448:
482:
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109:
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84:
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56:
281:, among other fire-adapted conifer species, depends on fire to reproduce. The cones are pyriscent so they will only open after exposed to a certain temperature. This reduces competition for the giant sequoia seedlings because the fire has cleared non fire-adapted, competing species. Pyriscent species benefit from moderate-intensity fires in older stands however, climate change is causing more frequent high intensity fires in North America. Controlled burns can manage the fire cycle and the intensity of regenerate fires in forests with pyriscent species like the boreal forest in Canada.
663:, getting out of control and merging. The conflict of controlled burn policy in the United States has roots in historical campaigns to combat wildfires and to the eventual acceptance of fire as a necessary ecological phenomenon. Following colonization of North America, the US used fire suppression laws to eradicate the indigenous practice of prescribed fire. This was done against scientific evidence that supported prescribed burns as a natural process. At the loss to the local environment, colonies utilized fire suppression in order to benefit the logging industry.
628:, there was an increase in the intensity and scale of wildfires after local bylaws restricted the use of controlled burns. In 2017, following one of the worst years for wildfire in the province's history, indigenous leadership and public service members wrote an independent report that suggested returning to the traditional use of prescribed burns to manage understory fuel from wildfires. The government of British Columbia responded by committing to using controlled burns as a wildfire management tool.
494:
Boss can determine how the direction of both flames and smoke and plan their lines of fire accordingly. Once the ignition phase has ended in a section, the suppression team "mops up" by using suppression packs to suppress smoldering material. Other tools used for suppression are RTVs equipped with a water tank and a pump and hose that is installed in a nearby body of water. Finally, once the mop up has finished, the Burn Boss declares the controlled burn over and local fire authorities are notified.
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342:, as a part of field preparation for planting. Often called field burning, this technique is used to clear the land of any existing crop residue as well as kill weeds and weed seeds. Field burning is less expensive than most other methods such as herbicides or tillage, but because it produces smoke and other fire-related pollutants, its use is not popular in agricultural areas bounded by residential housing.
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consumes the eucalypt adults, but most of the seeds survive using the ash as a source of nutrients. At their rate of growth, they quickly dominate the land and a new, like-aged eucalyptus forest grows. Other tree species like poplar can easily regenerate after a fire into a like-aged stand from a vast root system that is protected from fires because it is underground.
601:, fire is a living being that has the power to change landscapes through both destruction and the regrowth and return of life following a fire. Human beings are also inexorably tied to the land they live on as stewards who maintain the ecosystems around them. Because fire can reveal dormant seedlings, it is a land management tool. Fire was a part of the landscapes of
270:, perpetuates fire dependent species and improves accessibility. To improve the application of prescribed burns for conservation goals, which may involve mimicking historical or natural fire regimes, scientists assess the impact of variation in fire attributes. Parameters measured are fire frequency, intensity, severity, patchiness, spatial scale and phenology.
64:
567:. One is natural, mainly through lightning, and the other is human activity. Controlled burns have a long history in wildland management. Fire has been used by humans to clear land since the Neolithic period. Fire history studies have documented regular wildland fires ignited by indigenous peoples in North America and
439:, burning should be restricted to daylight hours whenever possible. Furthermore, in temperate climates, it is important to burn grasslands and prairies before native species begin growing for the season so that only non-native species, which send up shoots earlier in the spring, are affected by the fire.
685:
Tensions around fire prevention continue to rise due to the increasing prevalence of climate change. As drought conditions worsen, North
America has been facing an abundance of destructive wildfires. Since 1988, many states have made progress toward controlled burns. In 2021, California increased the
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can result in a long-term cumulative reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. One working example is the West Arnhem Fire
Management Agreement, started to bring "strategic fire management across 28,000 square kilometres (11,000 sq mi) of Western Arnhem Land" to partially offset greenhouse gas
298:
Native grassland species in North
America and Australia are adapted to survive occasional low intensity fires. Controlled burns in prairie ecosystems mimic low intensity fires that shift the composition of plants from non-native species to native species. These controlled burns occur during the early
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Fire suppression has changed the composition and ecology of North
American habitats, including highly fire-dependent ecosystems such as oak savannas and canebrakes, which are now critically endangered habitats on the brink of extinction. In the Eastern United States, fire-sensitive trees such as the
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During ignition, the Burn Boss relays information about the fire (flame length, flame height, the percent of ground that has been blackened) to the
Communications Officer who documents this information. The Communications Officer relays information about the wind speed and wind direction so the Burn
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Head fires, that burn with the prevailing wind, are used between two firebreaks because head fires will burn more intensely and move faster than a back burn. Head fires are used when a back burn would move too slowly through the fuel either because the fuel moisture is high or the wind speed is low.
455:
Back burning or a back fire is the term given to the process of lighting vegetation in such a way that it has to burn against the prevailing wind. This produces a slower moving and more controllable fire. Controlled burns utilize back burning during planned fire events to create a "black line" where
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Health and safety, protecting personnel, preventing the fire from escaping and reducing the impact of smoke are the most important considerations when planning a controlled burn. While the most common driver of fuel treatment is the prevention of loss of human life and structures, certain parameters
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occurred, which significantly politicized fire management. The ensuing media coverage was a spectacle that was vulnerable to misinformation. Reports drastically inflated the scale of the fires which disposed politicians in
Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana to believe that all fires represented a loss of
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it. Broadcast burns tend to have lower temperatures and will not harm the soil as much as pile burning, though steps can be taken to treat the soil after a burn. In lop and scatter burning, slash is left to compact over time, or is compacted with machinery. This produces a lower intensity fire, as
468:
In
Ontario, Canada, controlled burns are regulated by the Ministry of Natural Resources and only trained personnel can plan and ignite controlled burns within Ontario's fire regions or if the Ministry of Natural Resources in involved in any aspect of planning a controlled burn. The team performing
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displaced indigenous people from lands that were controlled with fire and prohibited from conducting traditional controlled burns. After wildfires began increasing in scale and intensity in the 20th century, fire control authorities in began reintroducing controlled burns and indigenous leadership
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until early colonial rule restricted indigenous culture in across Canada. During colonization, large scale forest fires were caused by sparks from railroads and fire was used to clear land for agriculture use. The public perception of forest fires was positive because the cleared land represented
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or mountain ash of
Australia also shows a unique evolution with fire, quickly replacing damaged buds or stems in the case of danger. They also carry their seeds in capsules which can be deposited at any time of the year . During a wildfire, the capsules drop nearly all of their seeds and the fire
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to be reared for shooting. The peat-lands are some of the largest carbon sinks in the UK, providing an immensely important ecological service. The governments has restricted burning to the area but hunters have been continuing to set the moors ablaze, releasing a large amount of carbon into the
571:
prior to the establishment of colonial law and fire suppression. Native
Americans frequently used fire to manage natural environments in a way that benefited humans and wildlife in forests and grasslands by starting low-intensity fires that released nutrients for plants, reduced competition for
307:
Controlled burns reduce the amount of understory fuel so when a wildfire enters the area, a controlled burn site can reduce the intensity of the fire or prevent the fire from crossing the area entirely. A controlled burn prior to the wildfire season can protect infrastructure and communities or
273:
Furthermore, controlled fire can be used for site preparation when mechanized treatments are not possible because of terrain that prevents equipment access. Species variation and competition can drastically increase a few years after fuel treatments because of the increase in soil nutrients and
1262:
The suppression of natural fire events may represent the greatest threat to the
Louisiana pine snake in recent years, decreasing both the quantity and quality of habitat available to pine snakes. The longleaf-pine savannah forest evolved as a fire-climax community, adapted to the occurrence of
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On the day of the controlled burn, personnel meet with the Burn Boss and discuss the tactics being used for ignition and suppression, health and safety precautions, fuel moisture levels and the weather (wind direction, wind speed, temperature and precipitation) for the day. On site, local fire
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land for livestock and to prevent larger fires when the grass is drier and the weather is hotter. In the past few decades, the practice of burning savanna has decreased because rain has become inadequate and unpredictable, there are more frequent occurrences of large accidental fires and
469:
the prescribed burn is divided into several roles; the Burn Boss, Communications, Suppression and Ignition. The planning process begins by submitting an application to a local fire management office and after approval, applicants must submit a burn plan several weeks prior to ignition.
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are canisters filled with fuel and a wick at the end that is used to ignite the lines of fire. Safe zones are established to ensure personnel know where the fire cannot cross either because of natural barriers like bodies of water or human-made barriers like tilled earth.
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The use of controlled burns in North America ended in the early 20th century, when federal fire policies were enacted with the goal of suppressing all fires. Since 1995, the US Forest Service has slowly incorporated burning practices into its forest management policies.
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control authorities are notified by telephone about the controlled burn while the rest of the team members fill drip torches with pre-mixed fuel, fill suppression packs with water and put up barricades and signage to prevent pedestrian access to the controlled burn.
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fire cannot burn through. Back burning or backfiring is also done to stop a wildfire that is already in progress. Firebreaks are also used as an anchor point to start a line of fires along natural or man-made features such as a river, road or a bulldozed clearing.
1705:
388:, Australia. Deliberately starting controlled burns early in the dry season results in a mosaic of burnt and unburnt country which reduces the area of stronger, late dry season fires; it is also known as "patch burning".
2731:
2493:
R.A. Bradstock; M. Bedward; B.J. Kenny; J. Scott (1998). "Spatially-explicit simulation of the effect of prescribed burning on fire regimes and plant extinctions in shrublands typical of south-eastern Australia".
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revenue from tourism. Paramount to the new action plans is the suppression of fires that threaten the loss of human life with leniency toward areas of historic, scientific, or special ecological interest.
506:
from forestry operations. Broadcast burning is the burning of scattered slash over a wide area. Pile burning is gathering up the slash into piles before burning. These burning piles may be referred to as
2358:
Mirra, Inês M.; Oliveira, Tiago M.; Barros, Ana M.G.; Fernandes, Paulo M. (2017). "Fuel dynamics following fire hazard reduction treatments in blue gum ( Eucalyptus globulus ) plantations in Portugal".
2695:
Shoemaker, Cory M. (2018). "Environmental and landscape factors affecting the continued suppression of canebrakes (Arundinaria gigantea, Poaceae) within restorations of bottomland hardwood forests".
1955:
Antar, Mohammed; Lyu, Dongmei; Nazari, Mahtab; Shah, Ateeq; Zhou, Xiaomin; Smith, Donald L. (2021). "Biomass for a sustainable bioeconomy: An overview of world biomass production and utilization".
666:
The notion of fire as a tool had somewhat evolved by the late 1970s as the National Park Service authorized and administered controlled burns. Following prescribed fire reintroduction, the
1411:
Havrilla, Caroline A.; Faist, Akasha M.; Barger, Nichole N. (2017). "Understory Plant Community Responses to Fuel-Reduction Treatments and Seeding in an Upland Piñon-Juniper Woodland".
648:, leading to a 23-car collision in which 7 people died and 37 were injured. This resulted in more scrutiny of field burning and proposals to ban field burning in the state altogether.
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in Ontario began conducting prescribed burns on forested land which led to the created of a prescribed burn program as well as training and regulation for controlled burns in Ontario.
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began requiring a permit for farmers to burn their fields in 1981, but the requirements became stricter in 1988 following a multi-car collision in which smoke from field burning near
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spring before native plants begin actively growing, when soil moisture is higher and when the fuel load on the ground is low to ensure that the controlled burn remains low intensity.
2140:
Culture, ecology and economy of fire management in Northern Australia savannas : rekindling the Wurrk tradition / editors: Jeremy Russell-Smith, Peter Whitehead, Peter Cooke
364:, unregulated burning of agricultural waste is a major problem. Smoke from these fires leads to degradation in environmental quality in these states and the surrounded area.
171:
Controlled burns are conducted during the cooler months to reduce fuel buildup and decrease the likelihood of more dangerous, hotter fires. Controlled burning stimulates the
3915:
2532:
Scott L. Stephens; Robert E. Martin; Nicholas E. Clinton (2007). "Prehistoric fire area and emissions from California's forests, woodlands, shrublands, and grasslands".
1132:
Transactions of the 63rd North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference; 1998 March 20–25; Orlando, Fl. Washington, DC: Wildlife Management Institute: 402–414
1016:
By Peter J. Murphy. (Edmonton: Alberta Energy and Natural Resources, 1985. xiii + 408 pp. Illustrations, maps, bibliography, appendix, index. Paper $ 15.00 Canadian.)"
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The risk of fatal fires that stem from burning slash can also be reduced by proactively reducing ground fuels before they can create a fuel ladder and begin an active
451:
A controlled burn in Niagara Falls, Ontario where the Burn Boss is watching a back fire (lit first and in the background) move towards a head fire (in the foreground)
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began implementing small prescribed burns however, the scale of wildfires each year outpaces the acreage of land that is intentionally burnt. In the late 1980s, the
694:
In the European Union, burning crop stubble after harvest is used by farmers for plant health reasons under several restrictions in cross-compliance regulations.
682:
of Oregon and Idaho have been moving to reduce the shifting of capital from fire prevention to fire suppression following the harsh fires of 2017 in both states.
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Another method to increase the speed of a back burn is to use a flank fire which is lit at right angles to the prevailing wind and spreads in the same direction.
2857:
2840:
3141:
2295:
3686:
5223:
2938:"Under the guise of science: how the US Forest Service deployed settler colonial and racist logics to advance an unsubstantiated fire suppression agenda"
535:. Predictions show thinned forests lead to a reduction in fire intensity and flame lengths of forest fires compared to untouched or fire-proofed areas.
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is the practice of intentionally setting a fire to change the assemblage of vegetation and decaying material in a landscape. The purpose could be for
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1619:
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swailing or a burn-off. In industrialized countries, controlled burning regulations and permits are usually overseen by fire control authorities.
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are managed by burning in a practice known as muirburn. This kills trees and grasses, preventing natural succession, and generates the mosaic of
3262:
Beese, W.J., Blackwell, B.A., Green, R.N. & Hawkes, B.C. (2006). "Prescribed burning impacts on some coastal British Columbia ecosystems."
2749:
Christianson, Amy Cardinal; Sutherland, Colin Robert; Moola, Faisal; Gonzalez Bautista, Noémie; Young, David; MacDonald, Heather (2022-09-01).
1456:"Giant Sequoia (Sequoiadendron Giganteum [Taxodiacea]) Seedling Survival and Growth in the First Four Decades Following Managed Fires"
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and has been used by indigenous people across the world for millennia to promote biodiversity and cultivate wild crops. Colonial law in
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1818:
Smit, Izak P. J.; Asner, Gregory P.; Govender, Navashni; Vaughn, Nicholas R.; van Wilgen, Brian W. (October 2016). Kardol, Paul (ed.).
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2109:
853:
782:
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2196:
1328:"Spatial scale in prescribed fire regimes: an understudied aspect in conservation with examples from the southeastern United States"
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cultivated species, and consumed excess flammable material that otherwise would eventually fuel high-intensity, catastrophic fires.
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1957:
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Mueller, Stephanie E.; Thode, Andrea E.; Margolis, Ellis Q.; Yocom, Larissa L.; Young, Jesse D.; Iniguez, Jose M. (2020-03-15).
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4414:
5390:
2296:"Slash Pile Burning Effects on Soil Biotic and Chemical Properties and Plant Establishment: Recommendations for Amelioration"
2213:
Whelan, Robert J. (December 2002). "Managing Fire Regimes for Conservation and Property Protection: an Australian Response".
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1869:"Refining thresholds in coupled fire–vegetation models to improve management of encroaching woody plants in grasslands"
1368:"Guidance for the controlled burning of heather, grass and other moorland, in Scotland and other moorland, in Scotland"
893:
823:
17:
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BC-X-403. Victoria B.C.: Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre. Retrieved from:
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Ditomaso, Joseph M.; Brooks, Matthew L.; Allen, Edith B.; Minnich, Ralph; Rice, Peter M.; Kyser, Guy B. (June 2006).
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mitigate risks associated with many dead standing trees such as after a pest infestation when forest fuels are high.
2334:
3373:
806:
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3691:
3142:"GAEC 6: Maintaining the level of organic matter in soil – Guide to cross compliance in England: 2016 – Guidance"
49:
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Twidwell, Dirac; Fuhlendorf, Samuel D.; Taylor, Charles A.; Rogers, William E. (June 2013). Kardol, Paul (ed.).
5395:
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1820:"An examination of the potential efficacy of high-intensity fires for reversing woody encroachment in savannas"
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can also be changed to promote biodiversity and to rearrange the age of a stand or the assemblage of species.
5311:
5028:
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3274:
Understory fuel load and structure eight to nine years after prescribed burning in Mediterranean pine forests
1383:"Reasons For Prescribed Fire In Forest Resource Management – A Guide for Prescribed Fire in Southern Forests"
894:"Reasons For Prescribed Fire In Forest Resource Management - A Guide for Prescribed Fire in Southern Forests"
652:
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Prescribed fire in ponderosa pine forest in eastern Washington, United States, to restore ecosystem health
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Lohmann, Dirk; Tietjen, Britta; Blaum, Niels; Joubert, David Francois; Jeltsch, Florian (August 2014).
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number of trained personnel to perform controlled burns and created more accessibility for landowners.
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35:
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124:. In South Africa controlled burns are important for maintaining the ecological health of indigenous
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83:
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3223:"Traditional fire management: historical fire regimes and land use change in pastoral East Africa"
349:, with the aim of improving the balance of woody plants and grasses in shrublands and grasslands.
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and fuels through burn piles. Controlled burns may also be referred to as hazard reduction burning
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1555:"Eucalyptus regnans (Myrtaceae): A fire-sensitive eucalypt with a resprouter epicormic structure"
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Many trees depend on fire as a way to clear out other plant species and release their seeds. The
238:
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Bowman, D.M.; Perry, G.L.; Higgins, S.I.; Johnson, C.N.; Fuhlendorf, S.D.; Murphy, B.P. (2016).
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With controlled burns, there is also a risk that the fires get out of control. For example, the
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taming the wilderness to an urban populace. The conservation movement, which was spearheaded by
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3184:"Satellites reveal widespread burning on England's protected peatlands, despite government ban"
2048:"Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas"
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Scott L. Stephens; Lawrence W. Ruth (2005). "Federal Forest-Fire Policy in the United States".
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145:
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1158:"Understory vascular plant responses to retention harvesting with and without prescribed fire"
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2605:"The right to burn: barriers and opportunities for Indigenous-led fire stewardship in Canada"
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659:, was started by two distinct instances of controlled burns, which had both been set by the
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In the developing world, the use of controlled burns in agriculture is often referred to as
187:, controlled burns shift the species assemblage to primarily native grassland species. Some
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1918:"Prescribed fire as a tool for managing shrub encroachment in semi-arid savanna rangelands"
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1595:"Trees have evolved to adapt to disturbance and site condition for success in regeneration"
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3062:"Climate relationships with increasing wildfire in the southwestern US from 1984 to 2015"
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There is still a debate amongst policy makers about how to deal with wildfires. Senators
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red maple are increasing in number, at the expense of fire-tolerant species like oaks.
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In East Africa, bird densities increased months after controlled burning had occurred.
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in Ontario, caused a ban on all fires, both natural wild fires and intentional fires.
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2751:"Centering Indigenous Voices: The Role of Fire in the Boreal Forest of North America"
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207:, meaning heat from fire causes the cone or woody husk to open and disperse seeds.
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Franklin, Caroline M.A.; Nielsen, Scott E.; Macdonald, S. Ellen (September 2019).
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1706:"Addressing the New Normal: 21st Century Disaster Management in British Columbia"
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Proceedings of the Annual Congresses of the Grassland Society of Southern Africa
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2006:
1982:
1620:"Traditional Aboriginal fire practices can help promote plant diversity: Study"
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1327:
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2023:
1781:"Controlling bush encroachment with fire in the savanna areas of South Africa"
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Firefighters light, then extinguish a controlled burn in response to the 2020
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2586:"Fire-Adapted: Plants and Animals Rely on Wildfires for Resilient Ecosystems"
2479:
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2079:
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1990:
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1479:
1390:
1277:"Pyrodiversity is the coupling of biodiversity and fire regimes in food webs"
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4668:
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4638:
4615:
4542:
4469:
4449:
4423:
4360:
4195:
3891:
3881:
3866:
3836:
3759:
3735:
3649:
3614:
3579:
3494:
3469:
3425:
2988:
A Test of Adversity and Strength: Wildland Fire in the National Park System
2800:
2087:
1580:
1312:
1293:
1174:
1157:
1135:
772:
710:
614:
3288:
Assessing the impact of prescribed burning on the growth of European pines
2492:
940:
75:. The device spits flaming fuel oil from the side, instantly igniting the
5187:
4862:
4847:
4754:
4728:
4718:
4653:
4633:
4575:
4520:
4474:
4431:
4227:
4207:
4200:
4160:
4127:
3708:
3459:
1966:
1553:
Waters, David A.; Burrows, Geoffrey E.; Harper, John D. I. (April 2010).
1202:"The use of prescribed fire in the management of Canada's forested lands"
762:
598:
594:
172:
113:
89:
76:
2603:
Hoffman, Kira; Christianson, Amy; Dickson-Hoyle, Sarah (31 March 2022).
1571:
1554:
5096:
4882:
4852:
4832:
4769:
4739:
4703:
4547:
4454:
4222:
4217:
3943:
3564:
2732:"Foresters' conflicted love for red maple highlights its various roles"
2046:
Gregory, Nathan C.; Sensenig, Ryan L.; Wilcove, David S. (2010-11-11).
1217:
1047:
739:
718:
679:
656:
532:
316:
27:
Technique to reduce potential fuel for wildfire through managed burning
1281:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
5121:
5101:
5081:
5071:
5061:
4943:
4887:
4817:
4812:
4663:
4105:
4083:
3984:
3926:
3542:
3408:
3222:
2645:"Oak Savannas: characteristics, restoration and long term management"
2163:
1011:
675:
568:
474:
226:
200:
184:
152:
fuel management. A controlled burn may also refer to the intentional
121:
68:
3238:
1085:
1031:
97:
5177:
5172:
5013:
4585:
4484:
4185:
4155:
4150:
4110:
4056:
4046:
3966:
3354:
2102:
748:
717:(heather) of different ages which allows very large populations of
564:
486:
256:
204:
149:
31:
993:"Fire as Medicine: Learning from Native American Fire Stewardship"
447:
4175:
4071:
4041:
4036:
4024:
4014:
3999:
3552:
3022:
1063:
743:
735:
714:
602:
508:
376:
357:
263:
218:
4355:
2912:"The Government Set a Colossal Wildfire. What Are Victims Owed?"
2602:
2419:
2138:
Russell-Smith, Jeremy; Whitehead, Peter J; Cooke, Peter (2009),
41:
For the controlled burns managed by Aboriginal Australians, see
4392:
4009:
3747:
3584:
3532:
3431:
2294:
Julie E. Korb; Nancy C. Johnson; W. W. Covington (March 2004).
2116:. Tropical Savannas Cooperative Research Centre. Archived from
2007:"Emission of Air Pollutants from Crop Residue Burning in India"
1454:
Shellhammer, Howard S.; Shellhammer, Thomas H. (October 2006).
214:
125:
67:
Firing the woods in a South Carolina forest with a custom made
1866:
1525:
Government of Canada, Public Services and Procurement Canada.
871:
Guidelines for Low Intensity Bushfire Hazard Reduction Burning
4744:
4341:
4061:
1126:
Palmer, W. E.; Engstrom, R. T.; Brennan, L. A. (2011-06-16).
1014:
History of Forest and Prairie Fire Control Policy in Alberta.
967:"A 350-million-year legacy of fire adaptation among conifers"
30:"Back-burn" redirects here. For the village in Scotland, see
3161:"Friends of the Earth sparks moorland burning investigation"
2357:
338:. In industrialized nations, it is seen as one component of
315:
Northern California fire crews start a backfire to stop the
4120:
4095:
3769:
3323:
2816:
Two Billion Trees and Counting: The Legacy of Edmund Zavitz
1644:
Stubbendieck, James; Volesky, Jerry; Ortmann, John (1998).
512:
252:
210:
188:
180:
176:
63:
2644:
1915:
1756:"State of Oregon: Smoke and Field Burning – Field Burning"
1643:
922:
502:
There are several different methods used to burn piles of
3059:
2192:
Guidelines for Low Intensity Brush Fire Hazard Reduction
1472:
10.3120/0024-9637(2006)53[342:gssgts]2.0.co;2
1274:
3037:"Wyden renews call for Congress to fix wildfire funding"
1155:
547:
Airplane in Western Australia performing aerial ignition
2131:
1817:
3159:
Shrubsole, Guy; Cameron, Alasdair (24 February 2019).
2194:
http://www.hillside.rfsa.org.au/lowintensityhrburn.pdf
2045:
1678:"Prescribed burns reduce wildfire risks | BC Gov News"
1453:
854:"Burn-off rule change upsets Adelaide Hills residents"
2005:
Jain, Niveta; Bhatia, Arti; Pathak, Himanshu (2014).
1125:
183:
mineral layers which increases seedling vitality. In
3004:
Yellowstone in the Afterglow: Lessons from the Fires
2527:
2525:
1727:"Homeland Security Budget-in-Brief Fiscal Year 2009"
345:
Prescribed fires are broadly used in the context of
262:, controls competing vegetation, helps control tree
1552:
1410:
1195:
1193:
1103:"Canada – The Impact of Fire-exclusion Legislation"
925:"Control of Invasive Weeds with Prescribed Burning"
551:Aerial ignition is a type of controlled burn where
3314:Savanna Oak Foundation article on controlled burns
2164:Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (May 2019).
1954:
128:as well as reducing the intensity of future burns.
3309:U.S. National Park Service Prescribed Fire Policy
2522:
5362:
3158:
2004:
1524:
1190:
3319:The Nature Conservancy's Global Fire Initiative
2663:"Barrens and Savannas communities of Wisconsin"
2289:
2287:
463:
3272:Casals P, Valor T, Besalú A, Molina-Terrén D.
4408:
3339:
2596:
1734:United States Department of Homeland Security
751:government policies prevent burning savanna.
528:long as the slash is not packed too tightly.
5142:Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel
3206:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2284:
1325:
1240:"Louisiana Pine Snake: (Pituophis ruthveni)"
3182:Dowler, Emma Howard, Crispin (2022-05-30).
2697:The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society
1646:"Grassland Management with Prescribed Fire"
1199:
370:
4974:International Association of Fire Fighters
4415:
4401:
3346:
3332:
2990:. U.S. National Park Service. p. 186.
2114:Tropical Savannas CRC, Savanna Information
1263:frequent, but low-intensity, ground fires.
1200:Weber, M. G.; Taylor, S. W. (1992-06-01).
1107:International Association of Wildland Fire
1009:
722:atmosphere and destroying native habitat.
638:Oregon Department of Environmental Quality
3286:Valor T, González-Olabarria JR, Piqué M.
3085:
2790:
2729:
2694:
2620:
2110:"West Arnhem Land Fire Abatement Project"
2022:
1892:
1843:
1570:
1351:
1302:
1292:
1173:
896:. Bugwood.org. 2003-03-24. Archived from
783:Native American use of fire in ecosystems
655:, the largest wildfire in the history of
5381:Habitat management equipment and methods
2420:Rachel G. Schneider; Deborah Breedlove.
1958:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
1778:
1653:University of Nebraska Lincoln Extension
696:
542:
480:
446:
310:
293:
237:
107:
96:
82:
62:
54:
3023:"Forest Service Wilderness Fire Policy"
2985:
2935:
2445:
1675:
964:
14:
5363:
3227:International Journal of Wildland Fire
3181:
3000:
2909:
2813:
2212:
1719:
1703:
1134:. Treesearch.fs.fed.us. Archived from
1097:
1095:
1059:
1057:
990:
302:
120:in South Africa bordering the city of
4396:
3327:
2981:
2979:
2883:
2730:Highfield, Craig (21 November 2018).
2262:
2260:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
1699:
1697:
1671:
1669:
1319:
497:
5307:
5132:Modular Airborne FireFighting System
3220:
2583:
2568:"Chapter Introduction: Fire Ecology"
1380:
1010:Fahnestock, George R. (1986-07-01).
986:
984:
960:
958:
918:
916:
914:
888:
886:
851:
644:, obscured the vision of drivers on
274:availability of space and sunlight.
4271:
3152:
2675:
2448:"Forest Clearance in the Stone Age"
1502:"Giant Sequoia Ecology (Chapter 5)"
1326:Mason, D.S.; Lashley, M.A. (2021).
1162:Canadian Journal of Forest Research
1092:
1054:
24:
4780:Self-contained breathing apparatus
4480:Firefighter assist and search team
3256:
2976:
2678:"The loss of the great canebrakes"
2257:
2146:
1694:
1666:
1527:"Information archivée dans le Web"
1413:Rangeland Ecology & Management
1360:
538:
442:
352:In Northern-India, especially, In
25:
5407:
3620:Global Forest Information Service
3302:
2472:10.1038/scientificamerican0356-36
2003:This review cites this research.
1779:Trollope, W.S.W. (January 1980).
981:
955:
911:
883:
511:. High temperatures can harm the
5342:
5330:
5318:
5306:
5295:
5294:
4505:Fire department ranks by country
4422:
4376:
4367:
4366:
4354:
4340:
4326:
4312:
4298:
4284:
4270:
3268:http://hdl.handle.net/10613/2740
2684:. UNC Charlotte Urban Institute.
2446:Iversen, Johannes (March 1956).
2323:10.1111/j.1061-2971.2004.00304.x
2235:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.02091.x
2072:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01533.x
2011:Aerosol and Air Quality Research
1128:"Whither wildlife without fire?"
631:
575:
411:
402:
5386:Agriculture and the environment
5343:
4979:International Firefighters' Day
4939:Candidate Physical Ability Test
4377:
3214:
3175:
3134:
3110:
3053:
3029:
3015:
2994:
2936:Vinyeta, Kirsten (2021-10-12).
2929:
2903:
2888:. Eugene Weekly. Archived from
2877:
2866:
2849:
2832:
2807:
2742:
2723:
2688:
2669:
2655:
2637:
2584:Sten, Michaela (12 July 2020).
2577:
2560:
2486:
2439:
2413:
2387:
2351:
2268:"Prescribed burns | ontario.ca"
2206:
2186:
2039:
1948:
1909:
1860:
1811:
1772:
1748:
1637:
1612:
1587:
1546:
1518:
1494:
1447:
1404:
1374:
1268:
1232:
1149:
1119:
852:Gage, Nicola (25 August 2016).
734:conduct traditional burning in
375:Controlled burns on Australian
50:Control of fire by early humans
4490:Special operations firefighter
3118:"Bill Text – AB-642 Wildfires"
2910:Romero, Simon (21 June 2022).
1942:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2014.04.003
1003:
991:Palmer, Jane (29 March 2021).
864:
845:
816:
799:
563:There are two basic causes of
323:
34:. For the Canadian group, see
13:
1:
5029:Wildfire emergency management
4596:Hazardous materials apparatus
3066:Forest Ecology and Management
2954:10.1080/23251042.2021.1987608
2534:Forest Ecology and Management
2516:10.1016/S0006-3207(97)00170-5
2427:. Georgia Forestry Commission
2361:Forest Ecology and Management
2173:Ministry of Natural Resources
1797:10.1080/00725560.1980.9648907
965:Tianhua, He (December 2015).
793:
653:Calf Canyon/Hermits Peak Fire
619:Ministry of Natural Resources
5391:Forestry and the environment
3353:
3296:10.1016/j.foreco.2015.02.002
3282:10.1016/j.foreco.2015.11.050
3087:10.1016/j.foreco.2019.117861
2554:10.1016/j.foreco.2007.06.005
2422:"Fire Management Study Unit"
2381:10.1016/j.foreco.2017.05.016
1922:Journal of Arid Environments
1713:BC Flood and Wildfire Review
555:are released from aircraft.
464:Grassland or prairie burning
393:
7:
5004:World Police and Fire Games
4959:Fire protection engineering
2709:10.3159/TORREY-D-17-00011.1
1624:Mongabay Environmental News
756:
251:Controlled burning reduces
246:
10:
5412:
5252:Glossary of wildfire terms
4984:List of firefighting films
4432:Personnel and organization
3731:Growth and yield modelling
3122:leginfo.legislature.ca.gov
2860:September 5, 2006, at the
2843:September 3, 2006, at the
2775:10.1007/s40725-022-00168-9
2395:"What is aerial ignition?"
1983:10.1016/j.rser.2020.110691
1873:Journal of Applied Ecology
1824:Journal of Applied Ecology
1559:American Journal of Botany
1433:10.1016/j.rama.2017.04.002
1353:10.1186/s42408-020-00087-9
824:"What is Hazard Reduction"
558:
327:
213:is a natural part of both
47:
40:
36:Backburner (hip hop group)
29:
5290:
5269:
5244:
5201:
5160:
5042:
5021:
5012:
4964:Geography of firefighting
4931:
4803:
4624:
4556:
4513:
4495:Volunteer fire department
4430:
4305:Earth sciences portal
4291:Climate change portal
4266:
4143:
3975:
3872:Great Green Wall (Africa)
3817:
3508:
3418:
3361:
3001:Franke, Mary Ann (2000).
2615:(January 2022): 464–481.
2024:10.4209/aaqr.2013.01.0031
1020:Journal of Forest History
977:– via ResearchGate.
725:
689:
668:Yellowstone fires of 1988
588:
118:Helderberg Nature Reserve
5282:Template:Fire protection
4999:World Firefighters Games
4893:Gaseous fire suppression
3877:Great Green Wall (China)
3450:Close to nature forestry
3221:Butz, Ramona J. (2009).
2986:Rothman, Hal K. (2005).
2755:Current Forestry Reports
2622:10.1139/facets-2021-0062
2203:Retrieved on May 8, 2016
2166:"Prescribed Burn Manual"
828:www.hillside.rfsa.org.au
371:Greenhouse gas abatement
347:woody plant encroachment
319:from advancing westward.
116:of a controlled burn in
48:Not to be confused with
4969:History of firefighting
3911:Million Tree Initiative
2942:Environmental Sociology
2496:Biological Conservation
1894:10.1111/1365-2664.12063
1845:10.1111/1365-2664.12738
1704:Abbott, George (2017).
1066:Ecological Applications
233:
87:A prescribed burn in a
5107:Firefighting apparatus
4795:Thermal imaging camera
4775:Secure information box
4591:Firefighting apparatus
4333:Environment portal
3765:Sustainable management
3660:Trillion Tree Campaign
3163:. Friends of the Earth
1676:Forests (2019-08-12).
1294:10.1098/rstb.2015.0169
1206:The Forestry Chronicle
1175:10.1139/cjfr-2018-0288
880:Retrieved on 11-3-2009
807:"Managing Brush Fires"
702:
548:
490:
452:
320:
243:
230:into land management.
146:ecological restoration
129:
105:
94:
80:
60:
5396:Ecological techniques
5152:Wildland water tender
4734:Hydraulic rescue tool
4500:Women in firefighting
4258:Wood process engineer
3962:Urban forest inequity
2814:Bacher, John (2011).
1381:Bargeron, Charles T.
941:10.1614/WT-05-086R1.1
700:
546:
484:
450:
382:liquefied natural gas
314:
294:Grassland restoration
241:
111:
100:
86:
66:
58:
5193:Wildland fire module
5147:Wildland fire engine
5034:Wildfire suppression
4571:Fire command vehicle
4566:Airport crash tender
4465:Retained firefighter
3921:Shifting cultivation
3862:Forest fragmentation
3832:Carbon sequestration
3702:Woodland Carbon Code
3667:Forest certification
3575:Even-aged management
3490:Sustainable forestry
2884:Mortensen, Camilla.
2215:Conservation Biology
2052:Conservation Biology
788:Wildfire suppression
340:shifting cultivation
138:prescribed (Rx) burn
5376:Wildfire prevention
5052:Aerial firefighting
4908:Stop, drop and roll
4898:Multiple-alarm fire
4765:Portable water tank
4674:Fire proximity suit
3726:Formally designated
3570:Ecological thinning
3480:Plantation forestry
3388:Research institutes
3078:2020ForEM.46017861M
2767:2022CForR...8..257C
2546:2007ForEM.251..205S
2508:1998BCons..86...83B
2464:1956SciAm.194c..36I
2452:Scientific American
2373:2017ForEM.398..185M
2315:2004ResEc..12...52K
2303:Restoration Ecology
2227:2002ConBi..16.1659W
2064:2010ConBi..24.1606G
1975:2021RSERv.13910691A
1934:2014JArEn.107...49L
1885:2013JApEc..50..603T
1836:2016JApEc..53.1623S
1572:10.3732/ajb.0900158
1425:2017REcoM..70..609H
1344:2021FiEco..17a...3M
1078:2005EcoAp..15..532S
732:Maasai ethnic group
595:Anishinaabeg Nation
485:Controlled burn in
303:Wildfire management
191:, such as those of
148:, land clearing or
5092:Fire retardant gel
5077:Fire lookout tower
4750:New York roof hook
4601:Light and air unit
4538:Fire lookout tower
4445:Chief fire officer
4319:Ecology portal
3852:Forest degradation
3847:Ecosystem services
3455:Community forestry
3264:Information Report
2676:Cockman, Crystal.
2199:2019-03-12 at the
2142:, CSIRO Publishing
1736:. 2009. p. 71
1534:publications.gc.ca
1218:10.5558/tfc68324-3
971:Journal of Ecology
876:2019-03-12 at the
778:Fire-stick farming
742:to provide varied
736:savanna ecosystems
703:
553:incendiary devices
549:
498:Slash pile burning
491:
453:
321:
286:Eucalyptus regnans
244:
130:
106:
95:
81:
61:
43:Fire-stick farming
18:Controlled burning
5358:
5357:
5265:
5264:
5257:List of wildfires
5117:Helicopter bucket
5112:Firefighting foam
4714:Hard suction hose
4659:Fire extinguisher
4649:Fire brigade keys
4390:
4389:
4347:Plants portal
4133:green woodworking
3148:. 5 January 2024.
2818:. Dundurn Press.
709:, large areas of
661:US Forest Service
380:emissions from a
142:forest management
103:Holmen, Wisconsin
93:stand in Portugal
16:(Redirected from
5403:
5371:Wildfire ecology
5346:
5345:
5334:
5333:
5322:
5321:
5310:
5309:
5298:
5297:
5019:
5018:
4954:Fire photography
4736:("Jaws of life")
4694:Fireman's switch
4417:
4410:
4403:
4394:
4393:
4380:
4379:
4370:
4369:
4361:Trees portal
4359:
4358:
4345:
4344:
4331:
4330:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4303:
4302:
4301:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4274:
4273:
3995:Forest gardening
3952:Timber recycling
3899:Invasive species
3787:Tree measurement
3348:
3341:
3334:
3325:
3324:
3251:
3250:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3205:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3179:
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3156:
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3114:
3108:
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3089:
3057:
3051:
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3047:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3019:
3013:
3012:
2998:
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2933:
2927:
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2907:
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2794:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2682:ui.charlotte.edu
2673:
2667:
2666:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2641:
2635:
2634:
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2594:
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2410:
2408:
2406:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2339:
2333:. Archived from
2300:
2291:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2264:
2255:
2254:
2221:(6): 1659–1661.
2210:
2204:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2170:
2161:
2144:
2143:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2058:(6): 1606–1616.
2043:
2037:
2036:
2026:
2002:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1896:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1847:
1830:(5): 1623–1633.
1815:
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1606:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1574:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1531:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1389:. Archived from
1378:
1372:
1371:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1306:
1296:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1259:
1257:
1251:
1245:. Archived from
1244:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1197:
1188:
1187:
1177:
1168:(9): 1087–1100.
1153:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1099:
1090:
1089:
1061:
1052:
1051:
1007:
1001:
1000:
988:
979:
978:
962:
953:
952:
920:
909:
908:
906:
905:
890:
881:
868:
862:
861:
849:
843:
842:
840:
839:
830:. Archived from
820:
814:
813:
812:. February 2017.
811:
803:
768:Cultural burning
705:In the north of
626:British Columbia
435:To minimize the
415:
406:
154:burning of slash
21:
5411:
5410:
5406:
5405:
5404:
5402:
5401:
5400:
5361:
5360:
5359:
5354:
5331:
5319:
5286:
5261:
5240:
5197:
5156:
5057:Controlled burn
5044:
5038:
5008:
4949:Fire engine red
4927:
4918:Two-in, two-out
4873:Fireman's carry
4799:
4699:Flame retardant
4620:
4581:Fire motorcycle
4552:
4526:Fire department
4509:
4460:Station officer
4440:Battalion chief
4426:
4421:
4391:
4386:
4353:
4339:
4325:
4313:
4311:
4299:
4297:
4285:
4283:
4262:
4139:
4116:spruce-pine-fir
4089:Christmas trees
3971:
3887:Illegal logging
3819:
3813:
3528:Controlled burn
3513:
3504:
3485:Social forestry
3465:Energy forestry
3445:Bamboo forestry
3440:Analog forestry
3414:
3357:
3352:
3305:
3259:
3257:Further reading
3254:
3239:10.1071/wf07067
3219:
3215:
3199:
3198:
3192:
3190:
3180:
3176:
3166:
3164:
3157:
3153:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3126:
3124:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3058:
3054:
3045:
3043:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3021:
3020:
3016:
2999:
2995:
2984:
2977:
2934:
2930:
2920:
2918:
2908:
2904:
2895:
2893:
2886:"Blowing Smoke"
2882:
2878:
2871:
2867:
2862:Wayback Machine
2854:
2850:
2845:Wayback Machine
2837:
2833:
2826:
2812:
2808:
2747:
2743:
2728:
2724:
2693:
2689:
2674:
2670:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2649:oaksavannas.org
2643:
2642:
2638:
2601:
2597:
2582:
2578:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2530:
2523:
2491:
2487:
2444:
2440:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2418:
2414:
2404:
2402:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2356:
2352:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2298:
2292:
2285:
2276:
2274:
2266:
2265:
2258:
2211:
2207:
2201:Wayback Machine
2191:
2187:
2177:
2175:
2168:
2162:
2147:
2136:
2132:
2123:
2121:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2044:
2040:
1953:
1949:
1914:
1910:
1865:
1861:
1816:
1812:
1777:
1773:
1764:
1762:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1739:
1737:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1708:
1702:
1695:
1686:
1684:
1674:
1667:
1657:
1655:
1648:
1642:
1638:
1629:
1627:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1604:
1602:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1551:
1547:
1538:
1536:
1529:
1523:
1519:
1510:
1508:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1452:
1448:
1409:
1405:
1396:
1394:
1379:
1375:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1324:
1320:
1273:
1269:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1198:
1191:
1154:
1150:
1141:
1139:
1124:
1120:
1111:
1109:
1101:
1100:
1093:
1086:10.1890/04-0545
1062:
1055:
1032:10.2307/4004885
1008:
1004:
989:
982:
963:
956:
929:Weed Technology
921:
912:
903:
901:
892:
891:
884:
878:Wayback Machine
869:
865:
850:
846:
837:
835:
822:
821:
817:
809:
805:
804:
800:
796:
759:
728:
701:Muir burn in UK
692:
634:
591:
578:
561:
541:
539:Aerial ignition
500:
466:
445:
443:Ground ignition
437:impact of smoke
429:
428:
427:
426:
418:
417:
416:
408:
407:
396:
373:
332:
330:Stubble burning
326:
305:
296:
249:
236:
53:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5409:
5399:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5356:
5355:
5353:
5352:
5340:
5328:
5316:
5304:
5291:
5288:
5287:
5285:
5284:
5279:
5273:
5271:
5267:
5266:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5259:
5254:
5248:
5246:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5238:
5237:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5216:
5211:
5205:
5203:
5199:
5198:
5196:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5164:
5162:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5087:Fire retardant
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5048:
5046:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5036:
5031:
5025:
5023:
5016:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4935:
4933:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4913:Structure fire
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4838:Door breaching
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4809:
4807:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4797:
4792:
4790:Smoke detector
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4689:Fireman's pole
4686:
4681:
4679:Fire retardant
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4630:
4628:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4613:
4611:Rescue vehicle
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4562:
4560:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4534:
4533:
4523:
4517:
4515:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4436:
4434:
4428:
4427:
4420:
4419:
4412:
4405:
4397:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4374:
4364:
4350:
4336:
4322:
4308:
4294:
4280:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4248:Timber cruiser
4245:
4243:Shingle weaver
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4147:
4145:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4093:
4092:
4091:
4081:
4079:Rail transport
4076:
4075:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4029:
4028:
4027:
4022:
4020:pulp and paper
4017:
4012:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3990:Forest farming
3987:
3981:
3979:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3940:
3938:slash-and-char
3935:
3933:slash-and-burn
3930:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3857:Forest dieback
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3823:
3821:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3530:
3525:
3519:
3517:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3500:Urban forestry
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3405:
3398:
3391:
3384:
3377:
3370:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3351:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3304:
3303:External links
3301:
3300:
3299:
3284:
3270:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3213:
3174:
3151:
3133:
3109:
3052:
3041:OregonLive.com
3028:
3014:
2993:
2975:
2948:(2): 134–148.
2928:
2916:New York Times
2902:
2876:
2865:
2848:
2831:
2824:
2806:
2761:(3): 257–276.
2741:
2736:bayjournal.com
2722:
2703:(2): 156–152.
2687:
2668:
2654:
2636:
2595:
2576:
2559:
2540:(3): 205–216.
2521:
2485:
2438:
2412:
2386:
2350:
2283:
2272:www.ontario.ca
2256:
2205:
2185:
2145:
2130:
2101:
2038:
2017:(1): 422–430.
1947:
1908:
1879:(3): 603–613.
1859:
1810:
1791:(1): 173–177.
1771:
1760:www.oregon.gov
1747:
1718:
1693:
1682:news.gov.bc.ca
1665:
1636:
1611:
1586:
1565:(4): 545–556.
1545:
1517:
1493:
1466:(4): 342–350.
1446:
1419:(5): 609–620.
1403:
1373:
1359:
1318:
1267:
1252:on 13 May 2006
1231:
1212:(3): 324–334.
1189:
1148:
1118:
1091:
1072:(2): 532–542.
1053:
1002:
980:
954:
935:(2): 535–548.
910:
882:
863:
844:
815:
797:
795:
792:
791:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
758:
755:
727:
724:
691:
688:
642:Albany, Oregon
633:
630:
613:In the 1970s,
590:
587:
577:
574:
560:
557:
540:
537:
515:, damaging it
499:
496:
465:
462:
444:
441:
425:in California.
420:
419:
410:
409:
401:
400:
399:
398:
397:
395:
392:
372:
369:
336:slash and burn
325:
322:
304:
301:
295:
292:
248:
245:
235:
232:
217:and grassland
193:lodgepole pine
71:mounted on an
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5408:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5351:
5350:
5341:
5339:
5338:
5329:
5327:
5326:
5317:
5315:
5314:
5305:
5303:
5302:
5293:
5292:
5289:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5277:Template:Fire
5275:
5274:
5272:
5268:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5249:
5247:
5243:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5220:
5219:United States
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5206:
5204:
5200:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5159:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5041:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5011:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4994:Saint Florian
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4932:Miscellaneous
4930:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4868:Fire triangle
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4828:Dead man zone
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4802:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4724:Heat detector
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4627:
4623:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4559:
4555:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4512:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4418:
4413:
4411:
4406:
4404:
4399:
4398:
4395:
4383:
4375:
4373:
4365:
4363:
4362:
4357:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4343:
4337:
4335:
4334:
4329:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4295:
4293:
4292:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4269:
4268:
4265:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4238:Rubber tapper
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4166:Choker setter
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4129:
4126:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4094:
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4005:Manufacturing
4003:
4001:
3998:
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3843:
3842:Deforestation
3840:
3838:
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3828:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3818:Environmental
3816:
3808:
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3719:reforestation
3717:
3715:
3714:afforestation
3712:
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3707:
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3523:Arboriculture
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3507:
3501:
3498:
3496:
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3491:
3488:
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3478:
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3475:Permaforestry
3473:
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3209:
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3189:
3185:
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3147:
3143:
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3123:
3119:
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3105:
3101:
3097:
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3018:
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2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2932:
2917:
2913:
2906:
2892:on 2011-09-03
2891:
2887:
2880:
2874:
2869:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2827:
2825:9781459701113
2821:
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2606:
2599:
2591:
2590:defenders.org
2587:
2580:
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2547:
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2539:
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2528:
2526:
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2423:
2416:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2354:
2340:on 2016-03-04
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2297:
2290:
2288:
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2195:
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2174:
2167:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2141:
2134:
2120:on 2012-11-27
2119:
2115:
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2105:
2097:
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2089:
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2077:
2073:
2069:
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2025:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2000:
1996:
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1988:
1984:
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1976:
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1968:
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1647:
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1615:
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1599:MSU Extension
1596:
1590:
1582:
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1573:
1568:
1564:
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1556:
1549:
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1457:
1450:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1393:on 2017-12-06
1392:
1388:
1384:
1377:
1369:
1363:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
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1207:
1203:
1196:
1194:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1138:on 2012-03-25
1137:
1133:
1129:
1122:
1108:
1104:
1098:
1096:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1060:
1058:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
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1021:
1017:
1015:
1006:
998:
994:
987:
985:
976:
972:
968:
961:
959:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
919:
917:
915:
900:on 2011-07-05
899:
895:
889:
887:
879:
875:
872:
867:
859:
855:
848:
834:on 2019-10-09
833:
829:
825:
819:
808:
802:
798:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
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761:
760:
754:
752:
750:
745:
741:
737:
733:
723:
720:
716:
712:
708:
707:Great Britain
699:
695:
687:
683:
681:
677:
672:
669:
664:
662:
658:
654:
649:
647:
643:
639:
632:United States
629:
627:
622:
620:
616:
611:
609:
608:Edmund Zavitz
604:
600:
596:
586:
582:
576:North America
573:
570:
566:
556:
554:
545:
536:
534:
529:
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518:
514:
510:
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449:
440:
438:
433:
424:
414:
405:
391:
389:
387:
383:
378:
368:
365:
363:
362:Uttar Pradesh
359:
355:
350:
348:
343:
341:
337:
331:
318:
317:Poomacha fire
313:
309:
300:
291:
288:
287:
282:
280:
279:giant sequoia
275:
271:
269:
265:
261:
258:
254:
240:
231:
228:
224:
223:North America
220:
216:
212:
208:
206:
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198:
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190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
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139:
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127:
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104:
99:
92:
91:
85:
78:
74:
70:
65:
57:
51:
44:
37:
33:
19:
5348:
5336:
5324:
5312:
5300:
5209:Ancient Rome
5183:Hotshot crew
5168:Fire lookout
5067:Fire flapper
5056:
4858:Fire control
4823:Chimney fire
4709:Halligan bar
4684:Fire shelter
4669:Fire hydrant
4644:Fire blanket
4639:Escape chair
4616:Water tender
4543:Fire station
4470:Fire marshal
4450:Fire captain
4424:Firefighting
4352:
4338:
4324:
4310:
4296:
4282:
4275:
4253:Tree planter
4233:Resin tapper
4213:Truck driver
4208:River driver
3957:Tree hugging
3942:
3925:
3892:timber mafia
3882:High grading
3867:Ghost forest
3837:Clearcutting
3760:Silviculture
3736:Horticulture
3580:Fire ecology
3527:
3495:Urban forest
3470:Mycoforestry
3430:
3426:Agroforestry
3407:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3374:Forest areas
3372:
3365:
3263:
3230:
3226:
3216:
3191:. Retrieved
3187:
3177:
3165:. Retrieved
3154:
3145:
3136:
3125:. Retrieved
3121:
3112:
3069:
3065:
3055:
3044:. Retrieved
3040:
3031:
3017:
3003:
2996:
2987:
2945:
2941:
2931:
2919:. Retrieved
2915:
2905:
2894:. Retrieved
2890:the original
2879:
2868:
2851:
2834:
2815:
2809:
2758:
2754:
2744:
2735:
2725:
2700:
2696:
2690:
2681:
2671:
2657:
2648:
2639:
2612:
2608:
2598:
2589:
2579:
2562:
2537:
2533:
2502:(1): 83–95.
2499:
2495:
2488:
2458:(3): 36–41.
2455:
2451:
2441:
2429:. Retrieved
2415:
2403:. Retrieved
2398:
2389:
2364:
2360:
2353:
2342:. Retrieved
2335:the original
2309:(1): 52–62.
2306:
2302:
2275:. Retrieved
2271:
2218:
2214:
2208:
2188:
2176:. Retrieved
2172:
2139:
2133:
2122:. Retrieved
2118:the original
2113:
2104:
2055:
2051:
2041:
2014:
2010:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1876:
1872:
1862:
1827:
1823:
1813:
1788:
1784:
1774:
1763:. Retrieved
1759:
1750:
1738:. Retrieved
1721:
1712:
1685:. Retrieved
1681:
1656:. Retrieved
1652:
1639:
1628:. Retrieved
1626:. 2024-03-13
1623:
1614:
1603:. Retrieved
1601:. 2018-06-04
1598:
1589:
1562:
1558:
1548:
1537:. Retrieved
1533:
1520:
1509:. Retrieved
1505:
1496:
1463:
1459:
1449:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1395:. Retrieved
1391:the original
1386:
1376:
1362:
1335:
1332:Fire Ecology
1331:
1321:
1284:
1280:
1270:
1261:
1254:. Retrieved
1247:the original
1234:
1209:
1205:
1165:
1161:
1151:
1140:. Retrieved
1136:the original
1131:
1121:
1110:. Retrieved
1106:
1069:
1065:
1023:
1019:
1013:
1005:
996:
974:
970:
932:
928:
902:. Retrieved
898:the original
866:
857:
847:
836:. Retrieved
832:the original
827:
818:
801:
773:Fire ecology
753:
740:rainy season
729:
711:grouse moors
704:
693:
684:
673:
665:
650:
646:Interstate 5
635:
623:
615:Parks Canada
612:
592:
583:
579:
562:
550:
530:
501:
492:
471:
467:
458:
454:
434:
430:
390:
374:
366:
351:
344:
333:
306:
297:
284:
283:
276:
272:
250:
209:
179:and reveals
170:
164:
163:
158:
157:
137:
133:
131:
88:
5202:By location
5188:Smokejumper
5045:and tactics
4923:Ventilation
4863:Fire safety
4848:False alarm
4805:Terminology
4755:PASS device
4729:Hose bridge
4719:Hazmat suit
4654:Fire bucket
4634:Bunker gear
4576:Fire engine
4521:Drill tower
4475:Fire police
4277:WikiProject
4201:smokejumper
4181:Firefighter
4144:Occupations
4128:Woodworking
3709:Forestation
3640:restoration
3595:informatics
3460:Ecoforestry
3007:. pp.
2405:19 February
2367:: 185–195.
2178:February 7,
1967:Elsevier BV
1658:February 7,
1506:www.nps.gov
1387:bugwood.org
1338:(1): 1–14.
763:Agroecology
738:before the
599:Great Lakes
597:around the
525:sterilizing
475:Driptorches
324:Agriculture
255:, improves
203:shrubs are
173:germination
114:aerial view
90:Pinus nigra
77:leaf litter
5365:Categories
5234:Washington
5229:California
5097:Fire trail
5043:Equipment
4883:Flash fire
4853:Fire class
4833:Deluge gun
4770:Rotary saw
4740:Kelly tool
4704:Fog nozzle
4548:Hose tower
4514:Facilities
4455:Fire chief
4223:Lumberjack
4218:Log scaler
4101:engineered
4052:non-timber
4025:sawmilling
3977:Industries
3944:svedjebruk
3655:transition
3635:protection
3625:old-growth
3610:governance
3565:Dendrology
3515:management
3381:Ministries
3233:(4): 442.
3193:2023-04-28
3167:30 October
3146:www.gov.uk
3127:2023-04-28
3072:: 117861.
3046:2017-12-03
2921:8 November
2896:2011-06-25
2344:2011-06-10
2277:2024-02-07
2124:2007-10-08
1969:: 110691.
1765:2023-04-27
1740:31 January
1687:2024-04-03
1630:2024-03-27
1605:2024-03-05
1539:2024-03-05
1511:2024-02-14
1397:2017-12-06
1142:2011-06-25
1112:2024-04-04
1026:(3): 139.
904:2011-06-25
838:2009-03-10
794:References
719:red grouse
680:Mike Crapo
657:New Mexico
533:crown fire
521:chemically
517:physically
423:Creek Fire
328:See also:
185:grasslands
134:controlled
5214:Australia
5161:Personnel
5122:Hose pack
5102:Firebreak
5082:Fire rake
5072:Fire hose
5062:Driptorch
5014:Wildfires
4944:Fire camp
4888:Flashover
4818:Barn fire
4813:Backdraft
4664:Fire hose
4626:Equipment
4558:Apparatus
4171:Ecologist
4084:Tree farm
3985:Coppicing
3927:chitemene
3827:Acid rain
3775:allometry
3697:SmartWood
3645:secondary
3630:pathology
3605:inventory
3543:driftwood
3409:Arbor Day
3247:1049-8001
3188:Unearthed
3104:212684658
3096:0378-1127
2970:244604573
2962:2325-1042
2783:2198-6436
2631:247891618
2480:0036-8733
2243:0888-8892
2080:0888-8892
2033:2071-1409
1999:233526225
1991:1364-0321
1928:: 49–56.
1903:0021-8901
1854:0021-8901
1805:0072-5560
1480:0024-9637
1226:0015-7546
1184:0045-5067
1040:0094-5080
949:0890-037X
749:Tanzanian
676:Ron Wyden
569:Australia
565:wildfires
394:Procedure
384:plant in
242:Pile burn
227:Australia
205:pyriscent
201:chaparral
199:and many
122:Cape Town
69:driptorch
5325:Glossary
5301:Category
5270:See also
5178:Helitack
5173:Handcrew
4903:Rollover
4878:Firewall
4586:Fireboat
4485:Handcrew
4372:Category
4186:handcrew
4156:Arborist
4151:Forester
4111:mahogany
4057:palm oil
4047:charcoal
4032:Products
3967:Wildfire
3780:breeding
3741:GM trees
3590:dynamics
3402:Journals
3395:Colleges
3355:Forestry
3202:cite web
2858:Archived
2841:Archived
2801:36217365
2717:90442090
2331:85744169
2251:84309403
2197:Archived
2096:33746569
2088:20561002
1581:21622417
1488:85700856
1441:90056096
1313:27216526
1287:(1696).
1256:15 March
874:Archived
858:ABC News
757:See also
509:bonfires
487:Hokkaido
377:savannas
257:wildlife
247:Forestry
175:of some
162:backfire
150:wildfire
32:Backburn
5349:Outline
5313:Commons
5224:History
5137:Pulaski
5022:General
4760:The pig
4382:Outline
4196:lookout
4191:hotshot
4072:tanbark
4042:biomass
4037:biochar
4015:plywood
4000:Logging
3904:wilding
3553:log jam
3510:Ecology
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