456:
the eyes. In descemetoceles, the
Descemet's membrane will bulge forward and after staining will appear as a dark circle with a green boundary, because it does not absorb the stain. Doing a corneal scraping and examining under the microscope with stains like Gram's and KOH preparation may reveal the bacteria and fungi respectively. Microbiological culture tests may be necessary to isolate the causative organisms for some cases. Other tests that may be necessary include a
407:) is also a common symptom of corneal ulcer. Redness of the affected eye is common. Brow ache and head ache may be present. Drooping of eyelid may be present. Slit lamp examination shows loss of epithelium. The site of the ulcer is studied and marked in case sheet. The edge of the ulcer is studied. Whether satellite lesion is present or not is seen. Next, the cornea is stained with 1% fluorescein, with the ulcer staining green.
47:
493:. Proper nutrition, including protein intake and vitamin C are usually advised. In cases of keratomalacia, where the corneal ulceration is due to a deficiency of vitamin A, supplementation of the vitamin A by oral or intramuscular route is given. Drugs that are usually contraindicated in corneal ulcer are topical
509:
Topical antibiotics are used at hourly intervals to treat infectious corneal ulcers. Cycloplegic eye drops are applied to give rest to the eye. Pain medications are given as needed. Loose epithelium and ulcer base can be scraped off and sent for culture sensitivity studies to find out the pathogenic
455:
and appears green, helps in defining the margins of the corneal ulcer, and can reveal additional details of the surrounding epithelium. Herpes simplex ulcers show a typical dendritic pattern of staining. Rose-Bengal dye is also used for supra-vital staining purposes, but it may be very irritating to
282:
Superficial ulcers involve a loss of part of the epithelium. Deep ulcers extend into or through the stroma and can result in severe scarring and corneal perforation. Descemetoceles occur when the ulcer extends through the stroma. This type of ulcer is especially dangerous and can rapidly result in
472:
Proper diagnosis is essential for optimal treatment. The cause of the ulcer is to be decided. Whether infective or non-infective. Bacterial corneal ulcer require intensive fortified antibiotic therapy to treat the infection. Fungal corneal ulcers require intensive application of topical anti-fungal
513:
Refractory corneal ulcers can take a long time to heal, sometimes months. In case of progressive or non-healing ulcers, surgical intervention by an ophthalmologist with corneal transplantation may be required to save the eye. In all corneal ulcers it is important to rule out predisposing factors
302:. These include Rheumatoid arthritis, rosacea, systemic sclerosis which lead to a special type of corneal ulcer called Mooren's ulcer. It has a circumferential crater like depression of the cornea, just inside the limbus, usually with an overhanging edge.
473:
agents. Viral corneal ulceration caused by herpes virus may respond to antivirals like topical acyclovir ointment instilled at least five times a day. Alongside, supportive therapy like pain medications are given, including topical cycloplegics like
321:
attachments. They are recognized by undermined epithelium that surrounds the ulcer and easily peels back. Refractory corneal ulcers are most commonly seen in diabetics and often occur in the other eye later. They are similar to
239:, and other fungi. The typical feature of fungal keratitis is slow onset and gradual progression, where signs are much more than the symptoms. Small satellite lesions around the ulcer are a common feature of fungal keratitis and
316:
Refractory corneal ulcers are superficial ulcers that heal poorly and tend to recur. They are also known as indolent ulcers or Boxer ulcers. They are believed to be caused by a defect in the basement membrane and a lack of
837:
822:
298:. Entropion, severe dry eye and trichiasis (inturning of eyelashes) may cause ulceration of the peripheral cornea. Immune-mediated eye disease can cause ulcers at the border of the cornea and
501:—these should not be used on any type of corneal ulcer because they prevent healing, may lead to superinfection with fungi and other bacteria and will often make the condition much worse.
423:. Superficial small ulcers heal rapidly by the first method. However, larger or deeper ulcers often require the presence of blood vessels to supply inflammatory cells.
356:
which break down the corneal stroma. Complete loss of the stroma can occur within 24 hours. Treatment includes antibiotics and collagenase inhibitors such as
368:
Corneal ulcers are painful due to nerve exposure, and can cause tearing, squinting, and vision loss of the eye. There may also be signs of anterior
2708:
2105:
485:. Superficial ulcers may heal in less than a week. Deep ulcers and descemetoceles may require conjunctival grafts or conjunctival flaps, soft
2777:
2703:
127:
Corneal ulcers are a common human eye disease. They are caused by trauma, particularly with vegetable matter, as well as chemical injury,
334:
Melting ulcers are a type of corneal ulcer involving progressive loss of stroma in a dissolving fashion. This is most commonly seen in
1365:
1360:
388:
may be responsible for uveitis formation—stimulation of pain receptors in the cornea results in release inflammatory mediators such as
510:
organism. This helps in choosing appropriate antibiotics. Complete healing takes anywhere from about a few weeks to several months.
1566:
960:
290:
The location of the ulcer depends somewhat on the cause. Central ulcers are typically caused by trauma, dry eye, or exposure from
3258:
1717:
102:. It is a common condition in humans particularly in the tropics and in farming. In developing countries, children afflicted by
2725:
2720:
2545:
1249:
323:
1496:
1489:
2585:
2698:
1319:
1199:
2693:
2580:
2147:
732:
541:, a recurrent, bilateral, and self-limiting inflammation of conjunctiva, having a periodic seasonal incidence: Grade 3
2448:
2308:
1142:
2413:
535:, a seasonal epidemic of corneal ulceration which predominantly occurs only within a particular region of Australia
933:
360:. Surgery in the form of corneal transplantation (penetrating keratoplasty) is usually necessary to save the eye.
2988:
2506:
2418:
1117:
2408:
2137:
1598:
1393:
2501:
2392:
2258:
1556:
1551:
1383:
2899:
2590:
2575:
1561:
1440:
1410:
1314:
953:
1787:
1745:
1710:
1189:
1012:
538:
2715:
2511:
2485:
2443:
2438:
2303:
2176:
2164:
2120:
1608:
1588:
1162:
985:
685:"The persistent dilemma of microbial keratitis: Global burden, diagnosis, and antimicrobial resistance"
144:
2894:
2782:
2688:
2535:
2380:
2181:
2127:
1684:
1244:
1179:
1034:
627:
311:
20:
415:
An ulcer of the cornea heals by two methods: migration of surrounding epithelial cells followed by
106:
are at high risk for corneal ulcer and may become blind in both eyes persisting throughout life. In
2433:
2404:
2028:
1993:
1679:
1479:
852:
2904:
2658:
2458:
1978:
1971:
1541:
1388:
1350:
1184:
1122:
946:
3173:
3143:
3078:
3073:
2800:
2078:
1943:
1703:
1420:
1398:
1284:
1229:
452:
291:
275:
271:
166:
903:
3116:
2792:
1638:
1603:
1526:
1074:
202:
196:
160:
2760:
278:
is characterized by severe pain and is associated with contact lens users swimming in pools.
2889:
2475:
2470:
2428:
2243:
2159:
1152:
103:
938:
8:
3194:
3068:
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2751:
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2335:
2115:
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1445:
1345:
1254:
841:
284:
55:
2824:
928:
780:
755:
661:
518:
and immunodeficiency. Conjunctival flap may be drawn over the ulcer as an alternative.
2805:
2555:
2463:
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2340:
2152:
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1882:
1546:
1531:
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709:
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585:
560:
457:
432:
150:
Many micro-organisms cause infective corneal ulcer. Among them are bacteria (including
700:
3148:
3045:
2810:
2670:
2453:
2110:
2016:
1653:
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62:
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1209:
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172:
111:
99:
914:
3003:
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2171:
1983:
1915:
1835:
1820:
1578:
1506:
1435:
1329:
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1132:
1066:
1046:
1041:
1002:
857:
223:
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3085:
3030:
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2570:
2352:
2322:
2268:
2222:
2093:
1966:
1900:
1890:
1628:
1415:
1355:
1324:
1289:
1147:
1029:
934:
https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/eye-disorders/corneal-disorders/corneal-ulcer
868:
494:
482:
381:
357:
247:
128:
831:
3252:
3153:
3008:
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318:
251:
107:
67:
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1593:
1224:
990:
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478:
448:
420:
404:
385:
353:
336:
259:
246:
Viral keratitis causes corneal ulceration. It is caused most commonly by
211:
184:
178:
814:
110:, a corneal ulcer usually refers to having an infection, while the term
3138:
3101:
3025:
3013:
2957:
2918:
2739:
2629:
1988:
1853:
1618:
1613:
1455:
1450:
1425:
428:
255:
209:
Fungal keratitis causes deep and severe corneal ulcer. It is caused by
131:
and infections. Other eye conditions can cause corneal ulcers, such as
95:
576:
3189:
3163:
3037:
2983:
2971:
2856:
2851:
2836:
2832:
2370:
2068:
2045:
1858:
1805:
1800:
1777:
1403:
1137:
909:
874:
444:
393:
132:
419:(dividing) of the cells, and introduction of blood vessels from the
90:, is an inflammatory or, more seriously, infective condition of the
3228:
2993:
2527:
2330:
1961:
1430:
474:
349:
341:
240:
229:
217:
190:
3055:
2998:
2540:
2347:
2278:
2248:
2238:
1845:
1259:
879:
416:
369:
266:, which can recur and relapse over the lifetime of an individual.
443:
Diagnosis is done by direct observation under magnified view of
46:
16:
Inflammation of the cornea of the eye due to trauma or infection
3158:
2060:
2037:
1757:
1021:
826:
373:
345:
299:
91:
3130:
1167:
235:
683:
Ung L, Bispo PJ, Shanbhag SS, Gilmore MS, Chodosh J (2019).
2210:
1772:
968:
974:
682:
558:
753:
435:
and then scar tissue, effectively healing the cornea.
122:
929:
https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/corneal-ulcer
804:
2759:
754:Alhassan, M.B.; Rabiu, M.; Aqbabiaka, I.O. (2014).
481:to dilate the pupil and thereby stop spasms of the
460:for keratoconjunctivitis sicca and an analysis of
340:infection, but it can be caused by other types of
2704:arteritic anterior (AAION or arteritic AION)
3250:
559:Cabrera-Aguas M, Khoo P, Watson SL (July 2022).
447:revealing the ulcer on the cornea. The use of
1725:
1711:
954:
659:
262:and many other viruses. Herpes virus cause a
77:Antibiotic, antifungal or antiviral eye drops
2778:Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia
451:stain, which is taken up by exposed corneal
305:
2106:Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy
1765:
622:
620:
618:
616:
614:
612:
610:
608:
606:
604:
1718:
1704:
1361:Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty
961:
947:
45:
779:
708:
584:
526:
1567:Optical coherence tomography angiography
601:
1366:Pre-Descemet's endothelial keratoplasty
747:
733:"Corneal abrasion (scratch): First aid"
565:Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology
3251:
1250:Manual small incision cataract surgery
552:
98:layer with involvement of the corneal
3215:
2611:
2014:
1743:
1699:
1497:Botulinum toxin therapy of strabismus
1490:Minimally invasive strabismus surgery
942:
655:
653:
651:
649:
647:
645:
464:function for facial nerve paralysis.
363:
2586:Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy
1185:Phakic intraocular lens implantation
662:"What is corneal ulcer (keratitis)?"
504:
2709:non-arteritic anterior (NAION)
2546:Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
1320:Minimally invasive glaucoma surgery
664:. American Academy of Ophthalmology
348:. These infectious agents produce
123:Superficial and deep corneal ulcers
13:
2581:Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis
756:"Interventions for Mooren's ulcer"
676:
642:
410:
19:For the condition in animals, see
14:
3270:
2309:Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy
1143:Intrastromal corneal ring segment
800:
701:10.1016/j.survophthal.2018.12.003
660:David Turbert (13 October 2022).
329:
158:Bacterial keratitis is caused by
114:refers more to a scratch injury.
2414:Central retinal artery occlusion
630:. Cleveland Clinic. 8 March 2022
561:"Infectious keratitis: A review"
154:, fungi, viruses, and protozoa:
2419:Branch retinal artery occlusion
2148:Terrien's marginal degeneration
1118:Automated lamellar keratoplasty
384:), and redness of the eye. An
206:as well as many other bacteria.
3259:Disorders of sclera and cornea
3216:
2449:Bietti's crystalline dystrophy
2409:Central retinal vein occlusion
2138:Pellucid marginal degeneration
1599:Bagolini Striated Glasses Test
1394:Corneal collagen cross-linking
772:10.1002/14651858.CD006131.pub3
725:
1:
2502:Vitelliform macular dystrophy
2393:Posterior vitreous detachment
2259:Persistent pupillary membrane
1557:Indocyanine green angiography
1552:Heidelberg Retinal Tomography
1384:Anterior chamber paracentesis
735:. Mayo Clinic. 12 August 2022
545:
54:Corneal ulcer resulting from
2989:Leber's congenital amaurosis
2900:Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
2612:
2591:Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease
2576:Persistent fetal vasculature
2507:Leber's congenital amaurosis
1562:Optical coherence tomography
1441:Phototherapeutic keratectomy
1315:Excimer laser trabeculostomy
467:
438:
94:involving disruption of its
7:
1788:Meibomian gland dysfunction
1190:Photorefractive keratectomy
539:Vernal keratoconjunctivitis
521:
258:. It can also be caused by
10:
3275:
2512:Birdshot chorioretinopathy
2486:Central serous retinopathy
2304:Focal choroidal excavation
2177:Corneal neovascularization
1994:Subconjunctival hemorrhage
1744:
1609:Dilated fundus examination
1589:A-scan ultrasound biometry
1163:Laser thermal keratoplasty
986:Anesthesia for eye surgery
760:Cochrane Database Syst Rev
309:
287:, if not treated in time.
145:keratoconjunctivitis sicca
18:
3224:
3211:
3182:
3129:
3094:
3054:
2979:
2966:
2917:
2895:Convergence insufficiency
2882:
2823:
2791:
2768:
2738:
2679:
2637:
2624:
2620:
2607:
2536:Primary juvenile glaucoma
2520:
2381:Cytomegalovirus retinitis
2361:
2321:
2277:
2218:
2209:
2059:
2036:
2027:
2023:
2015:
2010:
1952:
1914:
1881:
1844:
1796:
1756:
1752:
1739:
1730:Diseases of the human eye
1672:
1652:
1577:
1505:
1468:
1376:
1346:Whole eye transplantation
1338:
1298:
1270:
1245:Intraocular lens scaffold
1208:
1180:Limbal relaxing incisions
1101:
1092:
1065:
1035:East Asian blepharoplasty
1020:
1011:
981:
889:
808:
312:Recurrent corneal erosion
306:Refractory corneal ulcers
73:
61:
53:
44:
36:
31:
21:Corneal ulcers in animals
2405:Ocular ischemic syndrome
324:Cogan's cystic dystrophy
269:Protozoa infection like
117:
2905:One and a half syndrome
2659:Foster Kennedy syndrome
1542:Fluorescein angiography
1389:Boston keratoprosthesis
1351:Corneal transplantation
1123:Conductive keratoplasty
689:Survey of Ophthalmology
3144:Argyll Robertson pupil
1944:Periorbital cellulitis
1421:Intravitreal injection
1285:Laser photocoagulation
1230:Glued intraocular lens
527:Seasonal corneal ulcer
403:Sensitivity to light (
292:facial nerve paralysis
167:Streptococcus viridans
152:Chlamydia trachomatis)
3117:Scintillating scotoma
2783:Kearns–Sayre syndrome
2726:Toxic and nutritional
2699:posterior (PION)
2182:Kayser–Fleischer ring
1639:Slit-lamp examination
1604:Color perception test
1527:Electronystagmography
1075:Dacryocystorhinostomy
203:Chlamydia trachomatis
161:Staphylococcus aureus
2890:Conjugate gaze palsy
2761:Paralytic strabismus
2694:anterior (AION)
2476:Retinitis pigmentosa
2471:Macular degeneration
2244:Intermediate uveitis
2160:Keratoconjunctivitis
1480:Harada–Ito procedure
1153:Laser blended vision
104:vitamin A deficiency
40:Ulcerative keratitis
3195:Childhood blindness
3174:Parinaud's syndrome
2744:Extraocular muscles
2532:Ocular hypertension
2496:Epiretinal membrane
2481:Retinal haemorrhage
2336:Congenital cataract
1664:Plaque radiotherapy
1537:Electroretinography
1255:Phacoemulsification
285:corneal perforation
56:bacterial keratitis
2721:Leber's hereditary
2388:Retinal detachment
2341:Childhood cataract
2153:Post-LASIK ectasia
1934:Orbital cellulitis
1883:Lacrimal apparatus
1547:Fundus photography
1532:Electrooculography
1517:Corneal topography
1485:Strabismus surgery
890:External resources
491:corneal transplant
433:granulation tissue
364:Signs and symptoms
3246:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3207:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3149:Marcus Gunn pupil
3125:
3124:
3046:Visual impairment
2913:
2912:
2819:
2818:
2806:Fourth-nerve (IV)
2734:
2733:
2671:Optic disc drusen
2603:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2317:
2316:
2205:
2204:
2111:Corneal dystrophy
2006:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1877:
1876:
1693:
1692:
1644:Visual field test
1464:
1463:
1195:Radial keratotomy
1158:Laser eye surgery
1088:
1087:
924:
923:
577:10.1111/ceo.14113
516:diabetes mellitus
505:Refractory ulcers
425:White blood cells
141:corneal dystrophy
81:
80:
26:Medical condition
3266:
3213:
3212:
2977:
2976:
2968:Vision disorders
2927:Refractive error
2869:Brown's syndrome
2825:Other strabismus
2811:Sixth-nerve (VI)
2801:Oculomotor (III)
2773:Ophthalmoparesis
2766:
2765:
2757:
2756:
2748:Binocular vision
2681:Optic neuropathy
2647:optic papillitis
2635:
2634:
2622:
2621:
2609:
2608:
2498:(Macular pucker)
2216:
2215:
2197:Band keratopathy
2034:
2033:
2025:
2024:
2012:
2011:
1939:Orbital lymphoma
1826:Blepharophimosis
1816:Blepharochalasis
1763:
1762:
1754:
1753:
1741:
1740:
1720:
1713:
1706:
1697:
1696:
1624:Ocular tonometry
1522:Electrodiagnosis
1310:Cyclodestruction
1235:Hydrodelineation
1099:
1098:
1052:Hughes procedure
1018:
1017:
963:
956:
949:
940:
939:
806:
805:
794:
793:
783:
751:
745:
744:
742:
740:
729:
723:
722:
712:
680:
674:
673:
671:
669:
657:
640:
639:
637:
635:
624:
599:
598:
588:
556:
380:(protein in the
243:is usually seen.
173:Escherichia coli
112:corneal abrasion
49:
29:
28:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3238:
3220:
3199:
3178:
3121:
3090:
3050:
3004:Color blindness
2970:
2962:
2909:
2883:Other binocular
2878:
2815:
2787:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2730:
2675:
2628:
2616:
2595:
2551:Ocular hypotony
2516:
2376:Chorioretinitis
2357:
2313:
2297:Chorioretinitis
2273:
2254:Rubeosis iridis
2232:
2201:
2172:Corneal opacity
2128:Corneal ectasia
2055:
2019:
1998:
1984:Pseudopterygium
1948:
1910:
1873:
1840:
1836:Ankyloblepharon
1792:
1748:
1735:
1734:
1724:
1694:
1689:
1668:
1655:
1648:
1580:
1573:
1508:
1501:
1471:
1460:
1436:Photodisruption
1372:
1339:Transplantation
1334:
1330:Trabeculoplasty
1301:
1294:
1272:
1266:
1240:Hydrodissection
1211:
1204:
1173:Contoura Vision
1133:Epikeratophakia
1104:
1084:
1067:Lacrimal system
1061:
1047:Eyelid revision
1042:Epicanthoplasty
1007:
1003:Eye examination
977:
967:
925:
920:
919:
885:
884:
817:
803:
798:
797:
766:(1): CD006131.
752:
748:
738:
736:
731:
730:
726:
681:
677:
667:
665:
658:
643:
633:
631:
628:"Corneal ulcer"
626:
625:
602:
557:
553:
548:
529:
524:
507:
495:corticosteroids
470:
458:Schirmer's test
441:
413:
411:Corneal healing
376:(small pupil),
366:
332:
314:
308:
264:dendritic ulcer
125:
120:
27:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3272:
3262:
3261:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3234:Onchocerciasis
3231:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3135:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3086:Quadrantanopia
3083:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3060:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3031:Oguchi disease
3023:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2980:
2974:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2946:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2923:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2874:Duane syndrome
2871:
2866:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2844:
2839:
2829:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2797:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2769:
2763:
2754:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2685:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2642:Optic neuritis
2638:
2632:
2618:
2617:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2571:Phthisis bulbi
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2454:Coats' disease
2451:
2446:
2444:of prematurity
2441:
2436:
2431:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2402:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2367:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2353:Ectopia lentis
2350:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2327:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2289:
2283:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2211:Vascular tunic
2207:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2094:Photokeratitis
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2065:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2042:
2040:
2031:
2021:
2020:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1967:Conjunctivitis
1964:
1958:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1920:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1901:Dacryocystitis
1898:
1893:
1891:Dacryoadenitis
1887:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1850:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1769:
1767:
1760:
1750:
1749:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1700:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1685:Cryoextraction
1682:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1660:
1658:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1629:Ophthalmoscopy
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1585:
1583:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1513:
1511:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1482:
1476:
1474:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1416:Gundersen flap
1413:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1356:Corneal button
1348:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1325:Trabeculectomy
1322:
1317:
1312:
1306:
1304:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1290:Scleral buckle
1287:
1282:
1276:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1216:
1214:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1148:Keratomileusis
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1109:
1107:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1071:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1030:Blepharoplasty
1026:
1024:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1005:
1000:
999:
998:
988:
982:
979:
978:
973:involving the
966:
965:
958:
951:
943:
937:
936:
931:
922:
921:
918:
917:
906:
894:
893:
891:
887:
886:
883:
882:
871:
860:
849:
834:
818:
813:
812:
810:
809:Classification
802:
801:External links
799:
796:
795:
746:
724:
695:(3): 255–271.
675:
641:
600:
571:(5): 543–562.
550:
549:
547:
544:
543:
542:
536:
528:
525:
523:
520:
506:
503:
487:contact lenses
483:ciliary muscle
469:
466:
440:
437:
412:
409:
390:prostaglandins
382:aqueous humour
365:
362:
358:acetylcysteine
331:
330:Melting ulcers
328:
319:hemidesmosomal
310:Main article:
307:
304:
280:
279:
267:
248:herpes simplex
244:
207:
129:contact lenses
124:
121:
119:
116:
86:, also called
79:
78:
75:
71:
70:
65:
59:
58:
51:
50:
42:
41:
38:
34:
33:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3271:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3223:
3219:
3214:
3210:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3154:Adie syndrome
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3009:Achromatopsia
3007:
3006:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2949:Anisometropia
2947:
2945:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2752:Accommodation
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2666:Optic atrophy
2664:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2566:Keratomycosis
2564:
2562:
2561:Globe rupture
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2491:Macular edema
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2400:Retinoschisis
2398:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2287:Choroideremia
2285:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2264:Iridodialysis
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2192:Arcus senilis
2190:
2188:
2187:Haab's striae
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2101:Corneal ulcer
2099:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2079:acanthamoebic
2077:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2029:Fibrous tunic
2026:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2009:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1906:Xerophthalmia
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1811:Lagophthalmos
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1721:
1716:
1714:
1709:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1576:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1467:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1269:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1220:Capsulorhexis
1218:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1128:Corneal inlay
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1113:Alpins method
1111:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1004:
1001:
997:
996:Oculoplastics
994:
993:
992:
989:
987:
984:
983:
980:
976:
972:
964:
959:
957:
952:
950:
945:
944:
941:
935:
932:
930:
927:
926:
916:
912:
911:
907:
905:
901:
900:
896:
895:
892:
888:
881:
877:
876:
872:
870:
866:
865:
861:
859:
855:
854:
850:
848:
844:
843:
839:
835:
833:
829:
828:
824:
820:
819:
816:
811:
807:
791:
787:
782:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
750:
734:
728:
720:
716:
711:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
679:
663:
656:
654:
652:
650:
648:
646:
629:
623:
621:
619:
617:
615:
613:
611:
609:
607:
605:
596:
592:
587:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
555:
551:
540:
537:
534:
533:Christmas Eye
531:
530:
519:
517:
511:
502:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
465:
463:
459:
454:
450:
446:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
408:
406:
401:
399:
398:acetylcholine
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
378:aqueous flare
375:
371:
361:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
338:
327:
325:
320:
313:
303:
301:
297:
293:
288:
286:
277:
274:
273:
268:
265:
261:
260:coronaviruses
257:
253:
252:herpes zoster
249:
245:
242:
238:
237:
232:
231:
227:sp., as also
226:
225:
220:
219:
214:
213:
208:
205:
204:
199:
198:
197:N. gonorrhoea
193:
192:
187:
186:
181:
180:
175:
174:
169:
168:
163:
162:
157:
156:
155:
153:
148:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
115:
113:
109:
108:ophthalmology
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
84:Corneal ulcer
76:
72:
69:
68:Ophthalmology
66:
64:
60:
57:
52:
48:
43:
39:
35:
32:Corneal ulcer
30:
22:
3044: /
3040: /
3019:Monochromacy
2951: /
2847:Heterophoria
2835: /
2534: /
2530: /
2434:hypertensive
2407: /
2228:Ciliary body
2143:Keratoglobus
2100:
2051:Episcleritis
1929:Enophthalmos
1924:Exophthalmos
1869:Trichomegaly
1864:Distichiasis
1766:Inflammation
1411:Evisceration
1280:Ignipuncture
1080:Punctoplasty
1057:Tarsorrhaphy
908:
897:
873:
862:
851:
836:
821:
763:
759:
749:
737:. Retrieved
727:
692:
688:
678:
666:. Retrieved
632:. Retrieved
568:
564:
554:
512:
508:
471:
462:facial nerve
442:
414:
402:
367:
354:collagenases
335:
333:
315:
296:exophthalmos
289:
281:
272:Acanthamoeba
270:
256:adenoviruses
234:
228:
222:
216:
210:
201:
195:
189:
183:
177:
171:
165:
159:
151:
149:
137:distichiasis
126:
87:
83:
82:
3169:Cycloplegia
3112:Photophobia
3107:Hemeralopia
3064:Hemianopsia
3042:Vision loss
2953:Aniseikonia
2944:Astigmatism
2864:Cyclotropia
2842:Hypertropia
2654:Papilledema
2626:Optic nerve
2459:Sickle cell
2439:Purtscher's
2424:Retinopathy
2292:Choroiditis
2133:Keratoconus
1954:Conjunctiva
1831:Xanthelasma
1783:Blepharitis
1634:Retinoscopy
1594:Amsler grid
1581:examination
1470:Extraocular
1399:Enucleation
1225:Capsulotomy
991:Eye surgery
899:MedlinePlus
499:anesthetics
479:homatropine
449:fluorescein
429:fibroblasts
421:conjunctiva
405:photophobia
386:axon reflex
337:Pseudomonas
212:Aspergillus
185:Pseudomonas
179:Enterococci
147:(dry eye).
37:Other names
3218:Infections
3139:Anisocoria
3102:Asthenopia
3095:subjective
3079:homonymous
3074:bitemporal
3026:Nyctalopia
3014:Dichromacy
2958:Presbyopia
2919:Refraction
2740:Strabismus
2630:Optic disc
1989:Pinguecula
1854:Trichiasis
1619:Gonioscopy
1614:Funduscopy
1456:Vitrectomy
1451:Sclerotomy
1426:Iridectomy
1103:Refractive
971:procedures
969:Tests and
864:DiseasesDB
739:6 February
668:6 February
634:6 February
546:References
372:, such as
96:epithelial
3190:Nystagmus
3164:Mydriasis
3038:Blindness
2984:Amblyopia
2972:Blindness
2932:Hyperopia
2857:Exophoria
2852:Esophoria
2837:Exotropia
2833:Esotropia
2371:Retinitis
2069:Keratitis
2046:Scleritis
1979:Pterygium
1859:Madarosis
1806:Ectropion
1801:Entropion
1778:Chalazion
1654:Radiation
1446:Pterygium
1404:Conformer
1138:Epi-LASIK
910:eMedicine
875:SNOMED CT
468:Treatment
445:slit lamp
439:Diagnosis
394:histamine
350:proteases
276:keratitis
133:entropion
88:keratitis
74:Treatment
63:Specialty
3253:Category
3229:Trachoma
2994:Diplopia
2689:Ischemic
2614:Pathways
2528:Glaucoma
2429:diabetic
2331:Cataract
2269:Synechia
2121:Meesmann
2089:Exposure
2074:herpetic
1972:allergic
1962:Chemosis
1896:Epiphora
1680:Couching
1431:Peritomy
1300:Glaucoma
1210:Cataract
880:91514001
790:24452998
781:10788768
719:30590103
595:35610943
522:See also
475:atropine
431:produce
342:bacteria
241:hypopyon
230:Rhizopus
218:Fusarium
191:Nocardia
3069:binasal
3056:Anopsia
2999:Scotoma
2793:palsies
2556:Red eye
2541:Floater
2348:Aphakia
2279:Choroid
2249:Hyphema
2239:Uveitis
1846:Eyelash
1673:History
1656:therapy
1509:imaging
1507:Medical
1472:muscles
1302:surgery
1273:surgery
1271:Retinal
1260:Prechop
1212:surgery
1105:surgery
1022:Eyelids
915:oph/249
858:D003320
710:7021355
586:9542356
417:mitosis
370:uveitis
224:Candida
3159:Miosis
2937:Myopia
2716:Kjer's
2464:photic
2363:Retina
2116:Fuchs'
2084:fungal
2061:Cornea
2038:Sclera
1821:Ptosis
1758:Eyelid
1746:Adnexa
1013:Adnexa
904:001032
847:370.00
788:
778:
717:
707:
593:
583:
453:stroma
396:, and
374:miosis
300:sclera
143:, and
100:stroma
92:cornea
3183:Other
3131:Pupil
2521:Other
2165:sicca
2017:Globe
1916:Orbit
1377:Other
1200:SMILE
1168:LASIK
1094:Globe
869:35065
832:H16.0
514:like
489:, or
346:fungi
236:Mucor
221:sp.,
215:sp.,
118:Types
2323:Lens
2223:Iris
1773:Stye
975:eyes
853:MeSH
842:9-CM
786:PMID
741:2023
715:PMID
670:2023
636:2023
591:PMID
497:and
427:and
352:and
254:and
200:and
1579:Eye
838:ICD
823:ICD
776:PMC
768:doi
705:PMC
697:doi
581:PMC
573:doi
477:or
344:or
294:or
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867::
856::
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774:.
762:.
758:.
713:.
703:.
693:64
691:.
687:.
644:^
603:^
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250:,
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825:-
815:D
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721:.
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597:.
575::
23:.
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