136:
272:
22:
1228:; i.e. a term is unfair if, "contrary to the requirement of good faith, it causes a significant imbalance in the parties' rights and obligations under the contract to the detriment of the consumer." However, terms that express the main subject matter of the contract are not subject to this fairness test, provided that such terms are both transparent and prominent in the contract.
1356:
The official position is that it was hoped that by consolidating existing legislation the new Act would simplify consumer protection law for both consumers and businesses. Also, the government predicted that the Act would "boost the economy by £4 billion" over the course of the following decade.
1191:
The Act also ensures that any statement a trader makes when a consumer is either deciding to enter into the contract or making a decision about the service after entering into the contract is now a binding contractual term. Previously such terms may only have given rise to an action in the tort of
1154:
Previously, defective goods had to be rejected within a 'reasonable period', but the Act now gives consumers a minimum of 30 days in which they can reject goods that fail to conform to the contract. After that period, the consumer has varying rights including the right to repair or replacement, at
153:
An Act to amend the law relating to the rights of consumers and protection of their interests; to make provision about investigatory powers for enforcing the regulation of traders; to make provision about private actions in competition law and the
Competition Appeal Tribunal; and for connected
1171:
or replacement, the right to a price reduction and the right to a refund. The trader is now liable for damage caused to a device by supplied digital content where they fail to exercise reasonable care and skill. Consumers may also pursue other traditional remedies such as
4400:
1112:
A 'trader' is defined as "a person acting for purposes relating to that person's trade, business, craft or profession, whether acting personally or through another person acting in the trader's name or on the trader's
1252:, places a duty on the court to consider the fairness of contractual terms, if there is enough information to make this feasible, even where none of the parties raises the issue. The relevant cases heard by the
1861:
1163:
The addition of a chapter covering digital content is considered one of the "most significant" changes in the Act. Digital content includes not only content that is supplied for a price, but also
1167:
software. The requirements are identical to those which apply to goods, stated above. The main difference is that there is no right to reject digital content, but rather the remedies include the
1105:
A 'consumer' is "an individual acting for purposes that are wholly or mainly outside that individual's trade, business, craft or profession." This extends beyond any previous definition in UK or
533:
1109:
as it includes contracts that are entered into for a combination of personal and business reasons. It excludes somebody acting on behalf of their business but on somebody else's standard terms.
2693:
1231:
The Act also adds to the so-called 'grey list' that lists a non-exhaustive range of terms which are, in most cases, likely to be considered unfair by the courts. These include:
4356:
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2968:
2963:
2958:
1640:
538:
1119:'Goods' are "any tangible moveable items, but that includes water, gas and electricity if and only if they are put up for supply in a limited volume or set quantity."
3183:
3178:
3173:
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3163:
3158:
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3212:
3207:
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2320:
2315:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2075:
1916:
1348:
The event organiser may not cancel a ticket or blacklist a seller for reselling the ticket unless this right is contained within the original terms of the ticket.
806:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
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2500:
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2340:
2200:
2180:
1072:
1020:
911:
3 Historically restricted in common law jurisdictions but generally accepted elsewhere; availability varies between contemporary common law jurisdictions
1211:
On top of the usual remedies consumers now also have the right to repeat performance or (as a fall-back) to a price reduction of an appropriate amount.
4600:
4488:
752:
43:
36:
4453:
3202:
801:
926:
493:
4590:
1652:
4525:
4481:
1061:
4428:
2096:
4539:
2062:
4464:
2894:
1982:
1012:(ADR) came into force on 9 July 2015 as per the EU Directive on consumer ADR. Most other provisions came into force on 1 October 2015.
86:
4469:
2165:
1065:
997:
58:
740:
2232:
1027:, making some changes to rights to return faulty goods for refund, replacement or repair, and adding new rights on the purchase of
65:
2139:
971:
159:
4569:
2195:
1089:
1024:
944:
1285:, on an 'opt-out' basis on top of the present 'opt-in' system. There is also now a statutory scheme of voluntary redress in
1238:
Allowing the trader to make decisions about the characteristics of the subject matter after the contract had been concluded.
4476:
2149:
2017:
1524:
72:
2040:
1938:
1256:
are case C-168/05 (Mostaza Claro, 2006), case C-243/08 (Pannon 2009), and case C-137/08 (VB Penzugyi v
Schneider, 2010).
1555:
4423:
3222:
1304:
are under a duty to display a list of fees in each of their offices in a prominent position. Such a list must include:
105:
54:
1193:
993:
557:
521:
140:
1791:
1188:
Services provided by traders must be performed with "reasonable care and skill", and "within a reasonable time".
4448:
2185:
2117:
2029:
1998:
1975:
1290:
1286:
1225:
1079:
1071:
Among the pieces of legislation that have been combined into the
Consumer Rights Act, the most notable are the
1009:
550:
4595:
4552:
1395:
1015:
In respect of contracts under which a trader provides goods or services to a consumer, the Act replaces the
4506:
2225:
816:
406:
1116:'Business' is taken to include "the activities of any government department or local or public authority."
1417:
1274:
301:
1472:
2308:
2086:
1862:"The Consumer Rights Act: Enhancing the rights of competition law claimants and consumer law enforcers"
964:
836:
562:
181:
1498:
915:
79:
4547:
2241:
1968:
1656:
1253:
811:
770:
682:
1016:
2910:
2255:
2128:
618:
331:
2218:
940:
791:
600:
450:
32:
4365:
2769:
2190:
2175:
2170:
2007:
1205:
1084:
516:
476:
401:
377:
359:
245:
4385:
3194:
1322:
The notice must also indicate that the agent is part of a redress scheme, and give its name.
1278:
957:
933:
796:
364:
148:
4391:
4376:
2260:
1341:
Any restrictions on the type of person who may use the ticket (e.g. age restrictions etc.).
1270:
1177:
1057:
824:
661:
511:
390:
296:
291:
749:(also implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing or duty to negotiate in good faith)
8:
4460:
2796:
2051:
1904:
1893:
1882:
1779:
1768:
1757:
1746:
1735:
1724:
1691:
1680:
1669:
1626:
1615:
1604:
1593:
1201:
1000:
legislation and also gives consumers a number of new rights and remedies. Provisions for
580:
471:
336:
316:
2160:
1582:
1571:
4371:
1373:
1224:
The definition of an 'unfair term' remains the same as that originally outlined in the
1197:
943:, and Canadian jurisprudence in both Québec and the common law provinces pertaining to
866:
829:
671:
643:
609:
502:
487:
481:
455:
252:
1805:
4414:
2680:
2275:
989:
723:
712:
433:
382:
373:
354:
311:
228:
4562:
4517:
4498:
1817:
1312:
746:
633:
628:
590:
585:
428:
411:
1241:
Giving the trader a mandate to vary the price after the consumer is already bound.
4557:
1168:
1028:
638:
368:
345:
1528:
4387:
1443:
1246:
884:
775:
706:
691:
439:
286:
2205:
4584:
1331:
1301:
1001:
675:
423:
396:
326:
418:
1282:
1038:
Part 1 concerns consumer contracts for goods, digital content and services.
879:
874:
861:
652:
306:
218:
1960:
1821:
1200:. This means that a claimant's case will generally be easier to prove and
2265:
1836:
717:
623:
528:
445:
4439:
1054:
919:
902:
321:
172:
870:
545:
271:
1704:"The Consumer Rights Act: consolidating UK consumer protection laws"
21:
1249:
1164:
700:
595:
263:
1281:. The Act also now provides for collective proceedings, a form of
1235:
Extortionate charges when a consumer decides to cancel a contract.
1204:
may be awarded rather than compensation based on the principle of
2210:
1173:
1005:
666:
1068:
and to thereby provide a "modern framework of consumer rights."
1064:, on 23 January 2014 with the aim of consolidating and updating
1044:
Part 3 concerns other provisions across a broad range of topics.
1527:. Department of Business, Innovation and Skills. Archived from
1106:
1101:
Section 2 lays out the key definitions pertinent to the Act:
1296:
1123:
856:
1451:
1396:"Consumer Rights Act 2015 / ADR: guidance for businesses"
846:
936:
both in Québec and in the country's common law provinces
1792:
Consumer Rights Act 2015, section 71: Explanatory Notes
1311:
Whether the fee relates to each dwelling-house or each
1556:
The
Consumer Rights Act 2015: A Summary of Key Changes
1277:, to the extent that it now has similar powers to the
1939:"New bill of rights to help businesses and consumers"
1794:, published 26 March 2015, accessed 21 February 2024
939:
7 Specific to civil law jurisdictions, the
American
4515:
2201:
Unfair Terms in
Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999
2181:
Unfair Terms in
Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999
1338:
The seat (or standing area) that the ticket is for.
1073:
Unfair Terms in
Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999
1021:
Unfair Terms in
Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999
1008:came into force on 27 May 2015, and provisions for
1525:"The Consumer Rights Bill: Improving Consumer Law"
1334:for an event must give the following information:
753:Contract A and Contract B in Canadian contract law
1126:which are produced and supplied in digital form".
4582:
1941:. Department of Business, Innovation and Skills
1806:"The United Kingdom's New Opt-Out Class Action"
908:2 Specific to civil and mixed law jurisdictions
3229:Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
2226:
1976:
1062:Department of Business, Innovation and Skills
965:
4429:Church of England Assembly (Powers) Act 1919
2098:Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Directive
2064:Stewart Gill Ltd v Horatio Myer & Co Ltd
1655:. Cubismlaw. 12 October 2015. Archived from
1273:and greatly expands the jurisdiction of the
1060:, then parliamentary under-Secretary in the
176:
4465:Measures of the National Assembly for Wales
1990:
945:contractual and pre-contractual negotiation
4489:Acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland
2233:
2219:
1983:
1969:
1147:Fit for the consumer's particular purpose.
972:
958:
185:
4601:Consumer protection in the United Kingdom
2166:Consumer protection in the United Kingdom
1550:
1548:
1546:
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
3227:Great Britain and Ireland and the United
1803:
1441:
1297:Duty of letting agents to publicise fees
1053:The Act was introduced to parliament by
1834:
1636:
1634:
1418:"SI 2015 No. 1392: Consumer Protection"
1351:
4591:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 2015
4583:
2140:Cavendish Square Holding BV v Makdessi
1645:
1543:
1325:
1315:under a tenancy of the dwelling-house.
741:Duty of honest contractual performance
42:Please improve this article by adding
4477:Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly
2214:
2196:Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982
1964:
1090:Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982
1025:Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982
929:of International Commercial Contracts
246:Text of statute as originally enacted
4548:United Kingdom statutory instruments
2150:Unfair terms in English contract law
2018:Woodman v Photo Trade Processing Ltd
1769:Schedule 2, Consumer Rights Act 2015
1631:
1444:"Right to 30-day refund becomes law"
15:
2041:George Mitchell v Finney Lock Seeds
1641:Chapter 3, Consumer Rights Act 2015
1196:but now a claim may be brought for
1034:The Act is split into three parts:
918:and other civil codes based on the
13:
2240:
1837:"Class action legal change for UK"
1264:
1158:
1075:and the consumer law elements of:
253:Revised text of statute as amended
14:
4612:
1835:Coleman, Clive (1 October 2015).
2076:St Albans DC v Int Computers Ltd
1442:Milligan, Brian (October 2015).
1245:Section 71, reflecting existing
994:Parliament of the United Kingdom
743:(or doctrine of abuse of rights)
558:Enforcement of foreign judgments
522:Hague Choice of Court Convention
270:
141:Parliament of the United Kingdom
134:
20:
4449:Acts of the Scottish Parliament
1931:
1909:
1898:
1887:
1876:
1854:
1828:
1810:Oxford Journal of Legal Studies
1797:
1784:
1773:
1762:
1751:
1740:
1729:
1718:
1696:
1685:
1674:
1663:
1620:
1609:
1598:
1587:
1576:
1219:
4553:Scottish statutory instruments
2186:Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977
2118:DGFT v First National Bank plc
2030:Phillips Products Ltd v Hyland
1999:Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977
1917:"The Consumer Rights Act 2015"
1653:"The Consumer Rights Act 2015"
1565:
1517:
1491:
1465:
1435:
1410:
1388:
1366:
1226:Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977
1140:The Act requires goods to be:
1096:
1080:Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977
1010:alternative dispute resolution
551:Singapore Mediation Convention
1:
4570:Church of England instruments
2249:Pre-parliamentary legislation
1905:s 91 Consumer Rights Act 2015
1894:s 90 Consumer Rights Act 2015
1883:s 83 Consumer Rights Act 2015
1780:s 71 Consumer Rights Act 2015
1758:s 64 Consumer Rights Act 2015
1747:s 62 Consumer Rights Act 2015
1736:s 56 Consumer Rights Act 2015
1725:s 55 Consumer Rights Act 2015
1692:s 50 Consumer Rights Act 2015
1681:s 52 Consumer Rights Act 2015
1670:s 49 Consumer Rights Act 2015
1627:s 33 Consumer Rights Act 2015
1616:s 22 Consumer Rights Act 2015
1605:s 11 Consumer Rights Act 2015
1594:s 10 Consumer Rights Act 2015
1360:
1344:The face value of the ticket.
1048:
1041:Part 2 concerns unfair terms.
925:5 Explicitly rejected by the
692:Quasi-contractual obligations
44:secondary or tertiary sources
2280:the Kingdom of Great Britain
1583:s 9 Consumer Rights Act 2015
1572:s 2 Consumer Rights Act 2015
996:which consolidates existing
7:
1956:
1562:, accessed 21 February 2024
1275:Competition Appeal Tribunal
1183:
239:Status: Current legislation
10:
4617:
2087:Nash v Paragon Finance plc
1804:Mulheron, Rachael (2017).
1473:"Consumer Rights Act 2015"
1374:"Consumer Rights Act 2015"
1308:A description of each fee.
563:Hague Judgments Convention
182:Viscount Younger of Leckie
120:United Kingdom legislation
55:"Consumer Rights Act 2015"
4538:
4497:
4437:
4413:
3221:
3192:
2908:Acts of Parliament of the
2907:
2887:
2286:
2274:
2248:
2147:
2136:
2125:
2114:
2105:
2094:
2083:
2072:
2059:
2048:
2037:
2026:
2014:
2005:
1996:
1919:. Citizens Advice Bureaux
1259:
1254:European Court of Justice
1214:
1130:
1122:'Digital content' means "
914:4 Specific to the German
251:
244:
237:
227:
217:
212:
192:
168:
158:
147:
133:
128:
3225:of the United Kingdom of
2911:Kingdom of Great Britain
2256:List of English statutes
2129:OFT v Abbey National plc
2108:Consumer Rights Act 2015
1144:Of satisfactory quality.
1135:
986:Consumer Rights Act 2015
619:Anticipatory repudiation
369:unequal bargaining power
194:Territorial extent
124:Consumer Rights Act 2015
2694:Interregnum (1642–1660)
1991:Sources on unfair terms
1423:. The National Archives
1376:. The National Archives
1318:The amount of each fee.
1155:the seller's election.
1066:consumer protection law
998:consumer protection law
941:Uniform Commercial Code
916:Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch
601:Third-party beneficiary
573:Rights of third parties
451:Accord and satisfaction
2888:Parliament of Scotland
2191:Sale of Goods Act 1979
2176:Standard form contract
2171:Office of Fair Trading
2008:Sale of Goods Act 1979
1503:Which? Consumer Rights
1477:Which? Consumer Rights
1269:Schedule 8 amends the
1206:restitutio ad integrum
1085:Sale of Goods Act 1979
672:Liquidated, stipulated
517:Forum selection clause
402:Frustration of purpose
31:relies excessively on
4540:Secondary legislation
3195:Parliament of Ireland
2287:Parliament of England
1560:Gough Square Chambers
934:Canadian contract law
302:Abstraction principle
4596:English contract law
4461:Acts of Senedd Cymru
4392:European Communities
2261:Charter of Liberties
1554:Kingham, R. (2015),
1352:Impact and reception
1271:Competition Act 1998
1178:specific performance
763:Related areas of law
662:Specific performance
512:Choice of law clause
477:Contract of adhesion
391:Culpa in contrahendo
297:Meeting of the minds
292:Offer and acceptance
4366:Halsbury's Statutes
2278:of states preceding
2276:Acts of parliaments
2052:Smith v Eric S Bush
1822:10.1093/ojls/gqx016
1499:"Sale of Goods Act"
1398:. businesscompanion
1326:Secondary ticketing
1202:expectation damages
1002:secondary ticketing
927:UNIDROIT Principles
701:Promissory estoppel
581:Privity of contract
534:New York Convention
494:UNIDROIT Principles
337:Collateral contract
332:Implication-in-fact
317:Invitation to treat
125:
4372:Legislation.gov.uk
3223:Acts of Parliament
2161:Legislation.gov.uk
1198:breach of contract
747:Duty of good faith
644:Fundamental breach
610:Breach of contract
539:UNCITRAL Model Law
503:Dispute resolution
488:Contra proferentem
482:Integration clause
456:Exculpatory clause
123:
4578:
4577:
4563:Acts of Adjournal
4534:
4533:
4526:1972–2009/2015–16
4499:Orders in Council
4415:Church of England
4409:
4408:
2903:
2902:
2770:Habeas Corpus Act
2681:Petition of Right
2156:
2155:
1332:reselling tickets
1194:misrepresentation
1017:Sale of Goods Act
982:
981:
825:England and Wales
733:Duties of parties
724:Negotiorum gestio
713:Unjust enrichment
434:Statute of frauds
383:Unconscionability
355:Misrepresentation
312:Mirror image rule
258:
257:
200:England and Wales
129:Act of Parliament
116:
115:
108:
90:
4608:
4558:Acts of Sederunt
4518:Northern Ireland
4513:
4512:
4386:relating to the
4383:
4382:
2284:
2283:
2235:
2228:
2221:
2212:
2211:
2099:
2065:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1962:
1961:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1913:
1907:
1902:
1896:
1891:
1885:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1801:
1795:
1790:UK Legislation,
1788:
1782:
1777:
1771:
1766:
1760:
1755:
1749:
1744:
1738:
1733:
1727:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1706:. Pinsent Masons
1700:
1694:
1689:
1683:
1678:
1672:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1659:on 5 March 2016.
1649:
1643:
1638:
1629:
1624:
1618:
1613:
1607:
1602:
1596:
1591:
1585:
1580:
1574:
1569:
1563:
1552:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1495:
1489:
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1486:
1484:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1422:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1370:
974:
967:
960:
802:China (mainland)
771:Conflict of laws
634:Efficient breach
629:Exclusion clause
429:Illusory promise
412:Impracticability
274:
260:
259:
206:Northern Ireland
195:
187:
178:
138:
137:
126:
122:
111:
104:
100:
97:
91:
89:
48:
24:
16:
4616:
4615:
4611:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4605:
4581:
4580:
4579:
4574:
4530:
4511:
4493:
4438:Legislation of
4433:
4405:
4381:
4361:
4233:
3730:
3228:
3226:
3217:
3188:
2909:
2899:
2883:
2279:
2270:
2244:
2239:
2157:
2152:
2143:
2132:
2121:
2110:
2101:
2097:
2090:
2079:
2068:
2063:
2055:
2044:
2033:
2022:
2010:
2001:
1992:
1989:
1959:
1954:
1944:
1942:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1922:
1920:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1888:
1881:
1877:
1867:
1865:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1845:
1843:
1833:
1829:
1802:
1798:
1789:
1785:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1741:
1734:
1730:
1723:
1719:
1709:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1690:
1686:
1679:
1675:
1668:
1664:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1625:
1621:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1588:
1581:
1577:
1570:
1566:
1553:
1544:
1534:
1532:
1531:on 21 July 2015
1523:
1522:
1518:
1508:
1506:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1482:
1480:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1456:
1454:
1440:
1436:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1401:
1399:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1379:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1354:
1328:
1299:
1287:competition law
1267:
1265:Competition law
1262:
1222:
1217:
1186:
1169:right to repair
1161:
1159:Digital content
1138:
1133:
1099:
1051:
1029:digital content
978:
949:
821:United Kingdom
784:By jurisdiction
240:
193:
180:
143:
135:
121:
112:
101:
95:
92:
49:
47:
41:
37:primary sources
25:
12:
11:
5:
4614:
4604:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4576:
4575:
4573:
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4567:
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4431:
4426:
4420:
4418:
4411:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4397:
4395:
4388:European Union
4380:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4360:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
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4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
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4211:
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4186:
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4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
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4111:
4106:
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4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
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4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
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3698:
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3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
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3628:
3623:
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3603:
3598:
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3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3232:
3230:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3199:
3197:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2915:
2913:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2797:Bill of Rights
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2690:
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2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
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2623:
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2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
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2281:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2245:
2242:UK legislation
2238:
2237:
2230:
2223:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1987:
1980:
1973:
1965:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1930:
1908:
1897:
1886:
1875:
1853:
1827:
1816:(4): 814–843.
1796:
1783:
1772:
1761:
1750:
1739:
1728:
1717:
1695:
1684:
1673:
1662:
1644:
1630:
1619:
1608:
1597:
1586:
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1542:
1516:
1490:
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1434:
1409:
1387:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1309:
1302:Letting agents
1298:
1295:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1247:European Union
1243:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1185:
1182:
1160:
1157:
1152:
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1145:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1120:
1117:
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1110:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1087:
1082:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1039:
988:(c. 15) is an
980:
979:
977:
976:
969:
962:
954:
951:
950:
948:
947:
937:
932:6 Specific to
930:
923:
912:
909:
906:
901:1 Specific to
898:
895:
894:
890:
889:
888:
887:
882:
877:
864:
859:
851:
850:
842:
841:
840:
839:
834:
833:
832:
827:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
786:
785:
781:
780:
779:
778:
776:Commercial law
773:
765:
764:
760:
759:
758:
757:
756:
755:
744:
735:
734:
730:
729:
728:
727:
720:
715:
710:
707:Quantum meruit
703:
695:
694:
688:
687:
686:
685:
680:
679:
678:
664:
656:
655:
649:
648:
647:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
613:
612:
606:
605:
604:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
575:
574:
570:
569:
568:
567:
566:
565:
555:
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553:
543:
542:
541:
536:
526:
525:
524:
514:
506:
505:
499:
498:
497:
496:
491:
484:
479:
474:
472:Parol evidence
466:
465:
464:Interpretation
461:
460:
459:
458:
453:
448:
443:
440:Non est factum
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
415:
414:
409:
404:
394:
387:
386:
385:
371:
362:
357:
349:
348:
342:
341:
340:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
281:
280:
276:
275:
267:
266:
256:
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249:
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242:
241:
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235:
234:
231:
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224:
221:
215:
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210:
209:
208:
207:
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201:
196:
190:
189:
170:
166:
165:
162:
156:
155:
151:
145:
144:
139:
131:
130:
119:
114:
113:
28:
26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4613:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4571:
4568:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4555:
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4551:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4541:
4537:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4519:
4514:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4496:
4490:
4487:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4478:
4475:
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4459:
4455:
4452:
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4427:
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4402:
4399:
4398:
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4393:
4389:
4384:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4362:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
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4240:
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4235:
4234:
4230:
4227:
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4222:
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4207:
4205:
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4137:
4135:
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4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
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4067:
4065:
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4057:
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4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
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3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
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3832:
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3827:
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3817:
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3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
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3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3224:
3220:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3191:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2906:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2310:Temp. incert.
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2231:
2229:
2224:
2222:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2124:
2120:
2119:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2047:
2043:
2042:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2025:
2020:
2019:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1986:
1981:
1979:
1974:
1972:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1940:
1934:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1901:
1895:
1890:
1884:
1879:
1863:
1857:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1776:
1770:
1765:
1759:
1754:
1748:
1743:
1737:
1732:
1726:
1721:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1688:
1682:
1677:
1671:
1666:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1637:
1635:
1628:
1623:
1617:
1612:
1606:
1601:
1595:
1590:
1584:
1579:
1573:
1568:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1530:
1526:
1520:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1438:
1419:
1413:
1397:
1391:
1375:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1323:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1189:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1156:
1150:As described.
1149:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
975:
970:
968:
963:
961:
956:
955:
953:
952:
946:
942:
938:
935:
931:
928:
924:
921:
917:
913:
910:
907:
905:jurisdictions
904:
900:
899:
897:
896:
892:
891:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
872:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
854:
853:
852:
848:
844:
843:
838:
837:United States
835:
831:
828:
826:
823:
822:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
789:
788:
787:
783:
782:
777:
774:
772:
769:
768:
767:
766:
762:
761:
754:
751:
750:
748:
745:
742:
739:
738:
737:
736:
732:
731:
726:
725:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
708:
704:
702:
699:
698:
697:
696:
693:
690:
689:
684:
681:
677:
676:penal damages
673:
670:
669:
668:
667:Money damages
665:
663:
660:
659:
658:
657:
654:
651:
650:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
616:
615:
614:
611:
608:
607:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
578:
577:
576:
572:
571:
564:
561:
560:
559:
556:
552:
549:
548:
547:
544:
540:
537:
535:
532:
531:
530:
527:
523:
520:
519:
518:
515:
513:
510:
509:
508:
507:
504:
501:
500:
495:
492:
490:
489:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
469:
468:
467:
463:
462:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
446:Unclean hands
444:
442:
441:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
413:
410:
408:
407:Impossibility
405:
403:
400:
399:
398:
397:Force majeure
395:
393:
392:
388:
384:
381:
380:
379:
378:public policy
375:
372:
370:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
352:
351:
350:
347:
344:
343:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
327:Consideration
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
284:
283:
282:
278:
277:
273:
269:
268:
265:
262:
261:
254:
250:
247:
243:
236:
233:26 March 2015
232:
230:
226:
223:26 March 2015
222:
220:
216:
211:
205:
202:
199:
198:
197:
191:
183:
174:
171:
169:Introduced by
167:
163:
161:
157:
152:
150:
146:
142:
132:
127:
118:
110:
107:
99:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64:
60:
57: –
56:
52:
51:Find sources:
45:
39:
38:
34:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
4507:1994 to date
4442:institutions
4401:1972 to date
4377:Short titles
4364:
3193:Acts of the
2692:
2309:
2138:
2127:
2116:
2107:
2085:
2074:
2061:
2050:
2039:
2028:
2021:(1981) Ex CC
2016:
1943:. Retrieved
1933:
1921:. Retrieved
1911:
1900:
1889:
1878:
1866:. Retrieved
1856:
1844:. Retrieved
1840:
1830:
1813:
1809:
1799:
1786:
1775:
1764:
1753:
1742:
1731:
1720:
1708:. Retrieved
1698:
1687:
1676:
1665:
1657:the original
1647:
1622:
1611:
1600:
1589:
1578:
1567:
1559:
1533:. Retrieved
1529:the original
1519:
1507:. Retrieved
1502:
1493:
1481:. Retrieved
1476:
1467:
1455:. Retrieved
1447:
1437:
1425:. Retrieved
1412:
1400:. Retrieved
1390:
1378:. Retrieved
1368:
1355:
1347:
1329:
1321:
1300:
1289:, a form of
1283:class action
1268:
1244:
1230:
1223:
1220:Unfair terms
1210:
1190:
1187:
1162:
1153:
1139:
1100:
1070:
1052:
1033:
1014:
985:
983:
880:Criminal law
862:Property law
817:Saudi Arabia
722:
705:
486:
438:
389:
307:Posting rule
264:Contract law
229:Commencement
219:Royal assent
117:
102:
93:
83:
76:
69:
62:
50:
30:
2266:Magna Carta
2206:Repair café
1097:Definitions
718:Restitution
529:Arbitration
96:August 2016
4585:Categories
4390:(formerly
1361:References
1279:High Court
1055:Jo Swinson
1049:Background
920:pandectist
903:common law
683:Rescission
591:Delegation
586:Assignment
374:Illegality
322:Firm offer
173:Jo Swinson
164:2015 c. 15
149:Long title
66:newspapers
33:references
3213:1751–1800
3208:1701–1750
3004:1760–1764
2999:1755–1759
2994:1750–1754
2989:1745–1749
2984:1740–1744
2979:1735–1739
2974:1730–1734
2969:1725–1729
2964:1720–1724
2959:1715–1719
2336:1422–1460
2331:1413–1421
2326:1399–1411
2321:1377–1397
2316:1327–1376
2304:1308–1325
2299:1275–1307
2294:1225–1267
1864:. Dentons
922:tradition
792:Australia
639:Deviation
546:Mediation
279:Formation
154:purposes.
4440:devolved
4417:measures
1957:See also
1841:BBC News
1457:19 March
1448:BBC News
1427:19 March
1402:19 March
1380:19 March
1250:case law
1184:Services
1165:freemium
1113:behalf."
1023:and the
1006:lettings
885:Evidence
857:Tort law
830:Scotland
653:Remedies
596:Novation
419:Hardship
346:Defences
287:Capacity
203:Scotland
160:Citation
3203:to 1700
2895:to 1707
1846:4 April
1509:1 March
1483:1 March
1330:Anyone
1174:damages
875:estates
807:Ireland
424:Set-off
365:Threats
360:Mistake
177:Commons
80:scholar
1945:1 July
1923:1 July
1868:1 July
1710:1 July
1535:1 July
1313:tenant
1260:Part 3
1215:Part 2
1131:Part 1
1107:EU law
873:, and
871:trusts
845:Other
797:Canada
82:
75:
68:
61:
53:
1505:. n.d
1479:. n.d
1421:(PDF)
1136:Goods
893:Notes
867:Wills
849:areas
812:India
674:, or
624:Cover
213:Dates
186:Lords
87:JSTOR
73:books
4516:for
4482:List
4470:List
4463:and
4454:List
4424:List
4357:2024
4352:2023
4347:2022
4342:2021
4337:2020
4332:2019
4327:2018
4322:2017
4317:2016
4312:2015
4307:2014
4302:2013
4297:2012
4292:2011
4287:2010
4282:2009
4277:2008
4272:2007
4267:2006
4262:2005
4257:2004
4252:2003
4247:2002
4242:2001
4237:2000
4229:1999
4224:1998
4219:1997
4214:1996
4209:1995
4204:1994
4199:1993
4194:1992
4189:1991
4184:1990
4179:1989
4174:1988
4169:1987
4164:1986
4159:1985
4154:1984
4149:1983
4144:1982
4139:1981
4134:1980
4129:1979
4124:1978
4119:1977
4114:1976
4109:1975
4104:1974
4099:1973
4094:1972
4089:1971
4084:1970
4079:1969
4074:1968
4069:1967
4064:1966
4059:1965
4054:1964
4049:1963
4044:1962
4039:1961
4034:1960
4029:1959
4024:1958
4019:1957
4014:1956
4009:1955
4004:1954
3999:1953
3994:1952
3989:1951
3984:1950
3979:1949
3974:1948
3969:1947
3964:1946
3959:1945
3954:1944
3949:1943
3944:1942
3939:1941
3934:1940
3929:1939
3924:1938
3919:1937
3914:1936
3909:1935
3904:1934
3899:1933
3894:1932
3889:1931
3884:1930
3879:1929
3874:1928
3869:1927
3864:1926
3859:1925
3854:1924
3849:1923
3844:1922
3839:1921
3834:1920
3829:1919
3824:1918
3819:1917
3814:1916
3809:1915
3804:1914
3799:1913
3794:1912
3789:1911
3784:1910
3779:1909
3774:1908
3769:1907
3764:1906
3759:1905
3754:1904
3749:1903
3744:1902
3739:1901
3734:1900
3726:1899
3721:1898
3716:1897
3711:1896
3706:1895
3701:1894
3696:1893
3691:1892
3686:1891
3681:1890
3676:1889
3671:1888
3666:1887
3661:1886
3656:1885
3651:1884
3646:1883
3641:1882
3636:1881
3631:1880
3626:1879
3621:1878
3616:1877
3611:1876
3606:1875
3601:1874
3596:1873
3591:1872
3586:1871
3581:1870
3576:1869
3571:1868
3566:1867
3561:1866
3556:1865
3551:1864
3546:1863
3541:1862
3536:1861
3531:1860
3526:1859
3521:1858
3516:1857
3511:1856
3506:1855
3501:1854
3496:1853
3491:1852
3486:1851
3481:1850
3476:1849
3471:1848
3466:1847
3461:1846
3456:1845
3451:1844
3446:1843
3441:1842
3436:1841
3431:1840
3426:1839
3421:1838
3416:1837
3411:1836
3406:1835
3401:1834
3396:1833
3391:1832
3386:1831
3381:1830
3376:1829
3371:1828
3366:1827
3361:1826
3356:1825
3351:1824
3346:1823
3341:1822
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