295:—African slavery as it exists among us—the proper status of the negro in our form of civilization. This was the immediate cause of the late rupture and present revolution. Jefferson, in his forecast, had anticipated this, as the "rock upon which the old Union would split." He was right. What was conjecture with him, is now a realized fact. But whether he fully comprehended the great truth upon which that rock stood and stands, may be doubted. The prevailing ideas entertained by him and most of the leading statesmen at the time of the formation of the old Constitution were, that the enslavement of the African was in violation of the laws of nature; that it was wrong in principle, socially, morally and politically. It was an evil they knew not well how to deal with; but the general opinion of the men of that day was, that, somehow or other, in the order of Providence, the institution would be evanescent and pass away. Those ideas, however, were fundamentally wrong. They rested upon the assumption of the equality of races. This was an error. It was a sandy foundation, and the idea of a Government built upon it—when the "storm came and the wind blew, it fell."
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accursed soil." Notwithstanding their clamor against the institution, they seemed to be equally opposed to getting more, or letting go what they have got. They were ready to fight on the accession of Texas, and are equally ready to fight now on her secession. Why is this? How can this strange paradox be accounted for? There seems to be but one rational solution—and that is, notwithstanding their professions of humanity, they are disinclined to give up the benefits they derive from slave labor. Their philanthropy yields to their interest. The idea of enforcing the laws, has but one object, and that is a collection of the taxes, raised by slave labor to swell the fund necessary to meet their heavy appropriations. The spoils is what they are after—though they come from the labor of the slave.
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of the former
Confederacy, and not only of the former Confederacy, more profoundly than it had done under slavery. Nor is its influence by any means at an end. Stephens's prophecy of the Confederacy's future resembles nothing so much as Hitler's prophecies of the Thousand-Year Reich. Nor are their theories very different. Stephens, unlike Hitler, spoke only of one particular race as inferior.
572:, was outraged by Stephens's admission that slavery was the reason behind the slave states' secession, for Davis himself was attempting to garner foreign support for the nascent regime from countries that were not very accepting of slavery. However, there is no evidence that this actually happened. Stephens, Davis, and Davis's wife
488:, and the other forts on the gulf, is not so well understood". Since the Confederacy up to that point had been born bloodless, Stephens stated that he had wanted that to continue and to make peace "not only with the North, but with the world". Even so, he surmised that the U.S. would not follow a peaceful course and accused the
350:, Stephens attempted to retroactively deny and retract the opinions he had stated in the speech. Denying his earlier statements that slavery was the Confederacy's cause for leaving the Union, he contended to the contrary that he thought that the war was rooted in constitutional differences as detailed below.
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alluded to the speech in an 1863 speech in
Pennsylvania encouraging Black men to fight for the U.S. cause: "Stephens has stated, with the utmost clearness and precision, the difference between the fundamental ideas of the Confederate Government and those of the Federal Government. One is based on the
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May we not therefore look with confidence to the ultimate universal acknowledgement of the truths upon which our system rests? It is the first government ever instituted upon the principles in strict conformity to nature, and the ordination of
Providence, in furnishing the materials of human society.
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the importance of slavery as the cause of
Confederacy's secession. In an 1865 diary entry written while imprisoned, he accused reporters of having misquoted him, and claimed that constitutional issues were more important. Stephens contended that the notes of the reporter who recorded the speech were
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This remarkable address conveys, more than any other contemporary document, not only the soul of the
Confederacy but also of that Jim Crow South that arose from the ashes of the Confederacy. From the end of Reconstruction until after World War II, the idea of racial inequality gripped the territory
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The principles and position of the present
Administration of the United States—the Republican Party—present some puzzling questions. While it is a fixed principle with them, never to allow the increase of a foot of Slave Territory, they seem to be equally determined not to part with an inch "of the
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The first change was apparently very important to
Stephens and he would have made the constitution even closer to that of the United Kingdom's, but he felt it was still an improvement over the U.S. Constitution, saying that "cabinet ministers and heads of departments may have the privilege of seats
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Our new government is founded upon exactly the opposite ideas; its foundations are laid, its cornerstone rests, upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man; that slavery, subordination to the superior race, is his natural and normal condition. This, our new government, is the
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Our new government...foundations are laid, its cornerstone rests upon the great truth, that the negro is not equal to the white man; that slavery—subordination to the superior race—is his natural and normal condition. This, our new government, is the first, in the history of the world, based upon
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Stephens has stated, with the utmost clearness and precision, the difference between the fundamental ideas of the
Confederate Government and those of the Federal Government. One is based on the idea that colored men are an inferior race who may be enslaved and plundered forever and to the hearts
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The cost of the grading, the superstructure, and the equipment of our roads was borne by those who had entered into the enterprise. Nay, more not only the cost of the iron—no small item in the aggregate cost—was borne in the same way, but we were compelled to pay into the common treasury several
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millions of dollars for the privilege of importing the iron, after the price was paid for it abroad. What justice was there in taking this money, which our people paid into the common treasury on the importation of our iron, and applying it to the improvement of rivers and harbors elsewhere?
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had differing views on what the latter phrase meant. Calhoun had contended that the idea was peculiar to Thomas
Jefferson and not a universal principle, whereas Douglas maintained that it referred to white men only. In this context, Stephens' assertion has been read as validating Lincoln's
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views, accusing them of erroneously assuming that races are equal. He declared that disagreements over the enslavement of black
Americans were the "immediate cause" of secession and that the Confederate constitution had resolved such issues, saying:
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The phrases "laws of nature" and "all men are created equal" from the U.S. Declaration of Independence had formed part of the basis of Lincoln's assertion that he was defending the principles of the Founding Fathers by being opposed to slavery.
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Many governments have been founded upon the principle of the subordination and serfdom of certain classes of the same race; such were and are in violation of the laws of nature. Our system commits no such violation of nature's laws.
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first, in the history of the world, based upon this great physical, philosophical, and moral truth. This truth has been slow in the process of its development, like all other truths in the various departments of science.
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The President was to serve a single six-year term in the hope that it would "remove from the incumbent all temptation to use his office or exert the powers confided to him for any objects of personal ambition".
557:"very imperfect" and "hastily corrected" by himself, and that his speech was published "without further revision and with several glaring errors". He further expounded on this allegation in his 1868 book
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Our confederacy is founded upon principles in strict conformity with these laws. This stone which was rejected by the first builders 'is become the chief of the corner'—the real 'corner-stone'—in our new
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did not discuss any such disagreement in their respective autobiographies, nor did Stephens's official biographers. The first mention of Davis's supposed reaction was in a 1959 biography of Davis by
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needs improvement, let the commerce of Charleston bear the burden. If the mouth of the Savannah river has to be cleared out, let the sea-going navigation which is benefited by it, bear the burden.
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Recollections of Alexander H. Stephens: His Diary Kept when a Prisoner at Fort Warren, Boston Harbour, 1865; Giving Incidents and Reflections of His Prison Life and Some Letters and Reminiscences
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alluded to all this, telling the Confederates that "your fabric of opposition to the Government of the United States has the right of property in man as its corner-stone". Abolitionist
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The seven states that seceded, Stephens thought, were sufficient to form a successful republic, with a population of five million (including blacks) and a land area larger than that of
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Stephens noted that the new country would have a clear delineation between federal and state responsibilities and took the position similar to that of South Carolina during the
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upon the floor of the Senate and House of Representatives and may have the right to participate in the debates and discussions upon the various subjects of administration".
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in mid-April, so open, large-scale hostilities between the two sides had not yet begun. However, there had been isolated incidents, such as the attack on the U.S. steamship
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combined. The seven states contained taxable property of $ 2,200,000,000 and debts of only $ 18,000,000 whereas the remaining United States had a debt of $ 174,000,000.
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Stephens's prophecy of the Confederacy's future resembles nothing so much as Hitler's prophecies of the Thousand-Year Reich. Nor are their theories very different.
266:. Referring to the general lack of violence, Stephens stated that the secession had to that point been accomplished without "the loss of a single drop of blood".
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When war broke out and the Confederacy refused to release captured Black U.S. soldiers in exchange for imprisoned Confederates in U.S. custody, Union official
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idea that colored men are an inferior race who may be enslaved and plundered forever and to the hearts content of any men of different complexion..."
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In the speech, Stephens mostly outlined how the Confederate constitution eliminated the tariff and prohibited the central government from spending on
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as a fundamental and just result of the supposed inferiority of the black race, explained the fundamental differences between the constitutions
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of being hypocritical in being opposed to slavery but at the same time refusing to acquiesce slave states seceding from the U.S.:
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our fabric of opposition to the Government of the United States has the right of property in man as its corner-stone.
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that arose from the ashes of the Confederacy". Jaffa compared the racism of Stephens and the Confederacy to that of
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interpretation of the U.S. Founding Fathers' principles, but countering with an assertion of "racial inequality".
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The Cornerstone Speech is so called because Stephens used the word "cornerstone" to describe the "great truth" of
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Stephens stated that the Confederacy's belief in human inequality was adhering to the "laws of nature":
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The Confederate constitution allowed new states to join easily. Stephens said that surely
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The new Constitution has put at rest forever all the agitating questions relating to our
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had no chance to explain his budget or to be held accountable except by the press.
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After the Confederacy's defeat at the hands of the U.S. in the Civil War and the
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1188:"Cornerstone Speech" by Alexander Stephens in Savannah, Georgia, March 21, 1861
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Stephens contended that advances and progress in the sciences proved that the
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784:"Speech of Honorable A. H. Stephens Vice President of the Confederate States"
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and black subordination upon which secession and the Confederacy were based:
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The speech was given extemporaneously. After the war, Stephens attempted to
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Autobiography and Personal Reminiscences of Major-General Benj. F. Butler
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A New Birth of Freedom: Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War
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A New Birth of Freedom: Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War
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1150:"The Cornerstone of Objectivity: Davis' Reaction to Stephens' Speech"
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U.S. base of Fort Sumter was attacked by the Confederates
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ideologies, and laid out the Confederacy's rationale for
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Speeches by Democratic Party (United States) politicians
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A Constitutional View of the Late War between the States
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The improvised speech, delivered a few weeks before the
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American Civil War : a state-by-state encyclopedia
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Political history of the Confederate States of America
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Later in the speech, Stephens used biblical imagery (
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this great physical, philosophical, and moral truth.
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Vice President of the Confederate States of America
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1006:Frederick Douglass: Selected Speeches and Writings
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216:The speech was given weeks after the secession of
58:Alexander H. Stephens, the deliverer of the speech
1002:Foner Vandepaer, Elizabeth; Foner, Laura (1999).
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852:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
719:Tucker, Spencer C.; Paul G Pierpaoli JR (2015).
525:discusses the speech at length in his 2000 book
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197:to slavery as the "substratum of our society":
834:. Archived from the original on March 30, 2016
193:, v.22) in arguing that divine laws consigned
1252:African-American history in Savannah, Georgia
657:Alexander H. Stephens of Georgia: A Biography
461:would be members in the near future and that
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1112:What I Really Said in the Cornerstone Speech
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924:"The Present Aspect of the Slavery Question"
409:As an example, in the U.S. Constitution the
939:"Address to the Charleston Library Society"
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252:. The war itself would not begin until the
1024:content of any men of different complexion
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476:Stephens expected the swift evacuation of
282:in particular, for their anti-slavery and
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1084:"Reasons for Secession and the Civil War"
1048:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 223.
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301:United States Declaration of Independence
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1082:Rank, Scott Michael (January 16, 2019).
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943:Why Non-Slaveholding Southerners Fought
926:. New York City: Harper & brothers.
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793:. 25 March 1861. p. 2 – via
611:South Carolina Declaration of Secession
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1156:. August 26, 2015. Archived from
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1010:. Chicago Review Press. p.
977:. Boston: A. M. Thayer. p.
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1108:Stephens, Alexander (1865).
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879:America: the Last Best Hope
695:"Text of Stephens's Speech"
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763:American Battlefield Trust
674:American Battlefield Trust
655:Schott, Thomas E. (1996).
354:Constitutional differences
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969:Butler, Benjamin Franklin
637:Teaching American History
598:American Civil War portal
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633:""Cornerstone" Speech"
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106:Alexander H. Stephens
922:(October 18, 1859).
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759:"Cornerstone Speech"
670:"Cornerstone Speech"
395:nullification crisis
375:as a first example:
348:abolition of slavery
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117:, also known as the
371:argument, with the
119:Cornerstone Address
68:March 21, 1861
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1138:. Doubleday, Page.
791:(Atlanta, Georgia)
515:Frederick Douglass
340:Stephen A. Douglas
115:Cornerstone Speech
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18:Cornerstone speech
1257:Scientific racism
1237:March 1861 events
1055:978-0-8476-9952-0
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478:Fort Sumter
270:Cornerstone
264:Fort Sumter
222:Mississippi
162:Confederate
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1211:Categories
1119:Wikisource
642:2022-12-16
617:References
521:Historian
437:, and the
401:Procedural
212:Background
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