122:
428:, and feature poetry and philosophical thoughts from his perspective that can switch between first and third-person perspectives. The books may not have intended to be taken as actually from the hand of Solomon, but this became tangled, and many later generations did assume they were directly from Solomon's hand. The fact that it is not clear if any deception was involved makes many scholars reluctant to call the work forgeries, however, even those that take the modern scholarly view that they were unlikely to have been written by Solomon due to the work only being quoted by others many centuries after Solomon's death.
22:
409:
the historical persona might have written or thought. With later generations, this distinction is lost, and the work is treated as authoritatively by the real person. Later yet, the fact that the work was not really by the seeming author resurfaces. In the case of true transparent literary fictions, no deception is involved, and the issue is merely one of misinterpretation. However, this is fairly rare.
206:. This is less common, as it requires a great deal of technical effort, such as imitating the ink and paper. The forger my also claim that, not only is the style of writing the same, but also that the ink and paper are of the kind or type used by the famous author. Other common types of literary forgery may draw upon the potential historical cachet and novelty of a previously undiscovered author.
265:(1752–1770), the English poet and letter writer, began his brilliant medieval forgeries when little more than a child. While they brought him praise and fame after his death, his writing afforded little in the way of financial success and he committed suicide aged 17, penniless, alone and half-starved.
408:
Occasionally, it is unclear whether a work is fiction or a forgery. This generally occurs when a work is written intended as a piece of fiction, but through the mouthpiece of a famous historical character; the audience at the time understands that the work is actually written by others imagining what
197:
may involve the work of a famous author whose writings have an established intrinsic, as well as monetary value. In an attempt to gain the rewards of such a reputation, the forger often engages in two distinct activities. The forger produces a writing which resembles the style of the known reputable
181:
Literary forgeries can take many forms, including works that are falsely claimed to be ancient texts by known authors, fabricated memoirs, or fictional accounts presented as historical records. The reasons for creating literary forgeries can vary, including the pursuit of financial gain, the desire
379:
Forrest Carter; Forrest Carter claimed to be a half-Cherokee descendent who grew up in native culture, but the real Asa Earl Carter was a white man from
Alabama. Forrest Carter's persona thus possessed a similar false authenticity as a forged work would, in both their memoir and their fiction.
338:
Some pieces' authors are uncontested, but the writers are untruthful about themselves to such a degree that the books are functionally forgeries – rather than forging in the name of an expert or authority, the authors falsely claim such authority for themselves. This usually takes the form of
177:
writing deceptively presented as true when, in fact, it presents untrue or imaginary information or content. These deceptive practices have a long history and have occurred across various literary traditions, often with significant cultural or financial impacts.
357:
is officially anonymous, but claims to be taken from the diary of an actual drug abuser; later investigation showed that the work is almost certainly fictitious, however. A recent example is the 2003 book
351:" books, in which the author claims to have suffered illness, parental abuse, and/or drug addiction during their upbringing, yet recovered well enough to write of their struggles. The 1971 book
240:, who gave the diary to Nero during his tour of Greece in 66-67 CE. According to historian Miriam Griffin, such bogus and romantic claims to antiquity were not uncommon at the time.
311:
to purchase them at great expense, but various errors and closer forensic analysis revealed them as fakes. Kujau was subsequently sent to prison for fraud, theft and forgery.
451:
writes that if a religiously prescriptive document was widely known to be not actually from the authority it claimed, it would not be taken seriously. Therefore, the
707:
Folkart, Burt A. "OBITUARIES : Daniel James : Writer Who
Masqueraded as a Latino."Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times, 21 May 1988. Web. 24 Apr. 2012. <
236:'s reign when Dictys' tomb was opened by an earthquake and his diary was discovered. Septimius then claimed the original had been handed to the governor of Crete,
800:
The making of history: a study of the literary forgeries of James
Macpherson and Thomas Chatterton in relation to eighteenth-century ideas of history and fiction
651:
259:
that there was general agreement that the attribution of the work was false. In the intervening 1,000 years, the writings had much theological influence.
185:
While literary forgeries are often exposed and discredited, they can nevertheless have outsized impacts in shaping cultural and historical narratives.
920:
232:. In the letter of dedication, the translator gave additional credence to the document by claiming the Greek original had come to light during
305:, an East German forger, created diaries purportedly written by Adolf Hitler. His forgeries passed initial scrutiny enough for the magazine
964:
271:
appeared to be the first
English newspaper when it was discovered in 1794. This was, ostensibly, an account of the English battle with the
333:
368:, wherein Frey claimed to experience fighting drug addiction in rehab; the claimed events were fictional, yet not presented as such.
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Other forms considered literary hoaxes are when an author asserts an identity and history for themselves that is not accurate.
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In the 3rd century CE, a certain
Septimius produced what appeared to be a Latin translation of an eyewitness account of the
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only makes sense if the intent was indeed to falsely claim the authority of a respected figure in such epistles.
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in the Hebrew Bible. Both works do not directly name an author, but are written from the perspective of
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1676:
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447:, "Petrine authorship was intended to be an entirely transparent fiction." This view is contested.
1971:
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and, in the 19th century, many writers produced literary forgeries under his influence, notably
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Practice to
Deceive: The Amazing Stories of Literary Forgery's Most Notorious Practitioners
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Forgery and
Counterforgery: The Use of Literary Deceit in Early Christian Polemics
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Forgery and
Counterforgery: The Use of Literary Deceit in Early Christian Polemics
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Writing in the Name of God--Why the Bible's
Authors Are Not Who We Think They Are
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213:(c. 530 – 480 BCE) is among the most ancient known literary forgers. He created
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247:, a 5th-6th century Syrian mystical writer who claimed to be a disciple of
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also falsely claimed Native
American descent to help market their works.
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for literary recognition, or the promotion of specific ideological views.
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expressed doubts about the authorship, but it was not until after the
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https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-05-21-mn-2879-story.html
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Gray Lady Down: What the Decline and Fall of the New York Times Means
469:
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For more disputed examples, some New Testament scholars believe that
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Forgers and Critics: Creativity and Duplicity in Western Scholarship
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Penny Magazine of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge
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Fakes and Frauds: Varieties of Deception In Print & Manuscript
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396:, yet the author (whose real name was Daniel Lewis James) was a
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Nero: The end of a Dynasty, Miram T. Griffin, 1984. Chapter 9.
170:
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1437:
1319:
936:: Orthodox Modern Readings of Araki Yasusada and Alan Sokal
233:
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of 1588, but was, in fact, written in the 18th century by
202:. The forger may also fake the physical alleged original
844:, Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library U. of Toronto, 2003,
772:
Literary Forgeries. With an Introduction by Andrew Lang
814:
Can You Ever Forgive Me?: Memoirs of a Literary Forger
282:
Literary forgery was promoted as a creative method by
301:
were an example of a 20th-century forgery for money:
765:, Oxford University Press, USA (2012) 978-0199928033
243:
One of the longest lasting literary forgeries is by
570:Sarah Coakley (Editor), Charles M. Stang (Editor),
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
737:. Oxford University Press. p. 141–145.
720:Jude-2 Peter, Volume 50, Word Biblical Commentary.
604:
1958:
884:This Solemn Mockery: The Art of Literary Forgery
439:can be explained as such transparent fictions.
611:. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky.
403:
802:, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1986,
788:(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990)
412:Examples of this may include several works of
958:
692:Literary Hoaxes and the Ethics of Authorship
828:Telling Tales: A History of Literary Hoaxes
392:claimed to be a young Latino growing up in
965:
951:
334:Category:Written fiction presented as fact
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
816:Simon & Schuster; 1st edition (2008)
602:
347:. Its modern form is most common with "
120:
842:Literary forgeries & mystifications
674:, pp. 160-161, Encounter books, 2010,
649:
593:, Volume 9, January 18, 1840, pp. 17-19
279:, as a literary game with his friends.
1959:
972:
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209:Literary forgery has a long history.
900:(New Castle: Oak Knoll Press, 2000)
572:Re-thinking Dionysius the Areopagite
44:adding citations to reliable sources
15:
858:(New Castle: Oak Knoll Press 1996)
650:Randall, Dave (September 1, 2002).
443:, for example, writes that for the
277:Philip Yorke, 2nd Earl of Hardwicke
13:
872:Cambridge University Press (2001)
14:
1988:
911:
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330:List of fake memoirs and journals
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217:, which he ascribed to the poet
20:
1609:Party platforms (or manifestos)
886:(London: Arlington Books 1973)
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31:needs additional citations for
774:, HardPress Publishing (2012)
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1697:Rally 'round the flag effect
918:Books about literary forgery
453:claim of authorship by Peter
404:Transparent literary fiction
251:. Five hundred years later,
7:
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10:
1993:
830:(London: Constable, 2009)
603:Hamilton, Charles (1991).
574:, Wiley-Blackwell (2009),
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200:fake is to be attributed
161:) is writing, such as a
1878:Promotional merchandise
1589:Character assassination
1526:Narcotizing dysfunction
1400:Photograph manipulation
1113:Guerrilla communication
690:Menand, Louis (2018). "
633:"A Million Little Lies"
445:Second Epistle of Peter
361:A Million Little Pieces
1861:Product demonstrations
1290:Historical negationism
437:New Testament epistles
151:literary mystification
143:
1793:Reputation management
1712:Psychological warfare
1561:Political campaigning
1370:Firehose of falsehood
465:Anthony Godby Johnson
124:
1828:Corporate propaganda
934:The Recourse of Hoax
500:Journalistic scandal
416:such as the book of
269:The English Mercurie
173:or other presumably
128:The Songs of Bilitis
40:improve this article
1916:Media concentration
1788:Non-apology apology
1778:Cult of personality
1506:Emotive conjugation
1260:Burying of scholars
198:author to whom the
1967:Literary forgeries
1899:Influence-for-hire
1692:National mythology
1662:Crowd manipulation
1551:Tabloid journalism
1420:Video manipulation
1365:Fictitious entries
1088:Civil disobedience
974:Media manipulation
923:2008-05-15 at the
826:Melissa Katsoulis
769:James Anson Farrer
607:The Hitler Diaries
537:, HarperOne (2011)
510:Outline of forgery
144:
55:"Literary forgery"
1954:
1953:
1720:Airborne leaflets
1599:Election promises
1453:Product placement
1328:Alternative facts
1068:Alternative media
896:Joseph Rosenblum
870:Faking Literature
836:978-1-84901-080-1
670:William McGowan,
618:978-0-8131-1739-3
414:wisdom literature
263:Thomas Chatterton
135:of Ancient Greek
133:pseudotranslation
131:(1894), a French
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1946:Media proprietor
1770:Public relations
1750:Public diplomacy
1735:Information (IT)
1614:Name recognition
1239:Media regulation
1221:Annoyance factor
1078:Call-out culture
993:Crowd psychology
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394:East Los Angeles
386:Margaret Seltzer
375:wrote under the
341:autobiographical
249:Paul the Apostle
147:Literary forgery
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698:. Condé Nast.
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167:literary work
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137:erotic poetry
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57: –
56:
52:
51:Find sources:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
1931:Media ethics
1851:Door-to-door
1846:Cold calling
1823:Weasel words
1730:Fifth column
1624:Push polling
1574:Astroturfing
1536:Pseudo-event
1516:Infotainment
1491:Broadcasting
1410:Urban legend
1389:
1333:April Fools'
1206:Testimonials
1176:Infomercials
1003:Dumbing down
939:
897:
883:
869:
855:
854:Robin Myers
841:
827:
813:
799:
798:Ian Haywood
785:
771:
762:
756:Bibliography
734:
731:Ehrman, Bart
725:
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534:
529:
430:
426:King Solomon
418:Ecclesiastes
411:
407:
400:in his 70s.
398:Midwesterner
370:
359:
354:Go Ask Alice
352:
345:fake memoirs
337:
324:Main pages:
320:Fake memoirs
306:
303:Konrad Kujau
296:
292:Pierre Louys
281:
267:
261:
242:
223:
208:
192:
184:
180:
175:nonfictional
158:
154:
150:
146:
145:
141:Pierre Louÿs
126:
102:
93:
83:
76:
69:
62:
50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
1977:Narratology
1803:Sound bites
1783:Doublespeak
1634:Wedge issue
1594:Dog whistle
1569:Advertising
1395:Lying press
1380:Gaslighting
1158:Advertising
1133:Occupations
1023:Obfuscation
1013:Half-truths
812:Lee Israel
545:, pp. 39-40
533:B. Ehrman,
490:Ghostwriter
480:Dave Pelzer
449:Bart Ehrman
380:Similarly,
326:Fake memoir
257:Renaissance
211:Onomacritus
96:August 2024
1961:Categories
1904:Media bias
1760:Subversion
1725:False flag
1702:Techniques
1644:Propaganda
1604:Lawn signs
1584:Canvassing
1478:News media
1234:Censorship
1166:Billboards
1118:Hacktivism
1108:Grassroots
1033:Persuasion
560:0415214645
543:0062012614
521:References
366:James Frey
349:misery lit
226:Trojan War
215:prophecies
204:manuscript
163:manuscript
66:newspapers
1866:Promotion
1745:Political
1652:Bandwagon
1579:Attack ad
1458:Publicity
1430:Marketing
1343:Fake news
1305:Religious
1300:Political
1280:Euphemism
1275:Cover-ups
1270:Corporate
1138:Petitions
1028:Orwellian
998:Deception
929:About.com
470:B. Wongar
377:pseudonym
343:works as
193:Literary
125:Cover of
1813:Transfer
1755:Sedition
1619:Negative
1531:Newspeak
1521:Managing
1463:Research
1438:Branding
1390:Literary
1355:Fakelore
1348:websites
1338:Deepfake
1295:Internet
1186:Modeling
1143:Protests
1123:Internet
1056:Advocacy
1048:Activism
921:Archived
733:(2012).
505:JT LeRoy
459:See also
420:and the
1892:Related
1871:Spaving
1856:Pricing
1798:Slogans
1740:Lawfare
1677:Framing
1657:Big lie
1448:Product
1443:Loyalty
1375:Forgery
1320:Hoaxing
1201:Slogans
1181:Mobiles
1073:Boycott
981:Context
435:in the
382:Nasdijj
253:Abelard
219:Musaeus
195:forgery
189:History
80:scholar
1496:Circus
1405:Racial
904:
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558:
541:
332:, and
171:memoir
82:
75:
68:
61:
53:
1838:Sales
1541:Scrum
1501:Cycle
1415:Virus
1285:Films
1250:Books
1191:Radio
1171:False
1148:Youth
1128:Media
1061:group
1018:Media
308:Stern
165:or a
87:JSTOR
73:books
1808:Spin
1385:List
1310:Self
988:Bias
902:ISBN
888:ISBN
874:ISBN
860:ISBN
846:ISBN
832:ISBN
818:ISBN
804:ISBN
790:ISBN
776:ISBN
739:ISBN
711:>
676:ISBN
613:ISBN
576:ISBN
556:ISBN
539:ISBN
384:and
297:The
290:and
234:Nero
59:news
1196:Sex
927:at
694:".
364:by
228:by
157:or
139:by
42:by
1963::
1211:TV
654:.
635:.
328:,
294:.
221:.
153:,
966:e
959:t
952:v
747:.
660:.
621:.
109:)
103:(
98:)
94:(
84:·
77:·
70:·
63:·
36:.
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