131:
31:
813:
517:
907:; the conclusion he provides here is reserved, noting that the work was probably inauthentic, but still "of great interest". As argued by Pippidi, this was a polite way of signalling his belief that Asachi had authored the text, which consequently had no historical value, but could still matter as a literary product. According to historian Vasile Maciu, his critical essay sampled his "critical spirit and scientific attitude." In his later recollections, Papadopol-Calimah noted that Kogălniceanu was supposed to draft the commission's report, but never did so.
1178:
1100:
Grigore Ghica had filled up higher offices with too many Greeks, something for which he was also criticized by V. Alecsandri." Ghica and his ministers are almost as reviled in the book as Mihail and
Grigore Sturdza—though Sion notes that the former group, including Ghica, were morally superior to the Sturdzas. One portion of the chronicle takes relish in Ghica's suicide, defining him as a "cursed" figure. Other parts are the work attack Ghica's courtier,
760:. In his own work of memoirs, Costache notes being in the attendance for the revolutionary meeting of April 1848, but simply reports his disdain: "I went there myself to gaze upon that treasonous assembly of the nobility." As Cioculescu notes, this was not necessarily because he opposed revolutionary goals (which he "did not know and did not care to know"), but certainly because the rebels had failed to demand Sturdza's abdication.
350:, Cristea, and as such their "authentic antiquity". This is also argued by historian Lucian-Valeriu Lefter: "the Sion brothers do indeed have ancestors from the times of Stephen the Great , back in their day, they could not justify this in fullness, lacking the papers to prove it." Through Catrina Sion and her mother Maria, the Sion brothers were descendants of the Tăutu boyars. This family may have originated in
694:
Sturdza's penchant for political corruption; contrarily, in some of his autobiographical notes destined for more private use, he blames
Costache's conflict with Sturdza for his own decade-long marginalization. Constantin's widowed mother only allowed her children access to Iordache's estate in 1834, when she retired to a convent. This included parts of Coșești and several plots of land along the
1119:" and sub-clinical "paranoia". He also notes that, overall, Sion's literary style is "informal, direct, uncontrolled, with a limited array of curses and insults, but in a regional, archaic, sometimes picturesque language." He records his enjoyment of Sion's musings on such topics as progress (with Moldavia as the land where "things are only ever begun", but never carried through) or the
682:. Constantin was himself arrested, by error, and also taken to Bucharest—this gave him a chance to investigate first-hand the genealogical links between Moldavian and Wallachian boyars. Constantin's career as a forger began in 1832, when he helped Antohi create a genealogical record which could entitle Antohi's sons, Costachi and Alexandru, to study at a cadet school in
970:, some of which he had purchased from Ioniță Sion. The text records his bitterness at having been financially ruined by the long disputes with his brothers, and unable to provide a dowry for Catinca (he demands that her two brothers fill in the sum from their own pockets). As noted by Costache, Constantin died in Vanghele's Inn of Iași—at 2 AM on February 15, 1862 (
1088:. "A contemporary of the liberal bourgeois ascendancy at a continental level", Sion "never joined the spirit of the times, even as it entered the ranks of his own family." His text is protective of the old class system, not just against penetration by the "churls", but also against modernization—including attacks on Prince Ghica,
1014:; he also seems unaware of older texts by Moldavian chroniclers, even those whom his father had once copied by hand. His sampling of the previous Phanariote century relies on oral history, and he is sometimes the first record to mention some episodes from the 1700s—Sion records, for instance, that the rural boyar
639:. He also confessed that he applied punishments with great severity and complained that the inflation of boyar titles increased the fiscal load on non-boyars. He himself directly contributed to the latter phenomenon, by accepting money to declare, falsely, than one of his taxpayers had died of the plague.
1569:
Constantin, remained a family favorite. The original Demir Sion died in 1884, aged 23, leaving a tract of political sociology to be published by G. Găvănescul. In 1877, another
Gheorghe Sion, nephew of the poet, had opted to sign himself "G. Sion Gherai", precisely to avoid confusion with his uncle.
1099:
Bogdan-Duică points out that "Grigore Ghica is one of C. Sion's most passionate objects of hatred. Sion has some political reasons behind his hatred: Prince
Grigore Ghica had toppled—as much as he could topple—old Moldavia, to bring about a new one, one that was ripe for the union ; moreover: Prince
1498:
as driven by either a "dubious pleasure of duping one's fellow men" or "blind and misdirected patriotism". He notes that details such as the original manuscript, as described by those who claimed to have seen it, being carefully dated, but stamped with a wrong seal, should have raised instant doubts
978:
in
Moldavia's cavalry, received his father's documents and collection of books; he was by then also the inn's owner. Constantin's brother, who mourned him as a "true Moldavian, good patriot and good as a parent", notes that he was buried at the church of Fundul Racovii after a "very pleasant funeral
693:
regime assigned titular princedom to Mihail
Sturdza, who made sure that members of the Sion clan were no longer allowed to advance socially and politically. This caused Constantin dissatisfaction with political life, and inspired the most virulent parts of his written work, including his dwelling on
1056:
had proposed that " is the only
Romanian ever to have argued that Alecsandri has Hebrew origins." Similarly, Sion is known to have provided "partly true" information about the Angheluță boyars. He describes them as descending from "a publican in my father's pay", who owed his status to having once
954:
and openly bragged about this activity—, he appears not to have questioned Moldo-Wallachian unification beyond 1858. At the time, nephew
Gheorghe, a liberal unionist, was embarking on his own literary career. In this context, he helped popularize his uncle's genealogical narrative, appropriating it
320:
Danu. His elders were Antohi and Ioniță Sion; Costache, Neculai and Toader were younger. Although brothers, Constantin and
Costache had only slightly different forms of the same Christian name. To Costache and the other Sions, Constantin was known as "Cothi", a once-common pet name of Greek origin.
1509:
produced a critical edition. Ghibănescu's preface contained some errors, including by suggestion that Sion had died "before the Union" (a guess stemming from Ghibănescu's observation that the book made no mention of the latter event). Its highly critical tone, Cioculescu notes, also "settled some
1552:
s real author was Petre Clănău, whom the manuscript itself identifies as the copyist. Such accounts are dismissed by
Pippidi as unrealistic; he notes instead that the author disguised his style to something resembling older records, and that Săulescu, possibly with the Sions' participation, was
1051:
also qualifies Sion's text as "something more of a libel than a boyars' dictionary, riddled in mistakes and in mean statements that are hard to verify." However, he also cautions that the work is more precise and direct in documenting Alecsandri's Jewish origin than are later works, which took
455:
Sion was educated at Iași, where he became rather fluent in Greek; by his own account, he was sent to do work for the Moldavian Treasury at the age of 12. His political ascendancy probably began before 1820, his father having died in 1812. In old age, Constantin still complained that the only
384:
and undergone conversion to Orthodox Christianity. The Sions also argued that their matriarch, and Demir's daughter-in-law, was Dumitra, daughter of a real-life courtier, Petre Clănău. In his other accounts, the chronicler makes false claims about his paternal grandfather—from initiating a
1291:. He adds: "The brochure's readers, who likely shared that conservative prejudice which was soon to emerge as anti-unionist politics, were pleased to find out that Moldavia had not been discarded in the 3rd century . The ancient inhabitants of Dacia, with their Biblical or Roman names and
534:
following the Ottomans' intercession on his behalf. However, his status abruptly declined with months, and the post-Phanariote age began with him as a copyist in service to the Moldavian Treasury. He was seconded there by his in-law, Vasile Mihalache Alecsandri, son of the famous poet
702:. The family was by then in an open conflict with government. Costache was interrogated for his seditious projects in 1835, but confessed to nothing, mockingly inviting the Prince to "sew off my arm wear my blood as a shirt". In 1839, Antohi participated in a boyar protest led by
547:
bureaucrat. Also in 1822, Sion began his work as a biographer and historian, seeing out elderly boyar and using their testimonies as sources; "around 1826", he was also consulting documents including the treasury register for 1793 and what he called "historical manuscripts".
285:, which he had opposed, and died before the Huru controversy had been resolved in his disfavor. Frustrated in his efforts to inherit more of his father's estates, he spent some of his final years trying to establish his own village, "Sionești", on the northern outskirts of
713:
Antohi never sent his children to Russia, but instead used the forged writs to obtain local recognition for the Sions as ancient boyars; the courts awarded them that status, but only formally, since they continued to be sidelined politically. In the 1842 edition of
1164:
boyar Ștefan Scarlat Dăscălescu was a passive homosexual, kept by his Turkish lover. As argued by Cioculescu, this spurious accusation is almost entirely based on a conflict between Dăscălescu and the chronicler's Stamatin in-laws, but also on Dăscălescu's stated
1083:
of 1821 is described as cruel and sexually promiscuous—though he also derides some of the Band's boyar victims. However, the author abstains from his usual epithets when describing the family histories of the most powerful Greek boyar clans, beginning with the
900:
was genuinely historical; as Cioculescu notes, Asachi actually came to endorse the opinion that the text was a forgery, with only Săulescu maintaining that it was not. Kogălniceanu dedicated himself to the topic, publicizing his points by means of the magazine
751:
The Radu conspiracy also involved Costache, who nevertheless turned against the other participants. Cioculescu proposes that, overall, the Sions contributed little to the era of national awakening, with only one brother, Toader, playing a minor part in the
974:: February 27), after spending a week in bed with "stomach trouble". The final part of his last will was completed and signed at Vanghele's on February 12, when Sion still hoped for a recovery. Constantin's second son, Vasilică, who had served as a
1584:
which seemed to Cioculescu to be "condescending and ironic". Other branches still maintained a residual belief in Constantin's forgeries—several of his great- and great-great-nephews were still baptized "Demir" into the 20th century; they include
926:. The latter choice, which required him to electioneer for the younger Sturdza in areas "north of Focșani", was imposed on him by his brother Costache; secretly, Constantin despised Grigore as well as Mihail, and detailed his contempt for both in
188:("Moldavia's Peerage"). The latter, completed only in the 1850s and never published in its author's lifetime, combines historical record with political polemic, making its reliability a subject of dispute among later, professional historians.
1281:. According to Pippidi, the republic's foundation has in itself an air of falsehood, with the "bizarre onomastics" of the boyars involved, the mixture of titles from different culture and periods, and the costumes described, which evoke
1104:, in terms which Bogdan-Duică note are wholly incompatible with Rolla's character, and which have to do with the unionist–separatist debate. While he derides Ghica and Rolla's brand of unionism, Sion admonishes the separatist leader,
803:
contrarily believes that the Sions only provided some of the subject matter, and that Săulescu was the actual forger. He specifically questions whether Antohi and Iordache were ever witting participants in their brothers' hoaxes.
665:
s limitation of boyar privilege angered Antohi: in 1832, he was singled out by the Russians for having authored "revolutionary proclamations", which were in fact statements of his arch-conservatism. He was briefly detained in
1403:, which dwelt on the notion of post-Roman Dacia as "autonomous and Christian". In the decades following publication, the forgery could still be seen as authentic by numerous Romanian intellectuals, including the likes of
280:
was immediately suspicious—a commission appointed by Prince Ghica was called in to investigate, but, with both Asachi and Săulescu as members, failed to produce a verdict. Constantin Sion survived the formation of the
1368:
was unusually popular, given its controversial nature. In addition to being fascinated by "Huru", Asachi incorporated several of the Sion forgeries, as genuine historical sources, in his own novellas—as with the 1855
627:, marking the end of Phanariote rules. The Sions' Turkophila pushed them into the opposition to this new regime: in 1823, Costache, identified as a conspirator against Sturdza, was captured by mounted police and
1478:
expressed his bewilderment that Vizanti still endorsed the work, which appears, "even to basic philologists, at a first glance, as sheer galimatias and an unsophisticated forgery." In 1882, historical linguist
1123:("the churls will steal each and every nickname of the old nobility, so as to pass for nobles"). Cioculescu sees in Sion a "male frump", one who essentially missed out on the opportunity of being the Moldavian
162:, shaped his literary work and his activities as a falsifier of documents, in conjunction with his younger brother Costache. Early on, he fabricated evidence that suggested his family was descended from the
1526:, particularly when it came to Sion's genealogy as it appears in both; this moved focus away from Săulescu, who was still seen as the main culprit. This clue was picked up in 1894 by literary historian
3154:
Lidia Trăușan-Matu, "Contribuții la biografia doctorului Vasile Sion (1869–1921), diriguitorul Serviciului Sanitar al României în anii Primului Război Mondial", in Bogdan Popa, Radu Tudorancea (eds.),
1277:'s retreat from Dacia in 274, down to the year 1274, was celebrated as such in the 1856 preface. Its central narrative depicts Moldavia as from origin a federated republic in direct succession to the
231:, began circulating forged documents which passed for official writs, and which managed to persuade the public that they descended from the ancient boyardom. Though sharing some of the goals of the
1460:
Partisans of the Huru narrative rekindled controversy in 1879, when they produced a second print of Asachi's version, published in Focșani. The person behind this editorial project may have been
1144:"avoided it in horror, since it publicized false information on his own origin and the moral profiles of his direct ancestors." Scholar Ștefan S. Gorovei notes that this "fierceness toward the
368:. Dissatisfied with his seemingly modest origin, and unaware of any records that would prove a more ancient lineage, Constantin invented a prestigious pedigree, whereby they descended from the
158:, and, though his brothers were able to climb the social ladder, he mostly had petty offices in the provinces. Sion's frustration with this standing, and his resentment toward more successful
779:
that he be recognized as ruler of a revived Crimean Khanate. Constantin, who only had public office as the head of charities in Focșani (1840–1842), dedicated himself to writing, first with
1169:; Sion proffered the claim "without realizing that, in the end, the suspicion is reversible, with other Turkophiles, including himself and Costache, being equally suspect on such grounds."
130:
30:
941:
in or even after 1857—the text records Prince Ghica's suicide, which occurred in August of that year. His final years were spent in the newly unified country, which was to become the "
923:
1255:
can only be dated to 1521." The original parchment (anachronistically described as "Turkish paper" by some who claimed to have seen it) was reported by its publishers as lost by the
1514:
suggested, "from mere onomastic conjecture", that the Ghibănescus were fishmongers. In that same context, Ghibănescu publicized proof that Sion was the behind the Huru hoax, noting
698:, over which the six children were left to quarrel and litigate. Constantin's younger brother Neculai established there a new village, Valea Cânepii, which was later absorbed into
1545:
was in fact based in part on a more authentic document from the 17th or 18th century. The issue was revisited in the 1930s by cryptologist Em. C. Grigoraș, who contended that the
1464:
or Asachi's son Alexandru, both of whom intended to revive Moldavian separatism. The backlash against that attempt was led by professional historians and intellectuals grouped as
3068:
839:
suggests that Constantin was incensed when his widow, advised by Toader Sion, married off Antohi's daughter to a Greek upstart, Fotachi Mavromate (in or around 1850). The
235:, the brothers kept out of the events, and reverted to deep conservatism, criticizing both Sturdza and his opponents. They maintained this stance under the 1850s reign of
184:; however, he quickly reverted to the position of a minor copyist for the Moldavian Treasury, in which capacity he began gathering notes for his genealogical manuscript,
1039:
962:
The chronicler spent the final years of his life in "Sionești" or "Săonești", a village he was trying to establish (or, by his own account, reestablish) on land between
3273:
910:
The issue was by then politically charged, and entangled with the conflicting visions of Moldavia's future. Both Constantin and Costache Sion vehemently opposed the
631:("restrained with iron chains"). Constantin himself greatly resented the new prince for organizing a system whereby boyar titles could be purchased. However, as
744:, and was described in some contexts as the author of that forgery; however, it appears that these were an early-18th-century hoax, more likely attributable to
3188:
434:(the eastern half of Moldavia). Antohi described this as an intolerable violation of Moldavia's territory, as he explained in a memorandum he addressed to the
1006:
only as exponents of their families, and most often attacking them in libelous fashion. His writings only record his admiration for early authors, especially
725:
228:
1652:
1137:, "he commands for the roofs of houses to be lifted, and peeks inside to see all sorts of infamies", acting as the moral vigilante "when he can afford to".
1251:
text, as one would have expected, but one written in monstrous Romanian, whose lack of analogies with any text known to philologists was justified in that
1600:, but later also for his organization of the Army's Sanitary Service, which sustained the war effort. He was a leftist by conviction, having joined the
1199:
as of the "'patriotic' forgeries of the 19th century to fill a gap in documentary evidence, with the deliberate purpose of increasing a young nation's
1601:
1538:
793:); some note that the effort also involved Antohi and Costache, but this is questioned by Cioculescu. Instead, he attributes some contributions to the
720:, the brothers managed to print their spurious family tree, which drew some attention in intellectual circles. In 1845, twelve great boyars, including
1450:
2786:
2778:
1906:
397:
3268:
3253:
3074:
1428:
1416:
1297:
still found among boyars of the 16th–18th centuries, have created themselves an independent republic, its towns the same as those of later times".
1208:
1101:
3001:
2949:
Tudor-Radu Tiron, "De la Independență la Reîntregire. Decorațiile conferite în temeiul Decretului. Regal nr. 3.870 din 27 octombrie 1939", in
3218:
3203:
1898:
703:
1619:, himself and aspiring genealogist an heraldist, honored his wife's lineage by insisting on using the name of "Sion" for his family plot in
763:
The mostly conservative Sions expected to climb politically once Russian influence began to wane in the 1850s. A passing note by historian
620:; the couple had seven children, of whom only three survived past their infancy: Nicolae (born 1831), Vasilică (1834), and Catinca (1840).
264:, also resented the unionist project. The Sion forgery was convenient to them for offering an account of life in the largely undocumented
3288:
479:
3147:, "Studiĭ critice asupra cronicelor române. II. Izvodul Spătaruluĭ Clănău séŭ Cronica lui 'Arbore Campodux' numită și a lui 'Huru'", in
1395:
was published in 1858, but failed to gain a readership outside Moldavia. As noted by Boia, in the later 1860s "Huru" inspired works of "
724:, gave official recognition to one of the Sions' self-aggrandizing forgeries. The same document was accredited and published by scholar
3283:
3198:
1067:
and overall xenophobic content—as noted by Cioculescu, Sion's text "overflows with stereotypical epithets" for Greek boyars, including
934:, before coming to reject unionism. He admired the younger Sturdza for his sanguine temperament, while dismissing Mihail as a "thief".
1148:", with its "well-known subjective reasons", prevented Iorga from even noticing that Sion had correctly researched the origins of the
3278:
3213:
1453:, who noted that it incorporates mistakes particular to 19th-century historiography, including a chronological error attributable to
516:
254:
The Sion brothers are widely credited as authors, or co-authors alongside Săulescu, of a supposed ancient narrative document, the
812:
1304:
is written with elements of a historical novel, and seems to borrow literary tropes from Asachi's novellas. "Huru" recounts the
859:
was being embraced by the youth. Lastly, Boia notes, the Sions also intended to emphasize the legitimacy of Moldavian claims to
674:, who then apologized to him for the inconvenience and offered him a Russian state decoration; he also served the regime, as an
3293:
3243:
543:
candidly records the Alecsandris' controversial origin, describing their patriarch, known to him as "Mihalachi Botezatu", as a
1140:
Also according to Cioculescu, the "doubtfully famous" writing was also despised for very personal reasons—an "easily annoyed"
876:
was in any way authentic. Săulescu was one of its members, but largely absented; the other figures were Asachi, Kogălniceanu,
3163:
3132:
799:
Gheorghe Boldur Costachi, who published it as a brochure in 1,000 copies, and to Săulescu, credited as the editor. Historian
1256:
321:
Despite such familiarity with Greek customs, and his presence at the princely court, Iordache was the descendant of yeomen (
3208:
1124:
740:
1329:
351:
1855:
Dumitru C. Grama, "Dispute politico-juridice vis-a-vis de anexarea Moldovei de Est în 1812 de către Imperiul Rus", in
3104:
3043:
3035:
2393:
1660:
557:
427:
196:
3258:
1565:
was meant for private readings, he "had no reason to deceive anyone". The Giray myth, once consigned to writing by
1282:
1244:
1240:
265:
155:
3121:
Andrei Pippidi, mai puțin cunoscut. Studii adunate de foștii săi elevi cu prilejul împlinirii vârstei de 70 de ani
1596:
s direct descendants include a posthumous grandson, Doctor Vasile V. Sion (1869–1921)—noted for his opposition to
3238:
911:
855:
also served to emphasize "Moldavian distinctiveness" and greatness, at a time when a Wallachian-centered form of
783:, composed in stages from 1840 or 1844. By the time of the Crimean War, he was involved in another forgery, the
3228:
3156:
Războiul de fiecare zi. Viața cotidiană în tranșee și în spatele frontului în Primul Război Mondial (1914–1919)
3124:
832:
544:
2232:
George Trohani, "Mavromati—Gorsky—Brulez: o familie de militari și oameni de cultură din secolele XIX–XX", in
1317:
1181:
971:
872:
Immediately after publication, on June 7, 1856, Ghica formed a scholarly commission to determine whether the
756:, before being pushed into exile. This was also the case with one of Constantin's many nephews, Ioniță's son
417:
303:
3263:
1022:
hemp; this helps date the event to September 1703 (though he himself provides a more confusing chronology).
3248:
1043:. In noting this, Pippidi highlights that neither is a scientific work suited for the stated purpose, with
753:
232:
3193:
2934:
See note to G. Sion Gherai, "Despre isvórele istoriei (Urmare din nr. 45). VII. Monumente nationale", in
893:
745:
643:
3137:
Doina Rotaru, "Mărturii de artă plastică din județul Vaslui: portretul votiv din secolele XVIII–XX", in
1490:
s authenticity, including a "minute analysis of grammar and vocabulary." Three years later, antiquarian
1033:, particularly in their known forgeries, is riddled with recognizable "linguistic oddities". Nominally,
771:
in calling for "democracy and emancipation". Gheorghe Sion himself writes than, in the aftermath of the
302:
Though some reference work suggest that Sion was born in 1796, he himself gave the date as September 7 (
3096:
1461:
1305:
1248:
1236:
385:(completely fictional) revolt in 1742 to having led 84 men into defeating a 2,000-strong branch of the
340:
The same author notes that a 1558 document, first published in 1951, may prove the clan's descent from
216:
1608:. His marriage to obstetrician Lucreția Moscuna (1870–1932) produced two children. By the 1920s, the
1353:
1133:
457:
381:
171:
1433:
706:, which had as its main goal of curbing Sturdza's recruitment of new boyars, but also advanced some
3223:
2999:, "Revelația documentului. 'Nu cred că Matei Caragiale s-a destănuit cuiva pe larg și deplin'", in
1387:
1333:
994:
Sion was seemingly unaware of literary works by his contemporaries—viewing Kogălniceanu, Negruzzi,
931:
635:, he took a bribe to facilitate the ennobling of a priest's son, Iordachi Popa, who was promoted a
560:
again changed Sion's fortunes: in 1829, he was dispatched as an envoy of the Moldavian boyardom at
113:
3053:
3017:
1400:
1053:
524:
1313:
1224:
885:
828:
426:
and legislator, while also encouraging his literary efforts. His appointments coincided with the
236:
1615:
s posthumous lineage had been merged with that of a Wallachian literary family, the Caragiales.
1247:, or at least its usage by Stephen's boyars. As noted by Pippidi, it "was neither a Latin nor a
2075:
Costin Clit, "Documente inedite privind istoria Schitului Gologojia și a moșiilor din jur", in
1775:
Lucian-Valeriu Lefter, "Boldur, mare vornic al lui Ștefan cel Mare. Întregiri genealogice", in
1597:
1232:
730:
728:, who thus embarked on a collaboration with the brothers. The same year, Săulescu published in
430:, part of which was carried on Moldavian soil, and which resulted in the Russian annexation of
409:
1506:
1328:
as a Greek state, and therefore "mean" toward Romanians. Dragoș's war of independence against
1156:, who read the work in order to discover "how his family had been scolded". In one portion of
768:
764:
572:, as Russia's military overseer, "forcefully" assigned him to serve as mayor and guildmaster (
329:, who notes that "three genealogical trees" independently confirm the Sions' peasant roots in
35:
3178:
1699:
1408:
999:
942:
851:, theirs was a "document factory" involved in cementing the family's claim to greatness. The
565:
282:
73:
1252:
460:, which began on Moldavian soil, found him in a risky position. He acted as a messenger for
333:. Their name, he notes, is taken from a 17th-century Sion Coșăscu, linked to the village of
215:). The family was especially resented, and eventually blacklisted, by the Russian-appointed
154:
political conspirator, genealogist, and polemicist. He was born into the lower ranks of the
3183:
1586:
1480:
1382:
1064:
856:
821:
716:
648:
240:
201:
3060:
1694:
1263:
copy, preserved by Asachi, who also translated its content into readable modern Romanian.
1029:
and Costache's parallel memoirs are "extremely picturesque" works, while their use of the
877:
466:
Yusuf Pasha deep in occupied territory. As such, he narrowly escaped being lynched by the
326:
8:
1116:
1015:
951:
474:
in April 1821. The episode saw him emerging as a loyalist of the Ottomans, and overall a
1075:("bane"), and was entirely indifferent to positive contributions by Phanariotes such as
2936:
1605:
1454:
1396:
1093:
1080:
775:, one of his uncles (whom he did not name) turned against Russia and demanded from the
738:
to one Andreica Sion. Antohi himself copied by hand a version of the Ottoman–Moldavian
467:
435:
1561:
could suggest that Constantin viewed the former as a genuine historical record. Since
1527:
695:
310:, the Moldavian princely capital. He was the third of six sons of the court official (
3159:
3144:
3128:
3100:
3082:
3039:
2389:
1656:
1491:
1337:
1309:
1220:
1149:
1076:
1030:
995:
889:
785:
536:
401:
341:
256:
159:
1580:
s publication, the elder Gheorghe had become more critical of his own uncle, with a
1089:
945:". Unlike Costache—who campaigned abroad "for 8 years and 17 days" against Romanian
903:
3233:
2996:
1616:
1325:
1216:
1200:
1185:
1105:
1011:
865:
721:
683:
569:
273:
117:
3109:Ștefan S. Gorovei, "Contribuții la genealogia familiilor Tăutu și Callimachi", in
1515:
1441:, also referred to Huru as a real-life figure and a credited author, on par with
1412:
1177:
919:
844:
817:
520:
389:
in 1757—, as well as spuriously suggesting that Iordache had been a war hostage.
373:
268:, and also for suggesting that Moldavian boyardom had its origins planted in the
261:
248:
167:
2693:
Boia, pp. 47–49, 124; Cioculescu (1966), p. 150; Pippidi, pp. 87, 93–94, 102–103
1404:
1204:
3116:
1475:
1438:
1212:
1196:
1153:
1085:
1007:
1003:
800:
671:
642:
Russia's full participation in Moldavian affairs was recognized under the 1829
449:
377:
220:
192:
175:
1037:
is the second-ever genealogy to be completed by a Romanian, after Wallachia's
3172:
3088:
1424:
1141:
1120:
1108:, for being a foreigner who could not credibly pass for a Moldavian patriot.
1048:
975:
776:
757:
707:
699:
471:
369:
334:
330:
163:
1377:("The Last Day of Iași Municipality"), which is simultaneously based on the
510:
494:
Kara Ahmed also assigned his brothers to similar positions: Neculai was the
3111:
Analele Științifice ale Universității Alexandru Ioan Cuza din Iași. Istorie
3048:
1442:
1321:
1278:
881:
654:
624:
606:
Gavril. He would later claim, spuriously, that she was a descendant of the
593:
386:
269:
260:(1856). It fascinated scholars of that age, beginning with those who, like
1712:
Cioculescu (1966), pp. 137, 148–149, 151, 163–164, 169–170. See also Dima
607:
3027:
1446:
1420:
1332:
is rendered as a heroic struggle, also involving, on the Hungarian side,
1228:
1166:
848:
847:, who was convinced of its authenticity, in 1856. According to historian
772:
735:
598:
405:
2895:
1553:
equipped for that task. In his view, the intertextual references to the
1494:
validated earlier pronouncements by foreign researchers, describing the
1152:. Sion's polemical stances were more calmly approached by industrialist
1096:, which Simion calls a "whore-house, the house of illegitimate births".
963:
617:
612:
286:
1589:
Colonel Demir Sion (1875–1936) and his son, Captain Demir D. Sion. The
1161:
956:
860:
475:
431:
422:
355:
312:
227:. In that context, Constantin and Costache Sion, alongside the scholar
967:
579:
490:
206:
1806:
Cioculescu (1966), pp. 148–149, 151, 152–153, 167–168. See also Dima
1019:
918:
saw print. Constantin saw unionism as a "fools' project", and backed
795:
667:
484:
416:. This ascendancy was replicated by Antohi under another Phanariote,
393:
364:
244:
109:
561:
272:; in addition the work offered justification for the restoration of
3093:Între Orient și Occident. Țările române la începutul epocii moderne
1620:
1581:
1483:"still found it necessary" to write down the arguments against the
1449:. Definitive proof of the text's modernity was first brought up by
1341:
1293:
1287:
1274:
1260:
1128:
947:
896:. As reported by Boia, Asachi split consensus by claiming that the
574:
462:
346:
211:
180:
151:
56:
1018:
was named Prince of Moldavia at a time when his wife Ana was busy
679:
438:. Constantin's early years were spent at Iași; in one fragment of
3079:
Istoria literaturii române. II: De la Școala Ardeleană la Junimea
1466:
1349:
1243:, by claiming to attest its existence in written form during the
359:
199:, and generally resented the constitutional arrangement known as
2306:
Boia, p. 48; Cioculescu (1966), pp. 155, 158–159, 165–166; Dima
1115:
is its self-serving nature—noted by Cioculescu as a mixture of "
767:
suggests that, in 1853, a "C. Sion" joined Ștefan Angheluță and
362:); likely ancestors include Ioan Tăutu, who served as Stephen's
307:
52:
1345:
623:
This period of his life coincided with the princely mandate of
444:
170:. Constantin experienced an episodic rise in status during the
1324:. To these, he adds notes of xenophobia, as in describing the
456:
inheritance left to him by his father was a riding horse. The
83:
Civil servant, genealogist, propagandist, landowner, winemaker
2839:
Tocilescu, pp. 478–479, 496–500. See also Pippidi, pp. 91, 95
1215:, in their respective contexts. Sion's forgery presents as a
584:
488:(civilian administrators). As leader of the pacifying force,
412:, had grown fond of Ioniță Sion, and obtained that he made a
1738:
Cioculescu (1966), pp. 148, 164–165, 167–168. See also Dima
1203:"; the relevant parallels he cites are the hoaxes pulled by
247:. Constantin reluctantly followed his brother in supporting
16:
Moldavian political conspirator, genealogist, and polemicist
1470:, under Maiorescu's leadership. In his political articles,
3020:, "Despre Costache Rolla, cumnatul lui V. Alecsandri", in
2245:
Boia, pp. 47–48; Cioculescu (1966), p. 149; Pippidi, p. 86
1697:, "Breviar. Testamentul paharnicului Constantin Sion", in
658:
and Colonel in the revived Moldavian cavalry (1830–1835).
568:
had been stationed. As Sion himself notes, that same year
306:: September 18), 1795—also listing himself as a native of
2044:
Cioculescu (1966), pp. 149, 150, 151, 156. See also Dima
843:, meanwhile, was taken up and republished by the scholar
551:
2146:
Cioculescu (1966), pp. 138, 143–144, 148. See also Dima
1952:
Cioculescu (1966), pp. 155–156. See also Pippidi, p. 100
1934:
Cioculescu (1966), p. 148. See also Djuvara, pp. 349–350
1052:
efforts to conceal it. Among the earlier Sion exegetes,
191:
The Sions were drawn into passive resistance toward the
930:. By contrast, Costache had sided for a while with the
922:, son of Mihail, as the anti-unionist candidate in the
734:
another Sion forgery, which presented as a letter from
3057:, Vol. XIII, Issue 10, October 1921, pp. 113–115.
1917:
1915:
686:(he would do the same for two other nephews in 1845).
646:, giving way to a constitutional arrangement known as
3141:, Vols. XII–XIV, Part 2, 2001–2003, pp. 599–662.
2318:
2316:
2189:
2187:
1981:
1979:
1960:
1958:
1867:
1865:
1505:
was only made available for the public in 1892, when
1352:, with his election and subsequent leadership of the
1273:
s supposed merit in covering the "dark period" after
959:
in 1860; he also named one of his own sons "Demir".
1762:
1760:
1750:
1748:
1537:
Some dissenting authors, beginning with Ionescu and
827:
The family could return to favor when a new Prince,
1912:
1810:, pp. 607–608; Pippidi, pp. 91–92, 95, 102, 106–107
1541:, have continued to suggest that Constantin Sion's
2808:
2806:
2804:
2313:
2253:
2251:
2201:
2199:
2184:
2013:
2011:
2009:
1976:
1955:
1862:
1391:. His French-language translation of the original
1259:. It was only ever available for examination in a
1239:text indirectly aims to settle disputes about the
1223:, itself a synthesis of older texts detailing the
955:in the first draft of his memoirs, published as a
376:. "This bewildering story" created a 15th-century
3274:Moldavian people of the Greek War of Independence
2671:
2669:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2079:, Vol. XXXIII, 2012, pp. 42, 52, 73, 76–77, 81–91
1757:
1745:
652:. Antohi experienced a sudden rise in status, as
3170:
3149:Revista pentru Istorie, Archeologie și Filologie
1373:, which credits the Demir account, and the 1855
831:, took the throne. Antohi had since died in the
392:Constantin was born at a time when Moldavia and
380:patriarch, Demir Khan, who had joined Stephen's
178:and had his loyalism rewarded with the title of
150:(September 18, 1795 – February 27, 1862), was a
3158:. Târgoviște: Editura Cetatea de Scaun, 2018.
2801:
2542:Cioculescu (1966), pp. 155, 162, 165–166; Dima
2371:Cioculescu (1966), pp. 148, 164. See also Dima
2340:Cioculescu (1966), pp. 155, 166. See also Dima
2248:
2196:
2006:
1356:taking place when he was an elderly man of 83.
616:in Focșani, as well as a winery in neighboring
442:, he himself notes that he grew up in the same
239:, resenting in particular his overtures toward
205:—though Constantin still served for a while in
2925:, Vol. I, Issue 5, September 1885, pp. 188–189
2893:Em. C. Grigoraș, "Ceva dela Petre Clănău", in
2666:
2260:
596:; he married there, to Eufrosina, daughter of
3189:Politicians from the Principality of Moldavia
325:). This is highlighted by literary historian
2940:, Vol. XIII, Issue 50, December 1877, p. 591
2214:Cioculescu (1966), pp. 149, 150–151, 167–168
1534:and Săulescu shared an "aberrant" grammar.
1047:being in fact a "virulent libel". Historian
400:, were entering the final stages of rule by
2388:, pp. 172–173. Iași: Editura Tehnopress, .
1649:Dicționarul biografic al literaturii române
914:, a process that was beginning just as the
816:1850s portrait of Sion's political patron,
3032:History and Myth in Romanian Consciousness
2417:Cioculescu (1966), pp. 160–161, 168; Dima
1184:in a 19th-century print by the Wallachian
243:, which included proposals for union with
1973:Cioculescu (1966), pp. 148, 157, 159, 166
1880:Cioculescu (1966), pp. 148, 163, 169, 170
505:), while Antohi served as quartermaster (
251:as a candidate for the Moldavian throne.
2297:, Vol. 28, Issue 11, 1978, pp. 1762–1763
1690:
1688:
1431:. The entry for "Romanians" in the 1868
1253:the oldest-ever page written in Romanian
1176:
987:
811:
610:dynasty. She brought in as her dowry an
515:
3269:Members of the Romanian Orthodox Church
3254:Romanian book and manuscript collectors
2555:Bogdan-Duică, pp. 799–805, 809–810, 813
2533:Cioculescu (1966), pp. 158–159, 162–163
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
276:and its separation from Wallachia. The
3171:
2684:Pippidi, p. 87; Tocilescu, pp. 467–468
2654:Pippidi, p. 92; Tocilescu, pp. 491–496
1725:Cioculescu (1966), pp. 163, 168; Dima
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1598:Romania's participation in World War I
1375:Ziua din urmă a municipiului Iașenilor
1300:Pippidi notes that, though short, the
1172:
552:Political decline and related polemics
523:' itinerant court. 1827 lithograph by
316:) Iordache Sion and his wife Catrina,
223:, whose rule is castigated throughout
209:, including as mayor and guildmaster (
3024:, Issues 9–12/1921, pp. 799–813.
3005:, Vol. VI, Issue 2, 1975, pp. 104–105
2953:, Vols. XXIII–XXIV, 2017–2018, p. 103
2511:Cioculescu (1966), pp. 158–159; Dima
2133:Cioculescu (1966), pp. 174–175; Dima
1340:, Tatars, and (anachronistically so)
937:Constantin Sion was still writing on
408:. The wife of a reigning Phanariote,
3219:Moldavian and Wallachian chroniclers
3204:19th-century Romanian civil servants
2386:Ulița Mare din demult uitate vremuri
2353:Cioculescu (1966), pp. 165, 173, 174
1665:
807:
2564:Cioculescu (1966), pp. 165–166, 173
2484:Cioculescu (1966), pp. 146–147, 165
2026:Cioculescu (1966), pp. 139–142, 160
2003:Cioculescu (1966), pp. 157, 159–160
1889:Cioculescu (1966), pp. 148, 166–167
1632:
470:, which caught up with him outside
448:(quarter) as his future persecutor
13:
3289:Romanian people of the Crimean War
3151:, Vol. IV, 1885, pp. 464–500.
3113:, Vol. LIX, 2013, pp. 99–119.
2289:Vasile Maciu, "Recenzii. Al. Zub,
354:, and were commonly thought of as
14:
3305:
3284:Prisoners and detainees of Russia
3199:19th-century Romanian politicians
3051:, "Profesor Dr. Vasile Sion", in
3036:Central European University Press
754:abortive revolution of April 1848
3279:Romanian prisoners and detainees
3214:19th-century Romanian historians
3034:. Budapest & New York City:
2990:
2981:
2972:
2956:
2943:
2928:
2911:
2902:
2887:
2878:
2869:
2860:
2851:
2842:
2833:
2824:
2815:
2792:
2772:
2765:Cioculescu (1966), p. 150; Dima
2759:
2750:
2741:
2732:
2404:Cioculescu (1966), p. 164; Dima
1241:history of the Romanian language
982:
129:
29:
2723:
2714:
2705:
2696:
2687:
2678:
2657:
2648:
2639:
2630:
2621:
2612:
2603:
2594:
2585:
2576:
2567:
2558:
2549:
2536:
2527:
2518:
2505:
2496:
2487:
2478:
2469:
2460:
2451:
2442:
2433:
2424:
2411:
2398:
2378:
2365:
2356:
2347:
2334:
2325:
2300:
2283:
2274:
2239:
2236:, Vol. XXV, 2013, pp. 84–85, 87
2226:
2217:
2208:
2175:
2166:
2153:
2140:
2127:
2118:
2109:
2100:
2091:
2082:
2069:
2060:
2051:
2038:
2029:
2020:
1997:
1994:Cioculescu (1966), pp. 158, 159
1988:
1967:
1946:
1937:
1928:
1892:
1883:
1874:
1849:
1840:
1831:
1822:
1813:
1800:
1791:
1779:, Vol. XXXIX, 2010, pp. 122–123
1604:and supported the campaign for
1437:, possibly authored by a young
1219:from the 15th-century court of
3125:Alexandru Ioan Cuza University
2618:Cioculescu (1966), pp. 166–167
2502:Cioculescu (1966), pp. 154–155
2493:Cioculescu (1966), pp. 157–158
2362:Cioculescu (1966), pp. 152–153
2331:Cioculescu (1966), pp. 172–174
2280:Cioculescu (1966), pp. 150–151
2172:Cioculescu (1966), pp. 171–172
2088:Cioculescu (1966), pp. 142–143
2066:Cioculescu (1966), pp. 148–149
2057:Cioculescu (1966), pp. 147–148
1846:Cioculescu (1966), pp. 138–140
1837:Cioculescu (1966), pp. 151–152
1782:
1769:
1732:
1719:
1706:
1434:Brockhaus Konversationslexikon
1057:discovered a buried treasure.
428:Russo-Turkish War of 1806–1812
233:Moldavian 1848 revolutionaries
1:
3294:Deaths from digestive disease
3244:19th-century Romanian farmers
3011:
2783:Argumente de istorie literară
530:Constantin was recognized as
482:made him a supervisor of the
398:vassals of the Ottoman Empire
297:
2919:Știința și Economia Politică
1857:Studii Juridice Universitare
1651:, Vol. II, p. 572. Pitești:
1344:. His title is rendered as "
1312:, notably in describing the
602:Toma Stamatin and sister of
292:
7:
3209:Mayors of places in Romania
3139:Acta Moldaviae Meridionalis
2769:, p. 607; Tocilescu, p. 468
2291:Mihail Kogălniceanu istoric
2077:Acta Moldaviae Meridionalis
1160:, Sion speculates that the
894:Alexandru Papadopol-Calimah
582:. He then became a deputy (
10:
3310:
1530:, who also noted that the
1283:French revolutionary dress
1195:is described by historian
1111:Another characteristic of
539:and an in-law of his. His
3069:Editura pentru Literatură
2857:Cioculescu (1966), p. 167
2848:Cioculescu (1966), p. 163
2609:Cioculescu (1966), p. 146
2591:Cioculescu (1966), p. 145
2582:Cioculescu (1966), p. 156
2573:Cioculescu (1966), p. 162
2430:Rotaru, pp. 602, 605, 651
2322:Cioculescu (1966), p. 165
2193:Cioculescu (1966), p. 152
2097:Cioculescu (1966), p. 150
2035:Cioculescu (1966), p. 160
1985:Cioculescu (1966), p. 173
1964:Cioculescu (1966), p. 148
1871:Cioculescu (1966), p. 147
1766:Cioculescu (1966), p. 153
1754:Cioculescu (1966), p. 151
1510:scores" with Sion, since
1359:
1354:Moldavian military forces
1316:as a Romanian polity and
1134:The Devil upon Two Sticks
1040:Genealogia Cantacuzinilor
924:princely election of 1858
458:Greek War of Independence
382:Moldavian military forces
172:Greek War of Independence
128:
123:
105:
97:
87:
79:
62:
46:
28:
21:
2908:Pippidi, pp. 95–107, 165
2899:, October 21, 1937, p. 5
2439:Pippidi, pp. 99–100, 101
1859:, Vols. 3–4, 2011, p. 80
1828:Pippidi, pp. 98–100, 106
1626:
1499:about its authenticity.
833:cholera pandemic of 1848
558:Russian invasion of 1828
478:; in its aftermath, the
396:, as Romanian-inhabited
197:Russian invasion of 1828
174:, when he supported the
2798:Tocilescu, pp. 488, 492
2720:Pippidi, pp. 94, 99–100
1602:Social Democratic Party
1314:Second Bulgarian Empire
943:Principality of Romania
886:August Treboniu Laurian
829:Grigore Alexandru Ghica
670:, Wallachia by General
564:, Wallachia, where the
237:Grigore Alexandru Ghica
23:Constantin (Cothi) Sion
3239:Romanian propagandists
2917:M. M., "Bibliografie.
2884:Pippidi, pp. 92, 95–96
2663:Tocilescu, pp. 491–496
1233:foundation of Moldavia
1188:
912:Moldo-Wallachian union
824:
527:
410:Michael Drakos Soutzos
72:Vanghele's Inn, Iași,
3259:Politicians from Iași
3229:Romanian genealogists
3018:Gheorghe Bogdan-Duică
2951:Cercetări Numismatice
2785:, pp. 143–144. Iași:
1905:, pp. 306–307. Iași:
1703:, Issue 38/1975, p. 7
1462:Teodor Boldur-Lățescu
1409:Dimitrie Bolintineanu
1401:Ion Heliade Rădulescu
1225:Romanian ethnogenesis
1180:
1121:selection of surnames
1054:Gheorghe Bogdan-Duică
1025:As noted by Pippidi,
1000:Alexandru Hrisoverghi
989:Arhondologia Moldovei
815:
781:Arhondologia Moldovei
566:Imperial Russian Army
519:
283:United Principalities
186:Arhondologia Moldovei
74:United Principalities
2987:Trăușan-Matu, p. 454
2738:Pippidi, pp. 102–103
2524:Bogdan-Duică, p. 809
2466:Bogdan-Duică, p. 799
2448:Pippidi, pp. 263–264
2115:Pippidi, pp. 100–101
2106:Pippidi, pp. 95, 107
1943:Djuvara, pp. 349–350
1587:Romanian Land Forces
1481:Alexandru Philippide
1399:" by the Wallachian
1388:Last Days of Pompeii
1383:Edward Bulwer-Lytton
857:Romanian nationalism
822:Wilhelm von Kaulbach
717:Gazeta Transilvaniei
649:Regulamentul Organic
644:Treaty of Adrianople
241:Romanian nationalism
202:Regulamentul Organic
3249:Romanian winemakers
2966:. See also Cazacu,
2475:Rotaru, pp. 612–613
2223:Pippidi, pp. 95–107
1903:Însemnări de demult
1797:Gorovei, pp. 99–109
1653:Editura Paralela 45
1507:Gheorghe Ghibănescu
1117:grandiose delusions
1063:stands out for its
952:Alexandru Ioan Cuza
769:Mihail Kogălniceanu
765:Gheorghe Ghibănescu
358:(or more precisely
36:Gheorghe Ghibănescu
3194:Moldavian nobility
3077:and contributors,
2923:Lumina pentru Toți
2866:Pippidi, pp. 91–92
2711:Pippidi, pp. 96–97
2702:Pippidi, pp. 93–94
2636:Pippidi, pp. 86–87
2627:Pippidi, pp. 85–86
2295:Revista de Istorie
2124:Pippidi, pp. 95–96
1647:Aurel Sasu (ed.),
1606:universal suffrage
1455:Abdolonyme Ubicini
1397:national mysticism
1318:Dragoș of Moldavia
1189:
1182:Dragoș of Moldavia
1094:maternity hospital
825:
791:Izvodul lui Clănău
528:
436:Congress of Vienna
418:Scarlat Callimachi
266:Romanian Dark Ages
50:September 18, 1795
3264:Writers from Iași
3164:978-606-537-430-0
3145:Grigore Tocilescu
3133:978-606-714-449-9
3083:Editura Academiei
3065:Varietăți critice
3061:Șerban Cioculescu
2830:Tocilescu, p. 465
1695:Șerban Cioculescu
1492:Grigore Tocilescu
1338:Holy Roman Empire
1310:Dimitrie Cantemir
1308:with echoes from
1245:Early Middle Ages
1221:Stephen the Great
1193:Chronicle of Huru
1150:Callimachi family
1031:Moldavian dialect
996:Vasile Alecsandri
890:Costache Negruzzi
878:Damaschin Bojincă
808:The anti-unionist
786:Chronicle of Huru
731:Albina Românească
726:Gheorghe Săulescu
537:Vasile Alecsandri
342:Stephen the Great
327:Șerban Cioculescu
257:Chronicle of Huru
229:Gheorghe Săulescu
156:boyar aristocracy
137:
136:
66:February 27, 1862
3301:
3054:Viața Romînească
3006:
2997:Petru Comarnescu
2994:
2988:
2985:
2979:
2976:
2970:
2960:
2954:
2947:
2941:
2932:
2926:
2915:
2909:
2906:
2900:
2891:
2885:
2882:
2876:
2873:
2867:
2864:
2858:
2855:
2849:
2846:
2840:
2837:
2831:
2828:
2822:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2799:
2796:
2790:
2776:
2770:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2748:
2745:
2739:
2736:
2730:
2727:
2721:
2718:
2712:
2709:
2703:
2700:
2694:
2691:
2685:
2682:
2676:
2673:
2664:
2661:
2655:
2652:
2646:
2643:
2637:
2634:
2628:
2625:
2619:
2616:
2610:
2607:
2601:
2598:
2592:
2589:
2583:
2580:
2574:
2571:
2565:
2562:
2556:
2553:
2547:
2540:
2534:
2531:
2525:
2522:
2516:
2509:
2503:
2500:
2494:
2491:
2485:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2467:
2464:
2458:
2455:
2449:
2446:
2440:
2437:
2431:
2428:
2422:
2415:
2409:
2402:
2396:
2382:
2376:
2369:
2363:
2360:
2354:
2351:
2345:
2338:
2332:
2329:
2323:
2320:
2311:
2304:
2298:
2287:
2281:
2278:
2272:
2269:
2258:
2255:
2246:
2243:
2237:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2215:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2194:
2191:
2182:
2179:
2173:
2170:
2164:
2157:
2151:
2144:
2138:
2131:
2125:
2122:
2116:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2098:
2095:
2089:
2086:
2080:
2073:
2067:
2064:
2058:
2055:
2049:
2042:
2036:
2033:
2027:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2004:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1974:
1971:
1965:
1962:
1953:
1950:
1944:
1941:
1935:
1932:
1926:
1919:
1910:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1872:
1869:
1860:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1838:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1820:
1817:
1811:
1804:
1798:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1780:
1773:
1767:
1764:
1755:
1752:
1743:
1736:
1730:
1723:
1717:
1710:
1704:
1700:România Literară
1692:
1663:
1645:
1617:Mateiu Caragiale
1614:
1595:
1579:
1551:
1539:Ioan Tanoviceanu
1489:
1326:Byzantine Empire
1306:High Middle Ages
1272:
1217:found manuscript
1201:symbolic capital
1186:Constantin Lecca
1131:as portrayed in
1106:Nicolae Vogoride
1012:Costache Conachi
866:Greater Moldavia
835:. A fragment of
820:; attributed to
722:Costache Conachi
684:Saint Petersburg
664:
570:Peter Zheltukhin
500:
480:Ottoman military
274:Greater Moldavia
142:, also known as
133:
118:literary forgery
69:
33:
19:
18:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3224:Oral historians
3169:
3168:
3014:
3009:
2995:
2991:
2986:
2982:
2977:
2973:
2961:
2957:
2948:
2944:
2933:
2929:
2916:
2912:
2907:
2903:
2892:
2888:
2883:
2879:
2875:Pippidi, p. 104
2874:
2870:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2852:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2834:
2829:
2825:
2820:
2816:
2811:
2802:
2797:
2793:
2787:Editura Junimea
2777:
2773:
2764:
2760:
2756:Boia, pp. 48–49
2755:
2751:
2747:Pippidi, p. 103
2746:
2742:
2737:
2733:
2728:
2724:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2644:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2600:Gorovei, p. 116
2599:
2595:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2550:
2541:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2519:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2461:
2457:Djuvara, p. 249
2456:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2416:
2412:
2403:
2399:
2383:
2379:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2314:
2305:
2301:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2261:
2257:Boia, pp. 47–48
2256:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2234:Muzeul Național
2231:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2205:Pippidi, p. 100
2204:
2197:
2192:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2167:
2158:
2154:
2145:
2141:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2052:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2017:Pippidi, p. 101
2016:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1920:
1913:
1907:Editura Junimea
1897:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1863:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1788:Gorovei, p. 100
1787:
1783:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1758:
1753:
1746:
1737:
1733:
1724:
1720:
1711:
1707:
1693:
1666:
1646:
1633:
1629:
1612:
1593:
1577:
1573:By the time of
1549:
1528:Aron Densușianu
1516:intertextuality
1487:
1413:Nicolae Ionescu
1362:
1330:Angevin Hungary
1270:
1257:Library of Iași
1175:
992:
985:
920:Grigore Sturdza
845:Gheorghe Asachi
818:Grigore Sturdza
810:
789:(also known as
662:
592:for the entire
554:
521:Michael Soutzos
498:
420:, who made him
374:Crimean Khanate
352:Angevin Hungary
300:
295:
262:Gheorghe Asachi
249:Grigore Sturdza
168:Crimean Khanate
140:Constantin Sion
92:
71:
67:
51:
42:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3307:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3167:
3166:
3152:
3142:
3135:
3117:Andrei Pippidi
3114:
3107:
3086:
3075:Alexandru Dima
3072:
3058:
3046:
3025:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3007:
2989:
2980:
2978:Cazacu, p. 114
2971:
2962:Trăușan-Matu,
2955:
2942:
2927:
2910:
2901:
2886:
2877:
2868:
2859:
2850:
2841:
2832:
2823:
2814:
2812:Pippidi, p. 90
2800:
2791:
2771:
2758:
2749:
2740:
2731:
2729:Pippidi, p. 94
2722:
2713:
2704:
2695:
2686:
2677:
2675:Pippidi, p. 87
2665:
2656:
2647:
2645:Pippidi, p. 86
2638:
2629:
2620:
2611:
2602:
2593:
2584:
2575:
2566:
2557:
2548:
2535:
2526:
2517:
2504:
2495:
2486:
2477:
2468:
2459:
2450:
2441:
2432:
2423:
2410:
2397:
2377:
2364:
2355:
2346:
2333:
2324:
2312:
2310:, pp. 607, 608
2299:
2282:
2273:
2271:Pippidi, p. 89
2259:
2247:
2238:
2225:
2216:
2207:
2195:
2183:
2181:Rotaru, p. 613
2174:
2165:
2152:
2139:
2126:
2117:
2108:
2099:
2090:
2081:
2068:
2059:
2050:
2037:
2028:
2019:
2005:
1996:
1987:
1975:
1966:
1954:
1945:
1936:
1927:
1911:
1891:
1882:
1873:
1861:
1848:
1839:
1830:
1821:
1819:Pippidi, p. 95
1812:
1799:
1790:
1781:
1768:
1756:
1744:
1731:
1718:
1716:, pp. 607, 609
1705:
1664:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1476:Mihai Eminescu
1439:Titu Maiorescu
1429:Andrei Vizanti
1417:Ioan Maiorescu
1361:
1358:
1348:" rather than
1213:Teodor Narbutt
1209:Vasil Poletika
1197:Andrei Pippidi
1174:
1171:
1154:Nicolae Malaxa
1102:Costache Rolla
1090:Anastasie Fătu
1086:Rosetti family
1071:("stench") or
1016:Mihai Racoviță
1008:Alecu Beldiman
1004:Costache Negri
991:
986:
984:
981:
968:Fundul Racovii
932:National Party
809:
806:
801:Andrei Pippidi
746:Nicolae Costin
672:Pavel Kiselyov
553:
550:
501:s boyar aide (
450:Mihail Sturdza
299:
296:
294:
291:
221:Mihail Sturdza
193:Russian Empire
176:Ottoman Empire
135:
134:
126:
125:
121:
120:
107:
103:
102:
99:
95:
94:
89:
85:
84:
81:
77:
76:
70:(aged 66)
64:
60:
59:
48:
44:
43:
38:'s edition of
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3306:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3108:
3106:
3105:973-28-0523-4
3102:
3098:
3095:. Bucharest:
3094:
3090:
3089:Neagu Djuvara
3087:
3084:
3081:. Bucharest:
3080:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3067:. Bucharest:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3044:963-9116-96-3
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2984:
2975:
2969:
2965:
2959:
2952:
2946:
2939:
2938:
2931:
2924:
2920:
2914:
2905:
2898:
2897:
2890:
2881:
2872:
2863:
2854:
2845:
2836:
2827:
2818:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2795:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2775:
2768:
2762:
2753:
2744:
2735:
2726:
2717:
2708:
2699:
2690:
2681:
2672:
2670:
2660:
2651:
2642:
2633:
2624:
2615:
2606:
2597:
2588:
2579:
2570:
2561:
2552:
2545:
2539:
2530:
2521:
2514:
2508:
2499:
2490:
2481:
2472:
2463:
2454:
2445:
2436:
2427:
2420:
2414:
2407:
2401:
2395:
2394:973-702-050-2
2391:
2387:
2384:Ion Mitican,
2381:
2374:
2368:
2359:
2350:
2343:
2337:
2328:
2319:
2317:
2309:
2303:
2296:
2292:
2286:
2277:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2254:
2252:
2242:
2235:
2229:
2220:
2211:
2202:
2200:
2190:
2188:
2178:
2169:
2162:
2156:
2149:
2143:
2136:
2130:
2121:
2112:
2103:
2094:
2085:
2078:
2072:
2063:
2054:
2047:
2041:
2032:
2023:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2000:
1991:
1982:
1980:
1970:
1961:
1959:
1949:
1940:
1931:
1924:
1918:
1916:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1886:
1877:
1868:
1866:
1858:
1852:
1843:
1834:
1825:
1816:
1809:
1803:
1794:
1785:
1778:
1772:
1763:
1761:
1751:
1749:
1741:
1735:
1728:
1722:
1715:
1709:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1662:
1661:973-697-758-7
1658:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1631:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1576:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1451:Robert Rösler
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1425:V. A. Urechia
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1170:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1142:Nicolae Iorga
1138:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1065:anti-Hellenic
1062:
1058:
1055:
1050:
1049:Neagu Djuvara
1046:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
990:
983:Literary work
980:
977:
973:
969:
965:
960:
958:
953:
950:
949:
944:
940:
935:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
908:
906:
905:
904:Stéoa Dunărei
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
870:
868:
867:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
823:
819:
814:
805:
802:
798:
797:
792:
788:
787:
782:
778:
777:Sublime Porte
774:
770:
766:
761:
759:
758:Gheorghe Sion
755:
749:
747:
743:
742:
741:Capitulations
737:
733:
732:
727:
723:
719:
718:
711:
709:
705:
701:
697:
692:
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
661:
657:
656:
651:
650:
645:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
621:
619:
615:
614:
609:
605:
601:
600:
595:
591:
587:
586:
581:
577:
576:
571:
567:
563:
559:
549:
546:
542:
538:
533:
526:
522:
518:
514:
512:
508:
504:
497:
493:
492:
487:
486:
481:
477:
473:
472:Lunca Banului
469:
465:
464:
459:
453:
451:
447:
446:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
424:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
390:
388:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
366:
361:
357:
353:
349:
348:
343:
338:
336:
332:
331:Tutova County
328:
324:
319:
315:
314:
309:
305:
290:
288:
284:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
258:
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
213:
208:
204:
203:
198:
194:
189:
187:
183:
182:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
132:
127:
122:
119:
115:
111:
108:
104:
101:ca. 1826–1862
100:
96:
90:
86:
82:
78:
75:
65:
61:
58:
54:
49:
45:
41:
37:
32:
27:
20:
3179:1790s births
3155:
3148:
3138:
3120:
3110:
3092:
3078:
3064:
3052:
3049:Petru Cazacu
3031:
3022:Transilvania
3021:
3002:Manuscriptum
3000:
2992:
2983:
2974:
2967:
2963:
2958:
2950:
2945:
2935:
2930:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2904:
2894:
2889:
2880:
2871:
2862:
2853:
2844:
2835:
2826:
2817:
2794:
2782:
2774:
2766:
2761:
2752:
2743:
2734:
2725:
2716:
2707:
2698:
2689:
2680:
2659:
2650:
2641:
2632:
2623:
2614:
2605:
2596:
2587:
2578:
2569:
2560:
2551:
2543:
2538:
2529:
2520:
2512:
2507:
2498:
2489:
2480:
2471:
2462:
2453:
2444:
2435:
2426:
2418:
2413:
2405:
2400:
2385:
2380:
2372:
2367:
2358:
2349:
2341:
2336:
2327:
2307:
2302:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2276:
2241:
2233:
2228:
2219:
2210:
2177:
2168:
2160:
2155:
2147:
2142:
2134:
2129:
2120:
2111:
2102:
2093:
2084:
2076:
2071:
2062:
2053:
2045:
2040:
2031:
2022:
1999:
1990:
1969:
1948:
1939:
1930:
1922:
1902:
1894:
1885:
1876:
1856:
1851:
1842:
1833:
1824:
1815:
1807:
1802:
1793:
1784:
1776:
1771:
1739:
1734:
1726:
1721:
1713:
1708:
1698:
1648:
1609:
1590:
1575:Arhondologia
1574:
1572:
1566:
1563:Arhondologia
1562:
1559:Arhondologia
1558:
1554:
1546:
1542:
1536:
1531:
1524:Arhondologia
1523:
1519:
1518:between the
1512:Arhondologia
1511:
1503:Arhondologia
1502:
1501:
1495:
1484:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1443:Miron Costin
1432:
1405:George Bariț
1392:
1386:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1301:
1299:
1292:
1286:
1279:Roman Empire
1267:
1265:
1205:Václav Hanka
1192:
1190:
1158:Arhondologia
1157:
1145:
1139:
1132:
1113:Arhondologia
1112:
1110:
1098:
1092:, and their
1077:Nicolae Șuțu
1072:
1068:
1061:Arhondologia
1060:
1059:
1045:Arhondologia
1044:
1038:
1035:Arhondologia
1034:
1027:Arhondologia
1026:
1024:
993:
988:
961:
946:
939:Arhondologia
938:
936:
928:Arhondologia
927:
915:
909:
902:
897:
882:Alecu Donici
873:
871:
863:
852:
840:
837:Arhondologia
836:
826:
794:
790:
784:
780:
762:
750:
739:
729:
715:
712:
691:Regulamentul
690:
688:
675:
660:Regulamentul
659:
653:
647:
641:
636:
632:
628:
625:Ioan Sturdza
622:
611:
603:
597:
594:Putna County
589:
583:
573:
555:
541:Arhondologia
540:
531:
529:
506:
502:
495:
489:
483:
461:
454:
443:
440:Arhondologia
439:
421:
413:
404:elites, the
391:
387:Budjak Horde
363:
345:
339:
322:
317:
311:
301:
277:
270:Roman Empire
255:
253:
225:Arhondologia
224:
210:
200:
190:
185:
179:
147:
143:
139:
138:
68:(1862-02-27)
40:Arhondologia
39:
3184:1862 deaths
3028:Lucian Boia
2821:Boia, p. 48
1899:Ilie Corfus
1447:Ion Neculce
1421:Aron Pumnul
1229:Roman Dacia
1167:Turkophilia
1125:Saint-Simon
1081:Sacred Band
979:ceremony".
849:Lucian Boia
773:Crimean War
736:Vasile Lupu
708:progressive
704:Leonte Radu
629:pus în heră
525:Louis Dupré
468:Sacred Band
406:Phanariotes
370:Khan Girays
164:Khan Girays
88:Nationality
3173:Categories
3012:References
2779:Dan Mănucă
1371:Valea Albă
1285:under the
1162:Ottomanist
957:feuilleton
861:Bessarabia
710:policies.
604:Spatharios
511:Târgu Ocna
485:Ispravnici
476:Turkophile
432:Bessarabia
423:Spatharios
356:West Slavs
344:'s second-
298:Early life
195:after the
148:Cothi Sion
80:Occupation
3127:, 2018.
3099:, 1995.
3097:Humanitas
3038:, 2001.
1555:Chronicle
1547:Chronicle
1543:Chronicle
1532:Chronicle
1520:Chronicle
1496:Chronicle
1485:Chronicle
1393:Chronicle
1379:Chronicle
1366:Chronicle
1302:Chronicle
1294:cognomina
1268:Chronicle
1173:As "Huru"
1020:scutching
972:New Style
916:Chronicle
898:Chronicle
874:Chronicle
853:Chronicle
841:Chronicle
796:Logothete
668:Bucharest
608:Movilești
588:) of the
503:Meimandar
394:Wallachia
365:Logothete
304:New Style
293:Biography
278:Chronicle
245:Wallachia
152:Moldavian
144:Costandin
124:Signature
110:Chronicle
91:Moldavian
3123:. Iași:
2896:Adevĕrul
2546:, p. 608
2515:, p. 608
2421:, p. 608
2408:, p. 608
2375:, p. 608
2344:, p. 608
2163:, p. 610
2150:, p. 610
2137:, p. 607
2048:, p. 607
1925:, p. 608
1742:, p. 608
1729:, p. 607
1655:, 2004.
1621:Fundulea
1610:Paharnic
1591:Paharnic
1582:palinode
1567:Paharnic
1472:Junimist
1342:Cossacks
1288:Tribunat
1275:Aurelian
1261:calotype
1249:Slavonic
1237:Cyrillic
1231:and the
1227:between
1146:Paharnic
1129:Asmodeus
964:Pungești
948:Domnitor
700:Ivănești
676:Ispravic
637:Paharnic
633:Staroste
618:Odobești
613:entrepôt
590:Staroste
575:Staroste
532:Paharnic
463:Serasker
414:Paharnic
347:Paharnic
313:Bașceauș
287:Pungești
212:Staroste
181:Paharnic
93:Romanian
57:Moldavia
3234:Forgers
3085:, 1968.
3071:, 1966.
2937:Familia
1777:Carpica
1467:Junimea
1381:and on
1350:Voivode
1127:. Like
1073:napastă
1069:putoare
580:Focșani
507:Cămăraș
496:Kethüda
491:Kethüda
372:of the
360:Slovaks
335:Coșești
207:Focșani
166:of the
3162:
3131:
3103:
3042:
2968:passim
2964:passim
2921:", in
2789:, 1978
2767:et al.
2544:et al.
2513:et al.
2419:et al.
2406:et al.
2392:
2373:et al.
2342:et al.
2308:et al.
2293:", in
2161:et al.
2148:et al.
2135:et al.
2046:et al.
1923:et al.
1909:, 1975
1808:et al.
1740:et al.
1727:et al.
1714:et al.
1659:
1427:, and
1360:Legacy
1346:Consul
1336:, the
1334:Poland
1322:Asenid
1320:as an
1235:. The
1211:, and
1079:. The
976:cornet
892:, and
696:Racova
585:Vechil
562:Brăila
545:Jewish
445:mahala
323:răzeși
217:Prince
160:Greeks
98:Period
2159:Dima
1921:Dima
1627:Notes
1613:'
1594:'
1578:'
1550:'
1488:'
1474:poet
1271:'
864:(see
680:Bacău
663:'
578:) of
509:) in
499:'
402:Greek
378:Tatar
114:libel
106:Genre
3160:ISBN
3129:ISBN
3101:ISBN
3040:ISBN
2390:ISBN
1657:ISBN
1522:and
1445:and
1364:The
1266:The
1191:The
1010:and
1002:and
966:and
689:The
556:The
308:Iași
63:Died
53:Iași
47:Born
1557:in
1385:'s
869:).
678:at
655:Aga
599:Ban
452:.
318:née
146:or
3175::
3119:,
3091:,
3063:,
3030:,
2803:^
2781:,
2668:^
2315:^
2262:^
2250:^
2198:^
2186:^
2008:^
1978:^
1957:^
1914:^
1901:,
1864:^
1759:^
1747:^
1667:^
1634:^
1623:.
1457:.
1423:,
1419:,
1415:,
1411:,
1407:,
1207:,
998:,
888:,
884:,
880:,
748:.
513:.
337:.
289:.
219:,
116:,
112:,
55:,
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