Copyright law of Canada

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so as to respect imperial copyright law. Under Imperial copyright London printers had a monopoly and attracted most authors from the colonies to first publish with them because imperial copyright law granted protection in all colonies. London printers refused Canadian printers the license to print books first published in London and authors had little incentive to first publish in Canada, as colonial copyright law only granted protection in Canada. The Canadian government sought to further strengthen the Canadian print industry with an 1872 bill that would have introduced a projected licensing scheme that allowed for a reprinting of books under foreign copyright in exchange for a fixed royalty. The British government opposed the bill and it never received

829:, and the Copyright Board of Canada issued "A Consultation on Options for Reform to the Copyright Board of Canada," a document outlining the potential scope and nature of reforms to the legislative and regulatory framework governing the Copyright Board of Canada and soliciting comments from the public. The consultation period concluded September 29, 2017. A fact sheet published by Innovation Science and Economic Development Canada summarized the key issues raised in the consultation and announced a 30% increase to funding to the Board to address significant time delays in tariff-setting. Bill C-86, an Act implementing provisions of the 2018 federal budget, received royal assent on December 13, 2018. The Act implemented amendments to the 584:, which provided for a term of twenty-eight years, with an option to renew for a further fourteen years, for any "literary, scientific and artistic works or compositions" published initially or contemporaneously in Canada, and such protection was available to anyone domiciled in Canada or any other British possession, or a citizen of any foreign country having an international copyright treaty with the United Kingdom, but it was contingent on the work being printed and published (or reprinted and republished) in Canada. By registering under the Canadian Act, British and foreign publishers gained exclusive access to the Canadian market by excluding American reprints. 515:, including Canada. The 1842 Act had an immediate impact on Canada and became infamous because it effectively prohibited the importation and sale of reprints of any book under British copyright printed in other countries. Previously Canada had mostly imported books from the United States, but it was now unlawful for Canadian merchants to engage in this trade. Instead merchants were required to import books under British copyright from printers in Britain, though British market prices were unaffordable for most residents of Canada. As British publishers systematically refused to license books for printing to Canadian printers, the Canadian Government questioned the 1123:

fair dealing argue there ought to be reasonable unauthorized reproduction of works because it facilitates creativity and free expression. They also argue that fair dealing provides reasonable access to existing knowledge. Those arguing that fair dealing ought to be more restrictive and specific state that fair dealing will reduce revenue to those creating works. They also argue the reproduction of works and sends a wrong message to the public that works are free as long as it falls under this banner. Their economic argument is that fair dealing should not compensate for the market's inability to meet the demand for public knowledge.

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resident in the province in order to obtain copyright under the Act, though the Act was unclear on whether the work needed to have been first published in the Province. The objective of the colonial copyright statutes was to encourage the printing of books in Canada, though this was not made explicit to avoid conflict with imperial copyright law, which was primarily designed to protect English publishers. Britain forcefully demanded guarantees that British and Irish subjects were eligible for protection under Canadian colonial copyright law in the same way residents of the Canadian colony were.

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hobby purposes. Literary work includes anything that is written, such as speeches, essays and books and may be in any form. However, a short string of words or spontaneous speech is not covered. Dramatic works include the characters, scenes, choreography, cinematography, relationship between characters, dialogue and dramatic expression. Artistic works include sculptures, paintings, photographs, charts and engravings. Musical works include any musical compositions with or without words. Unexpressed ideas are not protected work.

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of reports. Its brief was "to enquire as to whether federal legislation relating in any way to patents of invention, industrial designs, copyright and trade-marks affords reasonable incentive to invention and research, to the development of literary and artistic talents, to creativeness, and to making available to the Canadian public scientific, technical, literary and artistic creations and other adaptations, applications and uses, in a manner and on terms adequately safeguarding the paramount public interest."

658:, the Parliament of Canada was granted authority to either extend its application to Canada or to repeal (subject to the preservation of all legal rights existing at the time of such repeal) any or all enactments passed by the Imperial Parliament (including the Act of 1911) so far as operative within the Dominion. Canada opted to exercise the latter choice, and, upon passage of the Copyright Act, 1921, it assumed complete jurisdiction over copyright and Imperial legislation in the matter ceased to have effect. 3851: 600:, which declared that residence of an author, no matter how temporary, anywhere in the British dominions while his book was being published in the United Kingdom, was sufficient to secure it. As the United States was not then a signatory to an international copyright treaty (thus rendering its citizens ineligible for Canadian copyright), many Americans took advantage of this ruling by visiting Canada while their books were being published in London (and thereby obtaining Imperial copyright). 796:

representing students, universities, libraries and researchers; unions, associations and collective management organizations representing writers, artists, and performers; corporations from the communications sector; associations representing the film, theatre and music industries; media organizations; government departments; and representatives of the Copyright Board of Canada. The final report of the Committee was released in June 2019 and contained 36 recommendations.

1546: 144: 492:, passed by the Parliament of the Province of Lower Canada, granting copyright to residents of the province. The 1832 Act was short, and declared ambitions to encourage emergence of a literary and artistic nation and to encourage literature, bookshops and the local press. After the Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada (Ontario and Quebec) were reunified to form the Province of Canada, the 1832 Act was repealed and with minor changes enacted as the 528: 808:

death of the author. Adams invited law professor Daniel Gervais to present arguments in support of his proposal. One of the rationales put forward by Professor Gervais was to permit a reasonable period for those assigned copyright to exploit the commercial interest in a work and recoup their investment, while at the same time incentivizing and supporting the creativity of artists by allowing them to regain control within their lifetime.

25: 4634: 1275:, which came into force on November 7, 2012, altered the rules with respect to the term of copyright with respect to photographs so that the creator holds the copyright and moral rights to them, and the general rule of life plus 50 years thereafter applies all such works. However, there are two schools of thought with respect to how copyright applies to photographs created before that date: 772:, the protection of authors' rights, and the public's rights concerning the copying of legally obtained materials. During consideration of the bill, many groups publicly stated their opposition to its digital lock specifications, arguing that such measures infringed on legitimate usage of copyright holding. The government rejected many of these criticisms of the TPM provisions. 511:. The statute explicitly applied to "all Parts of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Islands of Jersey and Guernsey, all Parts of the East and West India, and all the Colonies, Settlements, and Possessions of the Crown which now are or thereafter may be acquired". Any book published in London would therefore be protected by copyright law in the entire 749:

protection in Canada. New copyright exceptions were introduced for non-profit educational institutions, libraries, museums, broadcasters, and people with disabilities, allowing them to copy copyrighted works in specific circumstances without the permission of the copyright owner or the need to pay royalties. Damages payable for

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purposes of accessibility, encryption research, privacy and security testing, reverse engineering to achieve software compatibility (if it is not already possible to do so without breaching TPMs), the creation of temporary recordings by broadcasters, and for law enforcement and national security purposes.

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Before September 1, 1997, copyright in sound recordings was defined as being in "records, perforated rolls and other contrivances by means of which sounds may be mechanically reproduced." From that date, they are defined as being "a recording, fixed in any material form, consisting of sounds, whether

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given on September 18, 2018 as part of this consultation garnered significant media attention. Adams proposed an amendment to s. 14(1) of the Copyright Act to change the period after which an assignment of copyright would revert to the author 25 years after assignment, rather than 25 years after the

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amended with a new remuneration right for producers and performers of sound recordings when their work was broadcast or publicly performed by radio stations and public places such as bars. A levy was introduced on blank audio tapes used for private copying and exclusive book distributors were granted

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To cope with the large number of private copying of audio recordings, provisions requiring the collection of levies on blank audio recording media were implemented in 1997. The collected proceeds are distributed to Canadian and foreign composers, but only Canadian recording makers and performers may

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of 1868, which granted protection for "any person resident in Canada, or any person being a British subject, and resident in Great Britain or Ireland." It re-established the publication requirements of the 1847 statute, prompting demand from the British government that Canada should revise its laws

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A creative employee, meanwhile, may continue to use his or her experience, expertise, and memory to create a similar product after the conclusion of a contract. In 2002, the Ontario Court of Appeal upheld a literal interpretation of the word "copy" and found that a software engineer's creation of a

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A work must be original and can include literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works or compilations. Copyright is granted the moment the work is created and does not distinguish work of a professional or that of an amateur. There is also no distinction between for profit or commercial use or for

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New technological developments and the emergence of computers, photocopiers and recording devices led to a recognition that copyright law needed to be updated. Between 1954 and 1960 the Royal Commission on Patents, Copyright, and Industrial Design, known as the Ilsley Commission, published a series

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June 1897 - "Music Pirates in Canada: American Publishers Say They Are Suffering by Copyright Violations There – Steps Taken for Redress. "Canadian pirates" is what the music dealers call publishing houses across the line who are flooding this country, they say, with spurious editions of the latest

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in 1847, granting British authors protection only if their works had been printed and published in the Province of Canada. The 1841 and 1847 statutes were subject to minor revision in 1859 and the requirement for the works to be printed in Canada, buried in the text, was later noticed and denounced

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The 1841 Act only granted copyright in books, maps, charts, musical compositions, prints, cuts and engravings. Copyright was only awarded if it was registered and a copy of the work deposited in the office of the registrar of the province before publication. The author or creator was required to be

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There is some controversy as to the legal status of photographs taken before 1949 in the first scenario, as it can be argued that the current practice of statutory interpretation in the courts would hold that copyright protection was moved to the general rule by the 1999 reform to such photographs

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Fair dealing is to be examined on a case-by-case basis. The purpose of the dealing, character of the dealing, amount of the dealing, alternatives of the dealing, nature of the work and effect of the dealing are factors that can contribute to fair dealing. Those favouring a broad interpretation of

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Neighbouring rights — generally discussed in the music industry (e.g. performer's rights, recording rights) — are a series of rights relating to one piece of work, and were established upon Canada's accession to the Rome Convention. They do not relate to the creative works themselves, but to their

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has recommended that the extension be implemented. The bill introduced to implement the USMCA did not include the extension language. This was reportedly done to allow a transition period to determine the best way to meet the extension obligation. A commitment to the obligation was included in the

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From June 23, 2015, the rules governing copyright protection were modified to provide that copyright in unpublished sound recordings created on or after that date would last for 50 years after fixation, but if the sound recording is published before the copyright expires, the applicable term would

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Access Copyright is the collective for English-language publishers, and its recent focus has been towards the education and government sectors. Its tariff replaces the former Canadian Schools/Cancopy License Agreement. The initial 2005–2009 tariff, which fixed the royalty at $ 5.16 per full-time

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for performer's performances created otherwise, 50 years after the performance occurs, but (a) if the performance is fixed in a sound recording, 50 years after its fixation, and (b) if a sound recording in which the performance is fixed is published before the copyright expires, the earlier of 70

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argue that extending copyright terms will further limit creativity and argue that "there is no evidence to suggest that the private benefits of copyright term extensions ever outweigh the costs to the public." The Canadian Confederation of Library Associations disagrees with the extension. But it

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is an evidence based decision making tribunal that has four primary functions: (1) establish royalties users must pay for copyrighted works; (2) establish when the collection of such royalties is to be facilitated by a "collective-administration society"; (3) oversee agreements between users and

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Ownership of a creative work may be assigned to a corporation or other employer as part of an employment contract. In such a cases, the employer retains ownership of the creative work even after the contract ends. The new copyright owner is therefore free to make changes to the finished product

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included an updated provision for a recurring five-year parliamentary review of the Act. Section 92 of the Act mandates the establishment of a Senate or House of Commons committee for the purpose of carrying out this review. On December 14, 2017, the Minister of Innovation, Science and Economic

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designed to protect a copyrighted work is unlawful, even if the action was not for the purpose of copyright infringement. The marketing and distribution of products meant to breach technical protection measures is also unlawful. Exceptions exist in situations when the circumvention is for the

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for performer's performances created on or after 1962 but before 2015, 50 years after the performance occurs, but (a) if the performance is fixed in a sound recording, 50 years after its fixation, and (b) if a sound recording in which the performance is fixed is published before the copyright

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ruled that the Imperial Act of 1842 continued to have effect in Canada, despite the passage of the Canadian Act of 1875. This effectively meant that Canadian copyright was a local scheme, whereas Imperial copyright conferred general protection throughout the British Empire. The application of

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Canadian composers and lyricist assign performance and communication rights to the Society of Composers, Authors and Music Publishers in Canada (SOCAN), which then sells blanket licenses of its repertoire. The licensing fees collected are distributed back to Canadian composers and lyricists.

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Collection of royalties and enforcement of copyright is often too costly and difficult for Individual owners of works. Therefore, collectives are formed to facilitate the collection of fees. Collectives may file proposed tariff with the Copyright Board or enter into agreements with users.

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was given charge of the parliamentary review. The Committee collected 192 briefs (written submissions) and heard testimony from 209 witnesses, concluding its consultation process in December 2018. Submissions were received from a wide variety of interested parties, including associations

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argues that extensions may increase profits to intermediaries such as major record labels, but do not benefit the actual creators of copyrighted works. He believes that copyright law should include a change to revert rights back to the creator after 25 years. Proponents of a strong

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Before the 1999 reform of the Act, works that were published after the death of the author were protected by copyright for 50 years after publication, thus granting perpetual copyright to any work not yet published. This was revised so that protection is limited as follows:

4393: 988: 4210: 1119:, the Court further clarified this exemption from copyright law in the context of education, finding that a teacher may photocopy a brief excerpt from a textbook in circumstances where it would be impractical to purchase a text book for each student. 729:. Computer programs were included as works protected under copyright, the extent of moral rights was clarified, the provision for a compulsory license for the reproduction of musical works was removed, new licensing arrangements were established for 968:

were instituted upon Canada's accession to the Berne Convention, and they possess several key attributes: attribution, integrity and association. They allow the author of a work to determine how it is being used and what it is being associated to.

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It is unclear whether the subjects in interviews have copyright in the words they utter (and thus be considered to be their authors), as the courts have not definitively ruled on the issues of originality and fixation in such cases. However, in

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The law of copyright, in works of literature, art, architecture, photography, music and the drama: Including chapters on mechanical contrivances and cinematographs, together with international and foreign copyright, with the statutes relating

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member country only received protection after 1995. Effective September 1, 1997, performance rights were extended to performances captured on communication signals. Subject to that, such performances will fall into the public domain:

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where the author is the first owner of the copyright and has subsequently assigned it (other than by will), the assignment will only extend to 25 years after the author's death, after which copyright will revert to the author's

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six-factor test was the second part of a two-stage analysis in which a user must first identify whether a use was allowed before then assessing whether dealing is fair, and stressed that users must not conflate the two stages.

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for performer's performances before 1962, the earlier of 50 years after its first fixation in a sound recording, or 50 years after its performance, if not fixed in a sound recording (but only where copyright expires before

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Performance rights (in their current form) subsisting in sound recordings did not exist until 1994 (with respect to their producers) or 1996 (with respect to their performers). Performer's performances that occurred in a

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were ongoing. Law professor Michael Geist noted that the terms of the USMCA relating to intellectual property would need to be taken into consideration by the review Committee and would require changing provisions of the

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as a defence under the interoperability provision, because Nintendo offers official manner for developers to create games for their platforms, thus making it possible to achieve interoperability without breaching TPMs.

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The Copyright Act also provides specific protection for the incidental inclusion of another work seen in the background of a photo. Photos that "incidentally and not deliberately" include another work do not infringe

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In order to encourage the local printing and publishing industry Canada made a number of diplomatic and legislative efforts to limit the effects of the 1842 Imperial Act. In a compromise arrangement Canada passed the

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or not of a performance of a work, but excludes any soundtrack of a cinematographic work where it accompanies the cinematographic work." Subject to that observation, such recordings will fall into the public domain:

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for sound recordings created before 1965, 50 years after fixation, but if the sound recording is published before the copyright expires, 50 years after its publication (but only where copyright expires before

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standard, which is life of the author plus 50 years. In addition the Berne Convention provides that extensions of terms will not have the effect of reviving previously expired copyrights. Article 14.6 of the

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for sound recordings created otherwise, 50 years after fixation, but if the sound recording is published before the copyright expires, the earlier of 70 years from its publication or 100 years from fixation.

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that were taken by individuals or creator-controlled corporations. In any case, this argument states that the 2012 act effectively removed all such special rules that were formerly contained in s. 10 of the

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proposed the extension of Canada's copyright term to life plus 70 years, while performances and sound recordings will be protected for 75 years. It has been signed and ratified. This agreement replaces the

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the copyright term would have been extended to life plus 70 years. Although it was signed by Canada in February 2016, this treaty was not ratified, and did not go into effect. Under its successor, the

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The extension of the copyright term of protection to 70 years after the death of the author is a significant improvement and strengthening of creators' rights in Canada, and will stimulate the economy.

1113:, the Supreme Court of Canada made a number of comments regarding fair dealing, and found that the placement of a photocopier in a law library did not constitute an invitation to violate copyright. In 4349: 1574: 1567: 1560: 866:

From July 1, 2020, the rules governing copyright protection for published pseudonymous or anonymous works were extended by 25 years. This extension did not have the effect of reviving a copyright.

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then be the earlier of 70 years from its publication or 100 years from fixation. By implication, this will also extend the copyright for performer's performances contained in such recordings.

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enforce the levies, which are collected by the Canadian Private Copying Collective. As of 2013, the levy imposed for private copying is 29¢ for each CD-R, CD-RW, CD-R Audio or CD-RW Audio.

883: 757:. Copyright in unpublished works was limited to 50 years after the creator's death, but unpublished works by creators who died after 1948 but before 1999 retain their copyright until 2049. 687:

the term of copyright was extended to 50 years after the creator's death (but, where a work was not yet published at the time of death, its term was extended to 50 years after publication)

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analysis has been problematic, and many users have attempted to simplify the administration through the adoption of guidelines quantifying what amounts of a work may be acceptable. The

3812: 4215: 981: 4430: 908: 803:, which announced its launch of a Study on Remuneration Models for Artists and Creative Industries in the Context of Copyright on April 10, 2018. The testimony of Canadian musician 800: 3246: 1035:(ii) a sculpture or work of artistic craftsmanship or a cast or model of a sculpture or work of artistic craftsmanship, that is permanently situated in a public place or building; 962:

Copyright includes the right to first publish, reproduce, perform, transmit and show a work in public. It includes other subsidiary rights such as abridgment and translation.

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if the author is unknown, 75 years after publication or 100 years after its creation (whichever is less), otherwise (if not published) 75 years after its creation.

1449:, administers intellectual property laws concerning the registration of patents, trade-marks, copyrights, industrial designs and integrated circuit topographies. 4842: 447:

of Canada which was first passed in 1921 and substantially amended in 1988, 1997, and 2012. All powers to legislate copyright law are in the jurisdiction of the

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believes some of the problems can be mitigated by, among other things, requiring each work be formally registered in order to receive the 20 year extension.

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moral rights in a work have the same term as the copyright in it, and cannot be assigned (other than by inheritance), but can be waived in whole or in part.

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Recommendation 7: That the Government of Canada pursue its commitment to implement the extension of copyright from 50 to 70 years after the author's death.

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in the case of a pseudonymous or anonymous work where one or more of the creators have become commonly known, the normal rules governing authorship apply.

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case, rights in performer's performances were also held to exist under the Canadian Act (although they were never enforced). This was abolished in 1971.

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in the case of an engraving, photograph or portrait, the initial owner of the copyright was the person who commissioned the plate or other original

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The Copyright Act, 1921, came into force in 1924. Though Canada was no longer subject to imperial copyright law, it was closely modelled on the UK

437:. Canada passed its first colonial copyright statute in 1832 but was subject to imperial copyright law established by Britain until 1921. Current 2432: 2013: 4909: 1945: 416: 3825: 2101: 841: 1399:

expires, the earlier of 50 years after publication and 99 years after the performance occurs (but only where copyright expires before 2015).

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assert, and as a result the legitimate music publishing business of the United States has fallen off 50 per cent in the past twelve months."

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and formats, and infringement can occur when subsequent audiovisual works use their elements without ever actually literally copying them.

4132: 4083: 3340: 340: 4568: 3267: 1987: 488:, that copyright was a creation of statute and could be limited in its duration. The first Canadian colonial copyright statute was the 89: 3456:"Statement of Royalties to Be Collected by Access Copyright for the Reprographic Reproduction, in Canada, of Works in its Repertoire" 3403:"Statement of Royalties to Be Collected by Access Copyright for the Reprographic Reproduction, in Canada, of Works in its Repertoire" 2916: 1069: 61: 3289: 2813: 761: 725:

Eventually a copyright reform process was initiated in two phases: Phase one was started in 1988 and saw several amendments to the

5135: 4493: 2761: 1002: 2699:"Chrystia Freeland's Hidden Tax: How Canada Should Implement the Copyright Term Extension Buried in Budget 2022 - Michael Geist" 4458: 3894: 1098: 965: 68: 1517:, after which the rate was reduced to $ 4.81. Proposed tariffs for subsequent years are still pending at the Copyright Board. 1359:

There has not yet been any jurisprudence in the matter, but it is suggested that previous cases, together with the 2012 act's

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noted that "offhand comments that knew could find their way into the public domain ... not the kind of disclosure which the

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equivalent student, was the subject of extensive litigation which was finally resolved by the Supreme Court of Canada in

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Others assert that such rules were ousted when the 2012 act came into force, and that the general rule under s. 6 of the

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governs. This may also have had the collateral effect of reviving copyright in some works that had previously lapsed.

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where the negative is owned by a corporation, and the photograph was created after 1948 and before November 7, 2012

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a photograph is not in copyright if the photographer died more than 50 years before December 31 of the current year

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Development Canada and the Minister of Canadian Heritage announced plans to commence a parliamentary review of the

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Moyse, Pierre-Emmanuel (2008). "Canadian Colonial Copyright: The Colony Strikes Back". In Moyse, Ysolde (ed.).

2719:"An Act to implement certain provisions of the budget tabled in Parliament on April 7, 2022 and other measures" 2476: 734: 722:

Between 1977 and 1985, a series of reports and proposals were issued for the reform of Canadian copyright law.

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and the power to grant injunctions were increased, and the 1997 reforms introduced a mandatory review of the

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An Act extend the Provincial Copy-Right Act to persons resident in the United Kingdom, on certain conditions

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in all other cases, the remainder of the year in which the photograph was made, plus a period of 50 years

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in the case of joint authorship of a work, copyright extends from the death of the last surviving author.

1032:(i) an architectural work, provided the copy is not in the nature of an architectural drawing or plan, or 927: 717: 193: 188: 4277: 4184: 3541:

3119: 2304:"Cuts Like a Knife: Bryan Adams Calls for Stronger Protections Against One-Sided Record Label Contracts" 989:

Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organisations

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licensing bodies; and (4) grant users licenses for works when the copyright owner cannot be located.

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As part of the review, the Committee also requested that a parallel consultation be conducted by the

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if the majority of its shares are owned by the creator of the photograph, the general rule applies

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The extension of Canada's copyright term to life plus 70 years was formalized via amendment to the

2739: 2670:"Canada Introduces USMCA Implementation Bill…Without a General Copyright Term Extension Provision" 2644: 1765: 1089:"similar" product from memory did not constitute infringement of his former employer's copyright. 923:

on 23 June 2022, which came into force on 30 December 2022, but did not revive expired copyright.

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in cases where the copyright owner could not be found, and rules were enacted on the formation of

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sound recordings were protected "as if such contrivances were musical, literary or dramatic works"

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Some commentators believe that the transitional rules implemented in the 1999 reform still apply.

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The federal court adopted a wide interpretation of the anti-circumvention rules in the case of

1131: 813: 782: 750: 552: 516: 453: 443: 315: 303: 273: 243: 198: 160: 127: 3344: 861: 4864: 4710: 4038: 3968: 3958: 3880: 3633:. Queen Mary Studies in Intellectual Property. Cheltenham, England: Edward Elgar Publishing. 1294:

Scenarios with respect to status of copyright in photographs created before November 7, 2012

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From "Radical Extremism" to "Balanced Copyright": Canadian Copyright and the Digital Agenda

3535: 2625: 2139:. Canadian Federation for the Humanities and Social Sciences. November 2010. Archived from 1968:. Ottawa: Royal Commission on Patents, Copyright, Trade Marks and Industrial Designs. 1957. 564: 448: 2494: 2057:

A Charter of Rights for Creators — Report of the Subcommittee on the Revision of Copyright

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Brown, D. Jeffrey; Campbell, Marisia (2010). "Copyright". In McCormack, Stuart C. (ed.).

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makes similar provision for the rights of performers and producers in sound recordings.

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Internet Treaties in 1996, Canada implemented its terms in 2012 with the passage of the

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governs the legally enforceable rights to creative and artistic works under the laws of

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Life of the creator plus 7 years, or 42 years from publication (whichever was greater)

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An Act to extend the Provincial Copyright Act to Persons Resident in the United Kingdom

508: 4078: 1839: 976:

Similar protection is extended to copyright holders in countries that are parties to:

4783: 4124: 3963: 3758: 3741: 3708: 3682: 3656: 3634: 3601: 3574: 3521: 3502: 2470:"The Complexities of Canada's Extension of Copyright Protection for Sound Recordings" 2303: 538:

copyrighted popular songs. They use the mails to reach purchasers, so members of the

208: 2280:"Committee News Release - April 10, 2018 - CHPC (42-1) - House of Commons of Canada" 603:

There were other significant differences between the Canadian and Imperial régimes:

4388: 4366: 3774: 1505: 1185:

887: 2698: 1319:

a photograph is in copyright if the photographer has died within the past 50 years

4415: 4403: 4376: 4361: 4332: 4113: 4093: 2551: 1446: 1135: 930:

has expressed strong support for copyright extension. Canadian singer/songwriter

892: 878: 475: 370: 793:

Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on Industry, Science and Technology

4371: 4256: 3738:

The Struggle for Canadian Copyright: Imperialism to Internationalism, 1842-1971

3499:

The Struggle for Canadian Copyright: Imperialism to Internationalism, 1842–1971

3463: 3410: 3387: 2652: 2640: 2433:"The USMCA and Copyright Reform: Who is Writing Canada's Copyright Law Anyway?" 2106: 1060: 593: 527: 512: 479: 3745: 5215: 3903: 3850: 3712: 3605: 3566: 3438:

Alberta (Education) v. Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency (Access Copyright)

3242: 2814:"New NAFTA Would Harm Canadian Copyright Reform and Shrink the Public Domain" 2694: 1537: 1514:

Alberta (Education) v. Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency (Access Copyright)

1290:

The differences between the two points of view can be summarized as follows:

1157: 1138:, that this is not an easy exercise. Emphasis was given to the fact that the 936: 852: 504: 438: 390: 143: 135: 2645:"Shifting Paradigms - Report of the Standing Committee on Canadian Heritage" 2621:"How the Canadian Music Biz is Reacting to New Trade Deal with U.S., Mexico" 1116:

Alberta (Education) v Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency (Access Copyright)

4443: 3762: 2501:. Government of Canada. 18 March 2021. Related Provisions 2020, c. 1, s. 34 1134:

pointed out in 2017, when invalidating guidelines that had been adopted by

1104: 862:

Extension of copyright for published pseudonymous or anonymous works (2020)

730: 573: 886:, Canada's copyright term did not change. Canada continued to hold to the 3696:

Wilkinson, Margaret Ann; Soltau, Carolyn; Deluzio, Tierney G. B. (2015).

3670: 3648: 1575:

An Act to amend the Copyright Act (40th Canadian Parliament, 3rd Session)

1568:

An Act to amend the Copyright Act (39th Canadian Parliament, 2nd Session)

1561:

An Act to amend the Copyright Act (38th Canadian Parliament, 1st Session)

1177:

if it is a communications signal, 50 years after the signal is broadcast.

931: 804: 1988:"Copyright Law in Canada: An Introduction to the Canadian Copyright Act" 775: 3159: 3157: 2556: 2357:"A Consultation on Options for Reform to the Copyright Board of Canada" 1551: 3144: 3142: 1164:

50 years after publication, in nearly all cases, if it was subject to

3798:

Perrault, Antonio (1924). "La propriété des œuvres intellectuelles".

3268:"Legislative Summary of Bill C-11: An Act to amend the Copyright Act" 3169: 884:

Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership

556: 555:

granted the federal government power to legislate on matters such as

3631:

An Emerging Intellectual Property Paradigm: Perspectives from Canada

3154: 2266:"Committee Report No. 16 - INDU (42-1) - House of Commons of Canada" 1545: 1023:

Section 32.2(1) of the Copyright Act (Canada) states the following:

623:

Initial term of 28 years, with option to renew for another 14 years

24: 3823:. Intellectual Property Institute of Canada: 95–109. Archived from 3139: 2033: 592:

Imperial copyright was strengthened by the earlier decision of the

2213:

Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada (2017-12-14).

1156:

Subject to other provisions of the Act, a work will fall into the

1059:

982:

Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works

1429: 849:

801:

Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on Canadian Heritage

560: 2014:"Patents, Copyright and Industrial Designs, Royal Commission on" 840:

review was being carried out, trade negotiations leading to the

3872: 3210: 3208: 2762:"Canada's Writers Welcome Copyright Term Extension Under USMCA" 2596:"Canada notifies U.S. and Mexico it has ratified revised NAFTA" 2332:"Evidence - CHPC (42-1) - No. 118 - House of Commons of Canada" 2102:"Canada's copyright overhaul and the digital locks controversy" 1814:"III: Local Copyright Laws of British Colonies and Possessions" 1316:

a photograph is in copyright if the photographer is still alive

434: 2839:"Effects of the Canada, US, Mexico Agreement Term Extensions" 1821:(5th ed.). London: Stevens and Haynes. pp. 339–345. 3220: 3205: 3181: 2759: 2134:"Responding to Bill C-32: An Act to Amend the Copyright Act" 1724: 1722: 1720: 1484:

Society of Composers, Authors and Music Publishers of Canada

1258:

protected until 50 years after the end of the year of death

768:. The 2012 act focuses on anti-circumvention provisions for 3365: 3363: 3361: 2123:, ss. 41–41.21, inserted by the Copyright Modernization Act 1103:

Unauthorized copying of works can be permissible under the

3679:

Intellectual Property Law: Copyright, Patents, Trade-Marks

1834:, (1868) 3 LTR 100, expanding upon its previous ruling in 1663: 1661: 1648: 1646: 1445:

The Canadian Intellectual Property Office (CIPO), part of

1432:

for video game consoles could not use the availability of

1366: 853:

833:

in relation to the administration of the Copyright Board.

811:

In addition to the legislated parliamentary review of the

696:

any remaining rights (if any) at common law were abolished

3237: 3235: 1717: 1637:

An Act for the protection of Copy Rights in this Province

637:

Required in order to sue or claim copyright infringement

3811:

Wilkinson, Margaret Ann; Deluzio, Tierney G. B. (2016).

3520:(2nd ed.). Huntington, New York: Juris Publishing. 3418: 3358: 3290:"Caving to Washington? "Canadian DMCA" expected to pass" 2897: 1857: 1734: 3318:. Canadian Intellectual Property Office. Archived from 2987: 1845: 1658: 1643: 1212:

Duration of copyright with respect to posthumous works

817:, separate consultations were held with respect to the 744:

Phase two of the reform took place in 1997 and saw the

4154: 3695: 3622:

3232: 3175: 3163: 3148: 3133: 1794:, 1 O.A.R. 436, held to have been properly decided in 478:, applied to its colonies (including Canada), but the 3559:

From Gutenberg to Telidon: A White Paper on Copyright

3006:

Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency v York University

2215:"Parliament to undertake review of the Copyright Act" 1313:

In all cases (except where Crown copyright applies):

776:

2869: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2190:"Consolidated federal laws of canada, Copyright Act" 1746: 1527: 1403:

years after publication and 100 years from fixation.

1673: 1603: 1051:

Authorship and ownership in copyright law in Canada

665:of 1910; adhered to by most Pan-American countries 3824: 948:The Act confers several types of rights in works: 823:Innovation Science and Economic Development Canada 3813:"The Term of Copyright Protection in Photographs" 2860: 2764:(Press release). Canada: Writers' Union of Canada 519:arrangement. In a provocative move Canada passed 5213: 3624:. Ottawa: Consumer and Corporate Affairs Canada. 3561:. Ottawa: Consumer and Corporate Affairs Canada. 2977:CCH Canadian Ltd. v. Law Society of Upper Canada 2753: 2532:Office of the United States Trade Representative 2463: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2379: 2354: 2236: 2234: 1110:CCH Canadian Ltd. v. Law Society of Upper Canada 3698:"Copyright in Photographs in Canada since 2012" 3343:. Copyright Board. January 2001. Archived from 2409:"LEGISinfo - House Government Bill C-86 (42-1)" 2099: 1925:Gramophone Co Ltd v Stephen Carwardine & Co 503:One year after Canada passed the 1841 act, the 3282: 2633: 2577:"Canadian Publisher on the Terms of Copyright" 2242:"INDU - Statutory Review of the Copyright Act" 1946:United States House Committee on the Judiciary 1302:1999 transitional rules ceased to have effect 869: 4459: 4140: 3888: 3515: 3226: 3214: 3187: 2467: 2450: 2231: 1470:Collectives regulated by the Copyright Board 410: 4473: 3600:. Canadian Oral History Association: 18–24. 3587: 2903: 2165:"Change and the Copyright Modernization Act" 1981: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1239:not published on or before December 31, 1998 973:performance, transmission and reproduction. 3619: 2938:Netupsky et al. v. Dominion Bridge Co. Ltd. 2846:Canadian Federation of Library Associations 2760:Writers' Union of Canada (3 October 2018). 2188:Branch, Legislative Services (2018-12-13). 2059:. Ottawa: Supply and Services Canada. 1985. 2043: 1802: at p. 656, SCR 649 (24 June 1960) 1310:copyright ceased to have effect after 1998 909:the Standing Committee on Canadian Heritage 4466: 4452: 4147: 4133: 3895: 3881: 3260: 2544: 2212: 474:, or imperial law, starting with the 1709 417: 403: 3496: 2917:Gould Estate v Stoddart Publishing Co Ltd 1985: 1972: 1796:Durand et Cie v. La Patrie Publishing Co. 1728: 1070:Gould Estate v Stoddart Publishing Co Ltd 465: 109:Learn how and when to remove this message 3556: 2639: 2593: 2039: 1623:An Act for the protection of Copy Rights 1426:Nintendo of America v. Go Cyber Shopping 1299:1999 transitional rules remain in effect 1171:70 years after the death of its creator. 762:World Intellectual Property Organization 526: 3590:"Legal Issues Regarding Oral Histories" 2811: 2805: 2785: 2779: 2653:Standing Committee on Canadian Heritage 2495:"Copyright Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. C-42)" 1367:Sound recordings and performance rights 1027:It is not an infringement of copyright 1003:WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty 16:Canadian statutes controlling copyright 5214: 3534: 3479:"Tariffs proposed by Access Copyright" 2187: 2100:Christine Dobby (September 29, 2011). 1941:Performance Rights in Sound Recordings 1851: 1811: 1099:Fair dealing in Canadian copyright law 1009: 760:After becoming a signatory country of 668: 45:Please improve this article by adding 4447: 4206:Canadian Intellectual Property Office 4128: 3876: 3817:Canadian Intellectual Property Review 3669: 3647: 3628: 3565: 3424: 3369: 3241: 3129: 3125: 2993: 2962:, 58 OR (3d) 339 (1 March 2002), 2955:Delrina Corp. v. Triolet Systems Inc. 2873: 2786:Sanchez, Daniel (December 28, 2018). 2693: 2472:. Entertainment and Media Law Signal. 2403: 2401: 2326: 2324: 1863: 1752: 1740: 1679: 1667: 1652: 1609: 1407: 900:United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement 711: 540:American Music Publishers Association 3681:(2nd ed.). Toronto: Irwin Law. 3176:Wilkinson, Soltau & Deluzio 2015 3164:Wilkinson, Soltau & Deluzio 2015 3149:Wilkinson, Soltau & Deluzio 2015 3134:Wilkinson, Soltau & Deluzio 2015 2831: 2812:Vollmer, Timothy (October 1, 2018). 2477:Economic Action Plan 2015 Act, No. 1 1329:created by an individual after 1948 737:and their supervision by a reformed 524:by the imperial British government. 18: 3518:Intellectual Property Law of Canada 2924:, 39 OR (3d) 545 (6 May 1998), 2521:"Chapter 18: Intellectual Property" 2382:"Factsheet: Copyright Board Reform" 1586:Intellectual property law in Canada 1495:Canadian Private Copying Collective 1220:with an unpublished work that is... 1202: 943: 905:North American Free Trade Agreement 451:by virtue of section 91(23) of the 13: 4156:Canadian intellectual property law 3740:. University of British Columbia. 3728: 3557:Erola, Judy; Fox, Francis (1984). 2721:. Parliament of Canada. 2022-06-23 2398: 2380:Government of Canada, Innovation. 2355:Government of Canada, Innovation. 2321: 1992:Judicial System & Legal Issues 1928:, 1 Ch 450 (1934). 1452: 1363:, may favour the second scenario. 1250:protected until December 31, 2049 1242:protected until December 31, 2003 1234:50 years from date of publication 1231:published before December 31, 1998 1044: 142: 14: 5233: 5201:Category:Copyright law by country 4285:Integrated Circuit Topography Act 3843: 3620:Keyes, A. A.; Brunet, C. (1977). 1440: 4632: 4499:International copyright treaties 3902: 3849: 3481:. Copyright Board. January 2001. 3471: 3448: 1986:Makarenko, Jay (13 March 2009). 1902:Copyright Act, 1921, s. 11(1)(a) 1544: 1530: 1146: 1015:This section is an excerpt from 634:Required for grant of copyright 546: 384: 23: 4190:Integrated circuit topographies 3757:. University of Toronto Press. 3707:. Ontario Library Association. 3489: 3445:, 2 SCR 345 (12 July 2012) 3430: 3395: 3375: 3333: 3308: 3193: 3107: 3095: 3083: 3071: 3059: 3047: 3038: 3026: 3014: 2999: 2984:, 1 SCR 339 (4 March 2004) 2969: 2947: 2944:, SCR 368 (5 October 1971) 2931: 2909: 2879: 2732: 2711: 2687: 2662: 2613: 2594:McGregor, Janyce (2020-04-03). 2587: 2569: 2538: 2513: 2487: 2468:Bob Tarantino (June 24, 2015). 2425: 2373: 2348: 2296: 2272: 2258: 2206: 2181: 2157: 2126: 2114: 2093: 2075: 2063: 2049: 2006: 1952: 1931: 1917: 1905: 1896: 1887: 1878: 1869: 1825: 1805: 1785: 1776: 1758: 1151: 1092: 1085:without the creator's consent. 827:Department of Canadian Heritage 553:British North America Act, 1867 1699: 1685: 1629: 1615: 1264: 735:copyright collecting societies 615:Copyright Act 1842 (Imperial) 1: 4489:Copyright case law by country 3755:The Canadian Law of Copyright 2887:Cinar Corporation v. Robinson 1591: 1418:technical protection measures 1247:on or after December 31, 1948 770:technical protection measures 470:It is unclear to what extent 47:secondary or tertiary sources 4494:Copyright lengths by country 2484:2015, c. 36, Part 3, Div. 5 1893:Copyright Act, 1921, s. 4(3) 1782:Copyright Act, 1875, ss. 3–5 1017:Freedom of panorama § Canada 914:2022 Canadian federal budget 874:Under the conditions of the 612:Copyright Act, 1875 (Canada) 7: 4228:Trademarks Opposition Board 3588:Jarvis-Tinus, Jill (1992). 3544:. Montreal: Dawson Brothers 2474:, discussing the impact of 2083:Copyright Modernization Act 1838: (1854) 4 HLC 815, 1523: 1272:Copyright Modernization Act 870:Extension of copyright term 780:The 2012 amendments to the 766:Copyright Modernization Act 718:Copyright Modernization Act 517:responsible self-government 10: 5238: 3104:, ss. 14.1–14.2, 17.1–17.2 1503: 1492: 1481: 1096: 1048: 1014: 907:. In its May 2019 report, 715: 672: 642:Copyright notice required 640: 631:Registration of copyright 629: 618: 460: 5196: 5175: 5062: 4939: 4932: 4741: 4641: 4630: 4524: 4484:Copyright acts by country 4479: 4421:Patent Cooperation Treaty 4320: 4294: 4248: 4240:Copyright Board of Canada 4198: 4162: 4107:Law School Admission Test 4092: 4047: 3977: 3936: 3910: 3775:"La propriété littéraire" 3227:Brown & Campbell 2010 3215:Brown & Campbell 2010 3188:Brown & Campbell 2010 2545:JIJI Staff (2018-12-10). 2019:The Canadian Encyclopedia 1948:. 1978. pp. 216–219. 1884:Copyright Act, 1921, s. 9 1875:Copyright Act, 1921, s. 5 1766:The Copyright Act of 1875 1707:The Copyright Act of 1868 1459:Copyright Board of Canada 1336: 1312: 1298: 1254: 1238: 1227: 876:Trans-Pacific Partnership 819:Copyright Board of Canada 739:Copyright Board of Canada 364:Law School Admission Test 58:"Copyright law of Canada" 4516:Rule of the shorter term 4474:Copyright law by country 4007:Immigration and refugees 3736:Bannerman, Sara (2013). 3501:. Vancouver: UBC Press. 3497:Bannerman, Sara (2013). 2649:Copyright term extension 1696:, S.Prov.C. 1847, c. 28 1640:, S.Prov.C. 1841, c. 61 1596: 1228:before December 31, 1948 928:Writers' Union of Canada 661:Canada did not join the 551:Upon Confederation, the 254:Immigration and refugees 4221:Registrar of Trademarks 4216:Commissioner of Patents 4211:Chief Executive Officer 3771:Mignault, Pierre-Basile 3753:Fox, Harold G. (1944). 2894: (23 December 2013) 2742:. Canada.ca. 2022-11-17 2534:. 2015. pp. 18–36. 2194:laws-lois.justice.gc.ca 2044:Keyes & Brunet 1977 1255:after December 31, 1998 1217:Where an author dies... 1132:Federal Court of Canada 1075:Ontario Court of Appeal 675:Copyright Act of Canada 663:Buenos Aires Convention 589:Ontario Court of Appeal 441:was established by the 431:copyright law of Canada 5222:Canadian copyright law 3997:Civil and human rights 3855:Canadian Copyright Law 3655:. Toronto: Irwin Law. 3573:. Toronto: Irwin Law. 3270:. Parliament of Canada 2740:"PC Number: 2022-1219" 1812:Easton, J. M. (1915). 1581:File sharing in Canada 1081:intended to protect." 1038: 751:copyright infringement 543: 482:had ruled in 1774, in 466:Colonial copyright law 454:Constitution Act, 1867 244:Civil and human rights 147: 34:relies excessively on 4328:Intellectual Property 4278:Industrial Design Act 4034:Labour and employment 4012:Intellectual property 2966:(Ontario, Canada) 2928:(Ontario, Canada) 2643:, ed. (15 May 2019). 1626:, S.L.C. 1832, c. 53 1332:general rule applies 1025: 996:WIPO Copyright Treaty 531:Article published in 530: 472:British copyright law 286:Labour and employment 259:Intellectual property 146: 4905:United Arab Emirates 4426:Strasbourg Agreement 4399:Marrakesh VIP Treaty 3132:, pp. 145–147; 3128:, pp. 104–107; 3044:Copyright Act, s. 12 2499:Justice Laws Website 2040:Erola & Fox 1984 1944:. Washington, D.C.: 1914:, s. 41(3), Schedule 1842: (1 August 1854) 1307:created before 1949 565:Parliament of Canada 449:Parliament of Canada 4233:Patent Appeal Board 4199:Government agencies 3928:Provincial statutes 3467:. January 19, 2013. 3427:, pp. 503–540. 3372:, pp. 216–221. 2581:www.michaelgeist.ca 1962:Report on Copyright 1912:Copyright Act, 1921 1866:, pp. 114–115. 1743:, pp. 113–114. 1670:, pp. 111–112. 1655:, pp. 110–111. 1471: 1361:legislative history 1295: 1213: 1010:Freedom of panorama 958:neighbouring rights 669:Copyright Act, 1921 582:Copyright Act, 1875 494:Copyright Act, 1841 490:Copyright Act, 1832 485:Donaldson v Beckett 171:Provincial statutes 5136:Russian Federation 4679:Dominican Republic 4345:Industrial Designs 4185:Industrial designs 3829:on August 29, 2017 3594:Oral History Forum 2996:, pp. 90–120. 1469: 1408:Anti-circumvention 1293: 1223:Term of copyright 1211: 1126:The impact of the 821:. In August 2017, 712:Reform (1988–2012) 681:Copyright Act 1911 656:Copyright Act 1911 544: 534:The New York Times 509:Copyright Act 1842 148: 5209: 5208: 5171: 5170: 4441: 4440: 4122: 4121: 3800:La Revue du droit 3688:978-1-55221-209-7 3662:978-1-55221-034-5 3640:978-1-84720-597-1 3580:978-1-55221-204-2 3527:978-1-57823-264-2 3508:978-0-7748-2406-4 3391:. 31 August 2013. 3035:, ss. 6, 9–12, 23 2960:2002 CanLII 11389 2904:Jarvis-Tinus 1992 2848:. January 1, 2019 2336:www.ourcommons.ca 2284:www.ourcommons.ca 2246:www.ourcommons.ca 1854:, pp. 20–21. 1836:Jefferys v Boosey 1792:Smiles v. Belford 1521: 1520: 1434:homebrew software 1349: 1348: 1262: 1261: 700:Following the UK 652: 651: 427: 426: 391:Canada portal 119: 118: 111: 93: 5229: 5117: 5095: 5083: 5030: 5018: 5006: 4969: 4957: 4937: 4936: 4925: 4913: 4851: 4834: 4797: 4729: 4692: 4636: 4635: 4620: 4608: 4596: 4584: 4572: 4540: 4468: 4461: 4454: 4445: 4444: 4389:Berne Convention 4367:Singapore Treaty 4338:Paris Convention 4163:Protected rights 4149: 4142: 4135: 4126: 4125: 4074:Courts of Appeal 3923:Federal statutes 3897: 3890: 3883: 3874: 3873: 3853: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3828: 3807: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3766: 3749: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3702: 3692: 3674: 3666: 3644: 3625: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3584: 3562: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3531: 3512: 3483: 3482: 3475: 3469: 3468: 3460: 3452: 3446: 3434: 3428: 3422: 3416: 3415: 3414:. June 27, 2009. 3407: 3399: 3393: 3392: 3379: 3373: 3367: 3356: 3355: 3353: 3352: 3337: 3331: 3330: 3328: 3327: 3312: 3306: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3286: 3280: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3239: 3230: 3224: 3218: 3212: 3203: 3197: 3191: 3185: 3179: 3173: 3167: 3161: 3152: 3146: 3137: 3123: 3117: 3111: 3105: 3099: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3045: 3042: 3036: 3030: 3024: 3018: 3012: 3003: 2997: 2991: 2985: 2973: 2967: 2951: 2945: 2935: 2929: 2922:1998 CanLII 5513 2913: 2907: 2901: 2895: 2883: 2877: 2871: 2858: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2843: 2835: 2829: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2818:Creative Commons 2809: 2803: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2783: 2777: 2776: 2771: 2769: 2757: 2751: 2750: 2748: 2747: 2736: 2730: 2729: 2727: 2726: 2715: 2709: 2708: 2706: 2705: 2691: 2685: 2684: 2682: 2681: 2666: 2660: 2659: 2637: 2631: 2630: 2617: 2611: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2591: 2585: 2584: 2573: 2567: 2566: 2564: 2563: 2542: 2536: 2535: 2525: 2517: 2511: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2491: 2485: 2473: 2465: 2448: 2447: 2445: 2444: 2429: 2423: 2422: 2420: 2419: 2405: 2396: 2395: 2393: 2392: 2377: 2371: 2370: 2368: 2367: 2352: 2346: 2345: 2343: 2342: 2328: 2319: 2318: 2316: 2315: 2300: 2294: 2293: 2291: 2290: 2276: 2270: 2269: 2262: 2256: 2255: 2253: 2252: 2238: 2229: 2228: 2226: 2225: 2210: 2204: 2203: 2201: 2200: 2185: 2179: 2178: 2176: 2175: 2161: 2155: 2154: 2152: 2151: 2145: 2138: 2130: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2111: 2097: 2091: 2079: 2073: 2067: 2061: 2060: 2053: 2047: 2037: 2031: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2010: 2004: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1983: 1970: 1969: 1967: 1956: 1950: 1949: 1935: 1929: 1927: 1921: 1915: 1909: 1903: 1900: 1894: 1891: 1885: 1882: 1876: 1873: 1867: 1861: 1855: 1849: 1843: 1832:Routledge v. Low 1829: 1823: 1822: 1809: 1803: 1789: 1783: 1780: 1774: 1762: 1756: 1750: 1744: 1738: 1732: 1726: 1715: 1703: 1697: 1689: 1683: 1677: 1671: 1665: 1656: 1650: 1641: 1633: 1627: 1619: 1613: 1607: 1554: 1549: 1548: 1540: 1535: 1534: 1533: 1506:Access Copyright 1472: 1468: 1296: 1292: 1214: 1210: 1203:Posthumous works 944:Rights conferred 888:Berne Convention 606: 605: 419: 412: 405: 389: 388: 387: 331:Courts of Appeal 166:Federal statutes 123: 122: 114: 107: 103: 100: 94: 92: 51: 27: 19: 5237: 5236: 5232: 5231: 5230: 5228: 5227: 5226: 5212: 5211: 5210: 5205: 5192: 5167: 5111: 5089: 5077: 5063:Other countries 5058: 5024: 5012: 5000: 4963: 4951: 4928: 4919: 4907: 4845: 4828: 4791: 4737: 4723: 4686: 4637: 4633: 4628: 4614: 4602: 4590: 4578: 4566: 4534: 4520: 4475: 4472: 4442: 4437: 4431:UPOV Convention 4416:Budapest Treaty 4404:WIPO Convention 4394:Rome Convention 4377:WIPO Convention 4362:Madrid Protocol 4350:Hague Agreement 4333:TRIPS Agreement 4316: 4290: 4244: 4194: 4158: 4153: 4123: 4118: 4114:Call to the bar 4088: 4079:Superior Courts 4043: 3973: 3932: 3906: 3901: 3846: 3841: 3832: 3830: 3810: 3797: 3788: 3786: 3769: 3752: 3735: 3731: 3729:Further reading 3726: 3717: 3715: 3700: 3689: 3672: 3663: 3641: 3610: 3608: 3581: 3547: 3545: 3528: 3509: 3492: 3487: 3486: 3477: 3476: 3472: 3458: 3454: 3453: 3449: 3435: 3431: 3423: 3419: 3405: 3401: 3400: 3396: 3381: 3380: 3376: 3368: 3359: 3350: 3348: 3339: 3338: 3334: 3325: 3323: 3314: 3313: 3309: 3299: 3297: 3288: 3287: 3283: 3273: 3271: 3266: 3265: 3261: 3251: 3249: 3240: 3233: 3225: 3221: 3213: 3206: 3198: 3194: 3186: 3182: 3178:, pp. 7–9. 3174: 3170: 3162: 3155: 3147: 3140: 3124: 3120: 3112: 3108: 3100: 3096: 3088: 3084: 3076: 3072: 3064: 3060: 3052: 3048: 3043: 3039: 3031: 3027: 3019: 3015: 3004: 3000: 2992: 2988: 2974: 2970: 2964:Court of Appeal 2952: 2948: 2942:1971 CanLII 172 2936: 2932: 2926:Court of Appeal 2914: 2910: 2902: 2898: 2884: 2880: 2872: 2861: 2851: 2849: 2841: 2837: 2836: 2832: 2822: 2820: 2810: 2806: 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5140: 5139: 5138: 5133: 5123: 5118: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5084: 5072: 5066: 5064: 5060: 5059: 5057: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5019: 5007: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4958: 4945: 4943: 4941:European Union 4934: 4930: 4929: 4927: 4926: 4914: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4840: 4835: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4745: 4743: 4739: 4738: 4736: 4735: 4730: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4645: 4643: 4639: 4638: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4626: 4621: 4609: 4597: 4585: 4573: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4528: 4526: 4522: 4521: 4519: 4518: 4513: 4512: 4511: 4509:related rights 4506: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4480: 4477: 4476: 4471: 4470: 4463: 4456: 4448: 4439: 4438: 4436: 4435: 4434: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4408: 4407: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4381: 4380: 4379: 4374: 4372:Nice Agreement 4369: 4364: 4354: 4353: 4352: 4342: 4341: 4340: 4335: 4324: 4322: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4298: 4296: 4292: 4291: 4289: 4288: 4281: 4274: 4267: 4260: 4257:Trademarks Act 4252: 4250: 4246: 4245: 4243: 4242: 4237: 4236: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4224: 4223: 4218: 4202: 4200: 4196: 4195: 4193: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4166: 4164: 4160: 4159: 4152: 4151: 4144: 4137: 4129: 4120: 4119: 4117: 4116: 4111: 4110: 4109: 4098: 4096: 4090: 4089: 4087: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4070: 4069: 4059: 4053: 4051: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4030: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3993: 3992: 3981: 3979: 3975: 3974: 3972: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3949:Administrative 3946: 3944:Constitutional 3940: 3938: 3934: 3933: 3931: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3914: 3912: 3908: 3907: 3900: 3899: 3892: 3885: 3877: 3871: 3870: 3858: 3845: 3844:External links 3842: 3840: 3839: 3808: 3795: 3767: 3750: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3724: 3693: 3687: 3667: 3661: 3645: 3639: 3626: 3617: 3585: 3579: 3567:Geist, Michael 3563: 3554: 3532: 3526: 3513: 3507: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3485: 3484: 3470: 3464:Canada Gazette 3447: 3429: 3417: 3411:Canada Gazette 3394: 3388:Canada Gazette 3374: 3357: 3332: 3316:"What is CIPO" 3307: 3281: 3259: 3245:(2017-03-03). 3243:Geist, Michael 3231: 3229:, p. 236. 3219: 3217:, p. 235. 3204: 3192: 3190:, p. 234. 3180: 3168: 3153: 3138: 3118: 3106: 3094: 3082: 3070: 3058: 3046: 3037: 3025: 3023:, par. 255-257 3013: 3011:(12 July 2017) 2998: 2986: 2968: 2946: 2930: 2908: 2896: 2878: 2859: 2830: 2804: 2778: 2752: 2731: 2710: 2697:(2022-04-08). 2695:Geist, Michael 2686: 2661: 2632: 2612: 2586: 2568: 2537: 2512: 2486: 2449: 2424: 2397: 2372: 2347: 2320: 2295: 2271: 2257: 2230: 2205: 2180: 2156: 2125: 2113: 2107:Financial Post 2092: 2074: 2062: 2048: 2032: 2005: 1994:. Mapleleafweb 1971: 1951: 1930: 1916: 1904: 1895: 1886: 1877: 1868: 1856: 1844: 1824: 1804: 1800:1960 CanLII 63 1784: 1775: 1757: 1755:, p. 114. 1745: 1733: 1729:Bannerman 2013 1716: 1698: 1684: 1682:, p. 108. 1672: 1657: 1642: 1628: 1614: 1612:, p. 111. 1601: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1571: 1564: 1556: 1555: 1541: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1518: 1508: 1502: 1501: 1497: 1491: 1490: 1486: 1480: 1479: 1476: 1454: 1451: 1442: 1441:Administration 1439: 1409: 1406: 1405: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1382: 1381: 1378: 1368: 1365: 1347: 1346: 1342: 1341: 1338: 1334: 1333: 1330: 1326: 1325: 1324: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1311: 1308: 1304: 1303: 1300: 1288: 1287: 1280: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1259: 1256: 1252: 1251: 1248: 1244: 1243: 1240: 1236: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1225: 1224: 1221: 1218: 1204: 1201: 1200: 1199: 1196: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1181:In all cases: 1179: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1107:exemption. In 1094: 1091: 1046: 1043: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1021: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1006: 999: 992: 985: 960: 959: 956: 953: 945: 942: 871: 868: 863: 860: 854: 851: 777: 774: 713: 710: 698: 697: 694: 691: 688: 673:Main article: 670: 667: 650: 649: 646: 643: 639: 638: 635: 632: 628: 627: 624: 621: 617: 616: 613: 610: 594:House of Lords 563:. In 1868 the 548: 545: 513:British Empire 480:House of Lords 467: 464: 462: 459: 425: 424: 422: 421: 414: 407: 399: 396: 395: 394: 393: 378: 377: 374: 373: 368: 367: 366: 355: 352: 351: 348: 347: 344: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 307: 302: 301: 298: 297: 294: 293: 288: 283: 282: 281: 276: 271: 266: 256: 251: 246: 241: 240: 239: 228: 225: 224: 221: 220: 217: 216: 211: 206: 201: 196: 194:Administrative 191: 189:Constitutional 185: 182: 181: 178: 177: 174: 173: 168: 163: 157: 154: 153: 150: 149: 139: 138: 132: 131: 117: 116: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5234: 5223: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5202: 5199: 5198: 5195: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5174: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5128: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5115: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5093: 5088: 5085: 5081: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5067: 5065: 5061: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5028: 5023: 5020: 5016: 5011: 5008: 5004: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4967: 4962: 4959: 4955: 4950: 4947: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4938: 4935: 4931: 4923: 4918: 4915: 4911: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4849: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4832: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4795: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4746: 4744: 4740: 4734: 4731: 4727: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4716:United States 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4690: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4646: 4644: 4640: 4625: 4622: 4618: 4613: 4610: 4606: 4601: 4598: 4594: 4589: 4586: 4582: 4577: 4574: 4570: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4538: 4533: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4523: 4517: 4514: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4501: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4481: 4478: 4469: 4464: 4462: 4457: 4455: 4450: 4449: 4446: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4413: 4412: 4409: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4386: 4385: 4382: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4359: 4358: 4355: 4351: 4348: 4347: 4346: 4343: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4330: 4329: 4326: 4325: 4323: 4319: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4299: 4297: 4293: 4287: 4286: 4282: 4280: 4279: 4275: 4273: 4272: 4268: 4266: 4265: 4264:Copyright Act 4261: 4259: 4258: 4254: 4253: 4251: 4247: 4241: 4238: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4213: 4212: 4209: 4208: 4207: 4204: 4203: 4201: 4197: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4167: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4150: 4145: 4143: 4138: 4136: 4131: 4130: 4127: 4115: 4112: 4108: 4105: 4104: 4103: 4100: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4091: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4068: 4065: 4064: 4063: 4062:Federal Court 4060: 4058: 4057:Supreme Court 4055: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4046: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4014: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3991: 3988: 3987: 3986: 3983: 3982: 3980: 3976: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3941: 3939: 3935: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3915: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3898: 3893: 3891: 3886: 3884: 3879: 3878: 3875: 3869:1985, c. C-42 3868: 3864: 3863: 3862:Copyright Act 3859: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3847: 3827: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3809: 3805: 3802:(in French). 3801: 3796: 3785:(10): 289–298 3784: 3781:(in French). 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3734: 3733: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3699: 3694: 3690: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3668: 3664: 3658: 3654: 3653:Copyright Law 3650: 3646: 3642: 3636: 3632: 3627: 3623: 3618: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3586: 3582: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3555: 3543: 3542: 3537: 3536:Dawson, S. E. 3533: 3529: 3523: 3519: 3514: 3510: 3504: 3500: 3495: 3494: 3480: 3474: 3466: 3465: 3457: 3451: 3444: 3440: 3439: 3433: 3426: 3421: 3413: 3412: 3404: 3398: 3390: 3389: 3384: 3378: 3371: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3347:on 2016-03-04 3346: 3342: 3341:"Our Mandate" 3336: 3322:on 2012-04-10 3321: 3317: 3311: 3295: 3291: 3285: 3269: 3263: 3248: 3244: 3238: 3236: 3228: 3223: 3216: 3211: 3209: 3201: 3200:Copyright Act 3196: 3189: 3184: 3177: 3172: 3166:, p. 12. 3165: 3160: 3158: 3150: 3145: 3143: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3122: 3115: 3114:Copyright Act 3110: 3103: 3102:Copyright Act 3098: 3091: 3090:Copyright Act 3086: 3080:, ss. 6.1–6.2 3079: 3078:Copyright Act 3074: 3067: 3066:Copyright Act 3062: 3055: 3054:Copyright Act 3050: 3041: 3034: 3033:Copyright Act 3029: 3022: 3021:CCLA v York U 3017: 3010: 3007: 3002: 2995: 2990: 2983: 2979: 2978: 2972: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2956: 2950: 2943: 2939: 2934: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2918: 2912: 2905: 2900: 2893: 2889: 2888: 2882: 2875: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2847: 2840: 2834: 2819: 2815: 2808: 2793: 2789: 2782: 2775: 2763: 2756: 2741: 2735: 2720: 2714: 2700: 2696: 2690: 2675: 2674:Michael Geist 2671: 2665: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2636: 2628: 2627: 2622: 2616: 2601: 2597: 2590: 2582: 2578: 2572: 2558: 2554: 2553: 2548: 2541: 2533: 2529: 2522: 2516: 2500: 2496: 2490: 2483: 2479: 2478: 2471: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2438: 2437:Michael Geist 2434: 2428: 2414: 2410: 2404: 2402: 2387: 2383: 2376: 2362: 2358: 2351: 2337: 2333: 2327: 2325: 2309: 2308:Michael Geist 2305: 2299: 2285: 2281: 2275: 2267: 2261: 2247: 2243: 2237: 2235: 2220: 2216: 2209: 2195: 2191: 2184: 2170: 2169:Barry Sookman 2166: 2160: 2146:on 2014-02-02 2142: 2135: 2129: 2122: 2121:Copyright Act 2117: 2109: 2108: 2103: 2096: 2089: 2085: 2084: 2078: 2071: 2070:Copyright Act 2066: 2058: 2052: 2045: 2041: 2036: 2021: 2020: 2015: 2009: 1993: 1989: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1964: 1963: 1955: 1947: 1943: 1942: 1934: 1926: 1920: 1913: 1908: 1899: 1890: 1881: 1872: 1865: 1860: 1853: 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1176: 1173: 1170: 1167: 1163: 1162: 1161: 1159: 1158:public domain 1147:Public domain 1144: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1124: 1120: 1118: 1117: 1112: 1111: 1106: 1100: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1080: 1079:Copyright Act 1076: 1072: 1071: 1064: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1028: 1024: 1018: 1004: 1000: 997: 993: 990: 986: 983: 979: 978: 977: 974: 970: 967: 963: 957: 954: 951: 950: 949: 941: 938: 937:public domain 933: 929: 924: 922: 921:Copyright Act 917: 915: 910: 906: 901: 896: 894: 889: 885: 880: 877: 867: 859: 850: 848: 847:Copyright Act 843: 839: 838:Copyright Act 834: 832: 831:Copyright Act 828: 824: 820: 816: 815: 814:Copyright Act 809: 806: 802: 797: 794: 790: 789:Copyright Act 785: 784: 783:Copyright Act 773: 771: 767: 763: 758: 756: 755:Copyright Act 752: 747: 746:Copyright Act 742: 740: 736: 732: 728: 727:Copyright Act 723: 719: 709: 705: 703: 695: 692: 689: 686: 685: 684: 682: 676: 666: 664: 659: 657: 647: 644: 641: 636: 633: 630: 625: 622: 619: 614: 611: 608: 607: 604: 601: 599: 595: 590: 587:In 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