284:—African slavery as it exists among us—the proper status of the negro in our form of civilization. This was the immediate cause of the late rupture and present revolution. Jefferson, in his forecast, had anticipated this, as the "rock upon which the old Union would split." He was right. What was conjecture with him, is now a realized fact. But whether he fully comprehended the great truth upon which that rock stood and stands, may be doubted. The prevailing ideas entertained by him and most of the leading statesmen at the time of the formation of the old Constitution were, that the enslavement of the African was in violation of the laws of nature; that it was wrong in principle, socially, morally and politically. It was an evil they knew not well how to deal with; but the general opinion of the men of that day was, that, somehow or other, in the order of Providence, the institution would be evanescent and pass away. Those ideas, however, were fundamentally wrong. They rested upon the assumption of the equality of races. This was an error. It was a sandy foundation, and the idea of a Government built upon it—when the "storm came and the wind blew, it fell."
486:
accursed soil." Notwithstanding their clamor against the institution, they seemed to be equally opposed to getting more, or letting go what they have got. They were ready to fight on the accession of Texas, and are equally ready to fight now on her secession. Why is this? How can this strange paradox be accounted for? There seems to be but one rational solution—and that is, notwithstanding their professions of humanity, they are disinclined to give up the benefits they derive from slave labor. Their philanthropy yields to their interest. The idea of enforcing the laws, has but one object, and that is a collection of the taxes, raised by slave labor to swell the fund necessary to meet their heavy appropriations. The spoils is what they are after—though they come from the labor of the slave.
581:
43:
1054:
of the former
Confederacy, and not only of the former Confederacy, more profoundly than it had done under slavery. Nor is its influence by any means at an end. Stephens's prophecy of the Confederacy's future resembles nothing so much as Hitler's prophecies of the Thousand-Year Reich. Nor are their theories very different. Stephens, unlike Hitler, spoke only of one particular race as inferior.
561:, was outraged by Stephens's admission that slavery was the reason behind the slave states' secession, for Davis himself was attempting to garner foreign support for the nascent regime from countries that were not very accepting of slavery. However, there is no evidence that this actually happened. Stephens, Davis, and Davis's wife
477:, and the other forts on the gulf, is not so well understood". Since the Confederacy up to that point had been born bloodless, Stephens stated that he had wanted that to continue and to make peace "not only with the North, but with the world". Even so, he surmised that the U.S. would not follow a peaceful course and accused the
339:, Stephens attempted to retroactively deny and retract the opinions he had stated in the speech. Denying his earlier statements that slavery was the Confederacy's cause for leaving the Union, he contended to the contrary that he thought that the war was rooted in constitutional differences as detailed below.
506:
alluded to the speech in an 1863 speech in
Pennsylvania encouraging Black men to fight for the U.S. cause: "Stephens has stated, with the utmost clearness and precision, the difference between the fundamental ideas of the Confederate Government and those of the Federal Government. One is based on the
313:
May we not therefore look with confidence to the ultimate universal acknowledgement of the truths upon which our system rests? It is the first government ever instituted upon the principles in strict conformity to nature, and the ordination of
Providence, in furnishing the materials of human society.
545:
the importance of slavery as the cause of
Confederacy's secession. In an 1865 diary entry written while imprisoned, he accused reporters of having misquoted him, and claimed that constitutional issues were more important. Stephens contended that the notes of the reporter who recorded the speech were
1053:
This remarkable address conveys, more than any other contemporary document, not only the soul of the
Confederacy but also of that Jim Crow South that arose from the ashes of the Confederacy. From the end of Reconstruction until after World War II, the idea of racial inequality gripped the territory
485:
The principles and position of the present
Administration of the United States—the Republican Party—present some puzzling questions. While it is a fixed principle with them, never to allow the increase of a foot of Slave Territory, they seem to be equally determined not to part with an inch "of the
394:
The first change was apparently very important to
Stephens and he would have made the constitution even closer to that of the United Kingdom's, but he felt it was still an improvement over the U.S. Constitution, saying that "cabinet ministers and heads of departments may have the privilege of seats
304:
Our new government is founded upon exactly the opposite ideas; its foundations are laid, its cornerstone rests, upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man; that slavery, subordination to the superior race, is his natural and normal condition. This, our new government, is the
173:
Our new government...foundations are laid, its cornerstone rests upon the great truth, that the negro is not equal to the white man; that slavery—subordination to the superior race—is his natural and normal condition. This, our new government, is the first, in the history of the world, based upon
1012:
Stephens has stated, with the utmost clearness and precision, the difference between the fundamental ideas of the
Confederate Government and those of the Federal Government. One is based on the idea that colored men are an inferior race who may be enslaved and plundered forever and to the hearts
368:
The cost of the grading, the superstructure, and the equipment of our roads was borne by those who had entered into the enterprise. Nay, more not only the cost of the iron—no small item in the aggregate cost—was borne in the same way, but we were compelled to pay into the common treasury several
369:
millions of dollars for the privilege of importing the iron, after the price was paid for it abroad. What justice was there in taking this money, which our people paid into the common treasury on the importation of our iron, and applying it to the improvement of rivers and harbors elsewhere?
331:
had differing views on what the latter phrase meant. Calhoun had contended that the idea was peculiar to Thomas
Jefferson and not a universal principle, whereas Douglas maintained that it referred to white men only. In this context, Stephens' assertion has been read as validating Lincoln's
275:
views, accusing them of erroneously assuming that races are equal. He declared that disagreements over the enslavement of black
Americans were the "immediate cause" of secession and that the Confederate constitution had resolved such issues, saying:
318:
The phrases "laws of nature" and "all men are created equal" from the U.S. Declaration of Independence had formed part of the basis of Lincoln's assertion that he was defending the principles of the Founding Fathers by being opposed to slavery.
314:
Many governments have been founded upon the principle of the subordination and serfdom of certain classes of the same race; such were and are in violation of the laws of nature. Our system commits no such violation of nature's laws.
305:
first, in the history of the world, based upon this great physical, philosophical, and moral truth. This truth has been slow in the process of its development, like all other truths in the various departments of science.
405:
The President was to serve a single six-year term in the hope that it would "remove from the incumbent all temptation to use his office or exert the powers confided to him for any objects of personal ambition".
546:"very imperfect" and "hastily corrected" by himself, and that his speech was published "without further revision and with several glaring errors". He further expounded on this allegation in his 1868 book
190:
Our confederacy is founded upon principles in strict conformity with these laws. This stone which was rejected by the first builders 'is become the chief of the corner'—the real 'corner-stone'—in our new
565:
did not discuss any such disagreement in their respective autobiographies, nor did Stephens's official biographers. The first mention of Davis's supposed reaction was in a 1959 biography of Davis by
378:
needs improvement, let the commerce of Charleston bear the burden. If the mouth of the Savannah river has to be cleared out, let the sea-going navigation which is benefited by it, bear the burden.
1124:
Recollections of Alexander H. Stephens: His Diary Kept when a Prisoner at Fort Warren, Boston Harbour, 1865; Giving Incidents and Reflections of His Prison Life and Some Letters and Reminiscences
29:
502:
alluded to all this, telling the Confederates that "your fabric of opposition to the Government of the United States has the right of property in man as its corner-stone". Abolitionist
414:
The seven states that seceded, Stephens thought, were sufficient to form a successful republic, with a population of five million (including blacks) and a land area larger than that of
1260:
1230:
382:
Stephens noted that the new country would have a clear delineation between federal and state responsibilities and took the position similar to that of South Carolina during the
296:" was erroneous and that all men were not created equal. He stated that advances in science proved that enslavement of black Americans by white men was justified and that it
395:
upon the floor of the Senate and House of Representatives and may have the right to participate in the debates and discussions upon the various subjects of administration".
245:
in mid-April, so open, large-scale hostilities between the two sides had not yet begun. However, there had been isolated incidents, such as the attack on the U.S. steamship
430:
combined. The seven states contained taxable property of $ 2,200,000,000 and debts of only $ 18,000,000 whereas the remaining United States had a debt of $ 174,000,000.
927:
537:
Stephens's prophecy of the Confederacy's future resembles nothing so much as Hitler's prophecies of the Thousand-Year Reich. Nor are their theories very different.
255:. Referring to the general lack of violence, Stephens stated that the secession had to that point been accomplished without "the loss of a single drop of blood".
1048:
1240:
498:
When war broke out and the Confederacy refused to release captured Black U.S. soldiers in exchange for imprisoned Confederates in U.S. custody, Union official
842:
1176:
115:
518:. He concludes that "this remarkable address conveys, more than any other contemporary document, not only the soul of the Confederacy but also of that
507:
idea that colored men are an inferior race who may be enslaved and plundered forever and to the hearts content of any men of different complexion..."
352:
In the speech, Stephens mostly outlined how the Confederate constitution eliminated the tariff and prohibited the central government from spending on
1185:
137:
as a fundamental and just result of the supposed inferiority of the black race, explained the fundamental differences between the constitutions
733:
558:
490:
Finally, Stephens predicted that the nascent Confederate regime would succeed or fail based on the character of its constituent body politic.
1250:
1138:
804:
427:
289:
1235:
470:
439:
481:
of being hypocritical in being opposed to slavery but at the same time refusing to acquiesce slave states seceding from the U.S.:
599:
399:
138:
1205:
1042:
818:
264:
234:
1171:
683:
550:. According to one scholar, the "misquotations" alleged by Stephens after the war are so numerous as to be highly unlikely.
361:
1180:
935:
443:
336:
459:
455:
451:
447:
300:. He also stated that the Confederacy was the first country in the world founded on the principle of white supremacy:
1255:
979:
our fabric of opposition to the Government of the United States has the right of property in man as its corner-stone.
885:
717:
142:
84:
525:
that arose from the ashes of the Confederacy". Jaffa compared the racism of Stephens and the Confederacy to that of
772:
478:
419:
320:
332:
interpretation of the U.S. Founding Fathers' principles, but countering with an assertion of "racial inequality".
165:
The Cornerstone Speech is so called because Stephens used the word "cornerstone" to describe the "great truth" of
1220:
238:
154:
150:
957:
281:
134:
747:
658:
309:
Stephens stated that the Confederacy's belief in human inequality was adhering to the "laws of nature":
1245:
1225:
146:
873:
586:
293:
621:
967:
1210:
810:
542:
522:
24:
1146:
1032:
1000:
877:
908:
353:
297:
242:
111:
94:
777:
415:
383:
272:
222:
119:
76:
1099:
438:
The Confederate constitution allowed new states to join easily. Stephens said that surely
8:
1215:
423:
280:
The new Constitution has put at rest forever all the agitating questions relating to our
1072:
961:
912:
861:
836:
727:
503:
328:
130:
872:. Vol. 1: From the Age of Discovery to a World at War, 1492–1914. Nashville, TN:
1038:
993:
881:
866:
814:
713:
375:
357:
183:
123:
80:
402:
had no chance to explain his budget or to be held accountable except by the press.
268:
247:
1122:
554:
499:
335:
After the Confederacy's defeat at the hands of the U.S. in the Civil War and the
324:
166:
1177:"Cornerstone Speech" by Alexander Stephens in Savannah, Georgia, March 21, 1861
1028:
800:
783:
594:
511:
386:, namely that the federal government should not pay for internal improvements.
206:
288:
Stephens contended that advances and progress in the sciences proved that the
42:
1199:
773:"Speech of Honorable A. H. Stephens Vice President of the Confederate States"
566:
519:
169:
and black subordination upon which secession and the Confederacy were based:
20:
541:
The speech was given extemporaneously. After the war, Stephens attempted to
562:
530:
526:
474:
963:
Autobiography and Personal Reminiscences of Major-General Benj. F. Butler
466:
252:
210:
1107:
1034:
A New Birth of Freedom: Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War
806:
A New Birth of Freedom: Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War
1098:
1139:"The Cornerstone of Objectivity: Davis' Reaction to Stephens' Speech"
226:
179:
218:
214:
230:
569:, who appears to have presented his own conjecture as fact.
707:
243:
U.S. base of Fort Sumter was attacked by the Confederates
153:
ideologies, and laid out the Confederacy's rationale for
1261:
Speeches by Democratic Party (United States) politicians
548:
A Constitutional View of the Late War between the States
129:
The improvised speech, delivered a few weeks before the
710:
American Civil War : a state-by-state encyclopedia
1231:
Political history of the Confederate States of America
178:
Later in the speech, Stephens used biblical imagery (
990:
576:
174:
this great physical, philosophical, and moral truth.
116:
Vice President of the Confederate States of America
1066:
1064:
1062:
995:Frederick Douglass: Selected Speeches and Writings
992:
865:
205:The speech was given weeks after the secession of
47:Alexander H. Stephens, the deliverer of the speech
991:Foner Vandepaer, Elizabeth; Foner, Laura (1999).
1197:
841:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
708:Tucker, Spencer C.; Paul G Pierpaoli JR (2015).
514:discusses the speech at length in his 2000 book
1059:
186:to slavery as the "substratum of our society":
823:. Archived from the original on March 30, 2016
182:, v.22) in arguing that divine laws consigned
1241:African-American history in Savannah, Georgia
646:Alexander H. Stephens of Georgia: A Biography
450:would be members in the near future and that
342:
1131:
1101:What I Really Said in the Cornerstone Speech
1023:
1021:
913:"The Present Aspect of the Slavery Question"
398:As an example, in the U.S. Constitution the
928:"Address to the Charleston Library Society"
795:
793:
241:. The war itself would not begin until the
1013:content of any men of different complexion
919:
732:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
473:, but what "course will be pursued toward
465:Stephens expected the swift evacuation of
271:in particular, for their anti-slavery and
41:
1073:"Reasons for Secession and the Civil War"
1037:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 223.
1018:
290:United States Declaration of Independence
1120:
1096:
1071:Rank, Scott Michael (January 16, 2019).
790:
932:Why Non-Slaveholding Southerners Fought
915:. New York City: Harper & brothers.
860:
782:. 25 March 1861. p. 2 – via
600:South Carolina Declaration of Secession
1198:
956:
907:
1121:Stephens, Alexander Hamilton (1910).
1051:from the original on March 30, 2016.
1027:
856:
854:
852:
799:
616:
614:
1251:White supremacy in the United States
1070:
925:
298:coincided with the Bible's teachings
233:and less than three weeks after the
16:1861 speech by Alexander H. Stephens
1181:Iowa Department of Cultural Affairs
13:
849:
611:
14:
1272:
1164:
1145:. August 26, 2015. Archived from
934:. Civil War Trust. Archived from
926:Rhea, Gordon (January 25, 2011).
999:. Chicago Review Press. p.
966:. Boston: A. M. Thayer. p.
579:
263:Stephens' speech criticized the
1114:
1090:
984:
950:
901:
235:inauguration of Abraham Lincoln
160:
145:, enumerated contrasts between
765:
740:
701:
676:
651:
638:
553:There is a misconception that
400:U.S. Secretary of the Treasury
258:
239:President of the United States
1:
1170:For the complete speech, see
712:. Santa Barbara, California.
605:
389:
200:
1206:1861 in Georgia (U.S. state)
1097:Stephens, Alexander (1865).
469:, a U.S. Army stronghold in
7:
1236:Secession crisis of 1860–61
868:America: the Last Best Hope
684:"Text of Stephens's Speech"
572:
347:
195:
10:
1277:
752:American Battlefield Trust
663:American Battlefield Trust
644:Schott, Thomas E. (1996).
343:Constitutional differences
110:, was an oration given by
1190:Teaching American History
958:Butler, Benjamin Franklin
626:Teaching American History
587:American Civil War portal
559:leader of the Confederacy
493:
433:
409:
356:. The reasoning was on a
294:all men are created equal
139:of the Confederate States
90:
72:
52:
40:
1256:Christianity and slavery
1186:Excerpts from the speech
811:Rowman & Littlefield
251:, carrying supplies for
462:would eventually join.
59:; 163 years ago
18:
909:Curtis, George William
622:""Cornerstone" Speech"
539:
516:A New Birth of Freedom
488:
380:
316:
307:
286:
193:
176:
30:considered for merging
1221:Alexander H. Stephens
862:Bennett, William John
535:
483:
366:
354:internal improvements
311:
302:
278:
188:
171:
126:, on March 21, 1861.
112:Alexander H. Stephens
95:Alexander H. Stephens
911:(October 18, 1859).
778:Southern Confederacy
748:"Cornerstone Speech"
659:"Cornerstone Speech"
384:nullification crisis
364:as a first example:
337:abolition of slavery
282:peculiar institution
143:of the United States
106:, also known as the
360:argument, with the
108:Cornerstone Address
57:March 21, 1861
37:
1127:. Doubleday, Page.
780:(Atlanta, Georgia)
504:Frederick Douglass
329:Stephen A. Douglas
104:Cornerstone Speech
36:Cornerstone Speech
35:
1246:Scientific racism
1226:March 1861 events
1044:978-0-8476-9952-0
938:on March 21, 2011
820:978-0-8476-9952-0
376:Charleston Harbor
124:Savannah, Georgia
100:
99:
1268:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1105:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1068:
1057:
1056:
1025:
1016:
1015:
1009:
1007:
998:
988:
982:
981:
976:
974:
954:
948:
947:
945:
943:
923:
917:
916:
905:
899:
898:
896:
894:
871:
858:
847:
846:
840:
832:
830:
828:
797:
788:
787:
769:
763:
762:
760:
758:
744:
738:
737:
731:
723:
705:
699:
698:
696:
694:
688:Owl Eyes Library
680:
674:
673:
671:
669:
655:
649:
642:
636:
635:
633:
632:
618:
589:
584:
583:
582:
362:Georgia Railroad
269:Thomas Jefferson
265:Founding Fathers
248:Star of the West
133:began, defended
68:
67:
65:
60:
45:
38:
34:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1196:
1195:
1167:
1162:
1152:
1150:
1149:on May 20, 2019
1137:
1136:
1132:
1119:
1115:
1095:
1091:
1081:
1079:
1069:
1060:
1045:
1029:Jaffa, Harry V.
1026:
1019:
1005:
1003:
989:
985:
972:
970:
955:
951:
941:
939:
924:
920:
906:
902:
892:
890:
888:
859:
850:
834:
833:
826:
824:
821:
813:. p. 224.
801:Jaffa, Harry V.
798:
791:
771:
770:
766:
756:
754:
746:
745:
741:
725:
724:
720:
706:
702:
692:
690:
682:
681:
677:
667:
665:
657:
656:
652:
643:
639:
630:
628:
620:
619:
612:
608:
585:
580:
578:
575:
555:Jefferson Davis
500:Benjamin Butler
496:
436:
412:
392:
350:
345:
325:John C. Calhoun
261:
203:
198:
184:black Americans
167:white supremacy
163:
63:
61:
58:
56:
48:
33:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1274:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1211:1860s speeches
1208:
1194:
1193:
1183:
1173:
1166:
1165:External links
1163:
1161:
1160:
1143:This Cruel War
1130:
1113:
1089:
1058:
1043:
1017:
983:
949:
918:
900:
886:
848:
819:
789:
784:newspapers.com
764:
739:
718:
700:
675:
650:
637:
609:
607:
604:
603:
602:
597:
595:Mudsill theory
591:
590:
574:
571:
512:Harry V. Jaffa
495:
492:
471:South Carolina
440:North Carolina
435:
432:
428:United Kingdom
411:
408:
391:
388:
358:states' rights
349:
346:
344:
341:
292:'s view that "
260:
257:
207:South Carolina
202:
199:
197:
194:
162:
159:
98:
97:
92:
88:
87:
74:
70:
69:
54:
50:
49:
46:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1273:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1134:
1126:
1125:
1117:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1093:
1078:
1074:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1024:
1022:
1014:
1002:
997:
996:
987:
980:
969:
965:
964:
959:
953:
937:
933:
929:
922:
914:
910:
904:
889:
887:9781595551115
883:
879:
875:
874:Thomas Nelson
870:
869:
863:
857:
855:
853:
844:
838:
822:
816:
812:
808:
807:
802:
796:
794:
785:
781:
779:
774:
768:
753:
749:
743:
735:
729:
721:
719:9781598845297
715:
711:
704:
689:
685:
679:
664:
660:
654:
647:
641:
627:
623:
617:
615:
610:
601:
598:
596:
593:
592:
588:
577:
570:
568:
567:Hudson Strode
564:
560:
556:
551:
549:
544:
538:
534:
532:
528:
524:
521:
517:
513:
508:
505:
501:
491:
487:
482:
480:
476:
472:
468:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
407:
403:
401:
396:
387:
385:
379:
377:
372:
370:
365:
363:
359:
355:
340:
338:
333:
330:
326:
322:
315:
310:
306:
301:
299:
295:
291:
285:
283:
277:
274:
273:Enlightenment
270:
266:
256:
254:
250:
249:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
192:
187:
185:
181:
175:
170:
168:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
96:
93:
89:
86:
82:
78:
77:The Athenaeum
75:
71:
55:
51:
44:
39:
31:
27:
26:
25:Infobox event
22:
1189:
1151:. Retrieved
1147:the original
1142:
1133:
1123:
1116:
1106:– via
1100:
1092:
1080:. Retrieved
1076:
1052:
1033:
1011:
1004:. Retrieved
994:
986:
978:
971:. Retrieved
962:
952:
940:. Retrieved
936:the original
931:
921:
903:
891:. Retrieved
867:
825:. Retrieved
805:
776:
767:
755:. Retrieved
751:
742:
709:
703:
691:. Retrieved
687:
678:
666:. Retrieved
662:
653:
645:
640:
629:. Retrieved
625:
552:
547:
540:
536:
531:Nazi Germany
527:Adolf Hitler
515:
509:
497:
489:
484:
475:Fort Pickens
464:
437:
413:
404:
397:
393:
381:
373:
371:
367:
351:
334:
317:
312:
308:
303:
287:
279:
262:
246:
237:as the 16th
204:
189:
177:
172:
164:
161:Speech title
128:
107:
103:
101:
91:Participants
23:
876:. pp.
479:Republicans
467:Fort Sumter
259:Cornerstone
253:Fort Sumter
211:Mississippi
151:Confederate
19:‹ The
1216:1861 works
1200:Categories
1108:Wikisource
631:2022-12-16
606:References
510:Historian
426:, and the
390:Procedural
201:Background
64:1861-03-21
973:March 11,
942:March 21,
837:cite book
827:March 29,
728:cite book
648:. p. 334.
444:Tennessee
321:Democrats
229:and then
227:Louisiana
180:Psalm 118
141:and that
131:Civil War
120:Athenaeum
118:, at the
114:, acting
28:is being
1049:Archived
1031:(2000).
960:(1892).
864:(2006).
803:(2000).
573:See also
543:downplay
520:Jim Crow
460:Missouri
456:Kentucky
452:Virginia
448:Arkansas
424:Portugal
348:Economic
323:such as
196:Overview
191:edifice.
155:seceding
81:Savannah
73:Location
32:. ›
21:template
1153:May 21,
1082:May 21,
1077:History
1006:May 21,
893:May 21,
757:May 12,
668:May 12,
223:Georgia
219:Alabama
215:Florida
135:slavery
85:Georgia
62: (
1103:
1041:
884:
880:–316.
817:
716:
693:21 May
563:Varina
557:, the
494:Legacy
458:, and
446:, and
434:Future
416:France
410:Status
267:, and
523:South
420:Spain
231:Texas
147:Union
1179:" –
1155:2019
1084:2019
1039:ISBN
1008:2019
975:2016
944:2011
895:2019
882:ISBN
843:link
829:2016
815:ISBN
759:2021
734:link
714:ISBN
695:2022
670:2021
529:and
327:and
149:and
102:The
53:Date
1001:535
968:604
878:315
374:If
122:in
1202::
1188:.
1141:.
1075:.
1061:^
1047:.
1020:^
1010:.
977:.
930:.
851:^
839:}}
835:{{
809:.
792:^
775:.
750:.
730:}}
726:{{
686:.
661:.
624:.
613:^
533::
454:,
442:,
422:,
418:,
225:,
221:,
217:,
213:,
209:,
157:.
83:,
79:,
1192:.
1175:"
1157:.
1110:.
1086:.
946:.
897:.
845:)
831:.
786:.
761:.
736:)
722:.
697:.
672:.
634:.
66:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
