred's young son
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Constance was buried in the Cathedral of Palermo near the tombs of her father and her husband (and later their son). Her death led to a period of violence and chaos till 1208 when Frederick had grown to his majority. According to historian
539:, a maternal uncle of Constance, whom both he and Constance had planned to make the next bishop of Liege. However, as mentioned above, at the time of the election, Constance had been imprisoned by the Sicilians, and the other candidate,
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Costanza, sacred opera performance at Our Lady of Mt. Carmel Church, Bronx, NY on 26 October 2008. John Marino, distinguished composer conductor, arranger, pianist, coordinated the performance. The libretto was written by Florence
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barbarity on her homeland. Nevertheless, according to Philippa Byrne, there were also writers and administrators who were receptive to Henry and Constance's claims and their efforts to link themselves to the Hauteville tradition.
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argued that she married at 50 and gave birth at 52, while none was true. Florentine chroniclers said that Tancred annoyed the Pope so he and Archbishop of Palermo arranged the marriage of Constance to dethrone Tancred, and
433:, widow of William, believed Constance to be the rightful successor and vocally supported the Germans; in response Tancred put Queen Joan under house arrest and confiscated her vast estates, which enraged her brother King
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Historian Vinicius Dreger writes that Constance was probably "maybe the most important woman of Western Europe in late twelfth century", yet "about her, as on most of her predecessors and contemporaries, we know little."
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Despite being the sole heir to the throne of Sicily, she did not marry until she was 30 due to an ominous prophecy. Shortly after becoming empress, she was involved in the succession war against her illegitimate nephew
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in August but had to return to Germany for the funeral of his mother. On August 28 Constance was greeted in the province of Rieti by ambassadors from the Emperor. Henry and Constance were married on 27 January 1186 at
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Once Henry had withdrawn with the bulk of the imperial army, the towns that had fallen to the Empire immediately declared their allegiance to Tancred, for the most part now fearing his retribution.
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Shortly before ascending the Sicilian throne, at the age of 40, she gave birth to her only child, Frederick, thus continuing the bloodlines of both the Holy Roman Empire and the Kingdom of Sicily.
795:, the tomb that now holds the remains of Constance was actually the one she had commissioned for her husband. In 1215, Frederick had his father reburied in a porphyry sarcophagus taken from
776:, who forced her to cede traditional royal rights over church councils, legates, appeals and elections, leaving her only the right to approve a bishop-elect before he could occupy his see.
344:, grew intense. A rumor spread that William had been murdered, and that the Chancellor planned to put his brother on the throne by marriage to Constance, even though William had a brother,
376:, Milan. In exchange for the marriage, Emperor Frederick I agreed to relinquish his claim to southern Italy. Before leaving Sicily, William II had three important nobles (his cousin
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that the reason Constance did not marry before 30 was that she was too ugly, which could not be taken seriously, as political marriages seldom considered the looks of the parties.
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In May 1198, Constance had the three-year-old Frederick crowned King of Sicily with herself as regent. After Henry's death, initially she had upheld for her son the double title
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Constance, unusually for a princess, was not betrothed until she was thirty, which later gave rise to stories that she had become a nun and required papal dispensation to marry.
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472:, Henry met the first resistance of the whole campaign, and was held up well into the southern summer from May to August, by which time much of the army had succumbed to
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An Introduction to the History of the Principal States of Europe, Vol. 2, p. 129, Samuel Pufendorf (Freiherr von), Antoine Augustin Bruzen de La Martinière, Joseph Sayer
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to Palermo to hear her confession in the Palatine chapel. Initially she sat on a raised chair, but when Joachim told her that as they were at the places of Christ and
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argued that Constance was simply sent to the convent during the coup against William I for her safety and stayed there until her betrothal without ever being a nun.
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The papacy, also an enemy of the emperors, did not want to see the kingdom of southern Italy (then one of the richest in Europe) in German hands, but Henry pressed
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force Constance to give in her vows to marry, so Papal States was punished by the Heaven as the son born of the marriage of Constance would become its thorn.
292:, making her son merely King of Sicily. However, she still claimed herself Holy Roman Empress Dowager. She died one year later and entrusted her young son to
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in 1186 and thus sought to replace Baldwin with her. Under the instruction of Frederick I, Baldwin succeeded to Namur in 1189 while Henry was still living.
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When Henry returned to Germany in 1195, Constance ruled Sicily and issued diplomas in her own name. She was crowned as queen regnant on 2 April at Bari.
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While Henry moved quickly south with his army, a pregnant Constance followed at a slower pace. On 26 December, the day after Henry was crowned at
262:; she played an important role in the end of the Hauteville presence in Sicily. She was also Holy Roman Empress and later Dowager by marriage to
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Some said that it was Roger II who put Constance in a convent, which contradicted the fact that Constance was born after the death of Roger II.
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Margaritus was created Count of Malta in 1192 perhaps for his unexpected success of capturing the empress, granting him considerable resources.
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that a prediction that "her marriage would destroy Sicily" led to her confinement to remain celibate, and by the 15th century, the monastery of
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543:, gained more support. In January 1192 Henry claimed the election was under dispute and instead appointed his newly made imperial chancellor
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After the death of her husband, she gave up her son's claim to the throne of the Holy Roman Empire in favor of her younger brother-in-law
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was surrounded by local noble families. Her government stopped to function after Henry's return, only to continue again after his death.
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has suggested that Constance, a potential heir to the throne and a valuable pawn in international diplomacy, would not be lightly ceded.
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Constance merely as Henry's tool, that could not stop him from making up Sicilian government dominated by German seneschal
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and most of the aristocracy supported Constance. Matthew was able to induce Walter and other barons to support Tancred.
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The Sicilian Vespers: A History of the Mediterranean World in the Later Thirteenth Century, pp. 11–12, Steven Runciman
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The Sicilian Vespers: A History of the Mediterranean World in the Later Thirteenth Century, p. 12, Steven Runciman
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for the Sicilian throne, during which she was captured, though she was later released unharmed. In the history of
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fleet. The northern towns of the kingdom opened their gates to Henry, including the earliest Norman strongholds
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639:, she gave birth to a son, named Constantine after herself (later renamed Frederick-Roger, i. e. the future
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to celebrate the wedding, accompanied by a grand procession of princes and barons. Henry accompanied her to
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Henry VI consistently refused to make peace with Tancred despite the capture of his wife; in his letter to
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Constance had arranged the marriage between her son and a princess of Aragon, which would occur in 1209.
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had commissioned for himself; according to the emperor's order, the other one was reserved for himself).
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The establishment of Henry's rule in Sicily came with great social upheavals, including revolts around
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confined to her convent with her marriage seemingly beyond consideration until she was 30 years old.
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In 1197 Henry revisited Sicily, when there was a plot to murder him. Henry crushed the rebellion of
524:" ("that he guard well the Empress in the Castle of the Savior by the sea", i.e., Castel dell'Ovo).
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The Feast of Saint Abraham: Medieval Millenarians and the Jews, p. 12, Chapter 1, Robert E. Lerner
611:(died 1198), and had himself crowned instead. Prior to that he agreed the request of Constance to
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places Constance in Paradise (though he subscribed to the story that Constance had been a nun):
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Walter Fröhlich, "The Marriage of Henry VI and Constance of Sicily: Prelude and Consequences",
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said William I sought to put her to death due to the prediction until Tancred a bastard son of
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advantage (i.e. possession of the Empress) if the Pope would legitimize him as King of Sicily.
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Kölzer, Theo (2006). "Kaiserin Konstanze, Gemahlin Heinrichs VI.". In Fössel, Amalie (ed.).
586:, but before they made it to Rome they met imperial soldiers and the pro-Hohenstaufen abbot
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Friedrich II.: Die Königsherrschaft in Sizilien und Deutschland : 1194–1220. Teil 1
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Lomax, John (18 October 2013). "Constance (1154–1198)". In Emmerson, Richard K. (ed.).
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from 1194–98, jointly with her spouse from 1194 to 1197, and with her infant son
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argued Constance was brought up and educated in royal palace rather than a monastery.
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Biographer Jacqueline Alio infers that Constance and her sister-in-law Queen Dowager
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Constance was released in 1192 with all her suites and some gifts, and delivered to
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Kommunikation in der Krise: Könige und Fürsten im deutschen Thronstreit (1198–1218)
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258:, in 1198. She is particularly notable for her actions against her own family, the
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kingdom such as Vice-Chancellor Matthew of Ajello. On the other hand, Archbishop
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359:, was announced 29 Oct 1184 at the Augsburg episcopal palace, an event that Pope
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with her husband and father-in-law: Henry had designated his maternal nephew
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Constance interceded in the succession conflict of her maternal grand-uncle
336:
In the spring of 1168, during the reign in Messina of her elder nephew King
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1917:"Translating German emperors: A Staufen–Sicilian synthesis under Henry VI?"
744:, who was supported by a number of the princes against the Welf candidate,
712:
666:, according to which, Constance gave birth publicly in the town square (of
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despite the opposition of the cardinals and escorted her safely across the
1715:
The Marriage of Henry VI and Constance of Sicily: Prelude and Consequences
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Queens of Italy-Women in Power in Medieval Italy: CONSTANCE of HAUTEVILLE
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only two empresses were captured, with the other being her mother-in-law
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Malespini and Boccaccio said she married at 50 and 55 respectively, and
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2003:(in German). Gesellschaft für staufische Geschichte e.V. p. 69.
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William County of Lecce and Principality of Taranto on November 20.
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Kaiser Friedrich II.: 1194–1250 : Herrscher, Mensch und Mythos
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Frederick II, the birth of an imperial child, p. 16, Huub Kurstjens
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brother of Sibylla hanged in revenge for the capture of Constance.
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initiated rather than objected to. In 1185, Constance traveled to
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Holy Roman Empress (1191–1197) and Queen of Sicily (r. 1194–1198)
1632:"Constance | Queen of Sicily, Hohenstaufen Dynasty | Britannica"
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Anglo~Norman Studies: XV. Proceedings of the Battle Conference
35:
3143:
2138:. Münster: Verl.-Haus Monsenstein und Vannerdat. p. 56.
1878:. Wien: Verl. d. Österreichischen Akad. d. Wiss. p. 51.
454:
418:
Knowing that Sicily's Norman aristocracy would not welcome a
364:
1721:, ed. Marjorie Chibnall, (The Boydell Press, 1993), 100–101.
875:, Paradiso, Canto III, lines 109-120, Mandelbaum translation
644:
595:
548:
522:
ut imperatricem in Castro Salvatoris ad mare bene custodiat
450:
1872:
Studien zum Kanzlei- und Urkundenwesen Kaiser Heinrichs VI
19:"Constance of Sicily" redirects here. For other uses, see
896:" by Jordan River. Playing Constance the Italian actress
719:
2844:
2164:
2162:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
695:, she needed to lower herself, she sat on the ground.
2174:
2159:
2113:
2058:
410:
to baptize and crown his son; the Pope put him off.
3120:
1838:
Royal Bastards: The Birth of Illegitimacy, 800–1230
399:as his heir while childless, but he had a daughter
250:; 2 November 1154 – 27 November 1198) was reigning
1751:, c. 33, ed. L. Vanderkindere, Bruxelles 1904, 66.
888:Constance is present in a scene in the film about
329:, claimed Constance as a former member. Historian
1966:
1710:
1708:
1706:
582:from the Papal States. They traveled through the
476:and other diseases. Even Henry himself fell ill.
3959:
854:But though she had been turned back to the world
2034:Key Figures in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopedia
1804:(in German). W. Kohlhammer Verlag. p. 26.
1703:
866:the one who was their third and final power."
856:against her will, against all honest practice,
511:Constance was taken to Palermo, supervised by
3577:
3497:Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
3106:
3027:Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
2753:
2475:
864:who from the Swabians' second gust engendered
840:to you at my right hand, a brightness kindled
2195:"Constança da Sicília: Imperatrix et Regina"
842:by all the light that fills our heaven - she
1681:
1679:
1072:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
942:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
862:This is the splendor of the great Costanza,
848:a sister, and from her head, too, by force,
687:On Good Friday in 1196, Constance summoned
3584:
3570:
3113:
3099:
2760:
2746:
2482:
2468:
1700:, (Cambridge University Press, 1957), 131.
299:
34:
2210:
2193:Dreger de Araújo, Vinicius César (2012).
1932:
1831:
1662:. Harvard University Press. p. 221.
1655:
1092:Learn how and when to remove this message
962:Learn how and when to remove this message
903:
858:the veil upon her heart was never loosed.
643:and King of Sicily) in the small town of
547:, provost of the church of St Cassius in
304:Constance was the posthumous daughter of
2767:
2092:(in German). Primus-Verlag. p. 83.
1841:. Oxford University Press. p. 213.
1676:
989:persuaded him to send her to a convent.
850:the shadow of the sacred veil was taken.
846:has understood what I have said: she was
723:
622:
487:
2085:
1108:Ancestors of Constance, Queen of Sicily
1010:said Constance had never become a nun.
186: 1186; died 1197)
3960:
3551:Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein
2489:
2192:
2180:
2168:
2131:
2119:
2073:
1996:
1797:
1470:
1350:
1346:
1336:
1232:
1122:
1118:
977:said that Constance was a daughter of
838:"This other radiance that shows itself
728:Constance's tomb, in the Cathedral of
720:Crowning of Frederick II and Her Death
348:. Stephen was finally forced to flee.
3723:Anna of Constantinople (900–905)
3565:
3094:
2741:
2463:
2030:
1983:
1981:
1972:
1914:
1546:
1536:
1532:
1520:
1514:
1504:
1488:
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1130:
1126:
806:
799:(which was one of the two sarcophagi
2259:
1868:
1775:
1773:
1759:
1757:
1626:
1624:
1070:adding citations to reliable sources
1037:
940:adding citations to reliable sources
907:
601:
21:Constance of Sicily (disambiguation)
3591:
1686:Italy and Sicily under Frederick II
440:
13:
4048:Women in medieval European warfare
3522:Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily
3052:Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily
2242:
1978:
1765:The Normans: From Raiders to Kings
618:
483:
413:
14:
4114:
2230:
1770:
1754:
1621:
1026:An anonymous Vatican said in his
883:
535:in September 1191, Henry favored
445:While Constance's father-in-law,
4083:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
3377:Margaret II, Countess of Hainaut
3292:Beatrice I, Countess of Burgundy
3075:
3074:
2942:Margaret II, Countess of Hainaut
2843:
2269:, 1988 (Oxford University press)
2267:Frederick II, a Medieval Emperor
2037:. Routledge. pp. 153, 154.
1042:
912:
641:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
340:, opposition to the Chancellor,
256:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
200:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
3732:Anna of Provence (915–924)
3541:Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
3122:Queens and empresses of Germany
3037:Maria Theresa, Queen of Hungary
2186:
2125:
2079:
2024:
1990:
1957:
1908:
1899:
1862:
1825:
1791:
1782:
1749:Gisleberti chronicon Hanoniense
183:
4093:Mothers of Holy Roman Emperors
4088:Children of Roger II of Sicily
3546:Victoria of the United Kingdom
3492:Wilhelmine Amalie of Brunswick
3064:For Empresses after 1806, see
3022:Wilhelmine Amalie of Brunswick
2907:Beatrice, Countess of Burgundy
2212:10.55702/medievalis.v1i2.44214
1915:Byrne, Philippa (6 May 2023).
1742:
1733:
1724:
1690:The Cambridge Medieval History
1649:
627:Constance and Henry, from the
1:
4053:Women in 12th-century warfare
3988:12th-century Italian nobility
3487:Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg
3017:Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg
2331:Travels with a Medieval Queen
1692:, Vol. IV, ed. J. R. Tanner,
531:During the election of a new
327:Santissimo Salvatore, Palermo
4028:Burials at Palermo Cathedral
4003:12th-century German nobility
3993:12th-century Sicilian people
3978:12th-century kings of Sicily
3786:Berta di Luni (1002–14)
3781:Theophanu of Constantinople
3482:Claudia Felicitas of Austria
3012:Claudia Felicitas of Austria
2295:The Norman Kingdom of Sicily
1656:Boccaccio, Giovanni (2003).
264:Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor
172:Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor
7:
4098:Mothers of Italian monarchs
4033:12th-century queens regnant
3467:Maria Leopoldine of Austria
3442:Anne of Bohemia and Hungary
3352:Imagina of Isenburg-Limburg
2997:Maria Leopoldine of Austria
2932:Yolande, Queen of Jerusalem
2867:Theophanu of Constantinople
2311:, reprinted as part of his
1597:
1429:Matilda, Countess of Rethel
1033:
492:Constance imprisoned, from
397:Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut
10:
4119:
4103:Mothers of German monarchs
3983:12th-century Italian women
3678:Cunigunda of Laon (?)
3675:Bertha of Gellone (?)
3297:Constance, Queen of Sicily
3070:the corresponding template
2912:Constance, Queen of Sicily
2810:Saint Richardis of Nordgau
2274:Queens of Sicily 1061-1266
2086:Stürner, Wolfgang (1997).
1464:
1348:
1226:
1120:
894:Joachim and the Apocalypse
40:Constance of Sicily (from
18:
3998:12th-century German women
3642:Gundiberga (626–652)
3599:
3530:
3477:Margaret Theresa of Spain
3206:
3167:
3128:
3060:
3007:Margaret Theresa of Spain
2852:
2841:
2775:
2526:
2497:
2443:
2432:
2422:
2413:
2405:
2398:
2388:
2360:
2352:
2347:
2132:Mamsch, Stefanie (2012).
1609:History of Swabian Sicily
1534:
1526:
1498:
1491:Godfrey I, Count of Namur
1476:
1472:
1436:
1414:
1406:
1378:
1356:
1352:
1314:
1296:
1288:
1260:
1238:
1234:
1198:
1176:
1168:
1140:
1124:
1008:François Eudes de Mézeray
762:Conrad I, Duke of Spoleto
437:, who later rescued her.
374:Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio
357:Henry, King of the Romans
227:
217:
205:
193:
165:
145:
129:
125:
114:
107:
92:
81:
71:
60:
53:
33:
28:
4078:Italian prisoners of war
4013:Queens regnant in Europe
3922:Joséphine de Beauharnais
3862:Isabella II of Jerusalem
3850:Beatrice of Hohenstaufen
3512:Maria Josepha of Bavaria
3322:Isabella II of Jerusalem
3042:Maria Josepha of Bavaria
2452:Beatrice of Hohenstaufen
2416:Queen consort of Germany
1688:, Michaelangelo Schipa,
1614:
987:Roger I, Count of Sicily
738:Romanorum et Sicilie Rex
682:Richard, Count of Acerra
631:of Petrus of Ebulo, 1196
629:Liber ad honorem Augusti
588:Roffredo of Montecassino
494:Liber ad honorem Augusti
42:Liber ad Honorem Augusti
4073:German prisoners of war
3928:Marie Louise of Austria
3790:Cunigunde of Luxembourg
3645:Guntrude (712–744)
3621:Berthora (549–552)
3422:Elizabeth of Luxembourg
3232:Cunigunde of Luxembourg
3032:Maria Amalia of Austria
2872:Cunigunde of Luxembourg
2288:Anglo-Norman Studies XV
1798:Houben, Hubert (2008).
1549:Ermesinde of Luxembourg
1397:Ithier, Count of Rethel
378:Tancred, Count of Lecce
300:Background and marriage
3898:Elizabeth of Pomerania
3886:Margaret II of Hainaut
3838:Beatrice I of Burgundy
3712:Ageltrude of Benevento
3412:Elisabeth of Nuremberg
3397:Elizabeth of Pomerania
3357:Elisabeth of Carinthia
2952:Elizabeth of Pomerania
2825:Anna of Constantinople
2815:Ageltrude of Benevento
2309:The Kingdom in the Sun
1004:Richard of San Germano
904:Controversial Accounts
878:
733:
632:
553:Dietrich of Hochstaden
506:Margaritus of Brindisi
497:
384:, and vice chancellor
272:King Tancred of Sicily
260:Norman kings of Sicily
247:
4063:Women in war in Italy
4058:Nobility from Palermo
3946:Marie-José of Belgium
3664:Fastrada of Franconia
3648:Tassia (744–749)
3342:Gertrude of Hohenberg
3188:Matilda of Ringelheim
2967:Bianca Maria of Milan
2785:Ermengarde of Hesbaye
2437:the Holy Roman Empire
2313:The Normans in Sicily
2307:John Julius Norwich,
1869:Ertl, Thomas (2002).
1739:Walter Frohlich, 109.
1730:Walter Frohlich, 102.
1133:Tancred of Hauteville
835:
727:
705:Markward von Anweiler
680:In 1196 Henry VI had
626:
551:and brother of Count
491:
4018:Holy Roman Empresses
3916:Isabella of Portugal
3832:Richenza of Northeim
3694:Richilde of Provence
3517:Maria Luisa of Spain
3437:Isabella of Portugal
3392:Anna von Schweidnitz
3347:Isabella of Burgundy
3337:Elisabeth of Bavaria
3282:Gertrude of Sulzbach
3272:Richenza of Northeim
3066:Empresses of Austria
2972:Isabella of Portugal
2902:Richenza of Northeim
2805:Richilde of Provence
2769:Holy Roman Empresses
2409:Beatrice of Burgundy
2329:Mary Taylor Simeti,
2255:, V.20, VI.16, VII.1
1921:The German Quarterly
1371:Odo, Count of Rethel
1066:improve this section
975:De Mulieribus Claris
936:improve this section
545:Lothar of Hochstaden
447:Frederick Barbarossa
435:Richard I of England
393:Count Henry of Namur
322:De mulieribus claris
4043:Sicilian princesses
3940:Elena of Montenegro
3934:Margherita of Savoy
3910:Eleanor of Portugal
3880:Margaret of Brabant
3868:Isabella of England
3856:Constance of Aragon
3844:Constance of Sicily
3820:Constance of Sicily
3745:Marozia of Tusculum
3741:Alda (924–932)
3700:Richardis of Swabia
3688:Engelberga of Parma
3682:Ermengarde of Tours
3670:Luitgard of Sundgau
3462:Maria Anna of Spain
3432:Bianca Maria Sforza
3427:Eleanor of Portugal
3367:Beatrice of Silesia
3362:Margaret of Brabant
3327:Isabella of England
3317:Margaret of Austria
3312:Constance of Aragon
3287:Adelaide of Vohburg
3277:Gertrude of Comburg
3262:Constance of Sicily
3242:Gunhilda of Denmark
3183:Cunigunde of Swabia
3135:Carolingian dynasty
2992:Maria Anna of Spain
2962:Eleanor of Portugal
2937:Isabella of England
2927:Constance of Aragon
2800:Engelberga of Parma
2795:Ermengarde of Tours
1717:, Walter Frohlich,
1694:C. W. Previté-Orton
1333:Constance of Sicily
817:Margaret of Navarre
657:Ricordano Malispini
64:25 December 1194 –
4068:Daughters of kings
3826:Matilda of England
3727:Bertila of Spoleto
3706:Bertila of Spoleto
3372:Isabella of Aragon
3307:Beatrice of Swabia
3267:Matilda of England
3208:Kingdom of Germany
3174:Kingdom of Germany
3149:Liutgard of Saxony
3002:Eleonora of Mantua
2987:Eleonora of Mantua
2917:Beatrice of Swabia
2897:Matilda of England
2777:Carolingian Empire
2491:Monarchs of Sicily
2448:Title next held by
2435:Empress consort of
2000:Frauen der Staufer
1934:10.1111/gequ.12333
1636:www.britannica.com
1455:Beatrice of Rethel
1279:Adelaide del Vasto
1217:Roger II of Sicily
996:Joachim Camerarius
898:Elisabetta Pellini
807:Views on Constance
758:Walter of Palearia
734:
633:
563:Pope Celestine III
502:Nicholas of Ajello
498:
425:Walter of the Mill
408:Pope Celestine III
331:Mary Taylor Simeti
310:Beatrice of Rethel
308:by his third wife
232:Beatrice of Rethel
222:Roger II of Sicily
109:Holy Roman Empress
4038:Regents of Sicily
4008:Hauteville family
3955:
3954:
3936: (1878–1900)
3775:Adelaide of Italy
3757:Adelaide of Italy
3559:
3558:
3407:Sophia of Bavaria
3402:Joanna of Bavaria
3382:Blanche of Valois
3222:Adelaide of Italy
3213:Holy Roman Empire
3198:Adelaide of Italy
3088:
3087:
3047:Ludovica of Spain
2862:Adelaide of Italy
2854:Holy Roman Empire
2790:Judith of Bavaria
2735:
2734:
2528:Kingdom of Sicily
2458:
2457:
2423:Succeeded by
2389:Succeeded by
2339:978-0-374-27878-6
2282:978-1-943-63914-4
2272:Jacqueline Alio,
2260:Secondary sources
2201:(in Portuguese).
2145:978-3-8405-0071-8
2099:978-3-89678-022-5
2044:978-1-136-77519-2
2010:978-3-929776-16-4
1848:978-0-19-878582-8
1811:978-3-17-018683-5
1763:Lars Brownworth.
1669:978-0-674-01130-4
1604:Hauteville family
1594:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1517:Beatrice of Namur
1253:Manfred del Vasto
1159:Roger I of Sicily
1102:
1101:
1094:
972:
971:
964:
774:Pope Innocent III
602:Second Expedition
584:Strait of Messina
541:Albert of Louvain
386:Matthew of Ajello
355:Her betrothal to
342:Stephen du Perche
294:Pope Innocent III
276:Holy Roman Empire
237:
236:
160:Kingdom of Sicily
140:Kingdom of Sicily
120:28 September 1197
88:(as sole monarch)
4110:
3904:Barbara of Cilli
3892:Anna of Świdnica
3814:Eupraxia of Kiev
3796:Gisela of Swabia
3763:Willa of Tuscany
3751:Bertha of Swabia
3736:Bertha of Swabia
3586:
3579:
3572:
3563:
3562:
3472:Eleonora Gonzaga
3457:Eleonora Gonzaga
3447:Maria of Austria
3417:Barbara of Cilli
3257:Eupraxia of Kiev
3237:Gisela of Swabia
3115:
3108:
3101:
3092:
3091:
3078:
3077:
2957:Barbara of Cilli
2947:Anna of Świdnica
2922:Maria of Brabant
2892:Eupraxia of Kiev
2877:Gisela of Swabia
2847:
2846:
2835:Anna of Provence
2830:Bertila of Parma
2762:
2755:
2748:
2739:
2738:
2499:County of Sicily
2484:
2477:
2470:
2461:
2460:
2406:Preceded by
2353:Preceded by
2345:
2344:
2293:Donald Matthew,
2265:David Abulafia,
2249:Giovanni Villani
2224:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2214:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2129:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2017:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1936:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1877:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1795:
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1780:
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1768:
1761:
1752:
1746:
1740:
1737:
1731:
1728:
1722:
1712:
1701:
1683:
1674:
1673:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1628:
1114:
1113:
1105:
1104:
1097:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1077:
1046:
1038:
983:Giovanni Villani
967:
960:
956:
953:
947:
916:
908:
890:Joachim of Fiore
876:
794:
742:Philip of Swabia
689:Joachim of Fiore
665:
537:Albert de Rethel
441:First expedition
290:Philip of Swabia
280:Empress Beatrice
187:
185:
152:
149:27 November 1198
121:
118:15 April 1191 –
99:(1194–1197) and
67:
66:27 November 1198
38:
26:
25:
4118:
4117:
4113:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4108:
4107:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3951:
3942: (1900–46)
3930: (1810–14)
3924: (1805–10)
3918: (1530–39)
3912: (1452–67)
3906: (1431–37)
3900: (1363–78)
3894: (1355–62)
3888: (1327–47)
3870: (1235–41)
3864: (1225–28)
3858: (1212–22)
3846: (1191–97)
3840: (1156–84)
3834: (1128–37)
3828: (1114–25)
3822: (1095–98)
3816: (1089–93)
3810: (1080–87)
3808:Bertha of Savoy
3804: (1043–56)
3802:Agnes of Poitou
3798: (1026–39)
3792: (1004–24)
3783: (972–983)
3777: (951–973)
3771: (957–963)
3765: (950–953)
3759: (948–950)
3753: (937–948)
3747: (932–933)
3738: (922–926)
3729: (905–915)
3720: (896–899)
3718:Ota of Neustria
3714: (889–894)
3708: (888–889)
3702: (879–888)
3696: (875–877)
3690: (851–875)
3684: (821–851)
3672: (794–800)
3666: (784–794)
3660: (774–783)
3654: (756–774)
3639: (589–616)
3633: (567–573)
3618: (536–540)
3612: (526–534)
3606: (493–526)
3595:
3593:Queens of Italy
3590:
3560:
3555:
3526:
3387:Anne of Bavaria
3252:Bertha of Savoy
3247:Agnes of Poitou
3211:
3202:
3172:
3163:
3133:
3124:
3119:
3089:
3084:
3056:
2887:Bertha of Savoy
2882:Agnes of Poitou
2848:
2839:
2820:Ota of Neustria
2771:
2766:
2736:
2731:
2522:
2493:
2488:
2449:
2440:
2436:
2428:
2419:
2411:
2394:
2378:
2368:
2366:
2363:Queen of Sicily
2358:
2262:
2245:
2243:Primary sources
2233:
2228:
2227:
2217:
2215:
2191:
2187:
2179:
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2167:
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2150:
2148:
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2100:
2084:
2080:
2072:
2059:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2029:
2025:
2015:
2013:
2011:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1979:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1875:
1867:
1863:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1833:McDougall, Sara
1830:
1826:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1771:
1762:
1755:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1713:
1704:
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1595:
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1028:Historia Sicula
1020:Tommaso Fazello
968:
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841:
839:
809:
788:
722:
659:
621:
619:Queen of Sicily
604:
533:bishop of Liege
517:Castel dell'Ovo
486:
484:Brief captivity
443:
431:Joan of England
416:
414:Claim to Sicily
382:Roger of Andria
319:related in his
302:
252:Queen of Sicily
189:
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177:
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133:2 November 1154
119:
65:
55:Queen of Sicily
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3354:
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3329:
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3314:
3309:
3304:
3302:Irene Angelina
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
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2977:Maria of Spain
2974:
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2712:Victor Amadeus
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2426:Irene Angelina
2424:
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2412:
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2403:
2402:
2400:German royalty
2396:
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2348:Regnal titles
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2231:External links
2229:
2226:
2225:
2205:(2): 133–151.
2185:
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2124:
2112:
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2078:
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2009:
1989:
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1956:
1927:(2): 163–179.
1907:
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1103:
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1050:
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1000:Hugo Falcandus
979:King William I
970:
969:
920:
918:
911:
905:
902:
885:
884:Film and media
882:
869:
836:
808:
805:
721:
718:
693:Mary Magdalene
620:
617:
603:
600:
566:threatened to
485:
482:
442:
439:
415:
412:
346:Henry of Capua
301:
298:
235:
234:
229:
225:
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215:
214:
209:
203:
202:
197:
191:
190:
179:
175:
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169:
167:
163:
162:
153:(aged 44)
147:
143:
142:
131:
127:
126:
123:
122:
116:
112:
111:
105:
104:
94:
90:
89:
83:
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78:
73:
69:
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62:
58:
57:
51:
50:
46:Peter of Eboli
39:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4115:
4104:
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4026:
4024:
4023:Italo-Normans
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
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3908:
3905:
3902:
3899:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3887:
3884:
3881:
3878:
3876: (1244?)
3875:
3874:Bianca Lancia
3872:
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3564:
3552:
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3542:
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3538:
3536:
3533:
3532:German Empire
3529:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3507:Maria Theresa
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3452:Anna of Tyrol
3450:
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3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3332:Bianca Lancia
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
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3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
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2998:
2995:
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2988:
2985:
2983:
2982:Anna of Tyrol
2980:
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2778:
2774:
2770:
2763:
2758:
2756:
2751:
2749:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2728:
2727:Ferdinand III
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
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2685:
2683:
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2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2637:Frederick III
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
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2578:
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2519:
2516:
2514:
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2509:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2485:
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2466:
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2462:
2454:
2453:
2446:
2439:
2438:
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2418:
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2410:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2393:
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2383:
2382:
2377:
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2373:
2365:
2364:
2357:
2351:
2346:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2322:
2321:0-14-015212-1
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2304:
2303:0-521-26911-3
2300:
2296:
2292:
2289:
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2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2263:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2189:
2183:, p. 67.
2182:
2177:
2171:, p. 68.
2170:
2165:
2163:
2147:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2128:
2122:, p. 28.
2121:
2116:
2101:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2082:
2076:, p. 69.
2075:
2070:
2068:
2066:
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2062:
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2040:
2036:
2035:
2027:
2012:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1993:
1984:
1982:
1974:
1969:
1960:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1926:
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1911:
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1887:
1885:9783700130710
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1051:This section
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926:
921:This section
919:
915:
910:
909:
901:
899:
895:
891:
881:
874:
873:Divine Comedy
867:
834:
832:
828:
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826:Divine Comedy
821:
818:
813:
804:
802:
798:
792:
787:
781:
777:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
756:, as well as
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616:
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589:
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581:
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569:
568:excommunicate
564:
559:
556:
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546:
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538:
534:
529:
525:
523:
518:
514:
513:Queen Sibylla
509:
507:
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495:
490:
481:
479:
478:Henry of Welf
475:
471:
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59:
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37:
32:
27:
22:
3948: (1946)
3882: (1311)
3852: (1212)
3843:
3819:
3627: (560s)
3610:Amalasuintha
3502:Maria Amalia
3296:
3169:East Francia
3130:East Francia
2911:
2672:Ferdinand II
2622:Frederick II
2607:Constance II
2566:
2450:
2444:
2433:
2414:
2392:Frederick II
2384:
2381:Frederick II
2379:
2375:
2369:
2361:
2330:
2312:
2308:
2294:
2287:
2273:
2266:
2252:
2216:. Retrieved
2202:
2198:
2188:
2176:
2149:. Retrieved
2134:
2127:
2115:
2103:. Retrieved
2088:
2081:
2048:. Retrieved
2033:
2026:
2014:. Retrieved
1999:
1992:
1968:
1959:
1924:
1920:
1910:
1901:
1889:. Retrieved
1871:
1864:
1852:. Retrieved
1837:
1827:
1815:. Retrieved
1800:
1793:
1784:
1764:
1748:
1744:
1735:
1726:
1718:
1714:
1698:Z. N. Brooke
1689:
1685:
1659:Famous Women
1658:
1651:
1640:. Retrieved
1638:. 2024-02-23
1635:
1332:
1088:
1079:
1064:Please help
1052:
1027:
1025:
1012:
994:
991:
974:
973:
958:
949:
934:Please help
922:
887:
879:
872:
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824:
822:
814:
810:
782:
778:
769:
766:Innocent III
750:
737:
735:
713:Jordan Lupin
710:
697:
686:
679:
675:
672:
653:
634:
628:
605:
578:Cardinal of
573:
560:
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526:
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510:
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467:
444:
429:
420:Hohenstaufen
417:
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354:
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287:
284:
268:
239:
238:
151:(1198-11-27)
101:Frederick II
86:Frederick II
48:, 1196)
41:
3973:1198 deaths
3968:1154 births
3637:Theodelinda
3534:(1871–1918)
2702:Charles III
2657:Ferdinand I
2577:Frederick I
2567:Constance I
2562:William III
2530:(1130–1816)
2501:(1071–1130)
2376:(1194–1197)
2356:William III
2181:Kölzer 2006
2169:Kölzer 2006
2120:Houben 2008
2074:Kölzer 2006
789: [
660: [
609:William III
240:Constance I
76:William III
72:Predecessor
29:Constance I
3962:Categories
3625:Chlothsind
3616:Matasuntha
3215:(962–1806)
3210:within the
3132:during the
2717:Charles IV
2697:Philip III
2682:Charles II
2547:William II
2441:1191–1197
2420:1186–1196
2199:Medievalis
1973:Byrne 2023
1642:2024-02-23
1191:Fredisenda
1082:April 2019
952:April 2019
786:Josef Deér
361:Lucius III
338:William II
212:Hauteville
3658:Hildegard
3604:Audofleda
3227:Theophanu
3176:(919–962)
3171:(911–919)
3154:Richardis
3137:(843–911)
2722:Charles V
2707:Philip IV
2692:Philip II
2662:Alfonso I
2652:Martin II
2602:Charles I
2592:Conrad II
2557:Roger III
2542:William I
2367:1194–1198
2326:Bocarius.
1951:258553456
1943:0016-8831
1053:does not
923:does not
401:Ermesinde
317:Boccaccio
82:Successor
3769:Gerberga
3631:Rosamund
3080:Category
2687:Philip I
2647:Martin I
2627:Peter II
2587:Conrad I
2582:Henry II
2537:Roger II
2518:Roger II
2333:, 2001.
2276:, 2018.
1835:(2017).
1598:See also
1034:Ancestry
1015:Brantôme
870:—
801:Roger II
306:Roger II
248:Costanza
97:Henry VI
93:Co-ruler
3193:Eadgyth
2617:James I
2612:Peter I
2597:Manfred
2572:Henry I
2552:Tancred
2508:Roger I
2253:Cronica
1074:removed
1059:sources
944:removed
929:sources
823:In the
746:Otto IV
730:Palermo
700:Catania
668:Palermo
647:, near
637:Palermo
613:enfeoff
592:Ceprano
474:malaria
463:Salerno
369:Salerno
244:Italian
188:
180:
176:
156:Palermo
136:Palermo
2677:Joanna
2445:Vacant
2385:(1198)
2337:
2319:
2301:
2290:, 1992
2280:
2218:8 July
2151:8 July
2142:
2105:8 July
2096:
2050:8 July
2041:
2016:8 July
2007:
1949:
1941:
1891:8 July
1882:
1854:8 July
1845:
1817:8 July
1808:
1666:
860:
852:
844:
797:Cefalù
754:Molise
649:Ancona
580:Anagni
576:Egidio
470:Naples
459:Aversa
228:Mother
218:Father
166:Spouse
115:Tenure
103:(1198)
3144:Hemma
2642:Maria
2632:Louis
2513:Simon
2372:Henry
2370:with
1947:S2CID
1876:(PDF)
1615:Notes
831:Dante
793:]
770:regno
664:]
455:Capua
451:Pisan
365:Milan
207:House
195:Issue
182:(
178:
61:Reign
3652:Ansa
3068:and
2667:John
2335:ISBN
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2299:ISBN
2278:ISBN
2220:2023
2153:2023
2140:ISBN
2107:2023
2094:ISBN
2052:2023
2039:ISBN
2018:2023
2005:ISBN
1939:ISSN
1893:2023
1880:ISBN
1856:2023
1843:ISBN
1819:2023
1806:ISBN
1696:and
1664:ISBN
1547:15.
1489:14.
1427:13.
1369:12.
1251:10.
1057:any
1055:cite
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