Corporate social responsibility

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project developments; employees may leave the company for a company that is a better corporate citizen: and companies may be under ongoing legal challenge. Issues related to the government's measurement of corporations' social license include its role in licensure processes, the penalties for non-compliance, or the community's ability to halt a project if a corporation is not responsive to their concerns, are still subject to global concern. Regardless of government involvement, social license is achieved within and given by communities, which is defined as "a social unit of any size that shares common values, or that is situated in a given geographical area". Lacey suggested that social license can take a long time for a corporation or industry to achieve, but social license can be lost very quickly for a variety of factors, including changes in stakeholder expectations, technology, or other disturbances. Gunningham et al. stated that meeting and exceeding regulations to build reputational capital is economically vital, saying: "in certain circumstances, cannot afford to do otherwise". In communities with a diverse economy, achieving social license is often much more complex than in local communities, which depend economically on the natural resource industry.

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Mocan, Draghici, Ivascu, and Turi examined the correlation between CSR policies and value creation/financial performance in the banking industry specifically and found that various benefits include greater economic efficiency, improved company reputation, and employee loyalty, better communication streamline between the industry and individuals, and the opportunity to attract new opportunities (i.e. attract new investments, or remain competitive) and improve organizational commitment. However, before discussing these effects, the researchers preceded the analysis by stating that typically implementing CSR and other ethical principles within the framework of a financial institution such as banks make it seem as if these are marketing tools for attracting and communicating with stakeholders rather than serving as tools that allow banks and other financial institutions to benefit the individuals that they serve. Another interesting case study is provided by

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suppliers who share their social, environmental, and business ethics values, which in turn would trigger common innovations that would attract more customers and generate further value for the whole supply chain for a win-win business relationship through a series of interconnected activities implemented holistically. Furthermore, supplier relations are crucial for a company's CSR profile as 70% of businesses’ social and environmental impacts occur in their supply chain. Through the spillover effect, CSR programs encourage sustainable practices within different industries. Additionally, a CSR-focused supplier relations management improves collaboration with suppliers, increases the satisfaction of customers’ expectations and requirements, expands market opportunities, enhances investor relations, and promotes the development of more

1038:. Several executives suggest that employees are their most valuable asset and that the ability to retain them leads to organizational success. Socially responsible activities promote fairness, which in turn generates lower employee turnover. On the other hand, if a firm demonstrates irresponsible behavior, employees may view this behavior as negative. Proponents argue that treating employees well with competitive pay and good benefits is seen as socially responsible behavior and, therefore, reduces employee turnover. Executives have a strong desire for building a positive work context that benefits CSR and the company as a whole. This interest is driven particularly by the realization that a positive work environment can result in desirable outcomes such as more favorable job attitudes and increased work performance. 892:

industry operators have shared history and experience as having limited power to control the larger economic forces acting upon them. Local actors are more likely to have values similar to those of stakeholders, have established some history in the area, and have had the time to develop meaningful relationships within the community. This shared experience shaped the process of acquiring a social license. Nonlocal actors are likely to experience a much lesser degree of social license than local actors. Furthermore, many of the resources affected by forest management are held in the public trust, so it is essential for both industry actors and community stakeholders to feel engaged and involved in decisions regarding local natural resource management. Baines and Edwards shared similar findings in New Zealand's

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access to health care, which were local priorities. Other researchers analyzed the case of multinational enterprise strategies during the conflict between Lebanon and Israel. During the conflict, many companies stressed seeking to help the local community. In the post-conflict stage, managers highlighted their philanthropic programs and contributions, in terms of monetary in-kind donations to the refugees or businesses that were directly affected. For example, Citibank has provided monetary assistance to some local businesses affected by the war. Another activity done by a Lebanese company was a fund-raising campaign.

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framework of a company has been shown to allow for a competitive advantage versus other companies, including the creation of a positive image for the company, improved stakeholder relationships, increased employee morale, and attraction of new consumers who are committed to social responsibility. Despite all of the benefits, it is important to note that several drawbacks exist, including possible accusations of hypocrisy, the difficulty of measuring the social impact of CSR policies, and oftentimes placing companies at a disadvantage against competitors when prioritizing CSR ahead of advancing a company's R&D.

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and good breeding and farming of animals, and also maintains fair and positive working conditions and workplace environments for their employees. Product responsibility means that all products come with a complete list of content, that country of origin is stated, and that the company will uphold its declarations of intent and assume liability for its products. Environmental responsibility means that a company is perceived to produce environmental-friendly, ecological, and non-harmful products". Jones et al. (2005) found that environmental issues are the most commonly reported CSR programs among top retailers.

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triple bottom line. For example, when the company performs well, it will promote CSR. If the company is not performing as expected, they will rather tend to emphasize this practice because it will potentially envision it as a way to add value to the business. In contrast, politically conservative CEOs will tend to support the practice of CSR if they believe that it will provide a good return to the company's financials. In other words, these types of executives tend to not see the outcome of CSR as a value to the company if it does not provide anything in exchange.

1433:. This theory stems from social psychology and states that the likelihood of an individual acting in a given situation is significantly reduced if other bystanders do nothing, even if that individual strongly believes in a specific course of action. It would suggest an "If they do not care then why should I?" mentality. Even if consumers are against the use of sweatshops or want to support green causes, they may continue to make purchases from companies that are socially irresponsible just because other consumers seem apathetic towards the issue. 27: 1312:

liberal CEOs will envision the practice of CSR as beneficial and desirable to increase a firm's reputation. They tend to focus more on how the firm can meet the needs of society. Consequently, they will advance with the practice of CSR while adding value to the firm. On the other hand, property rights may be more relevant to conservative CEOs. Since conservatives tend to value free markets, individualism, and the call for respect of authority, they will not likely envision this practice as often as those identifying as liberals might.

9612: 1105:' marketing and promotion of organic foods have had a positive effect on the supermarket industry. Proponents assert that Whole Foods has been able to work with its suppliers to improve animal treatment and the quality of meat offered in their stores. They also promote local agriculture in over 2,400 independent farms to maintain their line of sustainable organic produce. As a result, Whole Foods' high prices do not turn customers away from shopping. They are pleased to buy organic products that come from sustainable practices. 222:"beyond compliance", institutionalist views of CSR as a "socio-political movement," and the law's focus on directors' duties. Further, Sheehy considered Archie B. Carroll's description of CSR as a pyramid of responsibilities, namely, economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic responsibilities. While Carroll was not defining CSR, but simply arguing for the classification of activities, Sheehy developed a definition differently following the philosophy of science—the branch of philosophy used for explaining phenomena. 259:

consumer trust. However, environmental efforts are receiving negative views, given the belief that this would affect customer service. Oppewal et al. (2006) found that not all CSR activities are attractive to consumers. They recommended that retailers focus on one activity. Becker-Olsen (2006) found that if the social initiative done by the company is not aligned with other company goals it will have a negative impact. Mohr et al. (2001) and Groza et al. (2011) also emphasise the importance of reaching the consumer.

387:(RBV). According to Barney (1990), "formulation of the RBV, sustainable competitive advantage requires that resources be valuable (V), rare (R), inimitable (I) and non-substitutable (S)". A firm introducing a CSR-based strategy might only sustain high returns on their investment if their CSR-based strategy could not be copied (I). However, should competitors imitate such a strategy that might increase overall social benefits? Firms that choose CSR for strategic financial gain are also acting responsibly. 9351: 10116: 96:(ESG); that time has passed as various companies have pledged to go beyond that or have been mandated or incentivized by governments to have a better impact on the surrounding community. In addition, national and international standards, laws, and business models have been developed to facilitate and incentivize this phenomenon. Various organizations have used their authority to push it beyond individual or industry-wide initiatives. In contrast, it has been considered a form of 1099:

because they not only add value to the company, but also to the products or services. Furthermore, firms under intense competition can leverage CSR to increase the impact of their distribution on the firm's performance. Lowering the carbon footprint of a firm's distribution network or engaging in fair trade are potential differentiators to lower costs and increase profits. In this scenario, customers can observe the company's commitment to CSR while increasing company sales.

268: 10037: 1444:, however, consumers get very little in return for their investment. Ethically sourced or manufactured products are typically higher in price due to greater costs. However, the reward for consumers is not much different from that of a non-ethical counterpart. Therefore, evolutionary speaking, making an ethical purchase is not worth the higher cost to the individual, even if they believe in supporting ethical, environmental, and socially beneficial causes. 10027: 1798:), through its chief executive officer Derrick Johnson, shared the organization's insights on how American corporations can help in the realization of social justice. According to the article from Yahoo News, the NAACP has been engaged in a crusade for racial justice and economic opportunities during the last 109 years. This organization believes all citizens in the United States must be held liable in ensuring democracy works for all people. 406:

Young Chung, and Jason Young, a positive relationship exists between a firm's corporate social responsibility policies and corporate financial performance. To investigate this relationship, the researchers conducted a regression analysis and preceded the analysis with the provision of several measures that they utilized to serve as proxies for key financial performance indicators (i.e. return on assets serves as a proxy for profitability).

209:' while a government official may see it as voluntary regulation. "In addition, disagreement about the definition will arise from the disciplinary approach." For example, while an economist might consider the director's discretion necessary for CSR to be implemented a risk of agency costs, a law academic may consider that discretion to be an appropriate expression of what the law demands from directors. In the 1930s, two law professors, 864:

these industries. Gunningham et al. state corporations comply with their social license by operating within societal expectations and avoiding activities (or influential elements within them) considered unacceptable, and define social license it as "the demands on and expectations for a business enterprise that emerge from neighborhoods, environmental groups, local stakeholders, and other elements of the surrounding civil society".

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sustainability initiatives to reduce resource use, waste, and emissions that could reduce costs. It also calls for investing in employee work conditions such as health care and education, which may enhance productivity and retention. Unlike philanthropic giving, which is evaluated by its social and environmental return, initiatives in the second stage are predicted to improve the corporate bottom line with social value.

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exists in which costs are pushed onto both workers, consumers and the environment". CSR spending may be seen in these financial terms, whereby the higher costs of socially undesirable behaviour are offset by a CSR spending of a lower amount. Indeed, it has been argued that there is a "halo effect" in terms of CSR spending. Research has found that firms that had been convicted of bribery in the US under the

10080: 1462:(SRI), are using their capital to encourage behavior they consider responsible. However, definitions of what constitutes ethical behavior vary. For example, some religious investors in the United States have withdrawn investments from companies that violate their religious views. In contrast, secular investors divest from companies that they see as imposing religious views on workers or customers. 1244: 1198:

more comfortable with as a strategy during an economic crisis. Regarding direct research about strategies in cross-cultural crisis management, scholars found that CSR strategies could make effects through empirical case studies involving multinational businesses in China. They found that meeting local stakeholders' social expectations can mitigate the risk of crises. The strategy utilized by

1189:. Furthermore, CSR supply chain imperatives can leverage their responsible commitment to forge robust and lasting relationships with important stakeholders and positively influence the decision-making of consumers, partners, investors, and talent. By constructing this reputational capital, companies can earn consumer loyalty, attract top talent, and strengthen employee morale and commitment. 1791:

Holdings published its Annual Global Corporate Sustainability Report in 2017 concentrating on global responsibility as well as sustainability. Nielsen's 2015 report showed that 66 percent of consumers will spend more on products that come from sustainable brands. Another 81 percent expect their preferred corporate institutions to reveal in public their statements about corporate citizenship

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the degree to which consumers value close relationships or believe that the CSR initiative is self-serving, whether the CSR program may be perceived to affect product quality negatively, consumers' consumption-related goals (i.e., whether their consumption is socially versus product-motivated), or consumers' attributions toward the motives of the CSR endeavor.

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differentiation strategy. They concluded that managers could determine the appropriate level of investment in CSR by conducting a cost-benefit analysis in the same way they analyze other investments. Reinhardt (1998) found that a firm engaging in a CSR-based strategy could only sustain an abnormal return if it could prevent competitors from imitating it.

1284:(FCPA) received more lenient fines if they had been seen to be actively engaging in comprehensive CSR practices. It was found that typically either a 20% increase in corporate giving or a commitment to eradicating a significant labour issue, such as child labour, was equated to a 40% lower fine in the case of bribing foreign officials. 1303:. It was found that the primary reason for firms to engage in CSR was the expected financial benefits associated with CSR, rather than being motivated by a desire to be responsible to society. Consistent with this analysis, consumers respond less favorably to CSR initiatives that they believe are tainted with self-serving motives". 584:. Crowther defines social accounting as "an approach to reporting a firm's activities which stresses the need for the identification of socially relevant behavior, the determination of those to whom the company is accountable for its social performance and the development of appropriate measures and reporting techniques." 1598:

over 50 million rupees (approx. $ 750,000) are required to spend at least 2% of their annual profits (averaged over three years). The Act requires that all businesses affected establish a CSR committee to oversee the spending. Before this law was passed, CSR laws were applied only to public sector companies.

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Waddock and Graves had not considered innovation, that companies that incorporated CSR were also very innovative, and that the innovation drove financial performance, not CSR. Hull and Rothenberg (2007) then found that when companies are not innovative, a history of CSR does help financial performance.

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is one of the prominent critics of the conflict of interest between private profit and a public good, characterizing corporate officials of publicly listed corporations as constrained by law to maximize the wealth of their shareholders. This argument is summarised by Haynes that "a corporate calculus

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the Australian minerals industry framework for sustainable development the concept of the 'social license to operate', then defined simply as obtaining and maintaining broad community support and acceptance. Unless a company earns and maintains that license, social license holders may intend to block

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Social License to Operate can be determined as contractual grounds for the legitimacy of activities and projects a company is involved in. It refers to the level of support and approval of a company's activities by its stakeholders. Displaying commitment to CSR is one way to achieve a social license,

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The term "social license" was introduced in 1997 and has since been applied in multiple resource extraction industries to describe changes in company-community interactions. This use of social license has included an understanding of how acceptance levels impact resource development operations within

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Synergy Codethic 26000 Social Responsibility and Sustainability Commitment Management System (SRSCMS) Requirements—Ethical Business Best Practices of Organizations—the necessary management system elements to obtain a certifiable ethical commitment management system. The standard scheme has been built

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of 2013 in Europe affected many food retailers, including Tesco, the largest retailer in the United Kingdom, leading to the dismissal of the supplier. Corporate social irresponsibility from suppliers and retailers has greatly affected the stakeholders who lost trust in the affected business entities.

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An approach described by Tóth Gergely and published by the Hungarian Association for Environmentally Aware Management (KÖVET) refers to "Deep CSR" and the role of a "Truly Responsible Enterprise". Gergely's definition of "Deep CSR" is the behaviour displayed by a "Truly Responsible Enterprise" (TRE),

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countries are actively engaged in CSR regulation and public policy development. CSR efforts and policies are different among countries, responding to the complexity and diversity of governmental, corporate, and societal roles. Some studies have claimed that the role and effectiveness of these actors

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One issue with the consumer's relationship with CSR is that it is much more complex than it first appears. This phenomenon could be described as the "CSR-Consumer Paradox" or mismatch, where consumers report that they would only buy from companies with good social responsibility. Many consumers want

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Rather than voluntary measures, better governmental regulation and enforcement are an alternative to CSR that moves decision-making and resource allocation from public to private bodies. However, critics claim that effective CSR must be voluntary as mandatory social responsibility programs regulated

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works and has helped the company regain most of its lost market share among many countries in the Middle East. Arla Foods founded funding for children with cancer, and they donated ambulances to refugees in Lebanon. As Arla Foods did, they tried to contribute to solving social problems of children's

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A price-focused procurement strategy has limitations for companies with high CSR expectations. According to Boston Consulting Group, “businesses that are considered leaders in environmental, social and governance criteria have an 11% valuation premium over their competitors.” Such companies look for

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Sustainability is key to resilience across value chains. As companies prefer working with long-lasting partners, those that have implemented CSR practices will be preferred over ones that have not in order to minimize reputational as well as other damages. High levels of CSR compliance within supply

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Initially, CSR emphasized the official behaviour of individual firms. Later, it expanded to include supplier behaviour, the uses to which products were put, and how articles were disposed of after they lost value. Malcolm McIntosh notes also that focussing on the identifiable behaviour of individual

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approaches to CSR. It has been described that for Chinese consumers a socially responsible company makes safe, high-quality products; for Germans it provides secure employment; in South Africa it makes a positive contribution to social needs such as health care and education. Even within Europe, the

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that defines CSR as "a company's sense of responsibility towards the community and environment (both ecological and social) in which it operates. Companies express this citizenship (1) through their waste and pollution reduction processes, (2) by contributing educational and social programs, and (3)

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Carroll extended corporate social responsibility from the traditional economic and legal responsibility to ethical and philanthropic responsibility in response to the rising concerns on ethical issues in businesses. A review of 14,523 articles found that stakeholder perspective is the most prevalent

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Unlike global definitions of CSR in the triple bottom line, corporate citizenship, sustainable business, business responsibility, and closed-loop realm, in India, CSR is a philanthropic activity. What has changed since formalizing it in 2014 is the shift in focus from institution building (schools,

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To fully observe the impact of corporate social responsibility practices on a firm's corporate financial performance, it is crucial to delve into a concrete example, such as the study conducted by researchers from the Global Conference on Business, Economics, Management, and Tourism. In this study,

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CSR can enhance a brand's reputation by "inducing a desire to support and help the company that has acted to benefit consumers". In this way, CSR serves to enhance brand perceptions, which can lead to positive product evaluations, though this effect is dependent upon a variety of factors, including

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A positive relationship has been shown to exist between CSR and a firm's corporate financial performance. However, results from these analyses may need to be examined under different lenses for emerging and developed economies, especially since firms based in emerging economies oftentimes have weak

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sector regarding the importance of relationships and communication between industry and local stakeholders. They find that social license depends on relationships and building trust. Smaller, local companies tend towards relationships that are relational as opposed to transactional, possibly due to

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The relationship between corporate social responsibility and a firm's corporate financial performance is a phenomenon that is being explored in a variety of research studies that are being conducted across the world. Based on these research studies, including those undertaken by Sang Jun Cho, Chune

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From an Indian perspective, corporate social responsibility is not just about how an organization distributes its profits, but is also about how it generates its revenue. Corporate social responsibility is defined as the ethos and practice of discovering, invoking, infusing, evoking, and radiating

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Anselmsson and Johansson (2007) assessed three areas of CSR performance: human responsibility, product responsibility, and environmental responsibility. Martinuzzi et al. described the terms, writing that human responsibility is "the company deals with suppliers who adhere to principles of natural

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The only mandatory CSR Act in the world thus far was passed by the Indian parliament in 2013 as Section 135 of the Companies Act. According to that bill, all firms with a net worth above 5 billion rupees (approx. $ 75 million), turnover over 10 billion rupees (approx. $ 150 million), or net profit

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On the other hand, stage two focuses on improving operational effectiveness in the workplace. The researchers assert that programs in this stage strive to deliver social or environmental benefits to support a company's operation across the value chain by improving efficiency. Some examples include

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For companies operating in emerging markets, engaging in CSR practices enables widespread reach into a variety of outside markets, an improved reputation, and stakeholder relationships. In all cases (emerging markets vs. developed economies), implementing CSR policies into the daily activities and

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may have received a social license through the channels that mining corporations initially established and the long history of logging and copper mining in the area continued to shape the attitudes and identities of industry participants to present day. They found that local stakeholders and local

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consulting company Reputation Institute (RI) which rates the top 10 US corporations in terms of corporate social responsibility. RI monitors social responsibility reputations by focusing on the perception of consumers regarding company governance, positive impact on the community and society, and

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By 2011, the Commission recognised a "strategic approach" to CSR as "increasingly important too the competitiveness of enterprises". Believing that enterprises can "significantly contribute to the European Union's treaty objectives of sustainable development and a highly competitive social market

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On 16 December 2008, the Danish parliament adopted a bill that required the 1,100 largest Danish companies, investors, and state-owned companies to include CSR information in their financial reports. The reporting requirements became effective on 1 January 2009. The required information included:

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Branco and Rodrigues (2007) describe the stakeholder perspective of CSR as the set of views of corporate responsibility held by all groups or constituents with a relationship to the firm. In their normative model, the company accepts these views as long as they do not hinder the organization. The

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The company's financials and the CSR practice also have a positive relationship. Moreover, a company's performance tends to influence conservatives more likely than liberals. While not seeing it from the financial performance point of view, liberals tend to believe that CSR adds to the business's

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and others argued that a corporation's purpose is to maximize returns to its shareholders and that obeying the laws of the jurisdictions within which it operates constitutes socially responsible behavior. Friedman argued each person should be free to spend their own money on social causes if they

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CSR strategies or behaviors related to CSR were discussed by many scholars in terms of crisis management, such as responses to boycotts in an international context. Ang found that relationship building through providing additional services rather than price-cutting is what businesses in Asia feel

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The rise of ethics training inside corporations, some of which are required by government regulation, has helped CSR to spread. Such training aims to help employees make ethical decisions when the answers are unclear. The most direct benefit is reducing the likelihood of "dirty hands", fines, and

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in place of an annual financial report and sustainability report. An integrated report reviews environmental, social, and economic performance alongside financial performance. This requirement was implemented in the absence of formal or legal standards. An Integrated Reporting Committee (IRC) was

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Modern CSR has a wide range of different standards, frameworks and metrics for reporting and disclosing the social, environmental and economic issues. However, there is no single, fixed standard and the complex, dynamic and contextual nature of CSR means different companies and stakeholders adopt

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Moreover, regarding cost-benefit analysis, one should look at Waddock and Graves (1997), who showed that corporate social performance was positively linked to financial performance, meaning that the benefits of being socially responsible outweigh the costs. McWilliams and Siegel (2000) noted that

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Meehan, Meehan and Richard developed a model known as the 3C-SR model, published in a frequently cited article in 2006, which aimed to offer "a new strategic approach to corporate responsibility". Their model sought to fill the gap between corporate social responsibility definitions and strategy,

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work will receive a positive response. Somerville also found that consumers are loyal and willing to spend more on retailers that support charity. Consumers also believe that retailers selling local products will gain loyalty. Smith (2013) shares the belief that marketing local products will gain

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Corporations that employ CSR behaviors do not always behave consistently in all parts of the world. Conversely, a single behavior may not be considered ethical in all jurisdictions, e.g., some jurisdictions forbid women from driving, while others require women to be treated equally in employment

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Companies that operate strong CSR activities tend to drive customers' attention to buy products or services regardless of the price. As a result, this increases competition among firms since customers are aware of the company's CSR practices. These initiatives serve as a potential differentiator

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With effective CSR policies, a company can better mitigate legislative and legal risks by complying with emerging CSR-related laws and regulations, preempting costly lawsuits and non-compliance actions, and addressing sources of non-compliance by fostering corporate alignment around the relevant

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In the 21st century, corporate social responsibility in the supply chain has attracted attention from businesses and stakeholders. A corporation's supply chain is the process by which several organizations, including suppliers, customers, and logistics providers, work together to provide a value

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RBV presumes that firms are bundles of heterogeneous resources and capabilities that are imperfectly mobile across firms. This imperfect mobility can produce competitive advantages for firms that acquire immobile resources. McWilliams and Siegel (2001) examined CSR activities and attributes as a

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According to the CSR Journal, the millennial generation worldwide helps propel brands toward social responsibility. Many millennials want to conduct business with companies and trademarks that employ pro-social themes, sustainable manufacturing processes, and ethical business practices. Nielsen

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employs the headings 'Best for food and health', 'Sourcing with integrity', 'Respect for our environment', 'Making a difference to our community', and 'A great place to work', etc. The four main issues to which UK retail companies are committed: environment, social welfare, ethical trading, and

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strategy. Developing and implementing a CSR strategy represents a unique opportunity to benefit the company. However, only 31% of businesses surveyed engaged their employees on the company's CSR objectives and initiatives. Employee engagement on CSR initiatives can be a powerful recruitment and

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Legal requirements for social accounting, auditing, and reporting exist in nations like France. However, international or national agreement on meaningful social and environmental performance measurements has not been achieved. Many companies produce externally audited annual reports that cover

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Corporate social responsibility was defined by Sheehy as "international private business self-regulation". Sheehy examined a range of different disciplinary approaches to defining CSR. The definitions reviewed included the economic definition of "sacrificing profits", a management definition of

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The 'Heilbronn Declaration' is a voluntary agreement between enterprises and institutions in Germany, especially in the Heilbronn-Franconia region, signed on 15 September 2012. The approach of the Heilbronn Declaration targets the decisive factors of success or failure, the achievements of the

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CEOs' political ideologies are evident manifestations of their different personal views. Each CEO may exercise different powers according to their organizational outcomes. Their political ideologies are expected to influence their preferences for CSR outcomes. Proponents argue that politically

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Some critics believe that companies undertake CSR programs to distract the public from ethical questions posed by their core operations. They argue that the reputational benefits that CSR companies receive (cited above as a benefit to the corporation) demonstrate the hypocrisy of the approach.

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Project Shakti in India. The authors describe that the company hires women in villages and provides them with micro-finance loans to sell soaps, oils, detergents, and other products door-to-door. This research indicates that more than 65,000 women entrepreneurs are doubling their incomes while

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Furthermore, businesses may engage in CSR for strategic or ethical purposes. From a strategic perspective, CSR can contribute to firm profits, particularly if brands voluntarily self-report both the positive and negative outcomes of their endeavors. In part, these benefits accrue by increasing

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This measure was claimed to help some companies be more conscious of their social and moral responsibilities. However, critics claim that it is selective and substitutes a company's perspective for that of the community. Another criticism is about the absence of a standard auditing procedure.

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article proposes three stages of practice in which CSR can be divided. Stage one focuses on philanthropy, including donations of money or equipment to non-profit organizations, engagement with community initiatives, and employee volunteering. This is characterized as the "soul" of a company,

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defines Social License to Operate for the company as the social contract the company has with the social license holders (employees, trade unions, communities, government) for them to manifest positive intention to support the business short- and long-term objectives by "providing managerial

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Some national governments promote socially and environmentally responsible corporate practices. The heightened role of government in CSR has facilitated the development of numerous CSR programs and policies. Various European governments have pushed companies to develop sustainable corporate

848:: Companies that ethically market to consumers are placing a higher value on their customers and respecting them as people who are ends in themselves. They do not try to manipulate or falsely advertise to potential consumers. This is important for companies that want to be viewed as ethical. 313:

article "Strategy & Society: The Link between Competitive Advantage and Corporate Social Responsibility" provided examples of companies that have developed deep linkages between their business strategies and CSR. CSV acknowledges trade-offs between short-term profitability and social or

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Appropriate CSR programs can increase the attractiveness of supplier firms to potential customer corporations. For example, a fashion merchandiser may find value in an overseas manufacturer that uses CSR to establish a positive image and to reduce the risks of bad publicity from uncovered

291:. This includes monetary donations and aid given to nonprofit organizations and communities. Donations are made in areas such as the arts, education, housing, health, social welfare, and the environment, among others, but excluding political contributions and commercial event sponsorship. 1062:

is an important executive responsibility. Reputations that take decades to build up can be ruined in hours through corruption scandals or environmental accidents. These situations draw unwanted attention from regulators, courts, governments, and the media. CSR can limit these risks.

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over the last two decades can be linked to the rise of CSR. Consumers are becoming more aware of the environmental and social implications of their day-to-day consumption decisions and in some cases make purchasing decisions related to their environmental and ethical concerns.

854:: Ensuring responsible procurement practices, including avoiding child labor and forced labor, conducting regular social and environmental audits of suppliers, and supporting fair trade practices. This can enhance transparency and ethical standards throughout the supply chain. 1787:

treatment of the workforce. It rates each criterion with the firm's proprietary RepTrak Pulse platform. Forbes identified companies like Lego, Microsoft, Google, Walt Disney Company, BMW Group, Intel, Robert Bosch, Cisco Systems, Rolls-Royce Aerospace, and Colgate-Palmolive.

1248: 1135:, is an excellent example of this. The company strives to meet social welfare needs. It offers free educational services to help employees complete high school. Bimbo also provides supplementary medical care and financial assistance to close government health coverage gaps. 201:", and "responsible business". The academic literature widely acknowledges the positive effects of CSR on various aspects of a company's success, including enhanced competitiveness, performance, reputation, innovation capacity, stakeholder engagement, and risk mitigation. 217:

how directors should be made to uphold the public interest: Berle believed there had to be legally enforceable rules in favor of labor, customers and the public equal to or ahead of shareholders, while Dodd argued that powers of directors were simply held on trust.

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In opposition to mandated CSR regulation, researchers Armstrong and Green suggest that all regulation is "harmful", citing regulation as the cause of North Korea's low economic freedom and per capita GDP. They further claim without source that "There is no form of

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Industries such as tobacco, alcohol, or munitions firms make products that damage their consumers or the environment. Such firms may engage in the same philanthropic activities as other industries. This duality complicates assessments of such firms concerning CSR.

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Identify the factors that negatively impact the intention of the social license holders to support the business objectives (strength of their belief in support, their evaluation of support outcomes, the pressure to provide support, enablers/disablers of support,

1363:, a form of CSR promoting societal good, is being used to direct criticism away from the damaging practices of the alcohol industry. It has been shown that advertisements that supposedly encourage responsible drinking simultaneously aim to promote drinking as a 456:

to consider the corporate social responsibility context. Wieland and Handfield (2013) suggested that companies must include social responsibility in their reviews of component quality. They highlighted the use of technology to improve visibility across the

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to assess their CSR policy, implementation, and effectiveness. Benchmarking involves reviewing competitor initiatives, measuring and evaluating the impact those policies have on society and the environment, and how others perceive competitor CSR strategy.

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A business needs a healthy, educated workforce, sustainable resources, and an adept government to compete effectively. For society to thrive, profitable and competitive businesses must be developed and supported to create income, wealth, tax revenues, and

1817:) in an organisation's interactions with its stakeholders. Stakeholders, in this definition, refers to the organisation's customers, employees, shareholders, society, natural environment, business associates, regulatory agencies, future generations, etc. 989:"People, planet, and profit", also known as the triple bottom line, form one way to evaluate CSR. "People" refers to fair labour practices, the community, and the region where the business operates. "Planet" refers to sustainable environmental practices. 204:

A wide variety of definitions have been developed, but with little consensus. Part of the definition problem has arisen because of the different interests represented. A business person may define CSR as a business strategy, an NGO activist may see it as

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While some CSR supporters claim that companies practicing CSR, especially in developing countries, are less likely to exploit workers and communities, critics claim that CSR itself imposes outside values on local communities with unpredictable outcomes.

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to be successful. With some models, a firm's implementation of CSR goes beyond compliance with regulatory requirements and engages in "actions that appear to further some social good, beyond the interests of the firm and that which is required by law".

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including consumers, employees, investors, communities, and others. From an ethical perspective, some businesses will adopt CSR policies and practices because of the ethical beliefs of senior management: for example, the CEO of outdoor-apparel company

100:

for some time, over the last decade or so it has moved considerably from voluntary decisions at the level of individual organizations to mandatory schemes at regional, national, and international levels. Moreover, scholars and firms are using the term

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market behaviour" within the scope of CSR - actions attributable to market processes, and also calls for other factors including "brand citizenship" and "illegitimate, informal or illegal activity" to be considered as part of a more complete picture.

1505:. In comparison with the U.S. that covers 25.5% of its blue and white-collar workforce under collective bargaining and the U.K. that covers 29% of its workforce, Germany covers a significantly higher 57% of its workforce under collective bargaining. 1246: 1138:

Moreover, the third stage of the program aims to transform the business model. Companies create new forms of business to address social or environmental challenges that will lead to financial returns in the long run. One example can be seen in

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established a corporation as a legal person in specific contexts. This ruling allowed corporations to be protected under the Constitution and prevented states from regulating firms. Countries have included CSR policies in government agendas.

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environmental goals, but emphasizes the opportunities for competitive advantage from building a social value proposition into corporate strategy. CSV gives the impression that only two stakeholders are essential – shareholders and consumers.

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Ethics as central to overall corporate strategy—is that conventional wisdom or is that a new approach? I think a lot of students think, "Ethics is a constraint on profits". A lot of corporate social responsibility is taught as a part of

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Consumers of goods and services should verify corporate social responsibility and the results of reports and efforts. The accounting, auditing, and reporting resources provide a foundation for consumers to verify that their products are

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when participating in corporate philanthropy and community volunteering. On the other hand, the remaining corporate social initiatives can be examples of cause marketing, in which there is both a societal interest and a profit motive.

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implementation, and best practices regarding CSR. A form of responsible entrepreneurship shall be initiated to meet the requirements of stakeholders' trust in the economy. It is an approach to make voluntary commitments more binding.

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Intergovernmental Working Group of Experts on International Standards of Accounting and Reporting (ISAR) provides voluntary technical guidance on eco-efficiency indicators, corporate responsibility reporting, and corporate governance

108:

Considered at the organisational level, CSR is generally understood as a strategic initiative that contributes to a brand's reputation. As such, social responsibility initiatives must coherently align with and be integrated into a

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mandated that companies registered in Mauritius pay 2% of their annual book profit to contribute to the social and environmental development of the country. In 2014, India also enacted a mandatory minimum CSR spending law. Under

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in 1949 to further advance CSR; the confederation represents the interests of 45 million workers in Germany. Job security, wage increases with industry growth are key aspects of collective bargaining in the German labor system.

1095:. Others use CSR methodologies as a strategic tactic to gain public support for their presence in global markets, helping them sustain a competitive advantage by using their social contributions as another form of advertising. 240:

Businesses have changed when the public came to expect and require different behavior I predict that in the future, just as in the past, changes in public attitudes will be essential for changes in businesses' environmental

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Identify the support that the company desires to achieve from the social license holders by specifying for every business objective social license element (target of support, context of support, time of support, action of

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positive public relations and high ethical standards to reduce business and legal risk by taking responsibility for corporate actions. CSR strategies encourage the company to make a positive impact on the environment and

1355:

states that "the tobacco industry was the leading funder of research into genetics, viruses, immunology, air pollution", anything which formed a distraction from the well-established research linking smoking and cancer.

7000:

Eisingerich, A.B.; Rubera, G.; Seifert, M.; Bhardwaj, G. (2011). "Doing Good and Doing Better Despite Negative Information? The Role of Corporate Social Responsibility in Consumer Resistance to Negative Information".

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is a way nations promote CSR. In Germany, CSR is kept at the industry level instead of the workplace; this has been viewed as one of the strengths of the German government's push for CPR. Germany also established the

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Community involvement: This can include raising money for local charities, providing volunteers, sponsoring local events, employing local workers, supporting local economic growth, engaging in fair trade practices,

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Lacey, J.; Parsons, R.; Moffat, K. (2012). Exploring the concept of a Social Licence to Operate in the Australian minerals industry: Results from interviews with industry representatives (Report). CSIRO. EP125553.

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and claimed when the study is properly specified, CSR has a neutral impact on financial outcomes. Critics have questioned the "lofty" and sometimes "unrealistic expectations" of CSR, or observed that CSR is merely

4932:

Churach, Dan; Nichols, Di (2007). "Sustainable Communities, Sustainable Environments: Industry Supported Professional Development in the Mineral Resource Sector". In Zandvliet, David B.; Fisher, Darrel L. (eds.).

1537:, however egregious, which is not eventually made worse by the political interventions intended to fix it", and conclude "there is no need for further research on regulation in the name of social responsibility." 6718: 138:

studies of the relationship between social and financial performance, concluding that the contradictory results of previous studies reporting positive, negative, and neutral financial impact were due to flawed

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Valentine, Sean; Godkin, Lynn; Fleischman, Gary M.; Kidwell, Roland (2011). "Corporate ethical values, group creativity, job satisfaction and turnover intention: The impact of work context on work response".

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enterprises should have in place a process to integrate social, environmental, ethical, human rights and consumer concerns into their business operations and core strategy in close collaboration with their

1632:

was found responsible for lead contamination, which killed thousands of birds in Australia. The company ceased business immediately and had to work with independent regulatory bodies to execute a cleanup.

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stakeholder perspective fails to acknowledge the complexity of network interactions in cross-sector partnerships. It relegates communication to a maintenance function, similar to the exchange perspective.

603: 7645:

Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: A renewed EU strategy 2011–14 for Corporate Social

105:", an extension of corporate social responsibility, to explain ways of doing business in a socially responsible way while making profits (see the detailed review article of Menghwar and Daood, 2021). 1422:

to buy from responsible companies, but surveys indicate that "ethical purchases" are a small percentage of household expenditures. The discrepancy between consumer beliefs and intentions, and actual

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chains (including Tier 1 and beyond) will also help reduce vulnerabilities and eliminate environmental, social, and economic risks through implementing a sustainability-focused procurement strategy.

197:

and been referred to by a number of other terms, including "corporate sustainability", "sustainable business", "corporate conscience", "corporate citizenship", "purpose", "social impact", "conscious

1328:

by some companies that have resulted in increasing consumer cynicism and mistrust. Sometimes companies use CSR to direct public attention away from other, harmful business practices. For example,

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Develop the Social License Development Strategy to remove the negative factors and ensure the positive intention of all the social license holders to support all the company's business objectives.

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surveyed 250 business leaders worldwide in 2008. The survey showed that businesses have assimilated a much more strategic view with 68% of companies utilizing CSR as an opportunity and part of a

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Anselmsson, Johan; Johansson, Ulf (2007). "Corporate social responsibility and the positioning of grocery brands: an exploratory study of retailer and manufacturer brands at point of purchase".

1023:

student market. Potential recruits often consider a firm's CSR policy. CSR can also help improve the perception of a company among its staff, particularly when staff can become involved through

4376: 2595: 1250: 6068: 5701: 2670:, August 2004, Vol. 53, No. 1/2, Building Ethical Institutions for Business: Sixteenth Annual Conference of the European Business Ethics Network (EBEN), pp. 87-96, accessed 6 December 2022 6010: 687:

requires companies to communicate their progress (or to produce a Communication on Progress, COP), and to describe the company's implementation of the Compact's ten universal principles.

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c.f., Aquino, M.P., Nuestro Clamor por la Vida. Teología Latinoamericana desde la Perspectiva de la Mujer (San José, Costa Rica: Departamento Ecuménico de Investigaciones, 1992), et al.

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The term "brand citizenship" has been put forward because the public perception of an organisation may be associated with its branding rather than its corporate identity: McIntosh uses

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Corporate social irresponsibility in the supply chain has greatly affected the reputation of companies, leading to many costs to solve the problems. For instance, incidents like the

3723: 8840:

Lantos, Geoffrey P.; Cooke, Simon (May 2003). "Corporate Socialism Unethically Masquerades as "CSR": The Difference between Being Ethical, Altruistic, and Strategic in Business".

508:, defined as "a type of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in which a company's promotional campaign has the dual purpose of increasing profitability while bettering society." 8869:

Oppewal, H.; Alexander, A.; Sulliwan, P. (2006). "Consumer Perceptions of Corporate Social Responsibility in town shopping centres and their influence on shopping evaluations".

8200: 2265: 599: 8149: 6477: 1842: 1339:

Acts that may initially appear to be altruistic CSR may have ulterior motives. The funding of scientific research projects has been used as a source of misdirection by firms.

8999: 7124: 1761:(2013) reported that their 'essentials' are 'Trading responsibility', 'Reducing our Impact on the Environment', 'Being a Great Employer' and 'Supporting Local Communities'. 1545:

In the 1800s, the US government could take away a firm's license if it acted irresponsibly. Corporations were viewed as "creatures of the state" under the law. In 1819, the

927:

Identify the social license holders (employees of a company, labour unions, local and national governments, communities, activist groups, etc.) for every business objectives

8075: 5637:"Corporate Social Responsibility in Buyer-Supplier Relationships: Is it Beneficial for Top-Ttier Suppliers to Market their Capability to Ensure a Responsible Supply Chain?" 3560:

Hull, Clyde Eirikur; Rothenberg, Sandra (February 2008). "Firm Performance: The Interactions of Corporate Social Performance with Innovation and Industry Differentiation".

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Fialka, J.; Some Companies Move From Opposition to Offering Proposals on Limiting Emissions". (2006). "Politics & Economics: Big Businesses Have New Take on Warming".

4987: 3293:

Tilcsik, András; Marquis, Christopher (1 February 2013). "Punctuated Generosity: How Mega-events and Natural Disasters Affect Corporate Philanthropy in U.S. Communities".

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a concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis.

1148:'s "People and Planet" initiative, which is to be 100% sustainable by 2020. Consequently, the company wants to introduce a new model to collect and recycle old furniture. 6640:

Chin, M. K.; Hambrick, Donald C.; Treviño, Linda K. (June 2013). "Political Ideologies of CEOs: The Influence of Executives' Values on Corporate Social Responsibility".

4459: 5921:

Griffin, Jennifer J.; Vivari, Ben (2009). "11 – United States of America: Internal Commitments and External Pressures". In Idowu, Samuel O.; Leal Filho, Walter (eds.).

7202: 6729: 6237: 3156: 1743:

Subsequently, the Commission published a staff working document in March 2019 that examined the progress in implementing CSR/RBC as well as business and human rights.

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is the economic value created by the organization after deducting the cost of all inputs, including the cost of the capital (unlike accounting definitions of profit).

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expressing the social and environmental priorities of the founders. The authors assert that companies engage in CSR because they are an integral part of society. The

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as an example. Similarly, Anne Bahr Thompson uses the same term and observes that companies adopting socially responsible behaviours are primarily investing in their

134:

increase long-term profits by operating with a CSR perspective, while critics argue that CSR distracts from businesses' economic role. A 2000 study compared existing

7290:"Corporate Social Responsibility Building the Canadian Advantage: A Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Strategy for the Canadian International Extractive Sector" 6675:

Jahdi, Khosro S.; Acikdilli, Gaye (August 2009). "Marketing Communications and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): Marriage of Convenience or Shotgun Wedding?".

3117:

Mohr, L.A.; Webb, D.J.; Harris, K.E. "Do Consumers Expect Companies to be Socially Responsible? The Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Buying Behavior".

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or more or a turnover of 1,000 crore or a net profit of 5 crore must spend 2% of their net profits on CSR activities. The rules came into effect on 1 April 2014.

1235:

by the government interferes with people's plans and preferences, distorts the allocation of resources, and increases the likelihood of irresponsible decisions.

8163: 974:). While CSR benefits are hard to quantify, Orlitzky, Schmidt and Rynes found a correlation between social/environmental performance and financial performance. 8218: 7495: 2931: 1850: 577:

is the communication of social and environmental effects of a company's economic actions to particular interest groups within society and to society at large.

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companies can increase their investment efficiency and investment sufficiency by integrating social health in all policies. Non-government organizations like

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Most consumers agree that while achieving business targets, companies should engage in CSR efforts at the same time. Most consumers believe companies doing

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Muller, Alan; Whiteman, Gail (February 2009). "Exploring the Geography of Corporate Philanthropic Disaster Response: A Study of Fortune Global 500 Firms".

5584: 1705:) was also adopted. No longer treating CSR as a "voluntary" or is some sense "additional" aspect of managing an enterprise, the commission now stated that 9032: 5852: 1611: 8763: 7672:"Commission Staff Working document – Corporate Social Responsibility, Responsible Business Conduct, and Business and Human Rights: Overview of Progress" 1123:' "Grow Up Great" childhood education program. This program provides critical school readiness resources to underserved communities where PNC operates. 6569: 6027: 4178: 1440:. In the evolutionary psychology of human behaviour: people only do something if they can get something back in return. In the case of CSR and ethical 452:

Although sometimes it is not directly undertaken by the companies, they become accountable to the stakeholders. These surrounding issues have prompted

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Moreover, some studies find that CSR programs are motivated by corporate managers' interests at the cost of the shareholders so they are a type of an

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Sacconi, L. (2004). "A Social Contract Account for CSR as Extended Model of Corporate Governance (Part II): Compliance, Reputation and Reciprocity".

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argued that governments should set the agenda for social responsibility with laws and regulations that describe how to conduct business responsibly.

447:, which killed over 1000 people, pushed companies to consider the impacts of their operations on society and the environment. On the other hand, the 6502: 3440:

The Truly Responsible Enterprise: About unsustainable development, the tools of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and deeper, strategic approach

9887: 7252: 2603: 2544:

McWilliams, Abagail; Siegel, Donald (6 April 2000). "Corporate social responsibility and financial performance: correlation or misspecification?".

337:

recognises unsustainability (the destruction of the natural environment and the increase of social injustice) as the greatest challenge of our age,

8001: 5782:

Johnson, Zachary; Lee, Y.; Ashoori, M. (2018). "Brand Associations: the value of ability versus social responsibility depends on consumer goals".

3799: 9937: 9410: 6057: 5694: 823:: recycling, waste management, water management, renewable energy, reusable materials, 'greener' supply chains, reducing paper use, and adopting 93: 8120: 7887: 7076:

Albareda, Laura; Lozano, Josep M.; Ysa, Tamyko (2007). "Public Policies on Corporate Social Responsibility: The Role of Governments in Europe".

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A 2006 study found that the UK retail sector showed the greatest rate of CSR involvement. Many of the big retail companies in the UK joined the

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Halpern, Barton H.; Snider, Keith F. (October 2012). "Products That Kill and Corporate Social Responsibility: The Case of U.S. Defense Firms".

6594:

Aguinis, Herman; Glavas, Ante (2012-07-01). "What We Know and Don't Know About Corporate Social Responsibility: A Review and Research Agenda".

787:. Due to an increased awareness of the need for CSR, many industries have their verification resources. They include organizations such as the 7317:"Corporate Social Responsibility through Voluntary Commitment in Small and Medium Sized Enterprises – the Case of the 'Heilbronn Declaration'" 2849:

Carroll, Archie B. (July 1991). "The pyramid of corporate social responsibility: Toward the moral management of organizational stakeholders".

2041: 1702: 824: 8958: 7535: 7153: 6785:

Jones, Sandra C.; Wyatt, Austin; Daube, Mike (2016-12-01). "Smokescreens and Beer Goggles: How Alcohol Industry CSM Protects the Industry".

6754: 5817:

Ellen, P.; Webb, D.; Mohr, L. (2006). "Building corporate associations: Consumer attributions for corporate socially responsible programs".

3054: 560:

of the organization. As with any corporate activity, a defined budget demonstrates commitment and scales the program's relative importance.

10057: 8917: 5376: 3993: 3908: 1501:

The U.S. and the U.K. are Liberal Market Economies (LMEs), and the German economy falls under Coordinated Market Economy (CMEs), which are

504:

All six of the corporate initiatives are forms of corporate citizenship. However, only some of these CSR activities rise to the level of

326:

which the authors perceived to be an issue, and to provide guidance to managers on connecting businesses with ethically-aware consumers.

5197: 4124: 4090: 1367:. In this case, companies may engage in CSR and social marketing to prevent more stringent government legislation on alcohol marketing. 9788: 2557: 592: 3136:

Groza, M. D.; Pronschinske, M.R.; Walker, M. "Perceived Organizational Motives and Consumer Responses to Proactive and Reactive CSR".

2257: 1628:, which required the recall of millions of toys and caused the company to initiate new risk management and quality control processes. 897:

their ongoing community presences and communication abilities, which are better for fostering these relationships and trust building.

9489: 2816: 1287:

Aguinis and Glavas conducted a comprehensive review of CSR literature, covering 700 academic sources from numerous fields, including

4562: 3755: 2445:

Johnson, Zachary; Ashoori, Minoo; Lee, Yun (2018). "Self-Reporting CSR Activities: When Your Company Harms, Do You Self-Disclose?".

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activities, or community volunteering. CSR has been credited with encouraging customer orientation among customer-facing employees.

712:

tracks the reputation of the world's largest companies on Environmental, Social, Governance (ESG), Corporate Social Responsibility,

10136: 1676:

was then called, "promoting a European framework for Corporate Social Responsibility" in 2001. In that document CSR was defined as

1003:

The term was coined by John Elkington in 1994 who re-evaluated it in 2018 and called for more urgent action toward sustainability

808:

damaged reputations for breaching laws or moral norms. Organizations see increased employee loyalty and pride in the organization.

9003: 8979: 3960: 3374: 9771: 1578:

CSR/SRI is voluntary in Denmark, but if a company has no policy on this, it must state its position on CSR in financial reports.

88:

oriented business and investment practices. While once it was possible to describe CSR as an internal organizational policy or a

3102:

Becker-Olsen, K. L.; Cudmore, B.A.; Hill, R.P. "The impact of perceived corporate social responsibility on consumer behaviour".

10051: 9611: 9493: 9463: 4350: 792: 552:

An engagement plan can assist in reaching the desired audience. A corporate social responsibility individual or team plans the

473:

Corporate philanthropy: company donations to charity, including cash, goods, and services, sometimes via a corporate foundation

6930:

Shumate, M.; O'Conner, A. (2010). "The symbiotic sustainability model: Conceptualizing NGO-corporate alliance communication".

4467: 2380: 1119:

contributes $ 88.1 million annually to various environmental, educational, and humanitarian organizations. Another example is

9751: 9556: 9103: 8465: 8444: 8417: 8371: 8350: 8331: 4950: 3867: 3840: 3655: 3359: 3245: 3220: 3171: 2970: 8934: 6245: 5894:

Kemper, J.; Shilke, O.; Reimann, M.; Wang, X.; Brettel, M. (2013). "Competition-motivated corporate social responsibility".

3177: 934:

Quantitatively measure the intention (positive or negative) of the social license holders to support the business objectives

10176: 9073: 8025: 7624: 2633: 334:

sees itself as a part of the system, not a completely individual economic actor concerned only about maximizing its profit,

8900: 7125:"Corporate Social Responsibility National Public Policies in the European Union – Compendium 2014 – Digital Single Market" 799:

provides frameworks not only for verification, but also for reporting human rights violations in corporate supply chains.

9403: 9019: 7817:

Martinuzzi, André; Kudlak, Robert; Faber, Claus; Wiman, Adele (2011). "CSR Activities and Impacts of the Retail Sector".

7658: 6282: 2066: 654:

around ISO 26000 and UNCTAD Guidance on Good Practices in Corporate Governance. The standard applies to any organization.

7836:

Jones, Peter; Comfort, Daphne; Hillier, David (2005). "Corporate social responsibility and the UK's top ten retailers".

7036:

O'Laughlin, Bridget (November 2008). "Governing Capital? Corporate Social Responsibility and the Limits of Regulation".

4536: 9784: 9735: 8390: 8310: 8261: 7732: 6096: 5607: 5134: 2209: 364: 1401:

One motivation for corporations to adopt CSR is to satisfy stakeholders beyond those of a corporation's shareholders.

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is perceived to be increasing it has become increasingly necessary for businesses to justify their position of power.

9501: 9367: 9261: 9186: 8288: 6538: 6283:"Why Shark Tank's Kevin O'Leary Wants You to Be Evil / Do you need a social mission? Hell, no. Profit is the mission" 5930: 4102: 4043: 3892: 3705: 3680: 3451: 2998: 1931: 1926: 20: 2939: 2894:"Trends in the thematic landscape of corporate social responsibility research: A structural topic modeling approach" 9516: 9096: 8704:

Tullberg, S.; Tullberg, J. (1996). "On Human Altruism: The Discrepancy between Normative and Factual Conclusions".

7456: 6309:

Ganguly, S (1999). "The Investor-State Dispute Mechanism (ISDM) and a Sovereign's power to protect public health".

5977: 4488: 4291:

Tullberg, J.; Tullberg, S. (1996). "On Human Altruism: The Discrepancy between Normative and Factual Conclusions".

3938: 3438: 2757:

González-De-la-Rosa, Manuel; Armas-Cruz, Yaiza; Dorta-Afonso, Daniel; García-Rodríguez, Francisco J. (2023-08-01).

1483: 607: 7644: 5751:"The CSR Quality Trade-Off: When Can Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Ability Compensate Each Other?" 4430: 4406: 944:

Perform ongoing monitoring and quantitative measurement of changes in the Social License to Operate of the company

10216: 9747: 9743: 9725: 9654: 9362: 9054: 8194: 6086: 5395: 4125:

UNCTAD Intergovernmental Working Group of Experts on International Standards of Accounting and Reporting (2006).

4091:

UNCTAD Intergovernmental Working Group of Experts on International Standards of Accounting and Reporting (2008).

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Sommer, A.A. Jr. (1991). "Whom should the corporation serve? the Berle Dodd debate revisited sixty years later".

2481: 2418:

McWilliams, Abagail; Siegel, Donald (2001). "Corporate social responsibility: A theory of the firm perspective".

2101: 1976: 8945: 4160: 343:

honestly evaluates its weight and part in causing the problems (it is best to concentrate on 2–3 main problems),

10040: 9997: 9992: 9485: 9396: 9372: 5084:"The role of relationships in achieving and maintaining a social licence in the New Zealand aquaculture sector" 4203: 4136: 2091: 2086: 1565: 1551: 1459: 1453: 1348: 8631: 7419: 6147:

Zhao, Meng; Park, Seung Ho; Zhou, Nan (2014-03-20). "MNC strategy and social adaptation in emerging markets".

5860: 5555: 2227:"On the Foundations of Corporate Social Responsibility: On the Foundations of Corporate Social Responsibility" 916:

The primary objective for the companies is to obtain and maintain the Social License to Operate. Based on the

10211: 10146: 10096: 9987: 9601: 8775: 5484:

Galbreath, Jeremy (2010). "How does corporate social responsibility benefit firms? Evidence from Australia".

1344: 1281: 796: 684: 8242: 7956: 6035: 2512: 294:

Another approach to CSR is to incorporate the CSR strategy directly into operations, such as procurement of

10186: 9932: 9419: 9226: 8659: 6190:

Jamali, Dima; Mirshak, Ramez (May 2010). "Business-Conflict Linkages: Revisiting MNCs, CSR, and Conflict".

4791: 2056: 1269:

Others have argued that the primary purpose of CSR is to provide legitimacy to the power of businesses. As

1172:, and the environment seriously, reducing the likelihood that company practices will be closely monitored. 1042: 820: 720: 444: 6266:

Milton Friedman (September 13, 1970). "The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Profits".

4893:"Conceptualizing Company Response to Community Protest: Principles to Achieve a Social License to Operate" 770:

One of the reputable institutions that capital markets turn to for credible sustainability reports is the

10181: 10166: 10156: 9962: 9855: 9818: 9792: 9695: 9331: 9321: 1546: 1336:

and other children's charities as CSR while its meals have been accused of promoting poor eating habits.

1263: 759: 644: 634: 8749:

Wei, K.C. John (July 2011). "Corporate Social Responsibility – A Comparison Between Vietnam and China".

193:

Since the 1960s, corporate social responsibility has attracted attention from a range of businesses and

10070: 9902: 9846: 9780: 9680: 9659: 9246: 8049: 7606: 5444:"Corporate Social Responsibility, Customer Orientation, and the Job Performance of Frontline Employees" 4988:"Perspectives on the social license of the forest products industry from rural Michigan, United States" 4935:

Sustainable Communities, Sustainable Environments: The Contribution of Science and Technology Education

4225: 2666: 1825: 1752: 1490:

There is a higher percentage of workers in unions in countries like Sweden and Iceland which have more

788: 751:(even within the same industry). Critics dismiss these reports as lip service, citing examples such as 149: 9068: 8601:

Fry, L. W.; Keim, G. D.; Meiners, R. E. (1982). "Corporate Contributions: Altruistic or for Profit?".

6965:(2014). "Creating the Responsible Consumer: Moralistic Governance Regimes and Consumer Subjectivity". 5443: 2893: 2758: 1518:

were case-specific. This variety among company approaches to CSR can complicate regulatory processes.

487:

Socially-responsible business practices: ethically produced products that appeal to a customer segment

346:

takes essential steps – systematically, progressively, and focused – towards a more sustainable world.

10151: 9927: 9776: 9640: 9377: 6385: 5417: 2016: 1876: 1329: 1300: 1223:

wished, but that business owners should avoid putting a "tax" on consumers as "unwitting puppets" of

1211:

CSR concerns include its relationship to the purpose of business and the motives for engaging in it.

771: 340:

accepts that businesses and enterprises have to work on solutions according to their economic weight,

8632:"Strategy & Society: The Link Between Competitive Advantage and Corporate Social Responsibility" 8455: 8429:

How to Govern Corporations So They Serve the Public Good: A Theory of Corporate Governance Emergence

3267: 10191: 9957: 9865: 9828: 9797: 9710: 9664: 9467: 9423: 9357: 9286: 9176: 4563:"Research Guides: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): A Resource Guide: Supply Chain Management" 1936: 638: 97: 50: 6763: 5585:"Corporate Social Responsibility: Does Social Responsibility Help Protect a Company's Reputation?" 3778: 1697:

In parallel with CSR, the alternative term "responsible business conduct" (RBC) introduced by the

624:

conducts audits based on its Workplace Code of Conduct and posts audit results on the FLA website.

275:

Some commentators have identified a difference between the Canadian (Montreal school of CSR), the

10201: 10141: 10108: 10012: 10002: 9952: 9596: 9591: 9161: 9146: 9136: 8252:

Carroll, Archie B. (2000). "The Four Faces of Corporate Citizenship". In Richardson, J.E. (ed.).

7378: 7177: 5083: 5028: 2989:(2011). "chapter "Big businesses and the environment: different conditions, different outcomes". 2292: 2011: 1502: 1288: 1110: 851: 744:

and CSR issues ("Triple Bottom Line Reports"), but the reports vary widely in format, style, and

741: 453: 448: 194: 185: 119: 8924: 7226: 3997: 3912: 2759:"The impact of employee-oriented CSR on quality of life: Evidence from the hospitality industry" 10206: 10196: 10161: 10006: 9977: 9739: 9546: 9316: 9266: 7976: 5636: 2106: 2096: 2051: 1643:. The company recalled all apple or carrot juice products and introduced a new process called " 1637:

experienced a crisis, with sales dropping 90% and its stock price dropping 34% due to cases of

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Bulkeley, Harriet (December 2001). "Governing climate change: the politics of risk society?".

8244:

Leveraging Corporate Social Responsibility: The Stakeholder Route to Business and Social Value

7521: 7349: 6329: 5398:; Korschun, Daniel (2008). "Using Corporate Social Responsibility to Win the War for Talent". 3322: 966:

A large body of literature urges businesses to adopt non-financial measures of success (e.g.,

631:

verifies labour conditions in companies' supply chains using interdisciplinary auditing teams.

9967: 9766: 9685: 9576: 9541: 9201: 9196: 9141: 8683: 8484:

Bansal, P.; Roth, R. (2000). "Why Companies Go Green: A model of Ecological Responsiveness".

7791:

Whooley, Niamh (2003). The corporate responsibility report (Report). Vol. 1. p. 12.

7587: 5228: 4614: 3202: 2046: 2026: 1871: 1783: 1522: 1478: 1364: 1333: 784: 732: 428: 380: 304:, or CSV, is based on the idea that corporate success and social welfare are interdependent. 301: 102: 69: 58: 7470: 7058: 6528: 3635: 2480:

Farrington, Thomas; Curran, Ross; Gori, Keith; O'Gorman, Kevin D.; Queenan, C. Jane (2017).

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Balancing economic, ecological, and social goals is at the heart of the triple bottom line.

9972: 9907: 9481: 9241: 9221: 9191: 8811:

Lantos, Geoffrey P. (2001). "The Boundaries of Strategic Corporate Social Responsibility".

8713: 8530: 8361: 5377:"25 Years Ago I Coined the Phrase "Triple Bottom Line." Here's Why It's Time to Rethink It" 5337: 5095: 5040: 4300: 4204:"Verifying Delivery of Sustainable Products and Services – GSA Sustainable Facilities Tool" 2116: 2006: 1921: 1916: 1644: 1292: 1255: 1186: 1169: 763: 728: 628: 529: 156: 31: 9388: 8139:

Ajith Sankar R N, Corporate Social Responsibility, Motilal Banarsidass Publications, 2022.

7203:"Which Countries Have The Highest Levels Of Labor Union Membership? [Infographic]" 3531:"Green Management Matters Only If It Yields More Green: An Economic/Strategic Perspective" 755:'s yearly "Corporate Responsibility Annual Report" and tobacco companies' social reports. 8: 9942: 9892: 9851: 9586: 9459: 9181: 7907: 2756: 2318: 2226: 2111: 2071: 1986: 1946: 1941: 1911: 1896: 1881: 1665: 1587: 1437: 1414: 1340: 670: 650:

GoodCorporation's standard developed in association with the Institute of Business Ethics

384: 8717: 8534: 8301:(2011). "Big businesses and the environment: different conditions, different outcomes". 6865:"Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility Practices on the Banking Industry in Romania" 6112:

Ang, Swee Hoon (June 2001). "Crisis marketing: a comparison across economic scenarios".

5099: 5044: 4660: 4587:"Ethical Issues in Supply Chain Management and Procurement | American Public University" 4304: 3420: 10171: 10120: 10030: 9802: 9730: 9635: 9581: 9301: 9276: 9256: 9251: 9236: 9216: 9171: 8983: 8737: 8618: 8584: 8571: 8551: 8509: 8436: 8432: 7579: 7401: 7101: 7093: 7018: 6982: 6897: 6845: 6810: 6700: 6657: 6619: 6459: 6352: 6215: 6172: 5834: 5799: 5731: 5669: 5529: 5466: 5220: 5064: 5009: 4873: 4819: 4731: 4688: 4676: 4316: 3967: 3577: 3484: 3310: 3255: 2697: 2561: 2462: 2400: 2354: 2179: 2061: 2001: 1906: 1423: 1227:

by raising prices to support business practices with social goals unrelated to profit.

1046: 1016: 990: 971: 910: 611: 541: 480:: company-organized volunteer activities, sometimes while an employee receives pay for 276: 255: 140: 6881: 6864: 6369: 6125: 5125:

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3421:

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Models: An Approach to Environmental Perspective

2817:"Anglo-American Directors' Legal Duties and CSR: Prohibited, Permitted or Prescribed?" 26: 10026: 9982: 9720: 9650: 9620: 9566: 9445: 9311: 9291: 9281: 8882: 8857: 8828: 8729: 8679: 8610: 8589: 8501: 8461: 8440: 8413: 8396: 8386: 8367: 8346: 8327: 8306: 8284: 8267: 8257: 8171: 7583: 7574: 7049: 7022: 6986: 6943: 6898:"Positioning stakeholder theory within the debate on corporate social responsibility" 6849: 6802: 6704: 6692: 6661: 6611: 6555: 6534: 6356: 6207: 6176: 6164: 6129: 6092: 5926: 5803: 5533: 5470: 5140: 5130: 5123: 5056: 5029:"The forest planning system in relation to the forest resource and forestry policies" 5013: 4946: 4914: 4877: 4865: 4772: 4735: 4723: 4680: 4634: 4489:"Chinese enterprises are not left behind in assuming corporate social responsibility" 4381:

The Business Value of Virtue: Corporate Social Responsibility and Employee Engagement

4132: 4098: 3888: 3863: 3836: 3701: 3676: 3651: 3488: 3447: 3355: 3318: 3241: 3216: 3167: 2994: 2966: 2913: 2874: 2862: 2778: 2629: 2520: 2466: 2404: 2358: 2346: 2205: 2183: 2171: 1886: 1525:

encouraged Canadian mining companies to meet Canada's newly developed CSR standards.

1352: 1270: 1165: 1116: 1035: 967: 845: 831: 574: 569: 214: 180: 16:

Form of corporate self-regulation aimed at contributing to social or charitable goals

7405: 7105: 6814: 6623: 6219: 5838: 5735: 5673: 5068: 4692: 4126: 4092: 3581: 3530: 3314: 1083:

Some companies use their commitment to CSR as their primary positioning tool, e.g.,

469:

Corporate social responsibility includes six types of corporate social initiatives:

30:

Employees of a leasing firm taking time off their regular jobs to build a house for

10084: 9531: 9206: 8878: 8849: 8820: 8799: 8721: 8579: 8563: 8538: 8493: 7845: 7771: 7569: 7561: 7393: 7328: 7085: 7053: 7045: 7010: 6974: 6939: 6876: 6837: 6794: 6684: 6649: 6603: 6463: 6455: 6451: 6418: 6344: 6199: 6156: 6121: 5903: 5826: 5791: 5762: 5723: 5659: 5651: 5521: 5493: 5458: 5224: 5212: 5176: 5103: 5048: 4999: 4968: 4938: 4904: 4857: 4762: 4715: 4706:

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Corporate social responsibility doing the most good for your company and your cause

2163: 1956: 1821: 1638: 1491: 1430: 1360: 1092: 1050:

retention tool. Moreover, employees tend to avoid employers with a bad reputation.

533: 9020:"Corporate Socialism Unethically Masquerades as "Corporate Social Responsibility"" 8410:

Responsibility and Social Capital. The World of Small and Medium Sized Enterprises

7496:"The Flag Off of CSR Rules: India Inc.'s To-Do List for Compliance to Section-135" 6348: 5907: 4661:"Social License and Environmental Protection: Why Businesses Go Beyond Compliance" 2909: 2774: 1389:(2022), who discusses the evolution of CSR at the Dutch multinational corporation 617:

The Prince's Accounting for Sustainability Project's Connected Reporting Framework

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and SEEDS have demonstrated ways in which smart and efficient CSR is possible.

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There have been unsubstantiated social efforts, ethical claims, and outright

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One theory for explaining this discrepancy is the "bystander apathy" or the

1347:(CJD) and won the 1997 Nobel Prize in Medicine, thanked the tobacco company 226:

dimension of corporate social responsibility. This view is reflected in the

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increasing rural access and hygiene in Indian villages. Another example is

909:

leadership that nurtures the social good and also gives the foundation for

709: 536:

departments of an organisation, or may be a separate unit reporting to the

477: 458: 424: 318: 288: 206: 61: 54: 9088: 9033:"Nearly half of Britons would buy more from a store that supports charity" 7776: 7759: 7350:"Effects of corporate social responsibility and irresponsibility policies" 6330:"Effects of corporate social responsibility and irresponsibility policies" 5165:"Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainability: The New Bottom Line?" 4799:

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Emphasising the importance of national and sub-national CSR policies, and

1669: 1441: 1161: 1128: 1102: 1028: 1012: 893: 748: 595:

that serve as frameworks for social accounting, auditing, and reporting:

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package of products and services to the end-user, who is the customer.

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Corporations are keen to avoid interference in their business through

830:

Human capital enhancement: Companies provide additional resources for

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Do good: embracing brand citizenship to fuel both purpose and profit

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Improving company disclosure of social and environmental information

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Corporate social marketing: company-funded behavior-change campaigns

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Cause-related marketing: donations to charity based on product sales

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Further integrating CSR into education, training, and research

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In South Africa, as of June 2010, all companies listed on the

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Actions planned under the 2011–2014 agenda were aimed at:

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product or service falling to the most sustainable 30%.

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Oxford University Press. 3119:Journal of Consumer Affairs 2447:Corporate Reputation Review 1859: 1547:United States Supreme Court 1498:than the U.S. and the U.K. 1254:A story of CSR promoted by 1034:CSR is known for impacting 962:Potential business benefits 760:Johannesburg Stock Exchange 725:not-for-profit organization 645:Economy for the Common Good 635:Global Reporting Initiative 213:and Merrick Dodd, famously 10: 10238: 9903:Community interest company 9847:Community-based monitoring 9681:Genuine progress indicator 8768:Faculty and Research Paper 8676:Journal of Business Ethics 8228: 8030:Nielsen 2016 Annual Report 7554:Journal of Business Ethics 7476:. 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Prusiner 1215:Purpose of business 972:balanced scorecards 671:Standard Ethics Aei 606:standard, based on 385:resource-based view 228:Business Dictionary 10182:Law of obligations 10167:Ethical investment 10157:Concepts in ethics 10031:Environment portal 9803:Triple bottom line 9731:Emission inventory 9636:Double bottom line 9582:Stakeholder theory 9354:See also templates 9006:on 18 October 2015 8950:The New York Times 8437:Edwin Mellen Press 8433:Lewiston, New York 8168:The Times of India 7931:Strauss, Karsten. 7712:"Tesco CSR report" 7386:Critical Sociology 5656:10.1007/BF03342746 5463:10.1509/jm.11.0245 5418:"The Good Company" 4768:10.1111/capa.12218 3827:. pp. 11–32. 3642:. pp. 27–71. 3617:10.3390/su11020343 2763:Tourism Management 2335:10.1111/ijmr.12252 2243:10.1111/jofi.12487 2077:Social development 2062:Responsible mining 2002:Inclusive business 1907:Conscious business 1494:elements in their 1424:consumer behaviour 1307:Ethical ideologies 1293:corporate strategy 1259: 1176:Supplier relations 1047:sustainable growth 985:Triple bottom line 911:sustainable growth 710:EthicalQuote (CEQ) 612:triple bottom line 542:board of directors 273: 191: 141:empirical analysis 36: 10066: 10065: 9983:Social enterprise 9888:Bangladesh Accord 9748:management system 9744:impact assessment 9721:Carbon accounting 9651:Impact assessment 9602:UN Global Compact 9494:in Western Europe 9446:Aarhus Convention 9386: 9385: 9055:Library resources 8650:Roux, M. (2007). 8467:978-0-470-72395-1 8446:978-0-7734-3863-7 8419:978-0-333-71459-1 8373:978-0-433-45115-0 8352:978-3-540-23251-3 8333:978-0-19-551727-9 7294:Government Policy 7201:McCarthy, Niall. 6570:"The halo effect" 6343:(10): 1922–1927. 5984:. July 14, 2020. 5863:on April 29, 2013 5700:. November 2012. 5644:Business Research 4952:978-90-8790-173-8 4561:Weinstein, Lynn. 3973:on March 20, 2012 3941:on April 26, 2013 3869:978-0-273-65092-8 3842:978-3-642-02629-4 3657:978-1-349-42742-0 3361:978-0-9898270-0-3 3348:Hoessle, Ulrike. 3247:978-0-230-54291-4 3222:978-981-4520-77-5 3173:978-0-19-921159-3 2987:Diamond, Jared M. 2972:978-3-319-78523-3 2851:Business Horizons 2397:10.1002/jcpy.1109 1887:Carbon neutrality 1872:Berle–Dodd debate 1624:used by toymaker 1492:Social-Democratic 1271:wealth inequality 1266:in corporations. 1251: 1193:Crisis management 1166:health and safety 1117:Coca-Cola Company 1036:employee turnover 846:Ethical marketing 832:capacity building 764:integrated report 575:Social accounting 570:Social accounting 449:horsemeat scandal 354:minimal transport 181:Berle-Dodd debate 157:institutionalists 10229: 10152:Codes of conduct 10119: 10118: 10109:Organized Labour 10107: 10106: 10095: 10094: 10083: 10082: 10081: 10074: 10049: 10048: 10039: 10038: 10029: 9614: 9532:Little Eichmanns 9413: 9406: 9399: 9390: 9389: 9378:Corporate titles 9353: 9352: 9187:Machiavellianism 9113: 9106: 9099: 9090: 9089: 9043: 9041: 9039: 9027: 9015: 9013: 9011: 9002:. Archived from 8994: 8992: 8991: 8975: 8973: 8971: 8953: 8940: 8931: 8929: 8923:. Archived from 8922: 8912: 8907:. Archived from 8886: 8865: 8836: 8807: 8786: 8784: 8783: 8774:. Archived from 8758: 8745: 8700: 8687: 8670: 8668: 8667: 8646: 8636: 8626: 8597: 8587: 8546: 8517: 8471: 8450: 8423: 8404: 8377: 8356: 8337: 8316: 8294: 8275: 8248: 8222: 8210: 8204: 8192: 8186: 8185: 8183: 8182: 8159: 8153: 8146: 8140: 8137: 8131: 8130: 8128: 8127: 8117: 8111: 8110: 8108: 8107: 8096: 8090: 8089: 8087: 8086: 8071: 8065: 8064: 8062: 8061: 8046: 8040: 8039: 8037: 8036: 8022: 8016: 8015: 8013: 8012: 7998: 7992: 7991: 7989: 7988: 7973: 7967: 7966: 7964: 7963: 7953: 7947: 7946: 7944: 7943: 7928: 7922: 7921: 7919: 7918: 7904: 7898: 7897: 7895: 7894: 7884: 7878: 7877: 7875: 7874: 7860: 7854: 7853: 7833: 7827: 7826: 7814: 7808: 7807: 7799: 7793: 7792: 7788: 7782: 7781: 7779: 7755: 7749: 7748: 7746: 7744: 7735:. Archived from 7729: 7723: 7722: 7720: 7718: 7708: 7702: 7701: 7698:ethicaltrade.org 7690: 7684: 7683: 7681: 7679: 7668: 7662: 7655: 7649: 7641: 7628: 7621: 7615: 7614: 7602: 7596: 7595: 7577: 7549: 7543: 7542: 7540: 7532: 7526: 7525: 7518: 7512: 7511: 7509: 7507: 7492: 7486: 7485: 7483: 7481: 7475: 7467: 7461: 7460: 7452: 7446: 7445: 7434: 7428: 7427: 7426:on July 3, 2009. 7422:. Archived from 7416: 7410: 7409: 7383: 7374: 7368: 7367: 7365: 7363: 7354: 7345: 7339: 7338: 7336: 7312: 7306: 7305: 7303: 7301: 7285: 7279: 7273: 7267: 7266: 7264: 7263: 7248: 7242: 7241: 7239: 7238: 7229:. Archived from 7223: 7217: 7216: 7214: 7213: 7198: 7192: 7191: 7189: 7188: 7174: 7168: 7167: 7165: 7164: 7149: 7140: 7139: 7137: 7136: 7121: 7110: 7109: 7073: 7064: 7063: 7061: 7033: 7027: 7026: 6997: 6991: 6990: 6954: 6948: 6947: 6927: 6921: 6920: 6918: 6916: 6902: 6893: 6887: 6886: 6884: 6860: 6854: 6853: 6825: 6819: 6818: 6782: 6776: 6775: 6773: 6772: 6766: 6761:. 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Quorum Books. 5128: 5118: 5112: 5111: 5079: 5073: 5072: 5024: 5018: 5017: 5007: 4983: 4977: 4976: 4963: 4957: 4956: 4929: 4923: 4922: 4912: 4888: 4882: 4881: 4841: 4835: 4834: 4832: 4831: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4796: 4787: 4781: 4780: 4770: 4746: 4740: 4739: 4703: 4697: 4696: 4656: 4643: 4642: 4610: 4601: 4600: 4598: 4597: 4591:www.apu.apus.edu 4583: 4577: 4576: 4574: 4573: 4558: 4552: 4551: 4549: 4548: 4533: 4527: 4526: 4524: 4523: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4500: 4499: 4493:mg.mofcom.gov.cn 4485: 4479: 4478: 4476: 4475: 4456: 4450: 4449: 4447: 4446: 4427: 4421: 4420: 4418: 4417: 4402: 4396: 4395: 4393: 4392: 4383:. Archived from 4372: 4366: 4365: 4363: 4362: 4346: 4340: 4334: 4325: 4324: 4288: 4282: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4272:. United Nations 4266: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4222: 4216: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4200: 4194: 4193: 4191: 4190: 4175: 4169: 4168: 4156: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4122: 4116: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4088: 4082: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4072: 4064: 4058: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4048: 4040: 4034: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4015: 4009: 4008: 4006: 4005: 3989: 3983: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3972: 3965: 3957: 3951: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3931: 3925: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3911:. 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Archived from 2928: 2922: 2921: 2889: 2883: 2882: 2846: 2837: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2812: 2806: 2805: 2793: 2787: 2786: 2754: 2748: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2727: 2721: 2720: 2712: 2706: 2705: 2677: 2671: 2658: 2652: 2646: 2640: 2639: 2635:978-0-255-365109 2621: 2615: 2614: 2612: 2611: 2602:. Archived from 2591: 2585: 2584: 2576: 2570: 2569: 2541: 2535: 2534: 2532: 2531: 2508: 2502: 2501: 2477: 2471: 2470: 2442: 2436: 2435: 2415: 2409: 2408: 2376: 2363: 2362: 2314: 2308: 2307: 2297: 2288: 2282: 2281: 2275: 2273: 2253: 2247: 2246: 2222: 2216: 2215: 2197: 2188: 2187: 2151: 1957:Environmentalism 1822:Edmond Fernandes 1747:UK retail sector 1431:bystander effect 1361:social marketing 1252: 1152:Reduced scrutiny 1093:American Apparel 795:(diamonds). The 793:Kimberly Process 534:public relations 357:maximal fairness 308: 298:tea and coffee. 250: 84:, or to conduct 72:, administering 10237: 10236: 10232: 10231: 10230: 10228: 10227: 10226: 10192:Social concepts 10127: 10126: 10125: 10113: 10101: 10089: 10079: 10077: 10069: 10067: 10062: 10017: 9876: 9833: 9807: 9712: 9705: 9701:Whole-life cost 9631:Corporate crime 9622: 9615: 9606: 9537:Loss and damage 9507:Ethical banking 9451:Climate justice 9438: 9429: 9417: 9387: 9382: 9358:Aspects of jobs 9341: 9123: 9117: 9080: 9079: 9078: 9063: 9062: 9058: 9051: 9046: 9037: 9035: 9009: 9007: 8989: 8987: 8978: 8969: 8967: 8927: 8920: 8905:Mallenbaker.net 8894: 8889: 8781: 8779: 8726:10.2307/3546259 8665: 8663: 8634: 8562:(3): A142–145. 8498:10.2307/1556363 8479: 8474: 8468: 8447: 8420: 8393: 8374: 8353: 8334: 8313: 8291: 8264: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8225: 8211: 8207: 8193: 8189: 8180: 8178: 8160: 8156: 8147: 8143: 8138: 8134: 8125: 8123: 8119: 8118: 8114: 8105: 8103: 8098: 8097: 8093: 8084: 8082: 8072: 8068: 8059: 8057: 8054:The CSR Journal 8048: 8047: 8043: 8034: 8032: 8024: 8023: 8019: 8010: 8008: 8006:Washington Post 8000: 7999: 7995: 7986: 7984: 7975: 7974: 7970: 7961: 7959: 7955: 7954: 7950: 7941: 7939: 7929: 7925: 7916: 7914: 7906: 7905: 7901: 7892: 7890: 7886: 7885: 7881: 7872: 7870: 7862: 7861: 7857: 7844:(12): 882–892. 7834: 7830: 7815: 7811: 7800: 7796: 7789: 7785: 7756: 7752: 7742: 7740: 7731: 7730: 7726: 7716: 7714: 7710: 7709: 7705: 7692: 7691: 7687: 7677: 7675: 7670: 7669: 7665: 7656: 7652: 7642: 7631: 7622: 7618: 7603: 7599: 7550: 7546: 7538: 7534: 7533: 7529: 7520: 7519: 7515: 7505: 7503: 7494: 7493: 7489: 7479: 7477: 7473: 7469: 7468: 7464: 7453: 7449: 7436: 7435: 7431: 7418: 7417: 7413: 7381: 7375: 7371: 7361: 7359: 7352: 7346: 7342: 7313: 7309: 7299: 7297: 7286: 7282: 7274: 7270: 7261: 7259: 7249: 7245: 7236: 7234: 7225: 7224: 7220: 7211: 7209: 7199: 7195: 7186: 7184: 7176: 7175: 7171: 7162: 7160: 7150: 7143: 7134: 7132: 7123: 7122: 7113: 7074: 7067: 7034: 7030: 6998: 6994: 6959:Giesler, Markus 6955: 6951: 6928: 6924: 6914: 6912: 6900: 6894: 6890: 6861: 6857: 6826: 6822: 6783: 6779: 6770: 6768: 6759:Financial Times 6751: 6747: 6738: 6736: 6732: 6721: 6717: 6716: 6712: 6673: 6669: 6638: 6631: 6592: 6588: 6579: 6577: 6568: 6567: 6563: 6552: 6548: 6541: 6525: 6521: 6511: 6509: 6499: 6495: 6486: 6484: 6482:research.cbs.dk 6476: 6475: 6471: 6436: 6432: 6407: 6403: 6394: 6392: 6386:"Hope vs. Hype" 6379: 6375: 6368: 6364: 6332: 6326: 6322: 6307: 6303: 6298: 6294: 6279: 6275: 6264: 6260: 6251: 6249: 6231: 6227: 6188: 6184: 6145: 6141: 6110: 6106: 6099: 6083: 6079: 6071: 6060: 6054: 6050: 6041: 6039: 6026: 6025: 6021: 6013: 6002: 5998: 5997: 5993: 5976: 5975: 5971: 5961: 5959: 5949: 5940: 5933: 5919: 5915: 5892: 5888: 5880: 5876: 5866: 5864: 5851: 5850: 5846: 5815: 5811: 5780: 5776: 5761:(3): 233–2523. 5747: 5743: 5716: 5712: 5704: 5697: 5693: 5692: 5688: 5678: 5676: 5639: 5633: 5629: 5620: 5618: 5610: 5604: 5600: 5581: 5577: 5567: 5565: 5558: 5552: 5541: 5509: 5505: 5482: 5478: 5446: 5440: 5436: 5427: 5425: 5416: 5415: 5411: 5392: 5388: 5373: 5369: 5361: 5357: 5347: 5345: 5334: 5330: 5320: 5318: 5308: 5301: 5292: 5290: 5281: 5280: 5273: 5262: 5258: 5250: 5246: 5237: 5235: 5231: 5200: 5194: 5190: 5161: 5152: 5137: 5119: 5115: 5080: 5076: 5025: 5021: 4984: 4980: 4964: 4960: 4953: 4930: 4926: 4889: 4885: 4842: 4838: 4829: 4827: 4818: 4817: 4813: 4803: 4801: 4794: 4788: 4784: 4747: 4743: 4704: 4700: 4657: 4646: 4611: 4604: 4595: 4593: 4585: 4584: 4580: 4571: 4569: 4559: 4555: 4546: 4544: 4535: 4534: 4530: 4521: 4519: 4511: 4510: 4506: 4497: 4495: 4487: 4486: 4482: 4473: 4471: 4458: 4457: 4453: 4444: 4442: 4429: 4428: 4424: 4415: 4413: 4403: 4399: 4390: 4388: 4373: 4369: 4360: 4358: 4347: 4343: 4335: 4328: 4313:10.2307/3546259 4289: 4285: 4275: 4273: 4268: 4267: 4263: 4253: 4251: 4246: 4245: 4241: 4231: 4229: 4224: 4223: 4219: 4209: 4207: 4202: 4201: 4197: 4188: 4186: 4177: 4176: 4172: 4157: 4153: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4123: 4119: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4089: 4085: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4066: 4065: 4061: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4042: 4041: 4037: 4027: 4025: 4017: 4016: 4012: 4003: 4001: 3990: 3986: 3976: 3974: 3970: 3963: 3959: 3958: 3954: 3944: 3942: 3933: 3932: 3928: 3918: 3916: 3907: 3906: 3902: 3895: 3881: 3877: 3870: 3854: 3850: 3843: 3821: 3817: 3808: 3806: 3798: 3797: 3793: 3783: 3781: 3775: 3771: 3752: 3748: 3738: 3736: 3729:telegraph.co.uk 3719: 3715: 3708: 3694: 3690: 3683: 3669: 3665: 3658: 3632: 3625: 3596: 3589: 3574:10.1002/smj.675 3558: 3554: 3527: 3523: 3500: 3496: 3465: 3461: 3454: 3443: 3435: 3431: 3418: 3414: 3393: 3389: 3373: 3369: 3362: 3346: 3342: 3334: 3330: 3291: 3287: 3279: 3275: 3263: 3262: 3253: 3252: 3248: 3234: 3230: 3223: 3199: 3195: 3186: 3184: 3180: 3174: 3159: 3153: 3149: 3134: 3130: 3115: 3111: 3100: 3096: 3088: 3084: 3076: 3069: 3059: 3057: 3051: 3047: 3041:Kardashian 2013 3039: 3032: 3026:Somerville 2013 3024: 3020: 3012: 3008: 3001: 2984: 2980: 2973: 2959: 2955: 2945: 2943: 2930: 2929: 2925: 2890: 2886: 2847: 2840: 2830: 2828: 2813: 2809: 2794: 2790: 2755: 2751: 2741: 2739: 2728: 2724: 2713: 2709: 2678: 2674: 2660:Jeurissen, R., 2659: 2655: 2647: 2643: 2636: 2622: 2618: 2609: 2607: 2592: 2588: 2577: 2573: 2542: 2538: 2529: 2527: 2509: 2505: 2478: 2474: 2443: 2439: 2416: 2412: 2377: 2366: 2315: 2311: 2295: 2289: 2285: 2271: 2269: 2254: 2250: 2223: 2219: 2212: 2198: 2191: 2152: 2141: 2136: 2131: 2126: 2122:Volunteer grant 2037:Noblesse oblige 1962:Ethical banking 1952:Enterprise 2020 1862: 1838: 1804: 1776: 1749: 1662: 1653: 1630:Magellan Metals 1608: 1543: 1511: 1468: 1466:Public policies 1456: 1450: 1411: 1399: 1382: 1373: 1322: 1309: 1243: 1241: 1220:Milton Friedman 1217: 1209: 1195: 1178: 1154: 1077: 1056: 1054:Risk management 1009: 1007:Human resources 987: 964: 951: 900:In research of 873:Enduring value: 861: 814: 805: 803:Ethics training 780: 704:FTSE4Good Index 614:(3BL) reporting 572: 566: 550: 548:Engagement plan 526:human resources 522: 506:cause marketing 467: 437: 412: 403: 377: 305: 265: 251: 245: 237: 183: 177: 169:late capitalism 146:window-dressing 125:Patagonia, Inc. 74:monetary grants 51:self-regulation 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10235: 10225: 10224: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10204: 10202:Social finance 10199: 10194: 10189: 10184: 10179: 10174: 10169: 10164: 10159: 10154: 10149: 10144: 10142:Applied ethics 10139: 10124: 10123: 10111: 10099: 10087: 10064: 10063: 10061: 10060: 10055: 10043: 10033: 10022: 10019: 10018: 10016: 10015: 10010: 10000: 9995: 9990: 9985: 9980: 9975: 9970: 9965: 9960: 9955: 9950: 9945: 9940: 9935: 9930: 9925: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9890: 9884: 9882: 9878: 9877: 9875: 9874: 9869: 9859: 9849: 9843: 9841: 9835: 9834: 9832: 9831: 9826: 9824:GxP guidelines 9821: 9815: 9813: 9809: 9808: 9806: 9805: 9800: 9795: 9774: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9754: 9733: 9728: 9723: 9717: 9715: 9707: 9706: 9704: 9703: 9698: 9693: 9688: 9683: 9678: 9673: 9668: 9662: 9657: 9648: 9643: 9638: 9633: 9627: 9625: 9617: 9616: 9609: 9607: 9605: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9579: 9574: 9572:Social justice 9569: 9564: 9559: 9554: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9534: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9509: 9504: 9479: 9474: 9468:responsibility 9453: 9448: 9442: 9440: 9431: 9430: 9427:accountability 9416: 9415: 9408: 9401: 9393: 9384: 9383: 9381: 9380: 9375: 9370: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9346: 9343: 9342: 9340: 9339: 9334: 9329: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9287:Sustainability 9284: 9279: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9244: 9239: 9234: 9229: 9224: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9194: 9189: 9184: 9179: 9174: 9169: 9164: 9159: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9128: 9125: 9124: 9116: 9115: 9108: 9101: 9093: 9087: 9086: 9077: 9076: 9071: 9065: 9064: 9053: 9052: 9050: 9049:External links 9047: 9045: 9044: 9028: 9026:on 2014-11-23. 9016: 8995: 8976: 8954: 8941: 8932: 8930:on 2007-10-12. 8913: 8911:on 2009-03-29. 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8887: 8877:(4): 263–270. 8866: 8837: 8819:(7): 595–632. 8808: 8798:(4): 497–505. 8787: 8759: 8746: 8712:(2): 327–329. 8701: 8688: 8671: 8656:The Australian 8647: 8627: 8598: 8547: 8529:(4): 430–447. 8518: 8492:(4): 717–736. 8480: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8472: 8466: 8451: 8445: 8424: 8418: 8405: 8392:978-0310201731 8391: 8378: 8372: 8357: 8351: 8338: 8332: 8317: 8312:978-0241958681 8311: 8299:Diamond, Jared 8295: 8289: 8276: 8263:978-0072365238 8262: 8249: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8224: 8223: 8205: 8187: 8154: 8141: 8132: 8112: 8091: 8074:Faw, Larissa. 8066: 8041: 8017: 7993: 7968: 7948: 7923: 7899: 7879: 7855: 7828: 7809: 7794: 7783: 7750: 7724: 7703: 7685: 7663: 7650: 7646:Responsibility 7629: 7616: 7597: 7560:(4): 589–603. 7544: 7527: 7513: 7502:. 4 March 2014 7487: 7462: 7447: 7429: 7411: 7369: 7340: 7327:(4): 135–150. 7307: 7280: 7268: 7243: 7218: 7193: 7169: 7141: 7111: 7084:(4): 391–407. 7065: 7044:(6): 945–957. 7028: 6992: 6979:10.1086/677842 6949: 6938:(3): 577–609. 6922: 6888: 6855: 6836:(4): 604–624. 6820: 6793:(4): 264–279. 6777: 6745: 6726:McDonald's.com 6710: 6683:(1): 103–113. 6667: 6648:(2): 197–232. 6629: 6602:(4): 932–968. 6586: 6561: 6546: 6539: 6519: 6493: 6469: 6430: 6424:10.3386/w19432 6401: 6382:McKibben, Bill 6373: 6362: 6320: 6301: 6292: 6273: 6258: 6236:(1970-09-13). 6225: 6198:(3): 443–464. 6182: 6155:(7): 842–861. 6139: 6120:(3): 263–284. 6104: 6098:978-3110214444 6097: 6077: 6048: 6032:csrcompass.com 6019: 5991: 5969: 5938: 5931: 5913: 5886: 5884:, p. 105. 5874: 5844: 5825:(2): 147–157. 5809: 5774: 5741: 5710: 5686: 5650:(2): 126–152. 5627: 5598: 5575: 5539: 5520:(3): 353–372. 5503: 5492:(4): 411–431. 5476: 5434: 5409: 5386: 5367: 5365:, p. 205. 5363:De George 2011 5355: 5328: 5299: 5271: 5256: 5244: 5211:(3): 403–441. 5188: 5150: 5136:978-1567205510 5135: 5113: 5074: 5019: 4978: 4958: 4951: 4924: 4883: 4856:(4): 675–685. 4836: 4811: 4782: 4761:(2): 293–317. 4741: 4714:(4): 675–685. 4698: 4671:(2): 307–341. 4644: 4625:(5): 477–488. 4602: 4578: 4567:guides.loc.gov 4553: 4528: 4504: 4480: 4451: 4431:"Great Forest" 4422: 4397: 4367: 4341: 4326: 4299:(2): 327–329. 4283: 4261: 4239: 4217: 4195: 4170: 4151: 4137: 4117: 4103: 4083: 4068:"ITEIPC 20037" 4059: 4035: 4010: 3984: 3952: 3926: 3900: 3893: 3875: 3868: 3848: 3841: 3815: 3791: 3769: 3746: 3713: 3706: 3688: 3681: 3663: 3656: 3623: 3604:Sustainability 3587: 3568:(7): 781–789. 3552: 3521: 3510:(2): 171–180. 3494: 3459: 3452: 3429: 3419:Kaman, Z. K., 3412: 3387: 3367: 3360: 3340: 3328: 3301:(1): 111–148. 3285: 3273: 3246: 3228: 3221: 3193: 3172: 3147: 3128: 3109: 3094: 3082: 3067: 3045: 3030: 3018: 3006: 2999: 2978: 2971: 2953: 2923: 2884: 2838: 2807: 2788: 2749: 2722: 2707: 2694:10.2307/258977 2688:(4): 691–718. 2672: 2653: 2649:De George 2011 2641: 2634: 2616: 2586: 2571: 2552:(5): 603–609. 2536: 2517:The New Yorker 2503: 2472: 2453:(4): 153–164. 2437: 2426:(1): 117–127. 2410: 2391:(4): 565–583. 2364: 2329:(4): 466–485. 2309: 2283: 2248: 2237:(2): 853–910. 2217: 2211:978-1118045770 2210: 2189: 2162:(3): 625–648. 2138: 2137: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2124: 2119: 2114: 2109: 2104: 2099: 2094: 2089: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1857: 1856: 1847: 1837: 1834: 1813:) and 'love' ( 1803: 1800: 1775: 1772: 1748: 1745: 1741: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1661: 1658: 1652: 1649: 1607: 1604: 1576: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1542: 1539: 1535:market failure 1515:European Union 1510: 1507: 1467: 1464: 1452:Main article: 1449: 1446: 1410: 1407: 1398: 1395: 1387:Hein Schreuder 1381: 1378: 1372: 1369: 1321: 1318: 1308: 1305: 1264:agency problem 1240: 1237: 1216: 1213: 1208: 1205: 1194: 1191: 1177: 1174: 1153: 1150: 1076: 1073: 1055: 1052: 1025:payroll giving 1008: 1005: 986: 983: 963: 960: 950: 947: 946: 945: 942: 939: 935: 932: 928: 925: 906:Elliott Jaques 860: 857: 856: 855: 849: 843: 839: 828: 813: 812:Common actions 810: 804: 801: 779: 776: 737: 736: 717: 707: 702:publishes the 696: 692:United Nations 688: 681: 674: 668: 661: 655: 651: 648: 642: 632: 625: 618: 615: 608:John Elkington 600:AccountAbility 582:accountability 568:Main article: 565: 562: 549: 546: 521: 520:Implementation 518: 502: 501: 498: 495: 488: 485: 474: 466: 463: 436: 433: 417:unincorporated 411: 408: 402: 399: 398: 397: 376: 373: 372: 371: 368: 361: 360:zero economism 358: 355: 348: 347: 344: 341: 338: 335: 271:CSR approaches 264: 261: 243: 236: 233: 176: 173: 111:business model 82:public benefit 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10234: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10207:Social impact 10205: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10197:Social ethics 10195: 10193: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10180: 10178: 10175: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10165: 10163: 10162:Ethical codes 10160: 10158: 10155: 10153: 10150: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10134: 10132: 10122: 10117: 10112: 10110: 10105: 10100: 10098: 10093: 10088: 10086: 10076: 10075: 10072: 10059: 10058:Organizations 10056: 10054: 10053: 10044: 10042: 10034: 10032: 10028: 10024: 10023: 10020: 10014: 10011: 10008: 10004: 10001: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9991: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9979: 9976: 9974: 9971: 9969: 9966: 9964: 9961: 9959: 9956: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9946: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9918:Disinvestment 9916: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9885: 9883: 9879: 9873: 9870: 9867: 9866:certification 9863: 9860: 9857: 9856:certification 9853: 9852:Environmental 9850: 9848: 9845: 9844: 9842: 9840: 9836: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9816: 9814: 9810: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9794: 9790: 9786: 9782: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9749: 9745: 9741: 9737: 9734: 9732: 9729: 9727: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9718: 9716: 9714: 9711:Environmental 9708: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9689: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9674: 9672: 9669: 9666: 9663: 9661: 9658: 9656: 9655:environmental 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9628: 9626: 9624: 9618: 9613: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9499: 9495: 9491: 9487: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9469: 9465: 9461: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9443: 9441: 9436: 9432: 9428: 9425: 9424:environmental 9421: 9414: 9409: 9407: 9402: 9400: 9395: 9394: 9391: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9348: 9347: 9344: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9162:Entertainment 9160: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9147:Communication 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9137:Appointeeship 9135: 9133: 9130: 9129: 9126: 9122: 9114: 9109: 9107: 9102: 9100: 9095: 9094: 9091: 9085: 9082: 9081: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9066: 9061: 9056: 9034: 9029: 9025: 9021: 9017: 9005: 9001: 8996: 8986:on 2007-10-14 8985: 8981: 8977: 8966: 8965: 8960: 8955: 8951: 8947: 8942: 8938: 8933: 8926: 8919: 8914: 8910: 8906: 8902: 8897: 8896: 8884: 8880: 8876: 8872: 8867: 8863: 8859: 8855: 8851: 8847: 8843: 8838: 8834: 8830: 8826: 8822: 8818: 8814: 8809: 8805: 8801: 8797: 8793: 8788: 8778:on 2016-03-04 8777: 8773: 8769: 8765: 8760: 8756: 8752: 8747: 8743: 8739: 8735: 8731: 8727: 8723: 8719: 8715: 8711: 8707: 8702: 8698: 8694: 8689: 8685: 8681: 8678:(11): 77–96. 8677: 8672: 8662:on 2007-09-08 8661: 8657: 8653: 8648: 8644: 8640: 8633: 8628: 8624: 8620: 8616: 8612: 8609:(1): 94–106. 8608: 8604: 8599: 8595: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8577: 8573: 8569: 8565: 8561: 8557: 8553: 8548: 8544: 8540: 8536: 8532: 8528: 8524: 8519: 8515: 8511: 8507: 8503: 8499: 8495: 8491: 8487: 8482: 8481: 8469: 8463: 8459: 8458: 8452: 8448: 8442: 8438: 8434: 8430: 8425: 8421: 8415: 8411: 8406: 8402: 8398: 8394: 8388: 8384: 8379: 8375: 8369: 8365: 8364: 8358: 8354: 8348: 8344: 8339: 8335: 8329: 8325: 8324: 8318: 8314: 8308: 8304: 8300: 8296: 8292: 8290:9788131763353 8286: 8282: 8277: 8273: 8269: 8265: 8259: 8255: 8250: 8246: 8245: 8239: 8238: 8220: 8216: 8215: 8209: 8202: 8198: 8197: 8191: 8177: 8173: 8169: 8165: 8158: 8151: 8145: 8136: 8122: 8116: 8101: 8095: 8081: 8077: 8070: 8055: 8051: 8045: 8031: 8027: 8021: 8007: 8003: 7997: 7982: 7978: 7972: 7958: 7952: 7938: 7934: 7927: 7913: 7909: 7903: 7889: 7883: 7869: 7865: 7859: 7851: 7847: 7843: 7839: 7832: 7824: 7820: 7813: 7805: 7798: 7787: 7778: 7773: 7769: 7765: 7761: 7754: 7739:on 2014-02-23 7738: 7734: 7728: 7713: 7707: 7699: 7695: 7689: 7673: 7667: 7660: 7654: 7647: 7640: 7638: 7636: 7634: 7626: 7620: 7612: 7608: 7601: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7567: 7563: 7559: 7555: 7548: 7537: 7531: 7524:. 2015-07-30. 7523: 7517: 7501: 7497: 7491: 7472: 7466: 7458: 7451: 7443: 7439: 7433: 7425: 7421: 7415: 7407: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7391: 7387: 7380: 7373: 7358: 7351: 7344: 7335: 7330: 7326: 7322: 7318: 7311: 7295: 7291: 7284: 7277: 7272: 7258: 7254: 7247: 7233:on 2009-07-17 7232: 7228: 7222: 7208: 7204: 7197: 7183: 7179: 7173: 7159: 7155: 7148: 7146: 7130: 7126: 7120: 7118: 7116: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7072: 7070: 7060: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7032: 7024: 7020: 7016: 7012: 7008: 7004: 6996: 6988: 6984: 6980: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6964: 6960: 6953: 6945: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6926: 6910: 6906: 6899: 6892: 6883: 6878: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6859: 6851: 6847: 6843: 6839: 6835: 6831: 6824: 6816: 6812: 6808: 6804: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6781: 6767:on 2022-12-10 6765: 6760: 6756: 6749: 6735:on 2009-12-30 6731: 6727: 6720: 6714: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6694: 6690: 6686: 6682: 6678: 6671: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6636: 6634: 6625: 6621: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6590: 6575: 6574:The Economist 6571: 6565: 6557: 6550: 6542: 6540:9781780337418 6536: 6532: 6531: 6523: 6508: 6504: 6497: 6483: 6479: 6473: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6434: 6425: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6405: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6377: 6371: 6366: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6331: 6324: 6316: 6312: 6305: 6296: 6288: 6284: 6277: 6269: 6262: 6248:on 2008-03-12 6247: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6229: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6186: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6143: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6108: 6100: 6094: 6090: 6089: 6081: 6070: 6066: 6065:Practical Law 6059: 6052: 6038:on 2021-06-04 6037: 6033: 6029: 6023: 6012: 6008: 6001: 5995: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5973: 5958: 5954: 5947: 5945: 5943: 5934: 5932:9783540688129 5928: 5924: 5917: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5890: 5883: 5878: 5867:September 15, 5862: 5858: 5854: 5848: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5813: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5778: 5769: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5745: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5714: 5703: 5696: 5690: 5675: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5638: 5631: 5616: 5609: 5602: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5579: 5564: 5557: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5507: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5480: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5445: 5438: 5423: 5422:The Economist 5419: 5413: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5390: 5382: 5378: 5371: 5364: 5359: 5343: 5339: 5332: 5317: 5313: 5306: 5304: 5288: 5287:The Economist 5284: 5278: 5276: 5267: 5260: 5253: 5248: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5199: 5192: 5183: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5132: 5127: 5126: 5117: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5078: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5023: 5015: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4982: 4974: 4970: 4962: 4954: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4928: 4920: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4887: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4840: 4825: 4821: 4815: 4800: 4793: 4786: 4778: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4745: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4702: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4609: 4607: 4592: 4588: 4582: 4568: 4564: 4557: 4542: 4538: 4532: 4518: 4514: 4508: 4494: 4490: 4484: 4470:on 2013-10-06 4469: 4465: 4461: 4455: 4441:on 2013-10-01 4440: 4436: 4432: 4426: 4412: 4408: 4401: 4387:on 2013-11-20 4386: 4382: 4378: 4371: 4356: 4352: 4345: 4338: 4333: 4331: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4287: 4271: 4265: 4249: 4243: 4227: 4221: 4205: 4199: 4184: 4180: 4174: 4166: 4165:Saudi Gazette 4162: 4155: 4140: 4134: 4130: 4129: 4121: 4106: 4104:9789211127409 4100: 4096: 4095: 4087: 4069: 4063: 4045: 4039: 4024: 4020: 4014: 4000:on 2013-04-02 3999: 3995: 3992:Synergy-gss. 3988: 3969: 3962: 3956: 3940: 3936: 3930: 3914: 3910: 3904: 3896: 3894:9781032601199 3890: 3886: 3879: 3871: 3865: 3861: 3860: 3852: 3844: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3819: 3805: 3801: 3795: 3780: 3773: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3750: 3734: 3730: 3725: 3717: 3709: 3707:9780071232050 3703: 3699: 3692: 3684: 3682:9780814438398 3678: 3674: 3667: 3659: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 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