Copts - Knowledge

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that a significant amount of intermarriage took place between the Greek and Egyptian communities And it is known that Greek marriage contracts increasingly came to resemble Egyptian ones. In addition, even from the founding of Alexandria, small numbers of Egyptians were admitted to the privileged classes in the city to fulfill numerous civic roles. Of course, it was essential in such cases for the Egyptians to become "Hellenized," to adopt Greek habits and the Greek language. Given that the Alexandrian mathematicians mentioned here were active several hundred years after the founding of the city, it would seem at least equally possible that they were ethnically Egyptian as that they remained ethnically Greek. In any case, it is unreasonable to portray them with purely European features when no physical descriptions exist.

8079: 3017: 2939:(or occasionally vice versa) may stir social unrest, and thereby justify themselves in wrongfully detaining the subjects, insisting that they are simply taking steps to prevent likely social troubles from happening. In 2007, a Cairo administrative court denied 45 citizens the right to obtain identity papers documenting their reversion to Christianity after converting to Islam. However, in February 2008 the Supreme Administrative Court overturned the decision, allowing 12 citizens who had reverted to Christianity to re-list their religion on identity cards, but they will specify that they had adopted Islam for a brief period of time. 1451: 3067: 2424: 1366: 2142: 3311:, a close outlier to other Egyptians, Afro-Asiatic-speaking Northeast Africans and Middle East populations. The scientists suggest that this points to a common origin for the general population of Egypt, or Middle Eastern and North African populations. Copts in general shared the same main ancestral component with North African/Middle Eastern populations. They also associate the Coptic component with Ancient Egyptian ancestry, without the later Arabian influence that is present among other Egyptians. 7287: 1682: 3346: 7222:

component at k = 4 (Fig. 3). The Coptic component at k = 4 peaks highest among Copts and makes up most of their distribution while it is not predominant among Egyptians. K = 2 to K = 5 (Fig. 3) shows Egyptians distribution resemble Qatar more than Copts. Copts lack the influence found in Egyptians from Qatar, an Arabic population. It may suggest that Copts have a genetic composition that could resemble the ancestral Egyptian population, without the present strong Arab influence

2094: 1770: 2617: 74: 289: 7654: 3491: 534: 3477: 3463: 2365:, 2019). Smaller or larger figures have also been cited, in the range of "somewhere between 6% and 18% of the population," with the Egyptian government estimating lower numbers and the Coptic Orthodox Church estimating much higher numbers. A lack of definite, reliable demographic data renders all estimates uncertain. Despite challenges, Copts are well integrated in Egyptian society. The highest concentrations of Copts are in 240: 3334: 3194: 1981: 3315:

ancestry (Copts were estimated to be of 69.54% ± 2.57 European ancestry, and the Egyptians of 70.65% ± 2.47 European ancestry). The authors concluded that the Copts and the Egyptians have a common history linked to smaller population sizes, and that Sudanese Copts have remained relatively isolated since their arrival to Sudan with only low levels of admixture with local northeastern Sudanese groups.

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mummies was also compared with that of earlier Egyptian populations, and was found to be "much more closely akin" to that of ancient Egyptians than to Greeks or other European populations. Victor J. Katz notes that "research in papyri dating from the early centuries of the common era demonstrates that a significant amount of intermarriage took place between the Greek and Egyptian communities".

2971:"In December … Brotherhood leaders began fomenting anti-Christian sectarian incitement. The anti-Coptic incitement and threats continued unabated up to the demonstrations of June 30 and, with the removal of President Morsi … morphed into sectarian violence, which was sanctioned by … the continued anti-Coptic rhetoric heard from the group's leaders on the stage … throughout the sit-in." 3032:. Coptic should more correctly be used to refer to the script rather than the language itself. Even though this script was introduced as far back as the 1st century BC, it has been applied to the writing of the Egyptian language from the 1st century AD to the present day. Coptic remained the spoken language of most Egyptians until it was slowly replaced by colloquial 2257:, the radio ceased coverage of the Christian Sunday service. As the civil war raged throughout the 1990s, the government focused its religious fervor on the south. Although experiencing discrimination, the Copts and other long-established Christian groups in the north had fewer restrictions than other types of Christians in the 2841:

building mosques. Copts face ethnic and racial discrimination as they are called Adma Zarqa or blue bone and كوفت From Coptic ⲅⲩⲡⲧⲓⲟⲥ (guptios, “Copt”). Hence a doublet of قبطي (ʔibṭi) and in fact the more native form, but apparently adopted by the Arabs in a mocking manner and is still used today by racists in Egypt.

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were ethnically Greek, that their ancestors had come from Greece at some point in the past but had remained effectively isolated from the Egyptians? It is, of course, impossible to answer this question definitively. But research in papyri dating from the early centuries of the common era demonstrates

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But what we really want to know is to what extent the Alexandrian mathematicians of the period from the first to the fifth centuries C.E. were Greek. Certainly, all of them wrote in Greek and were part of the Greek intellectual community of Alexandria. And most modern studies conclude that the Greek

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Hollfelder et al. (2017) analysed various populations in Sudan and observed that Egyptians and Copts showed low levels of genetic differentiation and lower levels of genetic diversity compared to the northeast African groups. Copts and Egyptians displayed similar levels of European or Middle Eastern

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The Coptic community has been targeted by hate crimes by Islamic extremists. The most significant was the 2000–01 El Kosheh attacks, in which Muslims and Christians were involved in bloody inter-religious clashes following a dispute between a Muslim and a Christian. "Twenty Christians and one Muslim

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placed the entire population of non-Muslim Libyans at 180,000 (roughly 3% of the country's population). However, the Coptic Orthodox Church in Libya estimated that its membership alone was 300,000, including those who do not regularly attend church services. In 2011, there were three Coptic churches

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reported increasing waves of mob attacks by Muslims against Copts. Despite frantic calls for help, the police typically arrived after the violence was over. The police also coerced the Copts to accept "reconciliation" with their attackers to avoid prosecuting them, with no Muslims convicted for any

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nationalism and socialism. The Copts were severely affected by Nasser's nationalization policies, though they represented about 10 to 20 percent of the population. In addition, Nasser's pan-Arab policies undermined the Copts' strong attachment to and sense of identity about their Egyptian pre-Arab,

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ha-Mizraḥit ha-Yiśreʼelit, Ḥevrah (1988). Asian and African Studies, Volume 22. Jerusalem Academic Press. Muslim historians note the destruction of dozens of churches and the forced conversion of dozens of people to Islam under al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah in Egypt ...These events also reflect the Muslim

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reported: "The Egyptian government estimates about 5 million Copts, but the Coptic Orthodox Church says 15-18 million. Reliable numbers are hard to find but estimates suggest they make up somewhere between 6% and 18% of the population." In 2004, BBC News reported that Copts were 5–10% of the

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The Coptic year is the extension of the ancient Egyptian civil year, retaining its subdivision into the three seasons, four months each. The three seasons are commemorated by special prayers in the Coptic liturgy. This calendar is still in use all over Egypt by farmers to keep track of the various

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to Islam generally without difficulty, but Muslims who convert to Christianity face difficulties in getting new identity papers and some have been arrested for allegedly forging such documents." The Coptic community, however, takes pains to prevent conversions from Christianity to Islam due to the

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In April 2010, a bipartisan group of 17 members of the U.S. Congress expressed concern to the State Department's Trafficking in Persons Office about Coptic women who faced "physical and sexual violence, captivity ... exploitation in forced domestic servitude or commercial sexual exploitation, and

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page of the Muslim Brotherhood's Freedom and Justice Party was "rife with false accusations meant to foment hatred against Copts". The Party's page claimed that the Coptic Church had declared "war against Islam and Muslims" and that "The Pope of the Church is involved in the removal of the first

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The North African/Middle Eastern genetic component is identified especially in Copts. The Coptic population present in Sudan is an example of a recent migration from Egypt over the past two centuries. They are close to Egyptians in the PCA, but remain a differentiated cluster, showing their own

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According to Walker, early Ptolemaic Greek colonists married local women and adopted Egyptian religious beliefs, and by Roman times, their descendants were viewed as Egyptians by the Roman rulers, despite their own self-perception of being Greek. The dental morphology of the Roman-period Faiyum

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Restrictions on the Copts' rights to Sudanese nationality followed, and it became difficult for them to obtain Sudanese nationality by birth or by naturalization, resulting in problems when attempting to travel abroad. The confiscation of Christian schools and the imposition of an Arab-Islamic

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in 1898 allowed Copts greater religious and economic freedom, and they extended their original roles as artisans and merchants into trading, banking, engineering, medicine, and the civil service. Proficiency in business and administration made them a privileged minority. However, the return of

4540:"The people of Egypt before the Arab conquest in the 7th century identified themselves and their language in Greek as Aigyptios (Arabic qibt, Westernized as Copt); when Egyptian Muslims later ceased to call themselves Aigyptioi, the term became the distinctive name of the Christian minority." 2840:

were required to obtain presidential approval for even minor repairs in churches. Although the law was eased in 2005 by handing down the authority of approval to the governors, Copts continue to face many obstacles and restrictions in building new churches. These restrictions do not apply for

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is difficult to estimate because researchers are forbidden by Egyptian authorities to ask a survey participant's religion. As of 2019, "Copts are generally understood to make up approximately 10 percent of Egypt's population," with an estimated population of 9.5 million (figure cited in the

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army. Local resistance by the Egyptians however began to materialize shortly thereafter and would last until at least the 9th century. Despite the political upheaval, Egypt remained mainly Christian, but Coptic Christians lost their majority status after the 14th century, as a result of the

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The largest Christian community in the Middle East, Coptic Christians make up the majority of Egypt's roughly 9 million Christians. About 1 million more Coptic Christians are spread across Africa, Europe, the United Kingdom and the United States, according to the World Council of

3273:-speaking populations (Beja, Ethiopians, Sudanese Arabs), as well as the Nubians. E1b1b/E3b reaches its highest frequencies among North Africans, Levantine Middle Easterners, and Ethiopid East Africans. The next most common haplogroups borne by Copts in Sudan are the European-linked 1996:

Coptic Orthodox Church constitute the majority of the Egyptian Christian population. Mainly through emigration and partly through European, American, and other missionary work and conversions, the Egyptian Christian community now also includes other Christian denominations such as

2919:(January 7) was recognized as an official holiday. However, many Copts continue to complain of being minimally represented in higher positions in law enforcement, state security and public office, and of being discriminated against in the workforce on the basis of their religion. 2931:

ease with which Christians can often become Muslim. Public officials, being conservative themselves, intensify the complexity of the legal procedures required to recognize the religion change as required by law. Security agencies will sometimes claim that such conversions from

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Egyptian culture. It gives the Copts a claim to a deep heritage in Egyptian history and culture. Pharaonism was widely held by Coptic and Muslim scholars in the early 20th century, and it helped bridge the divide between those groups. Some scholars see Pharaonism as shaped by

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forming around 5 to 20 percent of the population. They pride themselves on the apostolicity of the Egyptian Church: its founder was the first in an unbroken chain of patriarchs. The main body has been out of communion with the Roman Catholic Church since the 5th century AD.

1894:, and according to scholar Lois Farag "The Copts still played the major role in managing Egypt's state finances. They held 20% of total state capital, 45% of government employment, and 45% of government salaries". According to scholar J. D. Pennington 45% of the 2967:

elected Islamist president. The Pope of the Church alleges Islamic Sharia is backwards, stubborn, and reactionary." On August 15, nine Egyptian human rights groups under the umbrella group "Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights", released a statement saying,

4677:, the author of Ecclesiastical History in the fourth century, states that St. Mark came to Egypt in the first or third year of the reign of Emperor Claudius, i.e., 41 or 43 AD. "Two Thousand years of Coptic Christianity" Otto F.A. Meinardus p. 28. 5512: 5195: 2827:

in Egypt is hampered to varying degrees by discriminatory and restrictive government policies. Coptic Christians, being the largest religious minority in Egypt, are also negatively affected. Copts have faced increasing marginalization after the 1952

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An allele frequency comparative study conducted in 2020 between the two main Egyptian ethnic groups, Muslims and Christians, supported the conclusion that Egyptian Muslims and Egyptian Christians genetically originate from the same ancestors.

724:. Historically, the Copts suffered from "waves of persecution giving way to relative tolerance in cycles that varied according to the local ruler and other political and economic circumstances". Persecution is significantly involved in the 3613:

reported that "the vast majority of Egypt's estimated 9.5 million Christians, approximately 10% of the country's population, are Orthodox Copts." In 2019, the Associated Press cited an estimate of 10 million Copts in Egypt. In 2015, the

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around 42 AD. The legacy that St. Mark left in Egypt was a considerable Christian community in Alexandria. Within half a century of St. Mark's arrival Christianity had spread throughout Egypt. This is clear from a fragment of the

2998:, between 2011 and March 2014, around 550 Coptic girls have been kidnapped, and forced to convert to Islam. According to the same survey around 40% of the girls were raped prior to their conversion to Islam and married their captors. 3202:

agricultural seasons. The Coptic calendar has 13 months, 12 of 30 days each and an intercalary month at the end of the year of 5 or 6 days, depending whether the year is a leap year or not. The year starts on 29 August in the

3175:. To distinguish it from the Ancient Egyptian calendar, which remained in use by some astronomers until medieval times, this reformed calendar is known as the Coptic calendar. Its years and months coincide with those of the 6361: 3629:

reported that figures for the population of Egyptian Copts "range between 4.7 and 7.1 million, comprising between six and nine per cent of the population, though some estimates put the proportion at as much as 10 to 20 per

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said Sudanese Copts had previously estimated their numbers at 400,000 to 500,000, about 1% of the Sudanese population, but that emigration and conversion (including forced conversion) to Islam had decreased their number.

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The Copts, who were 7 percent of the population in the nineteenth century, still played the major role in managing Egypt's state finances. They held 20 percent of total state capital, 45 percent of government employment

1253:. However, the scope of this school was not limited to theological subjects: science, mathematics and humanities were also taught there. The question-and-answer method of commentary began there, and 15 centuries before 3218:, the first month of the Egyptian year, which for AD 1901 to 2098 usually coincides with 11 September, except before a Gregorian leap year when it's September 12. Coptic years are counted from 284 AD, the year 2868:

Members of U.S. Congress have expressed concern about "human trafficking" of Coptic women and girls who are victims of abductions, forced conversion to Islam, sexual exploitation and forced marriage to Muslim men.

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Copts are the descendants of pre-Islamic Egyptians, when Egyptian Muslims later ceased to call themselves by the demonym, the term became the distinctive name of the Christian minority. Most ethnic Copts are

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law in 1983 began a new phase of oppressive treatment of Copts, among other non-Muslims. After the overthrow of Nimeiry, Coptic leaders supported a secular candidate in the 1986 elections. However, when the

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or on the 30th in the year before (Julian) Leap Years. The Coptic Leap Year follows the same rules as the Julian Calendar so that the extra month always has six days in the year before a Julian Leap Year.

7434:(I.B. Tauris, distributed by Palgrave Macmillan; 2011) 258 pages; examines historical relations between Coptic Christians and the Egyptian state and describes factionalism and activism in the community. 4665:"The Coptic church, however, is not in communion with Rome due to the fifth-century Christological maelstrom of heresies that resulted from an attempt to more fully understand the identity of Christ." 4423:

Dobon, Begoña; Hassan, Hisham Y.; Laayouni, Hafid; Luisi, Pierre; Ricaño-Ponce, Isis; Zhernakova, Alexandra; Wijmenga, Cisca; Tahir, Hanan; Comas, David; Netea, Mihai G.; Bertranpetit, Jaume (2015).

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and the anguish felt by the young women because returning to Christianity is against the law. Further allegations of organised abduction of Copts, trafficking and police collusion continue in 2017.

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were killed after violence broke out in the town of el-Kosheh, 440 kilometres (270 mi) south of Cairo". In February 2001 a new Coptic church and 35 houses belonging to Christians were burned.

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Living in countries with Muslim majorities (Egypt, Sudan, Libya), the size of the population of Copts is a continuously disputed matter, frequently for reasons of religious jealousy and animosity.

1800:, in power 1863–79, further promoted the Copts. He appointed them judges to Egyptian courts and awarded them political rights and representation in government. They flourished in business affairs. 5224:

In the mid-nineteenth century, Lane reported that many Copts were accountants, who served primarily in government bureaus. As late as 1961, Coptic Christians owned 51 percent of Egyptian banks.

6732:"Joint Press Release: Non-peaceful assembly does not justify collective punishment – Rights groups condemn lethal violence against those in sit-in and terrorist acts of the Muslim Brotherhood" 4267:

Al Hakim Bi-Amr Allah (r. 996–1021), however, who became the greatest persecutor of Copts.... within the church that also appears to coincide with a period of forced rapid conversion to Islam

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Modern immigration of Copts to Sudan peaked in the early 19th century, and they generally received a tolerant welcome there. However, this was interrupted by a decade of persecution under

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types, but limited representation in security agencies. The majority of demographic, socioeconomic and health indicators are similar among Copts and Muslims. Historically; many Copts were

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By the end of the 5th century, there were hundreds of monasteries, and thousands of cells and caves scattered throughout the Egyptian desert. Since then pilgrims have visited the Egyptian

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The Copts are descendants of pre-Islamic Egyptians. When Egyptian Muslims later ceased to call themselves by the demonym, the term became the distinctive name of the Christian minority.

6638:"Egypt's Coptic Christians report fresh attacks on churches: Christian leaders blame Muslim Brotherhood supporters for arson and other attacks, including shooting death of teenage girl" 3237:, as in the Julian calendar, so the above-mentioned new year dates apply only between AD 1900 and 2099 inclusive in the Gregorian Calendar. In the Julian Calendar, the new year is 7772: 1803:

Some Copts participated in the Egyptian national movement for independence and occupied many influential positions. Two significant cultural achievements include the founding of the

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Under Muslim rule, Christians paid special taxes, had lower access to political power, and were exempt from military service. Their position improved dramatically under the rule of

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became Roman Emperor, whose reign was marked by tortures and mass executions of Christians, especially in Egypt. Hence, the Coptic year is identified by the abbreviation A.M. (for

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was chosen as the new pope of Egypt's Coptic Christians. His name was selected from a glass bowl containing the three shortlisted candidates by a blindfolded boy at a ceremony in

4334: 1121: 7100:"Phylogeographic refinement and large scale genotyping of human Y chromosome haplogroup E provide new insights into the dispersal of early pastoralists in the African continent" 3981:

Ten-thousand or more live in the UAE, and young, bearded priest Father Markos, 12 years in Dubai, told me his flock are "more than happy – they enjoy their life, they are free."

6567: 7020: 5361: 7148: 6170: 3288:. This mtDNA clade is likewise closely associated with local Afroasiatic-speaking populations, including Berbers and Ethiopid peoples. Of the N derivatives borne by Copts, 5975: 3935: 2962:

reported that "forty churches have been looted and torched, while 23 others have been attacked and heavily damaged". More than 45 churches across Egypt were attacked. The

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Copts. A very small community representing the large Coptic Church in Egypt. Abyssinian. Also represented by a Bishop in Jerusalem. They, like the Copts, are Monophysites

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The Copts are one of the oldest Christian communities in the Middle East. Although integrated in the larger Egyptian nation state, the Copts have survived as a distinct

2865:, a Bedouin mob of Muslims tried to attack Copts, with 400 Copts having to barricade themselves in their church while the mob destroyed 18 homes, 23 shops and 16 cars. 2155:

has a native Coptic minority, although many Copts in Sudan are descended from more recent Egyptian immigrants. Copts in Sudan live mostly in northern cities, including

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Mariz Tadros (2018). "Christians in Egypt, Libya, and Palestine Responding to the Aftermaths of the Arab Revolts". In Daniel Philpott & Timothy Samuel Shah (ed.).

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A 2015 study by Dobon et al. identified an ancestral autosomal component of Western Eurasian origin that is common to many modern Afroasiatic-speaking populations in

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Conversion, Exemption, and Manipulation: Social Benefits and Conversion to Islam in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages: Forcing taxes on those who refuse to convert

795:, but limited representation in military and security agencies. The majority of demographic, socio-economic, and health indicators are similar among Christians and 779:

While Coptic Christians speak the same dialects and are culturally similar to other Egyptians, they strongly oppose Arab identity and associate it with Islam and

4861: 1197:, which date around 200 AD. In the 2nd century, Christianity began to spread to the rural areas, and scriptures were translated into Coptic (then known as 8260: 2025:", thus helping differentiate their native Egyptian congregations from churches attended by non-Egyptian immigrant communities such as Europeans or Americans. 4082: 7913: 2804: 6234: 5788:

Mohamoud, Yousra A.; Cuadros, Diego F.; Abu-Raddad, Laith J. (2013). "Characterizing the Copts in Egypt: Demographic, socioeconomic and health indicators".

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component, it peaks among Egyptian Copts who settled in Sudan over the past two centuries. In their analysis, Sudan's Copts formed a separated group in the

1268:. Worldwide Christian monasticism stems, either directly or indirectly, from the Egyptian example. The most prominent figures of the monastic movement were 2021:

remains exclusive however to the Egyptian natives, as opposed to the Christians of non-Egyptian origins. Some Protestant churches for instance are called "

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was estimated to be 10,000, although the 2001 Austrian census (the country's last to record religious affiliation) tallied just 1,633 Coptic Orthodox. In

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Coptic Christianity reached Sudan as early as the 2nd century, and there is even a tradition that St Matthew the Apostle came to the region even earlier.

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with the help of the military, discrimination against Copts returned in earnest. Hundreds of Copts were dismissed from the civil service and judiciary.

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Mohamoud YA, Cuadros DF, Abu-Raddad LJ. Characterizing the Copts in Egypt: Demographic, socioeconomic and health indicators, QScience Connect 2013:22

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estimated the family's net worth at $ 36 billion. According to scholars Maristella Botticini and Zvi Eckstein argue that Copts have relatively higher

2954:. According to at least one Egyptian scholar (Samuel Tadros), the attacks are the worst violence against the Coptic Church since the 14th century. 7455:

Copts in Egypt: A Christian Minority Under Siege : Papers Presented at the First International Coptic Symposium, Zurich, September 23–25, 2004

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and certainly non-Arab identity which resulted in permits to construct churches to be delayed along with Christian religious courts to be closed.

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Modern day Copts use predominantly Arabic and Coptic, the latter being the direct descendent of the Ancient Egyptian language. For instance, the

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and Environment Minister Magued George during former president Mubarak's rule. There also used to be one Coptic governor out of 25, that of the

5699: 4708:, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996, p. 126: "genuine Egyptians can easily be recognized among the linen-weavers by their speech." 7050: 6619: 6434: 6335: 4166: 2295:, dissolved the council and halted the democratic transition; Christians, including Copts, were subjected to intensified persecution during a 6153: 4132: 2852:, killing one person and injuring 5–16. The attacker was not linked to any organisation and described as "psychologically disturbed" by the 6064: 5140: 5397: 8483: 8172: 6509: 2542: 2465: 2241:, but he refused. Thousands attended his funeral, and the execution was taken as a warning by many Copts, who began to flee the country. 438: 6831: 6492: 3654: 2237:

was executed for illegal possession of foreign currency. Before his execution, he had been offered amnesty and money if he converted to

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every fourth year. However, this reform was opposed by the Egyptian priests, and the idea was not adopted until 25 BC, when the

6663:"Coptic churches burn amid violence in Egypt: Coptic Christians call for greater protection as wave of violence sweeps across Egypt" 6454: 6473: 5683: 3939: 3248:

To obtain the Coptic year number, subtract from the Julian year number either 283 (before the Julian new year) or 284 (after it).

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Feder, Frank (2017). "The Bashmurite Revolts in the Delta and the 'Bashmuric Dialect'". In Gabra, Gawdat; Takla, Hany N. (eds.).

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As of 2010, the Coptic Church in Sudan was officially registered with the government, and exempt from property tax. In 2005, the

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Hollfelder, Nina; Schlebusch, Carina M.; Günther, Torsten; Babiker, Hiba; Hassan, Hisham Y.; Jakobsson, Mattias (2017-08-24).

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By late 1012 the persecution had moved into high gear with demolitions of churches and the forced conversion of Christian ...

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reported a 2015 estimate that 10% of the Egyptian population is Christian (including both Copts and non-Copts). In 2017, the

2976: 2296: 6031: 3902: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8396: 8366: 7899: 5995: 5983: 3952: 1344: 1111: 6687: 6637: 6549: 6112: 4342: 2769: 2511: 1579:, recited today in most Christian churches of different denominations. One of the council's decisions was to entrust the 458: 257: 6814:"Refworld | Egypt: Situation of Coptic Christians, including treatment; state protection available (2014-May 2015)" 6013: 1551:

has contributed to the establishment of early Christian theology and dogma are attested to by fact that the first three

8538: 8232: 6990:"Icons of contention: The iconography of martyrdom and the construction of Coptic identity in post-revolutionary Egypt" 2980: 2911:, who are extremely successful businessmen and one of the world's 100 wealthiest people, are Copts. In 2002, under the 2480:

population was estimated to be more than 500,000, with more than 250 Coptic churches in the United States at the time.

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emphasis in language and history teaching were accompanied by harassment of Christian children and the introduction of

4852: 2569:; the first Coptic church in Switzerland opened in 2004, when there were approximately 1,000 Copts in the country. In 7487: 7463: 7414: 7380: 6713: 6662: 5590: 5302: 5277: 5088: 5063: 5038: 4791: 4317: 4288: 4260: 4232: 4142: 3151:. To avoid the calendar creep of the latter, a reform of the ancient Egyptian calendar was introduced at the time of 7394: 6077: 4769:

Irish JD (2006). "Who were the ancient Egyptians? Dental affinities among Neolithic through postdynastic peoples.".

2899:, and is the first Coptic governor in decades due to the higher concentration of Copts in Upper Egypt. In addition, 8406: 7721: 7711: 7291: 4303:

Deighton, H. S. "The Arab Middle East and the Modern World", International Affairs, vol. xxii, no. 4 (October 1946)

4046: 3375: 2390: 2280: 2268:(GNU) named a Coptic Orthodox priest to a government position, though the ruling Islamist party remained dominant. 2194:

at the end of the 19th century. As a result of this persecution, many were forced to relinquish their faith, adopt

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During the Ottoman period, Copts were classified alongside other Oriental Orthodox and Nestorian peoples under the

1233:, the school became an important institution of religious learning, where students were taught by scholars such as 1115: 474: 464: 448: 7149:"Genetic Patterns of Y-chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Variation, with Implications to the Peopling of the Sudan" 8518: 8513: 8508: 8488: 8095: 8064: 5771: 5127:ʿUmar is depicted as having ordered that "the poll-tax should be taken from all men who would not become Muslims" 4588: 4338: 4107: 3913: 2029: 1588: 954: 872: 639: 7051:"Y-chromosome variation among Sudanese: Restricted gene flow, concordance with language, geography, and history" 3809: 2943: 2284: 1807:

in 1910 and the Higher Institute of Coptic Studies in 1954. Some prominent Coptic thinkers from this period are

8533: 8523: 8177: 7716: 6533: 5903: 5439: 5415: 4895: 2727: 2033: 1564: 1229:

School of Alexandria was the oldest school of its kind in the world. Founded around 190 AD by the scholar

469: 6596: 6390: 5487: 3994:"'De Koptische kerk telt in Nederland ongeveer tienduizend leden, die grotendeels afkomstig zijn uit Egypte.'" 1429:

Glory to the Father, to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit, both now and always, and unto the ages of ages. Amen.

8528: 8184: 5463: 3993: 3842: 2265: 2063: 253: 8478: 8468: 8252: 8227: 7236:"Northeast African genomic variation shaped by the continuity of indigenous groups and Eurasian migrations" 6308: 6283: 5885: 4027: 3308: 3063:). It is taught worldwide in many prestigious institutions, but its teaching within Egypt remains limited. 2853: 2553:'s Syriac League estimated that the Coptic population in that country numbered 3,000 to 4,000. As of 2017, 2507: 2682: 1391:

in the 2nd century AD, ethnic Egyptians could be distinguished from Egyptian Greeks only by their speech.

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reflect the complex synthesis of the predominant Egyptian culture and that of the Hellenized Middle East.

905:). The Coptic word in turn represents an adaptation of the Greek term for the indigenous people of Egypt, 8210: 8167: 8127: 8103: 8010: 6095:

The Syriac Orthodox and Coptic Orthodox Churches in Austria: Inter-Church Relations and State Recognition

4610: 3736: 2717: 2522:(diocese organized in 2002). There is a single Coptic Catholic church in Australia, consecrated in 2019. 2066: 1793: 960: 555: 3016: 1796:, 1854–61, reformed the church and encouraged broader Coptic participation in Egyptian affairs. Khedive 8108: 8015: 8000: 7560: 7309:

Taha, Tarek; Elzalabany, Sagy; Fawzi, Sahar; Hisham, Ahmed; Amer, Khaled; Shaker, Olfat (August 2020).

5855: 3559: 3048:

by the end of the 17th century, although it may have survived in isolated pockets for a little longer.

2697: 1985: 1281: 880: 737: 5900:

Australia's Religious Communities: Facts and Figures from the 2011 Australian Census and Other Sources

5868: 2603: 2457:), the largest Coptic diaspora population is located within the United States, Canada, and Australia. 2435:). There are about 1–2 million Egyptian born Copts living outside of Egypt, and are known as the 8005: 7613: 7175:"The genetics of East African populations: a Nilo-Saharan component in the African genetic landscape" 4623: 4425:"The genetics of East African populations: A Nilo-Saharan component in the African genetic landscape" 3862: 3266: 2315: 2022: 1872: 1308: 878: 870: 745: 30: 3066: 34: 7400: 6616: 6431: 6060: 4687: 3880: 3788: 2712: 2566: 2385: 2191: 2053: 1909:

and land-owning families became very wealthy and influential such as the Egyptian Coptic Christian

1726: 1710: 1596: 1572: 1007: 694: 6150: 5583:

Whose Pharaohs?: Archaeology, Museums, and Egyptian National Identity from Napoleon to World War I

4760:

Dentition helps archaeologists to assess biological and ethnic population traits and relationships

8386: 8196: 7995: 7510:

Van Doorn-Harder, Nelly. "Finding a Platform: Studying the Copts in the 19th and 20th Centuries"

3544: 3284:

Maternally, Hassan (2009) found that Copts in Sudan exclusively carry various descendants of the

2857: 2692: 2487:

was 35,000. By 2017, there were an estimated 50,000 Canadian Copts, with more than 80% living in

2473: 2398: 1592: 1580: 1560: 366: 6989: 6451: 6049: 5754:

Egyptian authorities prevent surveyors from asking a participant's religion when doing research.

1066: 8305: 8036: 7976: 7621: 7603: 7584: 5775: 5513:"Accursed, Superior Men: Ethno-Religious Minorities and Politics in the Medieval Mediterranean" 5401: 5196:"Accursed, Superior Men: Ethno-Religious Minorities and Politics in the Medieval Mediterranean" 4197:"Refworld | World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Egypt : Copts of Egypt" 3554: 3519: 3258: 3214:

marks the first day of the Coptic year. Its celebration falls on the first day of the month of

3136: 3060: 3056: 2702: 2406: 2288: 2223: 2062:

was part of the Coptic Orthodox Church until 1959 when it was granted its own patriarch by the

1924: 1864: 1848: 1571:. In addition, the most prominent figure of the council was the future Patriarch of Alexandria 1450: 1395: 1381: 925: 784: 741: 729: 605: 548: 515: 510: 505: 228: 224: 205: 6513: 6489: 5843:(eds. George Thomas Kurian & Mark A. Lamport: Rowman & Littlefield, 2016), pp. 638-39. 5578: 4999: 4969: 4357: 3261:. According to Y-DNA analysis by Hassan et al. (2008), around 45% of Copts in Sudan carry the 7553: 6835: 6132: 5117: 5026: 4954:

Robert Ousterhout, "Rebuilding the Temple: Constantine Monomachus and the Holy Sepulchre" in

4885: 4648: 4508: 3866: 3626: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3564: 3371: 3349: 3270: 3226:

or "Year of the Martyrs"). The A.M. abbreviation is also used for the unrelated Jewish year (

2888: 2872: 2732: 2636: 2631: 2557:

was home to between 6,000 and 10,000 Copts. In the 2020s, the Coptic Orthodox population of

2344: 2340: 2336: 2323: 2319: 2292: 2136: 2084: 2010: 1785: 1764: 1676: 1238: 1234: 1214: 686: 671: 663: 655: 647: 643: 635: 6853: 5362:"Naguib Sawiris: 'If God wanted women to be veiled, he would have created them with a veil'" 3197:

Coptic Orthodox Cross with traditional Coptic script reading: 'Jesus Christ, the Son of God'

2105: 764:

as a whole; they also contributed to the "social and political life and key debates such as

8247: 8189: 8145: 8041: 7922: 7849: 7807: 7186: 5948: 4806: 4674: 4436: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3262: 2927: 2687: 2677: 2586: 2503: 2492: 2310:, estimated that about 4% of Sudanese population was Christian; the majority of these were 2300: 2199: 1734: 1619:

was divided into two branches. Those who accepted the terms of the Council became known as

1616: 1612: 1489:Ϫⲉ ⲡⲉⲛⲓⲱⲧ ⲉⲧϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲓⲫⲏⲟⲩⲓ: ⲙⲁⲣⲉϥⲧⲟⲩⲃⲟ ⲛ̀ϫⲉ ⲡⲉⲕⲣⲁⲛ: ⲙⲁⲣⲉⲥⲓ ⲛ̀ϫⲉ ⲧⲉⲕⲙⲉⲧⲟⲩⲣⲟ: ⲡⲉⲧⲉϩⲛⲁⲕ ⲙⲁⲣⲉϥϣⲱⲡⲓ 1206: 721: 619: 393: 7540: 7295: 7286: 6788:"Egypt: ex-kidnapper admits 'they get paid for every Coptic Christian girl they bring in'" 5826:. Cambridge Studies in Law and Christianity. Cambridge University Press. pp. 108–113. 4920:

Christianity and Monasticism in Northern Egypt: Beni Suef, Giza, Cairo, and the Nile Delta

4606: 3728: 2565:, the first Copts arrived in the 1960s, mostly students and those fleeing Egypt after the 1917:, spanning telecommunications, construction, tourism, industries and technology. In 2008, 1568: 1030: 894: 8: 7935: 7767: 7742: 6470: 6239: 5897: 3496: 3052: 2824: 2641: 2272: 2184: 1936: 1932: 1856: 1713:

onwards, the Coptic Christians were persecuted by different Muslim regimes, such as the

1600: 1153: 1125: 902: 792: 538: 308: 7482:

The Church in history. Vol. 2. Crestwood, New York: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press.

7190: 5634: 4440: 2423: 1249:, the father of theology who was also active in the field of commentary and comparative 8341: 8162: 8132: 8046: 7939: 7859: 7802: 7797: 7696: 7631: 7497: 7346: 7270: 7235: 7207: 7174: 7124: 7099: 6572: 5911: 5665: 5532: 5343: 5215: 4874:

H. Patrick Glenn, Legal Traditions of the World. Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 219.

4465: 4424: 3621: 3176: 3140: 2923: 2833: 2656: 2646: 2499: 1891: 1823: 1709:

intermittent persecution and the destruction of the Christian churches there. From the

1552: 1418:ⲇⲟⲝⲁ ⲡⲁⲧⲣⲓ ⲕⲉ ⲩⲓⲱ: ⲕⲉ ⲁ̀ⲅⲓⲱ ⲡⲛⲉⲩⲙⲁⲧⲓ: ⲕⲉ ⲛⲩⲛ ⲕⲉ ⲁ̀ⲓ̀ ⲕⲉ ⲓⲥ ⲧⲟⲩⲥ ⲉⲱⲛⲁⲥ ⲧⲱⲛ ⲉ̀ⲱ̀ⲛⲱⲛ ⲁ̀ⲙⲏⲛ 1365: 1332: 1277: 1089:. This association may have contributed to making "Copt" the settled form of the name. 702: 454: 388: 378: 6757: 4083:"Egypt's Sisi meets world Evangelical churches delegation in Cairo – Politics – Egypt" 4063: 3674: 2991:

financial benefit to the individuals who secure the forced conversion of the victim."

1524:

Our Father Who art in heaven: hallowed be Thy name: Thy kingdom come: Thy will be done

1010:(639-646) it became restricted to those Egyptians adhering to the Christian religion. 959:(reconstructed pronunciation /ħawitˌkuʀpiˈtaħ/ → /ħajiʔˌkuʀpiˈtaħ/ → /ħəjˌkuʔpəˈtaħ/, 948:(lit. "Egyptian"; used here as a man's name). This Mycenaean form probably comes from 8427: 8237: 7828: 7812: 7787: 7595: 7483: 7459: 7410: 7376: 7350: 7338: 7330: 7275: 7257: 7212: 7129: 7073: 7026: 6911: 6859: 6849: 6264: 6192: 5801: 5586: 5536: 5383: 5298: 5273: 5219: 5174: 5146: 5084: 5059: 5034: 5005: 4975: 4891: 4787: 4654: 4514: 4470: 4452: 4363: 4284: 4256: 4228: 4172: 4138: 3710: 3539: 3399: 3389: 3148: 3029: 3011: 2722: 2590: 2483:

In the early 2010s, the Canadian Coptic Association estimates that the population of

2059: 1876: 1738: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1548: 1336: 1269: 1242: 1132: 975: 933: 840: 713: 712:

Following the Muslim conquest, the treatment of the Coptic Christians who refused to

398: 361: 348: 7653: 7326: 6362:"African Billionaire Fortunes Decline On New FORBES List Of The Continent's Richest" 5932:

First Coptic Catholic church in Australia blessed and consecrated in Western Sydney.

3155:(Decree of Canopus, in 238 BC) which consisted of the intercalation of a sixth 2829: 2183:. Many Sudanese Copts have advanced educations. They have occasionally faced forced 1092:

In the 20th century, some Egyptian nationalists and intellectuals in the context of

8200: 8117: 7706: 7701: 7322: 7265: 7247: 7202: 7194: 7119: 7111: 7065: 7001: 6592: 6407: 5793: 5559: 5524: 5335: 5207: 4491: 4460: 4444: 4313: 3300: 3278: 3041: 2922:

While freedom of religion is guaranteed by the Egyptian constitution, according to

2672: 2445:

Outside of the Coptic primary area of residence within parts of present-day Egypt (

2362: 1993: 1880: 1797: 1660: 1640: 1628: 1468: 1374: 1250: 769: 444: 434: 6731: 5735: 5142:"They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else": A History of the Armenian Genocide 5027:"Introduction: Constantinople and Granada, Christian-Muslim Interaction 1350-1516" 4838: 2283:, which was convened as part of plan to transition Sudan to democracy. However, a 2141: 2014: 1424:Δόξα Πατρὶ κὲ Υἱῷ κὲ Ἁγίῳ Πνεύματι, κὲ νῦν κὲ ἀῒ κὲ ἰς τοὺς ἐῶνας τῶν ἐώνων. Ἀμήν. 200: 8205: 7880: 7864: 7833: 7782: 7752: 7688: 7501: 7477: 7473: 7453: 7406:

The Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu: Translated from Zotenberg's Ethiopic Text

7404: 7370: 7252: 6905: 6623: 6603: 6553: 6496: 6477: 6438: 6157: 6035: 5979: 5607: 5550:

van der Vliet, Jacques (June 2009), "The Copts: 'Modern Sons of the Pharaohs'?",

4825:

Mawaiz wa al-'i'tibar bi dhikr al-khitat wa al-'athar (2 vols., Bulaq, 1854), by

4630: 4196: 4070: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3509: 3203: 3172: 3132: 3126: 3033: 3025: 3007: 2984: 2916: 2777: 2764: 2484: 2477: 2437: 2432: 2428: 2418: 2394: 2311: 1954: 1895: 1827: 1778: 1636: 1476: 1399: 1340: 1300: 1257:, wood-carving techniques were in use there by blind scholars to read and write. 1178: 1045: 1022: 949: 937: 886: 825: 725: 698: 596: 579: 489: 403: 353: 343: 318: 247: 211: 195: 8401: 7311:"Allele frequency comparative study between the two main Egyptian ethnic groups" 6813: 6099:

Mashriq & Mahjar: Journal of Middle East and North African Migration Studies

5999: 4541: 3878:

In the year 2003, there was an estimated 70,000 Copts in New South Wales alone:

3070:

Leaf from a Coptic manuscript, 6th-14th century, Metropolitan museum of art, NYC

1875:

around the world in 2016, found that around 26% of Egyptian Christians obtain a

1394:

Egyptian Greek is the variety of Greek spoken in Egypt from antiquity until the

8473: 8432: 8290: 7947: 7777: 7678: 7673: 7668: 6510:"Egypt: National Unity and the Coptic issue. (Arab Strategic Report 2004–2005)" 4933: 3750: 3417: 3379: 3274: 3156: 2904: 2900: 2782: 2651: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2381: 2353: 2254: 2227: 2214: 2130: 2078: 2006: 1910: 1758: 1730: 1686: 1292: 1273: 1217:. The Church of Alexandria is therefore the oldest Christian church in Africa. 1174: 988: 706: 667: 659: 651: 429: 424: 419: 338: 6546: 5528: 5339: 5211: 1501:Ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲭⲁ ⲛⲏⲉⲧⲉⲣⲟⲛ ⲛⲁⲛ ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ: ⲙ̀ⲫ̀ⲣⲏϯ ϩⲱⲛ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉⲛⲭⲱ ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̀ⲛⲏⲉⲧⲉ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲛ̀ⲧⲁⲛ ⲉⲣⲱⲟⲩ 1307:, visited Egypt around 357 AD and his monastic rules are followed by the 8462: 8300: 8295: 8056: 8031: 7931: 7334: 7261: 7005: 6559: 6458: 6117: 6017: 5805: 5563: 4995: 4456: 3965: 3589: 3549: 3427: 3411: 3365: 3328: 2908: 2862: 2756: 2751: 2461: 2234: 1914: 1808: 1804: 1472: 1410: 1360: 1186: 808: 7310: 5797: 4495: 3345: 2510:, 2018). The first Coptic Orthodox priest in Australia arrived in 1969; the 1792:(a tax on non-Muslims) and allowed Egyptians (Copts) to enroll in the army. 1681: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8150: 8140: 8113: 8087: 7951: 7792: 7762: 7342: 7279: 7216: 7133: 7077: 7022:

Middle East Patterns, Student Economy Edition: Places, People, and Politics

6974: 6855:

Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs

5031:

Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History, Volume 5 (1350-1500)

4510:

The Cambridge History of the Bible: Volume 1, From the Beginnings to Jerome

4474: 3482: 3468: 3447: 3441: 3395: 3160: 3114: 2936: 2537: 2002: 1887: 1816: 1690: 1656: 1648: 1644: 1632: 1620: 1576: 1556: 1403: 1348: 1312: 1261: 1226: 1194: 1165: 1145: 623: 373: 328: 6886: 1963:, which states that Coptic culture is largely derived from pre-Christian, 1886:

According to the scholar Andrea Rugh Copts tend to belong to the educated

1530:

And forgive us our trespasses: as we forgive those who trespass against us

1520:

In the Name of the Father: and the Son: and the Holy Spirit: One God: Amen

8437: 8411: 7963: 7955: 7943: 7115: 5772:

Excluded and Unequal: Copts on the Margins of the Egyptian Security State

3405: 3152: 3103: 3082: 3045: 3037: 2996:

Egyptian NGO Association of Victims of Abduction and Forced Disappearance

2951: 2892: 2880: 2562: 2546: 2402: 2366: 2276: 2258: 1998: 1969: 1899: 1860: 1769: 1296: 1265: 1210: 1190: 1182: 1086: 1003: 765: 690: 383: 6975:"Learn the History of the Copts | What is the Coptic | Coptic" 6955: 6597:

Egypt court upholds right of converted Muslims to return to Christianity

4399: 4168:

The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East

2549:

district of Amman had 8,000 members, mostly Egyptians. As of 2012, the

2093: 1065:"Copt" has also been connected to the Greek name of the town of Kóptos ( 8447: 8442: 8381: 8310: 8220: 8155: 7891: 7747: 7069: 6336:"House Members Press White House to Confront Egypt on Forced Marriages" 6225: 5882:

Coptic Christians celebrate Christmas after 'sadness' of terror attacks

5347: 5323: 5001:

Heresy and the Politics of Community: The Jews of the Fatimid Caliphate

4826: 4802: 3514: 3435: 3385: 3219: 3092: 2849: 2837: 2307: 2253:

verse. In contrast with the extensive media broadcasting of the Muslim

2180: 2176: 1960: 1948: 1868: 1812: 1485:Ϧⲉⲛ ⲫ̀ⲣⲁⲛ ⲙ̀ⲫ̀ⲓⲱⲧ: ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡ̀ϣⲏⲣⲓ: ⲛⲉⲙ Ⲡⲓⲡⲛⲉⲩⲙⲁ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ: ⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲛ̀ⲟⲩⲱⲧ: Ⲁⲙⲏⲛ 1331:

around 400 AD, leaving details of his experiences in his letters.

1304: 1230: 1202: 1157: 1093: 992: 761: 733: 717: 682: 616: 313: 7541:

U.S. Department of State International Religious Freedom Report: Egypt

7198: 6931: 6185: 5781: 5720:

The fears and vulnerabilities of Christians amid the conflict in Sudan

4448: 4314:"Egypt from "U.S. Department of State/Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs"" 3920: 2573:, there were approximately 1,000 Copts as of 2014, mostly residing in 73: 8391: 8331: 7757: 6277: 6275: 6273: 3817: 3569: 3359: 3338: 2958: 2574: 2515: 1705: 1652: 1388: 1328: 1285: 1225:

The Copts in Egypt contributed immensely to Christian tradition. The

1014: 906: 818: 773: 323: 7479:

Imperial unity and Christian divisions: The Church 450–680 A.D.

6432:

Copts welcome Presidential announcement on Eastern Christmas Holiday

1409:

The following is an example of Egyptian Greek language, used in the

8376: 8346: 8315: 7987: 7967: 7959: 7854: 6094: 3505: 3188: 3164: 3144: 3109: 3098: 3088: 2963: 2204: 2172: 2168: 2156: 2146: 1906: 1835: 1830:, which overthrew the Kingdom of Egypt and established a republic. 1538:

For Thine is the kingdom and the power and the glory forever. Amen.

1169: 780: 749: 7233: 6270: 5898:

Philip J. Hughes, Margaret Fraser, and Stephen Breck Reid (2012).

2946:

and clashes between the military and Morsi supporters, there were

8215: 6081: 4810: 4798: 4732: 4717: 3900:

In the year 2017, there was an estimated 45,000 Copts in France:

3490: 3421: 3333: 3269:

clade (21%). Both paternal lineages are common among other local

3241:

29 August, except before a Julian leap year when it's August 30.

3211: 3078: 2912: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2488: 2250: 2164: 1964: 1624: 1254: 796: 533: 7432:

The Copts of Egypt: The Challenges of Modernisation and Identity

7423:

Courbage, Youssef and Phillipe Fargues. Judy Mabro (Translator)

4948: 4134:

Copts in Context: Negotiating Identity, Tradition, and Modernity

2306:

In 2023, Fikiru Mehari, an researcher for the Christian charity

1185:

that can be dated to the first half of the 2nd century, and the

936:, but dates to a much earlier period, being attested already in 728:

due to historic and current conflicts. Most Copts adhere to the

7535: 7391:

Christian Egypt: Coptic Art and Monuments Through Two Millennia

5988: 5700:

Khartoum Churches Damaged as Sudan Descends Closer to Civil War

4339:

Foreign and Commonwealth Office -UK Ministry of Foreign Affairs

3245:

is reckoned by the Julian Calendar in the Old Calendarist way.

3242: 3193: 2979:

and marry Muslim men. In 2009 the Washington, D.C. based group

2570: 2532: 2526: 2519: 2249:

dress laws. A Coptic child was flogged for failing to recite a

2218: 2211:

prompted Copts to join in public opposition to religious rule.

2208: 2160: 1980: 1928: 1919: 1852: 1831: 1773:

President Nasser welcomes a delegation of Coptic bishops (1965)

1584: 1398:

in the 7th century. Egyptian Greek adopted many loanwords from

1370: 1246: 1161: 1120: 788: 288: 7530: 7525: 5869:

Who are Egypt's Coptic Christians and why are they persecuted?

4253:

The Cave Church of Paul the Hermit at the Monastery of St. Pau

3655:

Pope Francis Calls on Egypt’s Catholics to Embrace Forgiveness

2064:

Coptic Orthodox Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of All Africa

1627:. Those who did not abide by the council's terms were labeled 1505:Ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲣⲉⲛⲧⲉⲛ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ̀ⲡⲓⲣⲁⲥⲙⲟⲥ: ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲛⲁϩⲙⲉⲛ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϩⲁ ⲡⲓⲡⲉⲧϩⲱⲟⲩ 1139: 776:", and they have historically flourished in business affairs. 6032:"King commends Coptic Church's role in promoting coexistence" 5982:

plus another 5,000 – 10,000 Copts who are directly under the

5750:"What Egypt under Sissi is really like for Coptic Christians" 3951:

plus another 5,000 – 10,000 Copts who are directly under the

3431: 3215: 3168: 2932: 2884: 2876: 2370: 2246: 2238: 2195: 2152: 2037: 1789: 1742: 1701: 1697: 1664: 1532:

And lead us not into temptation: but deliver us from evil one

1324: 1320: 1316: 1149: 1002:

in Greek came to designate the native Egyptian population in

912: 757: 631: 627: 5973:

middle school ireland marriages family at middlekilleavy.com

3171:, keeping it forever synchronized with the newly introduced 1303:, and the founder and organiser of the monastic movement in 8336: 5824:

Under Caesar's Sword: How Christians Respond to Persecution

4726: 2896: 2374: 2207:

in the mid-1960s and subsequent demands by radicals for an

1583:

with calculating and annually announcing the exact date of

1074: 984: 971: 100:

400,000-500,000 (previously); a smaller number (as of 2018)

6858:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–2. 4297: 2580: 2198:, and intermarry with the native Sudanese population. The 7308: 5787: 5295:

The Coptic Christian Heritage: History, Faith and Culture

4599: 4557: 1746: 1006:(as distinct from Greeks, Romans, Jews, etc.). After the 7545: 5684:

Sudan's Copts See Hope in Appointment of First Christian

5609:

The American Colony Guide-book to Jerusalem and Environs

5056:

Coptic Identity and Ayyubid Politics in Egypt, 1218-1250

4680: 4422: 2464:

is St. Mark in Toronto; it was built in 1964. The first

2187:, resulting in their emigration and decrease in number. 1205:

constituted the majority of Egypt's population, and the

6534:

Egypt: Egypt Arrests 22 Muslim converts to Christianity

5635:"Bishop Tawadros new pope of Egypt's Coptic Christians" 4650:

Ecumenism of Blood: Heavenly Hope for Earthly Communion

4306: 3135:, also called the Alexandrian calendar, is used by the 5107:

attitude toward forced conversion and toward converts.

4956:

The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians

3881:"Coptic Orthodox Church (NSW) Property Trust Act 1990" 3803: 3801: 3675:

Egyptian woman fights unequal Islamic inheritance laws

3143:

as its official calendar (with different names). This

1737:

Christians included closing and demolishing churches,

1575:, who played the major role in the formulation of the 1260:

Another major contribution the Egyptian Copts made to

1051: 1042: 952: 7441:

Revised Ed. American University in Cairo Press, 1990.

6617:

Egypt allows converts to revert to Christianity on ID

6309:"United States Commission on Int'l Religious Freedom" 4922:. American University in Cairo Press. pp. 33–35. 4580: 3872: 3693:"Five Things to Know About Egypt's Coptic Christians" 3020:

Coptic and Arabic inscriptions in an Old Cairo church

2529:, the United Kingdom, France (45,000), South Africa. 7097: 6688:"Egypt's Coptic Christians – Braced for Persecution" 4967: 4570: 3793:

World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples

3458: 1513:Ϫⲉ ⲑⲱⲕ ⲧⲉ ϯⲙⲉⲧⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛⲉⲙ ϯϫⲟⲙ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲱⲟⲩ ϣⲁ ⲉⲛⲉϩ. Ⲁⲙⲏⲛ. 1213:'s four apostolic sees, second in honor only to the 1097: 1060: 855: 844: 829: 610: 590: 7409:. Merchantville, New Jersey: Evolution Publishing. 5627: 3798: 2514:is organized into two dioceses, the first based in 2397:; during that time, Islamist militants such as the 995:for the city of Memphis and the region around it). 6750: 6233: 4851: 4227:. Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 161. 3857: 3855: 697:in 639–646 AD. Copts have historically spoken the 7048: 5841:Encyclopedia of Christianity in the United States 4720:Papyrology and the History of Early Islamic Egypt 4064:Coptic Orthodox Church Listings for Libya, p. 136 3795:, Minority Rights Group International (June 2018) 2028:The previous head of the Coptic Orthodox Church, 1863:, and in 1961 Coptic Christians owned 51% of the 8460: 6812:Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. 6711: 4195:Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. 3966:"Free to pray – but don't try to convert anyone" 3837: 3835: 2950:on Coptic churches and institutions in Egypt by 1826:led some army officers in a coup d'état against 1220: 1201:). By the beginning of the 3rd century AD, 677:Originally referring to all Egyptians, the term 626:who have primarily inhabited the area of modern 7375:(2nd rev. ed.). Athens: Lycabettus Press. 6987: 6932:"Coptic Orthodox Calendar / Easter Calculation" 6471:Egypt: Overview of human rights issues in Egypt 6329: 6327: 6325: 5660: 5658: 5656: 4735:Varieties of Post-classical and Byzantine Greek 3896: 3894: 3852: 2848:In 2006, one person attacked three churches in 1295:to emulate their spiritual, disciplined lives. 7372:Christians in the Arab East: A Political Study 7166: 7044: 7042: 6568:"Egyptian Court Allows Return to Christianity" 6006: 5839:Stanley A. Clark, "Coptic Orthodox Church" in 5694: 5692: 4797:community coexisted So should we assume that 4392: 4356:Bailey, Betty Jane; Bailey, J. Martin (2003). 4335:"Egypt from "Foreign and Commonwealth Office"" 3649: 3647: 2518:(diocese organized in 1999) and the second in 2389:in the country. From 2011 to 2015, during the 2145:Holy Virgin Mary Coptic Orthodox Cathedral in 1939:encouraged the accumulation of human capital. 1659:branch, which led to their persecution by the 978: 760:as well as the modernization of Egypt and the 7907: 7561: 6907:Anno Domini: The Origins of the Christian Era 6714:"Coptic churches burn amid violence in Egypt" 5549: 5081:The Coptic Papacy in Islamic Egypt (641-1517) 4994: 4617: 4572:el Ittigahat el Wataneyya fil Adab el Muʻaṣir 4486: 4484: 4381: 4379: 4329: 4327: 4281:The Coptic Papacy in Islamic Egypt (641-1517) 4165:Raheb, Mitri; Lamport, Mark A. (2020-12-15). 3832: 3095:and of the medieval and modern Coptic Church. 2805: 2233:In February 1991, a Coptic pilot working for 983:), the name of the temple complex of the god 556: 7512:International Journal of Middle East Studies 7172: 6758:"Christian minority under pressure in Egypt" 6490:Human Rights Watch. World report 2007: Egypt 6391:The World's Billionaires: #396 Samih Sawiris 6322: 6301: 6065:Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor 5916:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5835: 5833: 5821: 5653: 5270:Christians in Egypt: Strategies and Survival 5083:. American Univ in Cairo Press. p. 54. 5058:. American Univ in Cairo Press. p. 76. 4961: 4936:(1972). "The Conversion of Egypt to Islam". 4733:Lennart Sundelin; Petra Sijpesteijn (2020). 4718:Lennart Sundelin; Petra Sijpesteijn (2004). 4506: 4355: 4283:. American Univ in Cairo Press. p. 54. 4164: 4130: 3891: 3277:clade (15%), as well as the archaic African 3051:Today Coptic is extinct but it is still the 1788:in the early 19th century. He abolished the 860: 849: 834: 7496: 7039: 6948: 6133:"The ethnic origin of Christians in Israel" 6113:"Orthodox Copts open church in Switzerland" 5689: 5053: 5004:. Cornell University Press. pp. 219–. 4362:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 145. 3863:Canadian Copts Ponder Future of Their Faith 3669: 3667: 3644: 2466:Coptic Orthodox church in the United States 2361:, 2017) or 10 million (figure cited in the 2318:with a "smattering" of Coptic Orthodox and 2047: 1647:as erroneous and referred to themselves as 1587:to the rest of the Christian churches. The 1402:; there was a great deal of intracommunity 1140:Foundation of the Christian Church in Egypt 783:. In Egypt, Copts have a relatively higher 15: 7914: 7900: 7568: 7554: 7514:(Aug 2010) 42#3 pp 479–482. Historiography 7472: 7098:Trombetta, Beniamino; et al. (2015). 6842: 6171:"Egypt: Church Building Regulations Eased" 5851: 5849: 5585:. U. of California Press. pp. 258ff. 5523:(4). Cambridge University Press: 844–869. 5517:Comparative Studies in Society and History 5321: 5206:(4). Cambridge University Press: 844–869. 5200:Comparative Studies in Society and History 5145:. Princeton University Press. p. 48. 5078: 5029:. In Thomas, David; Mallett, Alex (eds.). 4988: 4711: 4611:American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) 4513:. Cambridge University Press. p. 27. 4481: 4376: 4359:Who Are the Christians in the Middle East? 4324: 4278: 4131:Doorn-Harder, Nelly van (3 October 2017). 3444:, Egyptian-British cardiothoracic surgeon. 2887:'s governmental cabinet: Finance Minister 2812: 2798: 2032:, died 17 March 2012. On 4 November 2012, 563: 549: 72: 16: 7446:Two Thousand Years of Coptic Christianity 7269: 7251: 7206: 7173:Begoña Dobon; et al. (28 May 2015). 7123: 7058:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 6879: 6738:. Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights 6724: 6056:Report on International Religious Freedom 5830: 5817: 5815: 5714: 5712: 5242:. Pew Research Center. 19 December 2011. 5237:"Religion and Education Around the World" 4784:A History of Mathematics: An Introduction 4706:Egypt after the Pharaohs, 332 BC – AD 642 4589:"How many Christians are there in Egypt?" 4500: 4464: 4222: 4108:"How many Christians are there in Egypt?" 3784: 3782: 3780: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3368:, Egyptian-American musician and academic 2502:population has been estimated at 30,000 ( 2279:) was appointed in 2019 to the 11-member 1670: 756:. The Copts played a central role in the 7921: 7012: 6988:El Gendi, Yosra; Pinfari, Marco (2020). 6903: 6235:"Coptic Christians attacked in churches" 6213:. The Free Lance–Star. November 23, 2002 5971:Copts number at least 20,000 in Britain 5766: 5764: 5762: 5292: 5164: 5162: 4958:, Vol. 48, No. 1 (March, 1989), pp.66–78 4890:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 71. 4776: 4400:"Britannica: Egyptian Christians - Copt" 4246: 4244: 4225:Middle East, Region in Transition: Egypt 4190: 4188: 3933:Copts number at least 20,000 in Britain 3778: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3703: 3664: 3344: 3332: 3292:is most frequent (28%), followed by the 3233:Every fourth Coptic year is a leap year 3192: 3065: 3015: 2983:published a study of the abductions and 2422: 2140: 2124: 2072: 1979: 1855:index, and a stronger representation in 1815:and Secretary General of the Wafd Party 1768: 1752: 1680: 1559:were headed by Egyptian patriarchs. The 1364: 1119: 654:account for roughly 5–15 percent of the 24:This is an accepted version of this page 7399: 7049:Hassan, Hisham Y.; et al. (2008). 6685: 6679: 6660: 6193:"Egyptian court orders clashes retrial" 6110: 6042: 5846: 5267: 5229: 4932: 4887:A History of Christian–Muslim Relations 4883: 4586: 4218: 4216: 4105: 3843:The Americanization of an Ancient Faith 3677:, Associated Press (November 15, 2019). 3653:Francis X. Rocca & Dahlia Kholaif, 2581:Persecution and discrimination in Egypt 1847:In Egypt, Copts have relatively higher 1606: 670:similarly account for 1 percent of the 258:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 14: 8461: 7451: 6635: 6333: 5984:British Orthodox Church (1999 figures) 5812: 5747: 5709: 5605: 5552:Church History & Religious Culture 5510: 5380:"Arabian Business: The Sawiris Family" 5193: 4968:John Joseph Saunders (11 March 2002). 4250: 3963: 3953:British Orthodox Church (1999 figures) 3903:"Qui sont les coptes en France ?" 3753:. Minority Rights Group. October 2017. 3721: 3680: 3438:businessman, investor and billionaire. 3179:but have different numbers and names. 1565:St. Alexander, Patriarch of Alexandria 1542: 813:The English language adopted the word 634:since antiquity. They are the largest 7895: 7549: 7368: 6848: 6231: 5759: 5686:, Voice of America (October 9, 2019). 5168: 5159: 5024: 4917: 4647:OSB, Hugh Somerville Knapman (2018). 4507:Ackroyd, P. R.; Evans, C. F. (1963). 4241: 4185: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4057: 3757: 3414:, heir to the Sarofim family fortune. 3265:. The remainder mainly belong to the 3055:of the native Egyptian Churches (the 2975:Coptic women and girls are abducted, 2883:. Previously, only two Copts were in 2384:is uncertain. A 2013 estimate by the 2266:Sudanese government of National Unity 1264:was the creation and organization of 1041:in the Sahidic dialect; cf. Egyptian 7018: 6811: 6565: 6281: 5738:, Minority Rights Group (June 2018). 5576: 5322:Pennington, J. D. (3 October 1982). 5138: 4849: 4587:Hackett, Conrad (16 February 2011). 4213: 4194: 4047:"Who are Egypt's Coptic Christians?" 4039: 2879:'s foreign minister under President 2535:has a minor community of Copts; the 2460:The first Coptic Orthodox church in 2226:overthrew the elected government of 2088: 1112:Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria 84:Regions with significant populations 51:Ethnoreligious group in North Africa 7146: 6790:. World Watch Monitor. 2017-09-14. 6768:from the original on March 22, 2017 6712:Egyptian Streets (16 August 2013). 6111:Burnand, Frédéric (July 17, 2004). 5511:Catlos, Brian A. (3 October 2014). 5194:Catlos, Brian A. (3 October 2014). 4646: 4124: 3807: 3259:Coptic Oriental Orthodox Christians 2598:Part of a series of articles on the 2512:Coptic Orthodox Church in Australia 2476:shortly afterward. As of 2018, the 2427:St. Mark Coptic Orthodox Church in 1599:(431 AD) was presided over by 1591:(381 AD) was presided over by 1563:(325 AD) was presided over by 1339:in the 6th century on the model of 966:), literally "estate/palace of the 861: 850: 835: 791:, and a stronger representation in 600: 48: 8484:Indigenous peoples of North Africa 7444:Meinardus, Otto Friedrich August. 7439:Coptic Egypt: History and a Guide. 7361: 6359: 6177:. 13 December 2005. Archived from 5398:"The richest men in Africa – 2009" 4843: 4694:. Columbia University Press. 2011. 4151: 3711:"Egyptian Coptic protesters freed" 3322: 3167:formally reformed the calendar of 2981:Christian Solidarity International 2543:Virgin Mary Coptic Orthodox Church 1959:Many Coptic intellectuals hold to 1749:for those who refused to convert. 49: 8555: 7519: 6661:Khairat, Mohamed (Aug 16, 2013). 6566:Audi, Nadim (February 11, 2008). 6334:Abrams, Joseph (April 21, 2010). 6151:Church Building Regulations Eased 5488:"#396 Samih Sawiris - Forbes.com" 5440:"#68 Nassef Sawiris - Forbes.com" 5416:"#60 Naguib Sawiris - Forbes.com" 4853:"Do Copts have a future in Egypt" 4607:"Egypt from "The World Factbook"" 4341:. August 15, 2008. Archived from 4318:United States Department of State 3936:"Middle Killeavy Parish Web Site" 3885:New South Wales Consolidated Acts 3590:List of prominent Copts worldwide 3074:Dialects of the Coptic language: 2525:Smaller communities are found in 1975: 1547:The major contributions that the 1160:, shortly after the ascension of 118:1–2 million (estimates vary) 8544:Ethnic groups in the Middle East 8077: 7652: 7302: 7290: This article incorporates 7285: 7227: 7140: 7091: 6981: 6967: 6924: 6897: 6887:"The Coptic Calendar of Martyrs" 6824: 6805: 6780: 6705: 6654: 6629: 6609: 6586: 6539: 6527: 6502: 6483: 6463: 6444: 6424: 6400: 6384: 6353: 6265:Egypt church attacks spark anger 6257: 6203: 6163: 6143: 6125: 6104: 6087: 6071: 6024: 5996:"Come Across And Help Us Book 2" 5965: 5941: 5924: 5891: 5874: 5861: 4864:from the original on 2017-06-20. 4137:. Univ of South Carolina Press. 3964:Teller, Matthew (12 July 2015). 3489: 3475: 3461: 3028:is the most recent stage of the 2615: 2322:adherents. A 2018 report by the 2281:Transitional Sovereignty Council 2092: 1842: 1528:Give us this day our daily bread 1497:ⲡⲉⲛⲱⲓⲕ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ⲣⲁⲥϯ ⲙⲏⲓϥ ⲛⲁⲛ ⲙ̀ⲫⲟⲟⲩ 1493:Ⲙ̀ⲫⲣⲏϯ ϧⲉⲛ ⲧ̀ⲫⲉ ⲛⲉⲙ ϩⲓϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲕⲁϩⲓ 1449: 1437: 1354: 1144:According to ancient tradition, 1116:History of Christianity in Egypt 532: 287: 238: 8233:Christianization of Kievan Rus' 8025:Independent Churches/Communions 7425:Christians and Jews Under Islam 7327:10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110348 7147:Mohamed, Hisham Yousif Hassan. 6794:from the original on 2018-09-13 6636:Chulov, Martin (Aug 15, 2013). 6284:"Egypt's Persecuted Christians" 6246:from the original on 2022-01-11 6078:Germany's growing Coptic Church 5741: 5729: 5676: 5599: 5570: 5543: 5504: 5480: 5464:"#96 Onsi Sawiris - Forbes.com" 5456: 5432: 5408: 5390: 5372: 5354: 5315: 5286: 5261: 5249:from the original on 2016-12-22 5187: 5132: 5110: 5100: 5072: 5047: 5018: 4926: 4911: 4877: 4868: 4831: 4819: 4763: 4754: 4741: 4698: 4668: 4640: 4563: 4551: 4534: 4416: 4349: 4272: 4099: 4075: 4020: 4008: 3986: 3957: 3927: 2330: 2299:. Many became refugees or were 2030:Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria 1593:Patriarch Timothy of Alexandria 1343:, although in a stricter form. 1148:was introduced to present day 877:reflects the historical Coptic 636:Christian denomination in Egypt 260: instead of Coptic letters. 8257:Moscow–Constantinople schisms 7503:History of the Byzantine State 7458:. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 7315:Forensic Science International 6891:Coptic Orthodox Church Network 6452:Egypt's Endangered Christians. 6232:Miles, Hugh (April 15, 2006). 5904:Christian Research Association 5748:Yerkes, Sarah (20 June 2016). 4637:. Retrieved 28 September 2008. 4546:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 4106:Hackett, Conrad (2011-02-16). 3743: 3603: 3182: 2942:In August 2013, following the 2393:, at least 200,000 Christians 1935:emphasis on literacy and that 1611:In 451 AD, following the 681:became synonymous with native 13: 1: 6686:Gilbert, Lela (25 May 2015). 6556:Ahram Weekly, 3 – May 9, 2007 5858:, CBC News (January 4, 2011). 5577:Reid, Donald Malcolm (2003). 5171:Minorities in the Middle East 5054:Werthmuller, Kurt J. (2010). 4653:. Paulist Press. p. 87. 4029:History of Christianity:Sudan 3637: 3450:, Egyptian-French politician. 2277:Raja Nicola Issa Abdul-Masseh 1984:Egyptian Coptic monks at the 1942: 1643:, however, rejected the term 1387:By the time of Roman emperor 1221:Contributions to Christianity 701:, a direct descendant of the 662:account for 1 percent of the 8407:Essence–energies distinction 8228:Christianization of Bulgaria 7452:Thomas, Martyn, ed. (2006). 7253:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006976 7104:Genome Biology and Evolution 7019:Held, Colbert (2018-10-03). 6832:"The Coptic Studies' Corner" 6282:Zaki, Moheb (May 18, 2010). 5886:Special Broadcasting Service 5871:, ABC News (April 10, 2017). 5139:Suny, Ronald Grigor (2015). 5025:Teule, Herman G. B. (2013). 4974:. Routledge. pp. 109–. 4223:Etheredge, Laura S. (2011). 4171:. Rowman & Littlefield. 4014: 3596: 2409:violently persecuted Copts. 2297:civil war that began in 2023 1164:and during the reign of the 1052: 1043: 979: 953: 907: 802: 591: 7: 8504:Oriental Orthodoxy in Libya 8499:Oriental Orthodoxy in Sudan 8494:Oriental Orthodoxy in Egypt 8211:Antiochian Greek Christians 8109:Christianization of Georgia 8104:Christianization of Armenia 8011:Assyrian Church of the East 7640:Evangelical Church of Egypt 6495:September 28, 2008, at the 6437:September 30, 2007, at the 5856:Coptic Christians in Canada 5324:"The Copts in Modern Egypt" 4971:A History of Medieval Islam 4571: 3737:Central Intelligence Agency 3454: 3355:Some famous Copts include: 3251: 3120: 3106:(also known as Subakhmimic) 3001: 2412: 2217:'s introduction of Islamic 1526:On earth as it is in heaven 1098: 1061: 961:Egyptological pronunciation 932:), itself derives from the 856: 845: 830: 754:Evangelical Church of Egypt 611: 10: 8560: 8261:15th–16th centuries schism 8185:Oriental Orthodox Churches 8016:Ancient Church of the East 8001:Oriental Orthodox Churches 7526:Worldwide Coptic Directory 7506:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 6904:Declercq, Georges (2000). 6602:November 21, 2011, at the 6149:WorldWide Religious News. 5173:. McFarland. p. 144. 4786:, p. 184. Addison Wesley, 4737:. De Gruyter. p. 447. 3560:International Coptic Union 3362:, prominent civil engineer 3326: 3186: 3124: 3005: 2977:forced to convert to Islam 2718:Alexandria and Tanta, 2017 2584: 2541:reported in 2005 that the 2416: 2382:Coptic population in Libya 2334: 2134: 2128: 2082: 2076: 2051: 1986:American Colony, Jerusalem 1952: 1946: 1902:of Egypt were Christians. 1762: 1756: 1674: 1635:and later Jacobites after 1358: 1282:Shenouda the Archimandrite 1109: 1105: 1070: 1026: 929: 920:The Greek term for Egypt, 913: 806: 583: 214:(liturgical and ancestral) 8539:Ancient peoples of Africa 8420: 8324: 8283: 8094: 8075: 8055: 8024: 8006:Eastern Catholic Churches 7986: 7975: 7929: 7873: 7842: 7821: 7735: 7687: 7661: 7650: 7630: 7612: 7594: 7583: 7575: 7369:Betts, Robert B. (1978). 6994:Media, War & Conflict 6552:October 15, 2008, at the 5978:January 21, 2009, at the 5529:10.1017/S0010417514000425 5340:10.1080/00263208208700503 5297:. Routledge. p. 83. 5212:10.1017/S0010417514000425 5169:Nisan, Mordechai (2002). 5079:N. Swanson, Mark (2010). 4279:N. Swanson, Mark (2010). 4255:. Yale University Press. 3619:Egyptian population. The 2926:, "Egyptians are able to 2875:was a Copt who served as 2316:Episcopal Church of Sudan 2023:Coptic Evangelical Church 1834:'s mainstream policy was 1589:Council of Constantinople 1475:is recited in the native 1396:Islamic conquest of Egypt 1309:Eastern Orthodox Churches 1209:was recognized as one of 1102:in the historical sense. 824:, which derives from the 817:in the 17th century from 223: 218: 191: 186: 178: 170: 162: 154: 146: 138: 130: 122: 112: 104: 96: 88: 83: 71: 63: 62: 7389:Capuani, Massimo et al. 7154:. University of Khartoum 7006:10.1177/1750635219866137 6061:U.S. Department of State 5953:U.S. Department of State 5606:Matson, G. Olaf (1925). 5564:10.1163/187124109x407934 5272:. Springer. p. 30. 5268:B. Rugh, Andrea (2016). 4850:Shea, Nina (June 2017). 4704:qtd. in Alan K. Bowman, 4251:Lyster, William (2013). 3392:actor of Coptic origins. 3147:is based on the ancient 2386:U.S. Department of State 2060:Orthodox Tewahedo Church 2054:Christianity in Ethiopia 2048:Copts in modern Ethiopia 2017:congregations. The term 1988:, between 1898 and 1914. 1711:Muslim conquest of Egypt 1534:In Christ Jesus our Lord 1008:Muslim conquest of Egypt 885:) an Arabisation of the 748:, in communion with the 738:Oriental Orthodox Church 695:Muslim conquest of Egypt 31:latest accepted revision 8243:Eastern Orthodox Church 8197:Saint Thomas Christians 7996:Eastern Orthodox Church 7395:excerpt and text search 6622:April 16, 2009, at the 6408:"Africa's Billionaires" 6288:The Wall Street Journal 6156:March 18, 2009, at the 6101:, vol. 8, no. 1 (2020). 5798:10.5339/connect.2013.22 5293:M. Farag, Lois (2013). 4938:Israel Oriental Studies 4782:Victor J. Katz (1998). 4496:10.5339/connect.2013.22 3545:Copto-Arabic literature 2858:The Wall Street Journal 2474:Jersey City, New Jersey 2200:Anglo-Egyptian invasion 1704:who faced off with the 1581:Patriarch of Alexandria 1569:Saint Hosius of Córdoba 1509:Ϧⲉⲛ Ⲡⲭ̅ⲥ̅ Ⲓⲏ̅ⲥ̅ Ⲡⲉⲛⲟ̅ⲥ̅ 752:; others belong to the 746:Eastern Catholic Church 539:Christianity portal 268:Part of a series on the 8519:Ethnic groups in Libya 8514:Ethnic groups in Sudan 8509:Ethnic groups in Egypt 8489:Coptic Orthodox Church 8042:True Orthodox churches 8037:Spiritual Christianity 7622:Coptic Catholic Church 7604:Coptic Orthodox Church 7531:Copts United Newspaper 6038:on September 26, 2011. 5776:The Century Foundation 5328:Middle Eastern Studies 4884:Goddard, Hugh (2000). 4577:. Vol. 2. Cairo, 1954. 4542:Coptic Orthodox Church 4069:July 19, 2008, at the 4049:. CNN. 10 April 2017. 3555:Coptic Orthodox Church 3520:Coptic Catholic Church 3448:Hossam Boutros Messiha 3408:, American Politician. 3352: 3342: 3198: 3137:Coptic Orthodox Church 3071: 3061:Coptic Catholic Church 3057:Coptic Orthodox Church 3021: 2973: 2442: 2352:The Coptic population 2289:Abdel Fattah al-Burhan 2224:National Islamic Front 2149: 2011:Eastern Rite Catholics 1992:Today, members of the 1989: 1927:and relatively higher 1925:educational attainment 1873:religion and education 1849:educational attainment 1774: 1693: 1671:Arab conquest of Egypt 1651:. The majority of the 1540: 1517: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1382:Faiyum mummy portraits 1377: 1351:as a rite of passage. 1286:Pachomius the Cenobite 1128: 793:white-collar job types 787:, a relatively higher 785:educational attainment 742:Coptic Catholic Church 730:Coptic Orthodox Church 726:Copts' ethnic identity 511:Coptic Catholic Church 506:Coptic Orthodox Church 246:This article contains 229:Coptic Catholic Church 225:Coptic Orthodox Church 8534:Ethnoreligious groups 8524:Christian terminology 8065:Eastern Protestantism 7938:that developed since 6764:. December 17, 2010. 6547:"Fraud, not Freedom". 5770:Michael Wahid Hanna, 5404:on 21 September 2017. 5334:(2). JSTOR: 158–179. 5033:. Brill. p. 10. 4722:. Brill. p. 165. 4692:Columbia Encyclopedia 4345:on December 12, 2012. 4320:. September 30, 2008. 3867:Religion News Service 3627:Minority Rights Group 3585:Christianity in Libya 3580:Christianity in Sudan 3575:Christianity in Egypt 3565:List of Coptic saints 3372:Boutros Boutros-Ghali 3350:Boutros Boutros-Ghali 3348: 3336: 3196: 3091:: The dialect of the 3069: 3019: 2969: 2889:Youssef Boutros Ghali 2873:Boutros Boutros-Ghali 2637:Human rights in Egypt 2632:Christianity in Egypt 2426: 2345:Christianity in Libya 2341:Christianity in Sudan 2337:Christianity in Egypt 2335:Further information: 2324:Minority Rights Group 2320:Africa Inland Mission 2293:Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo 2285:military coup in 2019 2144: 2137:Christianity in Sudan 2135:Further information: 2125:Copts in modern Sudan 2085:Christianity in Libya 2083:Further information: 2073:Copts in modern Libya 1983: 1772: 1765:Christianity in Egypt 1763:Further information: 1753:Copts in modern Egypt 1735:persecution of Coptic 1700:was conquered by the 1684: 1677:Islamization of Egypt 1518: 1481: 1444:An Egyptiot centurion 1427: 1422: 1415: 1369:An Egyptiot man with 1368: 1359:Further information: 1315:, who translated the 1123: 1096:began using the term 970:("double" spirit) of 807:Further information: 716:ranged from relative 8529:North African people 8190:Council of Chalcedon 7936:Christian traditions 7923:Eastern Christianity 7294:available under the 6469:Human Rights Watch. 6457:January 7, 2003, at 6441:. December 20, 2002. 6160:. December 13, 2005. 6020:on January 31, 2011. 5612:. Vester. p. 20 4675:Eusebius of Caesarea 4613:. September 4, 2008. 4569:qtd. in M. Hussein. 3814:LookLex Encyclopedia 3699:. February 16, 2015. 2854:Ministry of Interior 2587:Persecution of Copts 2506:, 2017) to 100,000 ( 2493:Greater Toronto Area 2369:, especially around 2301:internally displaced 2209:Islamic constitution 2001:(known in Arabic as 1915:Orascom conglomerate 1851:, relatively higher 1617:Church of Alexandria 1613:Council of Chalcedon 1607:Council of Chalcedon 1207:Church of Alexandria 1013:The Coptic name for 685:in light of Egypt's 620:ethnoreligious group 171:United Arab Emirates 166:25,000–30,000 (2006) 8479:Egyptian Christians 8469:Afroasiatic peoples 7966:, and parts of the 7498:Ostrogorsky, George 7191:2015NatSR...5E9996D 6910:. Isd. p. 80. 6536:. November 03, 2003 6372:on January 10, 2017 6181:on 17 October 2007. 6175:Compass Direct News 6093:Andreas Schmoller, 6002:on October 8, 2008. 5670:www.sudanupdate.org 5368:. 11 November 2019. 4771:Am J Phys Anthropol 4593:Pew Research Center 4441:2015NatSR...5E9996D 4112:Pew Research Center 3717:. 22 December 2004. 3697:Wall Street Journal 3659:Wall Street Journal 3616:Wall Street Journal 3611:Wall Street Journal 3497:Christianity portal 3337:Halim El-Dabh at a 3053:liturgical language 2861:of the attacks. In 2642:Secularism in Egypt 2359:Wall Street Journal 2314:and members of the 2273:Sudanese revolution 2185:conversion to Islam 2042:St Mark's Cathedral 1937:Coptic Christianity 1933:Coptic Christianity 1905:A number of Coptic 1879:in institutions of 1601:Cyril of Alexandria 1553:ecumenical councils 1543:Ecumenical councils 1133:religious community 768:, good governance, 705:that was spoken in 664:Sudanese population 656:population of Egypt 59: 21:Page version status 8163:Church of the East 8133:Ecumenical council 8084:Christ Pantocrator 7940:Early Christianity 7401:Charles, Robert H. 7179:Scientific Reports 7116:10.1093/gbe/evv118 7070:10.1002/ajpa.20876 6573:The New York Times 6476:2008-11-14 at the 6211:"Copts Under Fire" 6084:(January 7, 2017). 5888:(January 7, 2018). 5704:Christianity Today 4998:(3 October 2014). 4629:2016-03-24 at the 4429:Scientific Reports 3733:The World Factbook 3622:CIA World Factbook 3353: 3343: 3199: 3177:Ethiopian calendar 3072: 3022: 2948:widespread attacks 2924:Human Rights Watch 2836:. Until recently, 2834:Gamal Abdel Nasser 2657:Terrorism in Egypt 2647:Judiciary of Egypt 2604:Modern persecution 2500:Coptic Australians 2443: 2150: 2104:. You can help by 1990: 1892:upper-middle class 1824:Gamal Abdel Nasser 1775: 1694: 1597:Council of Ephesus 1555:in the history of 1378: 1327:while en route to 1297:St Basil the Great 1278:Macarius the Great 1189:writings found in 1129: 869:(where the Arabic 770:educational reform 521:Evangelical Church 57: 27: 8456: 8455: 8428:Sign of the cross 8238:Turkic Christians 8073: 8072: 7889: 7888: 7829:Egyptian language 7662:Traditional areas 7648: 7647: 7596:Oriental Orthodox 7430:Ibrahim, Vivian. 7199:10.1038/srep09996 7032:978-0-429-97307-9 6957:Britannica: Copts 6917:978-2-503-51050-7 6865:978-1-139-48635-4 6626:. February, 2008. 6267:, April 15, 2006. 5938:(March 18, 2019). 5880:Hannah Sinclair, 5726:(April 28, 2023). 5682:Mohammed Alamin, 5641:. 4 November 2012 5180:978-0-7864-1375-1 5152:978-1-4008-6558-1 5011:978-0-8014-5529-2 4981:978-1-134-93005-0 4660:978-1-58768-744-0 4520:978-0-521-09973-8 4449:10.1038/srep09996 4369:978-0-8028-1020-5 4178:978-1-5381-2418-5 3923:. March 10, 2014. 3921:"La Chiesa copta" 3869:(April 25, 2017). 3861:Shenaz Kermalli, 3841:Shira Telushkin, 3661:(April 29, 2017). 3540:Coptic literature 3400:Egyptian-Canadian 3390:Egyptian-American 3376:Secretary-General 3286:macrohaplogroup N 3235:without exception 3149:Egyptian calendar 3030:Egyptian language 3012:Egyptian language 2994:According to the 2825:Religious freedom 2822: 2821: 2688:Nag Hammadi, 2010 2665:Terrorist attacks 2609:Coptic Christians 2591:Religion in Egypt 2122: 2121: 1877:university degree 1739:forced conversion 1723:Fatimid Caliphate 1719:Abbasid Caliphate 1715:Umayyad Caliphate 1641:non-Chalcedonians 1629:non-Chalcedonians 1561:Council of Nicaea 1549:See of Alexandria 1456:An Egyptiot woman 1400:Egyptian language 1345:Coptic Christians 1337:Benedictine Order 1270:Anthony the Great 1037:and as ⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲕⲏⲙⲉ 1029:), is realized in 934:Egyptian language 839:"the Copts" with 672:Libyan population 609: 589: 573: 572: 254:rendering support 234: 233: 92:10 million (2019) 39:28 September 2024 18: 8551: 8248:East–West Schism 8201:Malankara Church 8118:Byzantine Empire 8086:(circa 1261) in 8081: 7984: 7983: 7916: 7909: 7902: 7893: 7892: 7656: 7614:Eastern Catholic 7592: 7591: 7570: 7563: 7556: 7547: 7546: 7507: 7493: 7474:Meyendorff, John 7469: 7420: 7386: 7355: 7354: 7306: 7300: 7289: 7283: 7273: 7255: 7231: 7225: 7224: 7210: 7170: 7164: 7163: 7161: 7159: 7153: 7144: 7138: 7137: 7127: 7110:(7): 1940–1950. 7095: 7089: 7088: 7086: 7084: 7055: 7046: 7037: 7036: 7016: 7010: 7009: 6985: 6979: 6978: 6971: 6965: 6964: 6952: 6946: 6945: 6943: 6942: 6936:copticchurch.net 6928: 6922: 6921: 6901: 6895: 6894: 6883: 6877: 6876: 6874: 6872: 6846: 6840: 6839: 6834:. 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Archived from 6028: 6022: 6021: 6016:. Archived from 6010: 6004: 6003: 5998:. Archived from 5992: 5986: 5969: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5959: 5945: 5939: 5936:Catholic Outlook 5928: 5922: 5921: 5915: 5907: 5895: 5889: 5878: 5872: 5865: 5859: 5853: 5844: 5837: 5828: 5827: 5819: 5810: 5809: 5790:QScience Connect 5785: 5779: 5768: 5757: 5756: 5745: 5739: 5733: 5727: 5716: 5707: 5696: 5687: 5680: 5674: 5673: 5662: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5631: 5625: 5624: 5619: 5617: 5603: 5597: 5596: 5574: 5568: 5566: 5547: 5541: 5540: 5508: 5502: 5501: 5499: 5498: 5484: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5474: 5460: 5454: 5453: 5451: 5450: 5436: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5426: 5412: 5406: 5405: 5400:. Archived from 5394: 5388: 5387: 5386:on 7 April 2010. 5382:. Archived from 5376: 5370: 5369: 5366:Arabian Business 5358: 5352: 5351: 5319: 5313: 5312: 5290: 5284: 5283: 5265: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5248: 5241: 5233: 5227: 5226: 5191: 5185: 5184: 5166: 5157: 5156: 5136: 5130: 5129: 5124: 5114: 5108: 5104: 5098: 5097: 5076: 5070: 5069: 5051: 5045: 5044: 5022: 5016: 5015: 4992: 4986: 4985: 4965: 4959: 4952: 4946: 4945: 4930: 4924: 4923: 4915: 4909: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4881: 4875: 4872: 4866: 4865: 4855: 4847: 4841: 4835: 4829: 4823: 4817: 4780: 4774: 4767: 4761: 4758: 4752: 4745: 4739: 4738: 4730: 4724: 4723: 4715: 4709: 4702: 4696: 4695: 4684: 4678: 4672: 4666: 4664: 4644: 4638: 4633:<Online>. 4621: 4615: 4614: 4603: 4597: 4596: 4584: 4578: 4574: 4567: 4561: 4555: 4549: 4538: 4532: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4504: 4498: 4488: 4479: 4478: 4468: 4420: 4414: 4413: 4412: 4410: 4396: 4390: 4383: 4374: 4373: 4353: 4347: 4346: 4331: 4322: 4321: 4310: 4304: 4301: 4295: 4294: 4276: 4270: 4269: 4248: 4239: 4238: 4220: 4211: 4210: 4208: 4207: 4192: 4183: 4182: 4162: 4149: 4148: 4128: 4122: 4121: 4119: 4118: 4103: 4097: 4096: 4094: 4093: 4079: 4073: 4061: 4055: 4054: 4043: 4037: 4036: 4024: 4018: 4012: 4006: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3990: 3984: 3983: 3978: 3976: 3961: 3955: 3950: 3948: 3947: 3938:. 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Archived from 3805: 3796: 3786: 3755: 3754: 3751:"Copts in Egypt" 3747: 3741: 3740: 3739:. 10 April 2023. 3725: 3719: 3718: 3707: 3701: 3700: 3689: 3678: 3673:Noha Elhennawy, 3671: 3662: 3651: 3631: 3607: 3499: 3494: 3493: 3485: 3480: 3479: 3478: 3471: 3466: 3465: 3464: 3341:festival in 2009 3301:Northeast Africa 2985:forced marriages 2944:3 July 2013 coup 2917:Coptic Christmas 2814: 2807: 2800: 2693:Alexandria, 2011 2683:Saint Fana, 2008 2678:Alexandria, 2005 2619: 2618: 2595: 2594: 2391:Libyan civil war 2363:Associated Press 2117: 2114: 2096: 2089: 2058:In Ethiopia the 1994:non-Chalcedonian 1881:higher education 1857:white collar job 1727:Mamluk Sultanate 1696:In 641 AD, 1655:belonged to the 1515: 1453: 1441: 1375:Ptolemaic empire 1251:Biblical studies 1101: 1072: 1064: 1059:The Arabic word 1055: 1049: 1028: 982: 958: 931: 916: 915: 910: 884: 876: 864: 863: 859: 853: 852: 848: 838: 837: 833: 758:Arab Renaissance 750:Holy See of Rome 722:open persecution 703:Demotic Egyptian 642:, as well as in 614: 604: 602: 594: 588:romanized: 587: 585: 565: 558: 551: 537: 536: 291: 276: 265: 264: 242: 241: 76: 66: 60: 56: 8559: 8558: 8554: 8553: 8552: 8550: 8549: 8548: 8459: 8458: 8457: 8452: 8416: 8347:Filioque clause 8320: 8279: 8206:Arab Christians 8128:Proto-orthodoxy 8090: 8082: 8069: 8051: 8020: 7978: 7971: 7925: 7920: 7890: 7885: 7881:Coptic calendar 7869: 7843:Writing systems 7838: 7834:Coptic language 7817: 7731: 7683: 7657: 7644: 7626: 7608: 7586: 7579: 7574: 7522: 7517: 7490: 7466: 7417: 7383: 7364: 7362:Further reading 7359: 7358: 7307: 7303: 7246:(8): e1006976. 7232: 7228: 7171: 7167: 7157: 7155: 7151: 7145: 7141: 7096: 7092: 7082: 7080: 7053: 7047: 7040: 7033: 7017: 7013: 6986: 6982: 6973: 6972: 6968: 6954: 6953: 6949: 6940: 6938: 6930: 6929: 6925: 6918: 6902: 6898: 6885: 6884: 6880: 6870: 6868: 6866: 6850:Allen, James P. 6847: 6843: 6830: 6829: 6825: 6810: 6806: 6797: 6795: 6786: 6785: 6781: 6771: 6769: 6756: 6755: 6751: 6741: 6739: 6730: 6729: 6725: 6710: 6706: 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3525:Coptic diaspora 3510:Greek mythology 3495: 3488: 3481: 3476: 3474: 3467: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3331: 3325: 3323:Prominent Copts 3303:. Known as the 3281:lineage (15%). 3254: 3204:Julian Calendar 3191: 3185: 3173:Julian calendar 3133:Coptic calendar 3129: 3127:Coptic calendar 3123: 3034:Egyptian Arabic 3026:Coptic language 3014: 3008:Coptic language 3006:Main articles: 3004: 2895:governorate of 2856:. In May 2010, 2818: 2787: 2765:Mohammed Hegazy 2761: 2616: 2606: 2593: 2585:Main articles: 2583: 2567:1952 revolution 2478:Coptic American 2472:, was built in 2438:Coptic diaspora 2433:Greater Houston 2429:Bellaire, Texas 2421: 2419:Coptic diaspora 2415: 2399:Ansar al-Sharia 2347: 2333: 2312:Roman Catholics 2271:After the 2018 2139: 2133: 2127: 2118: 2112: 2109: 2102:needs expansion 2087: 2081: 2075: 2056: 2050: 2034:Bishop Tawadros 2007:Roman Catholics 1978: 1957: 1955:Coptic identity 1951: 1945: 1896:medical doctors 1845: 1779:Armenian millet 1767: 1761: 1755: 1679: 1673: 1637:Jacob Baradaeus 1609: 1545: 1535: 1533: 1531: 1529: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1483: 1477:Coptic language 1461: 1460: 1459: 1458: 1457: 1454: 1446: 1445: 1442: 1363: 1357: 1341:Saint Pachomius 1301:Caesarea Mazaca 1223: 1142: 1124:Coptic icon of 1118: 1110:Main articles: 1108: 1031:Fayyumic Coptic 950:Middle Egyptian 945: 938:Mycenaean Greek 889:word ⲁⲓⲅⲩⲡⲧⲓⲟⲛ 822:Coptus, Cophtus 811: 805: 699:Coptic language 569: 531: 296: 295: 294: 293: 292: 274: 263: 262: 261: 252:Without proper 243: 239: 227: 210: 206:Literary Arabic 196:Egyptian Arabic 79: 78:Coptic diaspora 67: 64: 55: 52: 47: 46: 45: 44: 43: 42: 26: 12: 11: 5: 8557: 8547: 8546: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8454: 8453: 8451: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8433:Divine Liturgy 8430: 8424: 8422: 8418: 8417: 8415: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8328: 8326: 8322: 8321: 8319: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8287: 8285: 8281: 8280: 8278: 8277: 8276: 8275: 8274: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8255: 8250: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8224: 8223: 8218: 8213: 8203: 8194: 8193: 8192: 8182: 8181: 8180: 8175: 8170: 8160: 8159: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8135: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8111: 8106: 8100: 8098: 8092: 8091: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8070: 8068: 8067: 8061: 8059: 8053: 8052: 8050: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8028: 8026: 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6916: 6896: 6878: 6864: 6841: 6838:on 2012-04-19. 6823: 6804: 6779: 6749: 6736:15 August 2013 6723: 6704: 6678: 6653: 6628: 6608: 6585: 6558: 6538: 6526: 6501: 6482: 6462: 6443: 6423: 6399: 6383: 6360:Vinton, Kate. 6352: 6321: 6300: 6269: 6256: 6224: 6202: 6184: 6162: 6142: 6124: 6103: 6086: 6070: 6041: 6023: 6005: 5987: 5964: 5940: 5930:Mary Brazell, 5923: 5890: 5873: 5867:Steven Viney, 5860: 5845: 5829: 5811: 5780: 5778:(May 9, 2019). 5758: 5740: 5736:Copts in Sudan 5728: 5708: 5706:(May 2, 2023). 5688: 5675: 5652: 5626: 5598: 5591: 5569: 5542: 5503: 5492:www.forbes.com 5479: 5468:www.forbes.com 5455: 5444:www.forbes.com 5431: 5420:www.forbes.com 5407: 5389: 5371: 5353: 5314: 5303: 5285: 5278: 5260: 5228: 5186: 5179: 5158: 5151: 5131: 5109: 5099: 5089: 5071: 5064: 5046: 5039: 5017: 5010: 4987: 4980: 4960: 4947: 4925: 4910: 4896: 4876: 4867: 4842: 4830: 4818: 4775: 4762: 4753: 4740: 4725: 4710: 4697: 4688:"Circumcision" 4679: 4667: 4659: 4639: 4616: 4598: 4579: 4562: 4550: 4533: 4519: 4499: 4480: 4415: 4404:britannica.com 4391: 4375: 4368: 4348: 4323: 4305: 4296: 4289: 4271: 4261: 4240: 4233: 4212: 4184: 4177: 4150: 4143: 4123: 4098: 4074: 4056: 4038: 4019: 4007: 3996:. 12 July 2015 3985: 3956: 3926: 3912: 3890: 3871: 3851: 3831: 3797: 3756: 3742: 3720: 3702: 3679: 3663: 3642: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3633: 3632: 3601: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3502: 3501: 3500: 3486: 3472: 3456: 3453: 3452: 3451: 3445: 3439: 3425: 3418:Naguib Sawiris 3415: 3409: 3403: 3393: 3383: 3380:United Nations 3369: 3363: 3327:Main article: 3324: 3321: 3253: 3250: 3184: 3181: 3157:epagomenal day 3125:Main article: 3122: 3119: 3118: 3117: 3112: 3107: 3101: 3096: 3086: 3083:Upper Egyptian 3003: 3000: 2905:Nassef Sawiris 2901:Naguib Sawiris 2893:Upper Egyptian 2820: 2819: 2817: 2816: 2809: 2802: 2794: 2791: 2790: 2789: 2788: 2786: 2785: 2783:Zakaria Botros 2780: 2774: 2772: 2770:Bahaa el-Akkad 2767: 2762: 2760: 2759: 2754: 2748: 2743: 2742: 2738: 2737: 2736: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2720: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2667: 2666: 2662: 2661: 2660: 2659: 2654: 2652:Crime in Egypt 2649: 2644: 2639: 2634: 2626: 2625: 2621: 2620: 2612: 2611: 2600: 2599: 2582: 2579: 2491:, many in the 2485:Canadian Copts 2468:, also called 2455:Copts in Libya 2453:), and Libya ( 2451:Copts in Sudan 2447:Copts in Egypt 2417:Main article: 2414: 2411: 2332: 2329: 2255:Friday prayers 2228:Sadiq al-Mahdi 2215:Gaafar Nimeiry 2205:militant Islam 2131:Copts in Sudan 2129:Main article: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2119: 2113:September 2024 2099: 2097: 2079:Copts in Libya 2077:Main article: 2074: 2071: 2052:Main article: 2049: 2046: 1977: 1976:Church affairs 1974: 1947:Main article: 1944: 1941: 1931:index, due to 1913:that owns the 1911:Sawiris family 1865:Egyptian banks 1844: 1841: 1759:Copts in Egypt 1757:Main article: 1754: 1751: 1731:Ottoman Empire 1687:Hanging Church 1675:Main article: 1672: 1669: 1608: 1605: 1544: 1541: 1455: 1448: 1447: 1443: 1436: 1435: 1434: 1433: 1432: 1356: 1353: 1347:practice male 1299:Archbishop of 1293:Desert Fathers 1274:Paul of Thebes 1222: 1219: 1215:Church in Rome 1175:Gospel of John 1141: 1138: 1107: 1104: 980:ḫi-ku-up-ta-aḫ 943: 897:) or ⲕⲩⲡⲧⲁⲓⲟⲛ 804: 801: 740:. The smaller 707:late antiquity 668:Copts in Libya 660:Copts in Sudan 622:indigenous to 571: 570: 568: 567: 560: 553: 545: 542: 541: 528: 527: 526: 525: 524: 523: 513: 508: 500: 499: 495: 494: 493: 492: 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 452: 442: 432: 427: 422: 414: 413: 409: 408: 407: 406: 404:Writing system 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 370: 369: 364: 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 303: 302: 298: 297: 286: 285: 284: 283: 282: 279: 278: 270: 269: 256:, you may see 244: 237: 236: 235: 232: 231: 221: 220: 216: 215: 209: 208: 203: 198: 192: 189: 188: 184: 183: 180: 176: 175: 172: 168: 167: 164: 163:United Kingdom 160: 159: 156: 152: 151: 148: 144: 143: 140: 136: 135: 132: 128: 127: 126:500,000 (2018) 124: 120: 119: 116: 110: 109: 106: 102: 101: 98: 94: 93: 90: 86: 85: 81: 80: 77: 69: 68: 53: 50: 28: 22: 19: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8556: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8466: 8464: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8425: 8423: 8419: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8329: 8327: 8323: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8301:New Testament 8299: 8297: 8296:Old Testament 8294: 8292: 8289: 8288: 8286: 8282: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8258: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8245: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8208: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8198: 8195: 8191: 8188: 8187: 8186: 8183: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8165: 8164: 8161: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8138: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8101: 8099: 8097: 8093: 8089: 8085: 8080: 8066: 8063: 8062: 8060: 8058: 8057:Protestantism 8054: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8032:Old Believers 8030: 8029: 8027: 8023: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7993: 7991: 7989: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7974: 7969: 7965: 7961: 7957: 7953: 7949: 7945: 7941: 7937: 7933: 7932:Cultural area 7928: 7924: 7917: 7912: 7910: 7905: 7903: 7898: 7897: 7894: 7882: 7879: 7878: 7876: 7872: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7847: 7845: 7841: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7826: 7824: 7820: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7740: 7738: 7734: 7728: 7727:South America 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7707:United States 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7694: 7692: 7690: 7686: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7666: 7664: 7660: 7655: 7641: 7638: 7637: 7635: 7633: 7629: 7623: 7620: 7619: 7617: 7615: 7611: 7605: 7602: 7601: 7599: 7597: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7587:denominations 7582: 7578: 7571: 7566: 7564: 7559: 7557: 7552: 7551: 7548: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7523: 7513: 7509: 7505: 7504: 7499: 7495: 7491: 7489:9780881410556 7485: 7481: 7480: 7475: 7471: 7467: 7465:9783857100406 7461: 7457: 7456: 7450: 7447: 7443: 7440: 7437:Kamil, Jill. 7436: 7433: 7429: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7416:9781889758879 7412: 7408: 7407: 7402: 7398: 7396: 7392: 7388: 7384: 7382:9780804207966 7378: 7374: 7373: 7367: 7366: 7352: 7348: 7344: 7340: 7336: 7332: 7328: 7324: 7320: 7316: 7312: 7305: 7299: 7297: 7293: 7288: 7281: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7263: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7245: 7241: 7240:PLOS Genetics 7237: 7230: 7223: 7218: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7169: 7150: 7143: 7135: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7117: 7113: 7109: 7105: 7101: 7094: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7059: 7052: 7045: 7043: 7034: 7028: 7025:. Routledge. 7024: 7023: 7015: 7007: 7003: 6999: 6995: 6991: 6984: 6976: 6970: 6963: 6959: 6958: 6951: 6937: 6933: 6927: 6919: 6913: 6909: 6908: 6900: 6892: 6888: 6882: 6867: 6861: 6857: 6856: 6851: 6845: 6837: 6833: 6827: 6819: 6815: 6808: 6793: 6789: 6783: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6753: 6737: 6733: 6727: 6719: 6715: 6708: 6693: 6689: 6682: 6668: 6664: 6657: 6643: 6639: 6632: 6625: 6621: 6618: 6612: 6606:. 2008-02-09. 6605: 6601: 6598: 6594: 6589: 6575: 6574: 6569: 6562: 6555: 6551: 6548: 6542: 6535: 6530: 6516:on 2007-09-12 6515: 6511: 6505: 6498: 6494: 6491: 6486: 6479: 6475: 6472: 6466: 6460: 6459:archive.today 6456: 6453: 6447: 6440: 6436: 6433: 6427: 6413: 6409: 6403: 6396: 6392: 6387: 6371: 6367: 6363: 6356: 6341: 6337: 6330: 6328: 6326: 6317: 6310: 6304: 6289: 6285: 6278: 6276: 6274: 6266: 6260: 6245: 6241: 6240:The Telegraph 6236: 6228: 6212: 6206: 6198: 6194: 6188: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6166: 6159: 6155: 6152: 6146: 6138: 6137:parshan.co.il 6134: 6128: 6120: 6119: 6118:SWI swissinfo 6114: 6107: 6100: 6096: 6090: 6083: 6079: 6074: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6057: 6051: 6045: 6037: 6033: 6027: 6019: 6015: 6009: 6001: 5997: 5991: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5974: 5968: 5954: 5950: 5944: 5937: 5933: 5927: 5919: 5913: 5906:. p. 78. 5905: 5901: 5894: 5887: 5883: 5877: 5870: 5864: 5857: 5852: 5850: 5842: 5836: 5834: 5825: 5818: 5816: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5784: 5777: 5773: 5767: 5765: 5763: 5755: 5751: 5744: 5737: 5732: 5725: 5721: 5715: 5713: 5705: 5701: 5695: 5693: 5685: 5679: 5671: 5667: 5661: 5659: 5657: 5640: 5636: 5630: 5623: 5611: 5610: 5602: 5594: 5592:9780520240698 5588: 5584: 5580: 5573: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5546: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5507: 5493: 5489: 5483: 5469: 5465: 5459: 5445: 5441: 5435: 5421: 5417: 5411: 5403: 5399: 5393: 5385: 5381: 5375: 5367: 5363: 5357: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5318: 5311: 5306: 5304:9781134666843 5300: 5296: 5289: 5281: 5279:9781137566133 5275: 5271: 5264: 5245: 5238: 5232: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5190: 5182: 5176: 5172: 5165: 5163: 5154: 5148: 5144: 5143: 5135: 5128: 5121: 5120: 5113: 5103: 5096: 5092: 5090:9789774160936 5086: 5082: 5075: 5067: 5065:9780805440737 5061: 5057: 5050: 5042: 5040:9789004252783 5036: 5032: 5028: 5021: 5013: 5007: 5003: 5002: 4997: 4996:Marina Rustow 4991: 4983: 4977: 4973: 4972: 4964: 4957: 4951: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4929: 4921: 4914: 4899: 4893: 4889: 4888: 4880: 4871: 4863: 4859: 4854: 4846: 4840: 4839:John of Nikiû 4834: 4828: 4822: 4815: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4793: 4792:0-321-01618-1 4789: 4785: 4779: 4772: 4766: 4757: 4750: 4744: 4736: 4729: 4721: 4714: 4707: 4701: 4693: 4689: 4683: 4676: 4671: 4662: 4656: 4652: 4651: 4643: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4625: 4624:NLG Solutions 4620: 4612: 4608: 4602: 4594: 4590: 4583: 4576: 4573: 4566: 4559: 4554: 4547: 4543: 4537: 4522: 4516: 4512: 4511: 4503: 4497: 4493: 4487: 4485: 4476: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4419: 4405: 4401: 4395: 4388: 4382: 4380: 4371: 4365: 4361: 4360: 4352: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4330: 4328: 4319: 4315: 4309: 4300: 4292: 4290:9789774160936 4286: 4282: 4275: 4268: 4264: 4262:9789774160936 4258: 4254: 4247: 4245: 4236: 4234:9789774160936 4230: 4226: 4219: 4217: 4202: 4198: 4191: 4189: 4180: 4174: 4170: 4169: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4146: 4144:9781611177855 4140: 4136: 4135: 4127: 4113: 4109: 4102: 4088: 4084: 4078: 4072: 4068: 4065: 4060: 4053: 4048: 4042: 4035: 4031: 4030: 4023: 4016: 4011: 3995: 3989: 3982: 3971: 3967: 3960: 3954: 3942:on 2009-01-21 3941: 3937: 3930: 3922: 3916: 3908: 3904: 3897: 3895: 3886: 3882: 3875: 3868: 3864: 3858: 3856: 3849:(March 2018). 3848: 3844: 3838: 3836: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3804: 3802: 3794: 3790: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3752: 3746: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3724: 3716: 3712: 3706: 3698: 3694: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3676: 3670: 3668: 3660: 3656: 3650: 3648: 3643: 3628: 3624: 3623: 3617: 3612: 3609:In 2017, the 3606: 3602: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3550:Coptic Museum 3548: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3507: 3504: 3503: 3498: 3492: 3487: 3484: 3473: 3470: 3459: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3440: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3428:Samih Sawiris 3426: 3423: 3419: 3416: 3413: 3412:Fayez Sarofim 3410: 3407: 3404: 3401: 3397: 3394: 3391: 3387: 3384: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3366:Halim El-Dabh 3364: 3361: 3358: 3357: 3356: 3351: 3347: 3340: 3335: 3330: 3329:List of Copts 3320: 3316: 3312: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3297: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3282: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3249: 3246: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3231: 3229: 3225: 3224:Anno Martyrum 3221: 3217: 3213: 3210:The Feast of 3208: 3205: 3195: 3190: 3180: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3128: 3116: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3090: 3087: 3084: 3080: 3077: 3076: 3075: 3068: 3064: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3049: 3047: 3043: 3042:Sa'idi Arabic 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3018: 3013: 3009: 2999: 2997: 2992: 2988: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2972: 2968: 2965: 2961: 2960: 2955: 2953: 2952:Sunni Muslims 2949: 2945: 2940: 2938: 2934: 2929: 2925: 2920: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2909:Samih Sawiris 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2864: 2863:Marsa Matrouh 2859: 2855: 2851: 2846: 2842: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2826: 2815: 2810: 2808: 2803: 2801: 2796: 2795: 2793: 2792: 2784: 2781: 2779: 2776: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2758: 2757:Master Malati 2755: 2753: 2752:Sidhom Bishay 2750: 2749: 2747: 2746: 2745: 2744: 2740: 2739: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2713:Abbasia, 2016 2711: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2703:Maspero, 2011 2701: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2670: 2669: 2668: 2664: 2663: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2633: 2630: 2629: 2628: 2627: 2623: 2622: 2614: 2613: 2610: 2605: 2602: 2601: 2597: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2578: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2539: 2534: 2530: 2528: 2523: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2496: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2481: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2462:North America 2458: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2440: 2439: 2434: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2410: 2408: 2407:Islamic State 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2387: 2383: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2328: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2304: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2269: 2267: 2262: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2242: 2240: 2236: 2235:Sudan Airways 2231: 2229: 2225: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2210: 2206: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2188: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2148: 2143: 2138: 2132: 2116: 2107: 2103: 2100:This section 2098: 2095: 2091: 2090: 2086: 2080: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2061: 2055: 2045: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1995: 1987: 1982: 1973: 1971: 1966: 1962: 1956: 1950: 1940: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1921: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1903: 1901: 1898:, 60% of the 1897: 1893: 1889: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1843:Socioeconomic 1840: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1820: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1809:Salama Moussa 1806: 1805:Coptic Museum 1801: 1799: 1798:Isma'il Pasha 1795: 1794:Pope Cyril IV 1791: 1787: 1782: 1780: 1771: 1766: 1760: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1692: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1621:Chalcedonians 1618: 1614: 1604: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1567:, along with 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1539: 1536: 1522: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1480: 1478: 1474: 1473:Coptic Church 1470: 1469:Lord's Prayer 1465: 1452: 1440: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1419: 1414: 1412: 1411:Coptic Church 1407: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1392: 1390: 1385: 1383: 1376: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1361:Coptic Greeks 1355:Coptic Greeks 1352: 1350: 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