Corruption in Haiti

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expenses when traveling abroad, but Martelly "quadrupled that per diem to $ 20,000 a day." The First Lady gets $ 10,000 a day, other Martelly family members receive $ 7,500 a day apiece, and other members of the presidential entourage draw $ 4,000 a day. Sophia Martelly provided "unsolicited Christmas decorations" to several ministry offices, which then received invoices from firms connected to her. Her father, Charles "Bébé" St. Rémy, withdrew $ 30 million in government funds from the Central Bank "to buy fertilizer for peasants," but no fertilizer materialized. Similarly, Martelly's son Sandro received $ 1.5 million in government funds for a soccer game.

1421: 1220: 1384: 1295:, the first lady, died two days after making his complaint. Robert Maguire, a Haiti scholar at George Washington University, described Martelly as having "established an environment of corruption, abuse of power and impunity." According to Nicole Phillips, a lawyer for the Institute for Justice and Democracy in Haiti, Martelly's administration had "improved infrastructure and built hotels, but also cracked down on rights activists and manipulated the judiciary to benefit the president's associates." 1108: 1458: 1521:

panels at the Hospital Bernard Mevs in Port-au-Prince. As of July 2021, the Clinton Foundation, which is still operational, has noted on its website that only $ 30 million has been raised through the foundation itself since 2010 for Haiti recovery projects, with $ 16.4 being donated from individual donors for immediate relief efforts, while much larger donations totaling more than $ 300 million have been raised through the

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investigation did not lead to any action. Also in September 2008, it was revealed that the signatures of relevant authorities had been faked in an ONA request for $ 30,000 in project funding for what turned out to be a fictitious organization. No action was taken. In December 2008, Senator Joseph Lambert was linked to the murder of a Police Commissioner's wife in a case involving drug traffickers, but he was never charged.

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Bellerive and Felix Bautista, a Dominican senator who controlled the companies. Media reports in April 2012 alleged that Martelly had received campaign donations of $ 2.5 million, real-estate deals, and cash outlays from Bautista in exchange for the contracts, a charge Martelly denied. In July the Martelly government cancelled all but two of the forty-one contracts.

1244:. Préval's presidency, in the end, was marked by an increase in violence and corruption. The Preval/Alexis government went on to undermine anti-corruption efforts by the interim Gérard Latortue presidency of 2005, withdrawing charges against Aristide and releasing several imprisoned Aristide associates who had been incarcerated for corruption. 1035:, and its overall score is well below the regional and world averages. Poor economic management and crippling natural disasters have taken a terrible human and economic toll in Haiti. The effectiveness of public finance and the rule of law has been severely undermined by years of political volatility. 1556:

In 2005, the government formed the National Commission for Public Procurement (CNMP), whose task is to ensure competitive bidding for public contracts and to promulgate effective procurement controls in government administration. Despite the CNMP's efforts, major public procurement contracts, notably

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stated that "the Clintons played a major role in recovery efforts in Haiti after the devastating earthquake in 2010" and described the Clinton family's as "a mixture of success, disappointment and controversy." It was also noted that one successful Clinton Foundation project included providing solar

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reported that there was "a growing backlash that too little has been accomplished in the past five years and that some of the most high-profile projects" backed by the Clinton Foundation "have helped foreign investors and Haiti's wealthy elites more than its poor " and attributed failures in part to

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ProPublica and NPR reported that while the Red Cross claimed to have "provided homes to more than 130,000 people," that figure "includes thousands of people who were not actually given homes, but rather were 'trained in proper construction techniques.'" The actual number of permanent homes built by

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acknowledged the lack of oversight, claiming that no one in the government knew where aid money was going, lamenting that the government would be held accountable when in truth it had no control over those funds. When a reporter asked locals about corruption, the locals jokingly stated that the best

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In October 2013, Andre Michel, an opposition lawyer who had launched legal proceedings against Martelly's wife and son, was arrested. At a protest against the arrest, Haitian used tear gas. A colleague of Michel's criticized the move as a kidnapping, citing laws against arbitrary detentions. Members

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in which insiders into the racket are promoted in the system. She claimed, therefore, there is little means of electing a legislature with integrity. However, she was soon after harshly criticized for these comments, since she was herself accused of corruption on the grounds that much of the foreign

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was established. By 1997, it was reported that an estimated 6,000 police officers "were trained at a U.S.-funded academy to replace the army and tens of thousands of paramilitary police, auxiliaries, and informers" used in the period of military rule. However, through the 1990s and 2000s, the police

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In 2004, the government formed a special task force to combat corruption named the ULCC. The ULCC drafted a law requiring civil servants and public figures to disclose assets, and in 2008 it was passed by Parliament. By September 2012 the ULCC had conducted over 1,000 seizures in which it recovered

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Bribes, money laundering, and other kinds of corruption by individuals and financial institutions are illegal in Haiti and punishable by fines, imprisonment, and seizure of assets. Often, however, the laws against corruption have not been vigorously enforced. The constitution requires the Senate to

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Before resigning, Prime Minister Gary Conille made public the findings of an audit which showed irregularities in post-earthquake emergency rebuilding contracts awarded by his predecessor, Jean Max Bellerive, between 2010 and 2011 to forty-one Dominican companies. The audit uncovered a link between

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that the President also bought five bulletproof vehicles with $ 2.5 million of the public budget, and that 60 Toyota SUVs had been given to Martelly's children, his wife, others residing with him. Allien stated that the prosecutor's office held up attempts to prosecute corruption, noting that cases

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is 17 on a scale from 0 ("highly corrupt") to 100 ("very clean"). When ranked by score, Haiti ranked 172nd among the 180 countries in the Index, where the country ranked first is perceived to have the most honest public sector. For comparison with worldwide scores, the best score was 90 (ranked 1),

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government), a reformer, Mario Andresol was appointed as director general of the National Police, declaring at the time that 25% of the police force was corrupt. Andresol purged the police force of a large number of corrupt officers, and the Préval government took other steps toward police reform;

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and the ULCC held a series of workshops in Port-au-Prince for members of the judiciary, focusing on investigation techniques, new legislation, and new anti-corruption procedures. Reportedly, judiciaries attending the workshops were largely unable to identify examples of corruption, and lacked an

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In 2009, Haiti was praised for its arrest of Jean Rene Duperval, a former government figure known for soliciting bribes. From 2001 to 2005, a U.S. telecommunications firm funneled $ 800,000 in bribes, laundered to Duperval and other Téléco officials, in exchange for which they were provided with

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In December 2014 a Haitian Court ordered an investigation of Martelly's son Olivier and wife Sophia. They were accused of several financial crimes, corruption, and abuse of power. Marylyn Allien, head of Transparency International's Haiti branch, noted that the President's family should under no

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In June 2013, several persons linked to Martelly were arrested on corruption charges. A friend, Jojo Lorquet, was charged with selling forged government badges; media figure Ernest Laventure Edouard was charged with impersonating a customs official and selling fake badges to Martelly associates.

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A 2005 report by the Financial Intelligence Unit Central (UCREF) stated that virtual companies called SEPA-N food supplies, Quisqueya store, and VJLS COCSOBFO were founded by Aristide and used to divert public funds. The report leveled embezzlement charges not only at Aristide but also at former

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argues that Haiti's policies discourage profitable business, despite the government's complaints at its inability to collect tax revenue. O'Grady noted that while most Caribbean nations take an average of 31 days to establish a business, in Haiti it takes an average of 97 days, and wrote that in

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Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname,

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A week after the earthquake, Fox News reported that corruption was still the cause of Haiti's worst problems. The article noted that over the course of a year, the U.S. State Department reported that no corruption charges were filed at all in Haiti, despite overwhelming evidence against several

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In January 2012, Senator Moïse Jean-Charles charged Martelly with spending government funds on friends and family, who were provided with "expensive foreign junkets, aircraft rentals, vehicle acquisitions," as well as with cash outlays. Previous Haitian presidents had received $ 5,000 a day for

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Martelly's corruption has been criticized above all "for its effect on the judiciary, where the criminal cases of some people close to the president have stalled or disappeared," and where prosecutors who questioned presidential interference "were fired or fled." A judge who publicly criticized

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said he would provide a new start and fight corruption. In September 1991, however, a military coup removed Aristide from power. Aristide regained power from 1994 to 1996 and then again in 2001 to 2004. During Aristide's three presidential administrations, according to a 2009 report, corruption

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In 2007, the government instituted a campaign to curb corruption in both the public and private sectors. As part of this effort, major business figures were arrested. Among them were SocaBank board members, who were accused of embezzlement. Other businessmen were arrested on suspicion of fraud

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the Red Cross in Haiti was six. The report quoted a former Red Cross official as saying that inside the organization, the Haiti earthquake was seen as "a spectacular fundraising opportunity" and that the money collected for Haiti was instead used to "erase its more-than $ 100 million deficit."

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A July 2015 report noted that Olivier Martelly had "no real job" but had "plenty of money," owned several cars, and possessed prime real estate in Haiti. It is alleged that any developers seeking contracts must pay bribes to Olivier. Most newspapers and other media in the country are afraid to

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described Martelly as being "surrounded by a network of friends and aides who have been arrested on charges including rape, murder, drug trafficking and kidnapping." The Times quoted a "longtime law enforcement official" who said he had ceased attending events at the presidential palace under

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In May 2007, Préval deemed anyone implicated in corruption as enemies of the state. There was great hope that Gassant, who had an impressive reputation for integrity, would make a difference. Instead his efforts proved a disappointment and ultimately he resigned in August 2008 and went to the

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became president for a second time, in 2006, he inherited a political crisis, with a small elite controlling the nation's wealth. In 2006, Haiti was at the very bottom of Transparency International's Corruption Perception Index (CPI). Preval promised a fight on poverty and his Prime Minister,

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Haiti, the Western Hemisphere's poorest country, is plagued by corruption, gang violence, drug trafficking, and organized crime. The effectiveness of public finance and the rule of law has been severely undermined by years of political volatility. Challenges include reconstruction following

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In September 2008, a Senator disclosed that there was an investigation into the Prime Minister's office of alleged forgery. The investigation uncovered connections between applicants to government positions and payments made to the Prime Minister's office, as well as others in power. But the

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After his election, Martelly declared a tax on international phone calls, with the proceeds to be used for funding a $ 42.5 million education program. A huge sum was raised, but $ 26 million of it went missing, and only Martelly and "his inner circle" seemed to know where the funds went.

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on the situation of human rights defenders, said that police reform efforts were "being hampered by unacceptable political, operational and financial obstacles that are jeopardizing the changes for success in a process that is fundamental for re-establishing the rule of law in Haiti".

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ceased operations in December 2012 after raising $ 54 million which was by then distributed to more than 50 businesses and organizations to spur sustainable development and bridge the gap between short-term reconstruction needs and longer-term development. In 2016, however,

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Aristide's government, according to the UCREF, had funneled more than 21 million USD in public funds into private shell companies. A considerable portion of this embezzlement was used to support charities he owned in an alleged public relations stunt to improve his image.

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described Haiti's economy as one in near-shambles Legal experts have cited a lack of judicial integrity in the country. Two experts in public administration, Derick Brinkerhoff and Carmen Halpern, said that government corruption is ingrained in Haitian politics.

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In February 2010, a local told the BBC that the only order came from American and other foreign aid. The destroyed infrastructure, as well as significant foreign aid, created the perfect environment for corruption, according to the BBC. Prime Minister

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In February 2014 Martelly said he had asked the U.S. to funnel more aid money through the Haitian government rather than NGOs. He said the reason for using NGOs as conduits had been government corruption in Haiti, but added that things were improving.

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over 17.9 million HTG ($ 447,500) and had referred sixteen cases to the prosecutor's office. Among those found guilty was Edrick Leandre, former head of the department of Vehicle Insurance, who was sentenced in 2011 for corruption and embezzlement.

993:, an expert on the subject, wrote in 2010 that corruption in Haiti "is not the activity of a few rogue officials or politicians" but is more like "organized crime", with corrupt procurement deals arising through collusion and kleptocratic racket. 1090:

for example, a Haitian National Police Reform Plan was introduced in 2006, calling for an increase in the size of the police force and the vetting of current officers "to get rid of the corrupt and outright criminal". However, a 2011 report by

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In 2007, the Heritage Foundation publicly asked the Senate to explain why several members had voted for a resolution that benefited a bank called SOCABANK. Allegedly, the senators had received bribes, but nothing was done about the charges.

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wrote that with its government "riddled with corruption," many Haitians were now split in their desires, both wanting their government to use foreign aid money to help, but also hoping they be cut off to minimize their embezzling.

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Corruption is a severe and widespread problem in all levels of government. Although there has been some progress since 2008, when Haiti was rated the world's fourth most corrupt country, there remains much room for improvement.

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wrote that the "near paralysis of the René Préval government" in responding to the earthquake can be traced to deeply rooted Duvalierism in Haiti. Abbott also notes that "the corruption that permeated the Haitian state" under

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and NPR concluded that the Red Cross had "launched a multimillion-dollar project" in 2011 to "transform the desperately poor" Port-au-Prince neighborhood of Campeche, yet "not one home" had been constructed in Campeche.

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the average score was 43, and the worst score was 11 (ranked 180). For comparison with regional scores, the highest score among the countries of the Americas was 76, the average score was 43 and the lowest score was 13.

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was indicted in May 2001 for complicity in a journalist's murder, he accused Judge Claudy Gassant of pressuring defendants to implicate him. Toussaint's followers protested, and Gassant resigned and left the country.

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After the earthquake, former prime minister Michele Pierre-Louis said that Haiti lacked all order. Before the quake, crime and violence rates were improving, as was economic growth. Afterwards, Scott Wilson of

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criticized a 2012 decree by Martelly permitting the government to purchase some goods and services through closed bidding or no-bid contracts, saying this ruling could diminish accountability and transparency.

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way to help is to bar aid money from falling into Haitian hands. Many Haitians stated that the best aid would be helping to eradicate the corruption that has hampered the nation for years.

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occurs at one of the worst rates in the world. Corruption disrupts all attempts to establish a rule of law, a sustainable democracy, and to improve the quality of life of Haiti's people.

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collected nearly $ 500 million in donations post-earthquake Haitian relief but did only a very small fraction of what it said it would do with those funds. A June 2015 investigation by

3575: 3540: 2023: 2469: 1536:'s younger brother) served on the advisory board. Spokespeople for Bill and Hillary Clinton said that they were unaware of the fact, and the permits have been placed on hold by the 1236:, said the government would implement "draconian" measures to combat corruption. To aid in this front, Préval named Judge Claudy Gassant as Government Commissioner in August 2006. 1119:("Baby Doc"). Under Duvalier's regime (1971–1986), Haiti's transportation network was plundered, and regime elites frequently "raided the accounts of state monopolies" such as the 1211:

aid received after a series of hurricanes in 2008 had purportedly gone missing on her watch. In October 2009, the Haitian Senate gave her a vote of no confidence and ousted her.

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was arrested upon entry to Haiti on charges of corruption, torture, and murder. In early 2012, investigating magistrate Carves Jean dropped all but the corruption charges.

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In July 2008, evidence was uncovered by an investigative journalist alleging that Aristide had embezzled millions from Haiti's budget via a fraudulent 2003 contract with a

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Martelly "because he kept running into people who had been arrested on charges as serious as murder but were now working at the presidential offices as security guards."

3570: 3480: 1408:"extended to the construction industry, which ignored building codes and bribed inspectors who overlooked flawed structures that would later crumble in the earthquake." 3565: 3560: 3555: 3545: 3550: 1506:) distributed $ 54.4 million in the two years following the Haitian earthquake. Various projects supported by these contributions met with mixed successes. In 2015, 3515: 3420: 3395: 2993: 2181: 3530: 3525: 3455: 3435: 1000:

stated that Haiti's dependency on foreign aid and corrupt legacy have hurt the nation's development more than the growing trend of educated Haitians emigrating.

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those involving the state electric company EDH, are routinely awarded in a non-competitive fashion. This provides significant opportunities for graft.

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The Organization of People in Struggle (OPL), a political party, called in October 2015 for a corruption investigation into all electoral councilors.

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In 2008, a Police Chaplains International revealed that members of the judiciary and police force were divvying up embezzled funds in Port-de-Paix.

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The year 2008 has been called Haiti's "annus horribilis for corruption." In 2008, Haiti was 177th of 180 countries on Transparency International's

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Robert Klitgaard in March 2010, noted that just a few months after the earthquake cynicism is pervasive in the country. Roslyn Hees, coauthor of

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officials. For this reason, charged the article, it was foolish to funnel post-earthquake assistance "through corrupt Haitian institutions."

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Further controversy arose after it was reported that the Haitian government had granted a rare Haitian mining permit to a company for which

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as one of the most difficult environments for business with outdated regulatory boards in place. Haiti's score on the 2018 edition of the

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The Center for Pleas and Legal Assistance (CEPAJ) was founded in May 2008 to provide protection to witnesses and victims of corruption.

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prosecute Parliament members and other highly placed government officials accused of corruption, but this does not happen in practice.

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in 1994 (the U.S.-led intervention that toppled the brutal and corrupt Haiti military dictatorship that had ruled the country since a

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Haiti a small elite hold control over most of the nation's markets, making economic mobility in the private sector nearly nil.

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Four former Haitian police officials were charged in 2005 in the U.S. with helping traffickers ship Colombian cocaine out of

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Corruption has always been "endemic" in Haiti, but "became widespread that it bankrupted state finances" under the rule of

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The Ghosts of Duvalier: Baby Doc's return to Haiti is a potent reminder that his legacy of poverty and corruption lives on

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The Financial Intelligence Unit, a part of the Ministry of Justice, has investigated the misuse of social-security funds.

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In October 2015, The Nation described Martelly's government as "combination of increasing violence and mega-corruption."

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Edouard admitted to having distributed the fake badges, but claimed he had been given official permission to do so.

1270: 3039: 1372: 744: 589: 2523:"Did the Clinton Foundation raise 'hundreds of millions of dollars' for a hospital in Haiti that was never built?" 2306: 1949: 972:, which struck in October 2016, and continued recovery from the devastating earthquake that struck early in 2010. 3646: 3495: 3317: 3156: 3027: 2910: 2632: 1307: 770: 212: 1375:

was accused of diverting $ 750,000 (£490,000) in 2010 Haiti earthquake relief funds into his own bank accounts.

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through customs, but the charges were later dropped. Several customs officials were arrested in the same case.

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In February 2006, the Heritage Foundation's Haiti branch launched an appeal for the legislature to ratify the

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special telecom rates, reduced payments, and other advantages, all of which deprived Haiti of revenue.

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flow through his country, and that Aristide had demanded bribes from other drug traffickers for years.

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of the Human Rights Defense Network made similar critiques and noted the lack of the rule of law.

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publish anything related to Olivier's corruption due to violent reprisals and silencing.

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led efforts leading to further contributions from private companies. Separately, the

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force continued to suffer from serious corruption problems; police have engaged in

990: 3224: 3214: 3161: 2675: 2427:"How the Red Cross Raised Half a Billion Dollars for Haiti – and Built Six Homes" 1537: 1533: 1292: 1279: 1183: 1127: 1068: 980: 123: 59: 2288:"Sins of the Father, Sins of the Son: Corruption in Haiti's Presidential Family" 3326: 3261: 3244: 3239: 3141: 3092: 3005: 2722: 2685: 1968:

The Political Economy of Disaster: Destitution, Plunder and Earthquake in Haiti

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Haiti: The Tumultuous History – From Pearl of the Caribbean to Broken Nation

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A massive, highly destructive earthquake struck Haiti on January 12, 2010.

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President Préval at the Conference towards a New Future for Haiti in 2010

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stated that corruption in Haiti is entrenched due to the system of

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Martelly for involving himself in a civil corruption case against

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understanding of the judiciary's role in combatting corruption.

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dismissed Parliament and began governing by executive order.

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President Michel Martelly at the World Economic Forum in 2012

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Planes unloading supplies for the earthquake relief effort

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Haiti has also had multiple incidents of military unrest.

2470:"The Clinton Bush Haiti Fund Commits Its Remaining Funds" 1498:(created by a partnership between former U.S. presidents 1214: 1197: 1909: 1907: 1436:, called Haiti a high risk environment for corruption. 1190:

bank. An investigation led to a $ 1.3 million fine for

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Trinidad and Tobago, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela

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spent more than $ 30 million in Haiti and through the

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Upon taking office the first time in 1991, President

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Clinton Foundation and Clinton Bush Haiti Fund funds

2362:"Corruption fears stalk Haiti after the earthquake" 2267:"Haiti's First Family Under Corruption Probe Cloud" 2081:Nancy Roc, freelance Journalist for www.fride.org. 1331:circumstances be managing the budget. Sources told 1978: 1976: 1950:"Another Aristide Official Guilty of Drug-Running" 1931:Haitian Police Chief Battles Widespread Corruption 1265: 2307:"Can Haiti's Corrupt President Hold On to Power?" 3623: 2182:"Haitian Leader's Power Grows as Scandals Swirl" 1779:"The World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency" 1434:Preventing Corruption in Humanitarian Operations 979:. Twenty-five percent of Haiti's people live in 3372: 2516: 2514: 1973: 975:Close to 60% of the population lives below the 1202:In a July 2009 interview, then-Prime Minister 3358: 2613: 1722:"Corruption Perceptions Index 2023: Americas" 922: 2511: 1562:United Nations Convention Against Corruption 1135:Aristide presidency (1991, 1994–96, 2001–04) 153:United Nations Convention against Corruption 2444: 2442: 2440: 2197: 2195: 1891: 1872: 1387:Damaged buildings after the 2010 earthquake 3365: 3351: 2620: 2606: 2520: 2468:Pearce, Meg Galloway (December 20, 2012). 2248:"Haiti arrests key anti-corruption lawyer" 2132:"Vast Scheme of Corruption under Aristide" 1925: 1923: 1697:"Corruption Perceptions Index 2023: Haiti" 1543: 1424:Collapsed United Nations building in Haiti 1075:rings and politically motivated killings. 929: 915: 2472:. Clinton Bush Haiti Fund. Archived from 2076: 2074: 1452: 2448: 2437: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2400: 2396: 2394: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2192: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2054: 1915:Haitians struggle with police corruption 1892:O'Grady, Mary Anastasia (Oct 11, 2015). 1820: 1818: 1816: 1814: 1645:Transparency International Secretariat. 1456: 1419: 1382: 1269: 1218: 1106: 1021:, published The Heritage Foundation and 2424: 2323: 2282: 2280: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2114:"Drug Lord: Aristide Runs 85% of Drugs" 2083:"Haiti the bitter grapes of corruption" 1920: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1743: 962: 3624: 2467: 2378: 2179: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 1894:"Diagnosing What Ails Haiti's Economy" 1771: 1651:The State of corruption in Haiti(2003) 1278:Upon taking office in 2011, President 1215:Préval presidency (1996–2001, 2006–11) 1155:In 2004, an exiled Haitian drug lord, 3346: 2601: 2521:Ye Hee Lee, Michelle (13 June 2021). 2494: 2413: 2391: 2359: 2304: 2264: 2214: 2204:"Another Corrupt Haitian Presidency?" 2201: 2051: 1847: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1198:Prime Minister Pierre-Louis (2008–09) 1003: 143:International Anti-Corruption Academy 2839:List of revolutions and coups d'état 2381:"Don't Subsidize Haitian Corruption" 2277: 2160: 1995:(Parlgrace MacMillan: 2005), p. 112. 1791: 1740: 2007: 1873:Worthington, Peter (Jan 17, 2012). 1171:and over a dozen former ministers. 133:International Anti-Corruption Court 13: 2659:Captaincy General of Santo Domingo 2627: 2495:Foote, Willy (December 14, 2012). 2379:Whiton, Christian (Jan 19, 2010). 1836: 1378: 1082:on a flight to the United States. 138:Group of States Against Corruption 14: 3673: 2401:Schwartz, Daniel (Jan 22, 2010). 1096:United Nations special rapporteur 148:International Anti-Corruption Day 3486:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2497:"Clinton Bush Fund Leaves Haiti" 2449:Sullivan, Kevin (Mar 20, 2015). 2227: 2180:Robles, Frances (Mar 16, 2015). 2024:"Addressing Corruption in Haiti" 1588:Beginning in November 2014, the 1336:can take years to be processed. 203:Democratic Republic of the Congo 28: 2577: 2559: 2537: 2488: 2461: 2425:Elliott, Justin (Jun 3, 2015). 2372: 2353: 2336: 2324:Ziegler, Martin (Dec 3, 2015). 2317: 2298: 2265:Young, Jeffrey (Dec 22, 2014). 2258: 2240: 2142: 2124: 2106: 1998: 1985: 1960: 1942: 1885: 1866: 1358: 1308:Inter-American Development Bank 1266:Martelly presidency (2011–2016) 2775:Anti-Duvalier protest movement 2403:"Where is Haiti's government?" 2202:Wayne, Leslie (Nov 26, 2011). 1714: 1689: 1663: 1638: 1606: 1: 2545:"Clinton Foundation in Haiti" 2305:North, James (Oct 29, 2015). 2031:Claremont Graduate University 1728:. CPI2023_Map_Americas_EN.pdf 1632: 3611:United States Virgin Islands 3373:Corruption in North America 2150:"Aristide's Stolen Millions" 1348:Moïse presidency (2017–2021) 1253:Corruption Perceptions Index 953:Corruption Perceptions Index 7: 2360:Davis, Nick (Feb 7, 2015). 1620: 1354:Section needs to be edited. 1071:, theft, drug trafficking, 996:In a January 2012 article, 10: 3678: 1970:(Routledge, 2013), p. 236. 1590:ABA Rule of Law Initiative 1581:In 2011, former president 1486:After the earthquake, the 1390: 1102: 1056:Operation Uphold Democracy 949:Transparency International 3586:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 3504: 3378: 3304: 3195: 3137: 3128: 3068: 3059: 2947: 2938: 2856: 2847: 2748:Unification of Hispaniola 2639: 1492:Clinton Global Initiative 1049: 1018:Index of Economic Freedom 3606:Turks and Caicos Islands 2861:Administrative divisions 2571:American Bar Association 1599: 1954:Haiti Democracy Project 1898:The Wall Street Journal 1544:Anti-corruption efforts 1513:Clinton Bush Haiti Fund 1496:Clinton Bush Haiti Fund 1064:Haitian National Police 1043:The Wall Street Journal 1024:The Wall Street Journal 1009:The Heritage Foundation 55:Economics of corruption 3647:Crime in Haiti by type 3536:British Virgin Islands 2797:2010s cholera outbreak 2758:Post-imperial Republic 1462: 1453:American Red Cross aid 1425: 1388: 1275: 1234:Jacques Édouard Alexis 1224: 1141:Jean-Bertrand Aristide 1112: 1039:Mary Anastasia O'Grady 575:Bosnia and Herzegovina 3476:Saint Kitts and Nevis 2807:Crisis (2018–present) 1460: 1423: 1393:2010 Haiti earthquake 1386: 1363:In June 2015, former 1273: 1222: 1110: 977:national poverty line 161:Corruption by country 110:State-corporate crime 90:Pyrrhic defeat theory 3220:Citadelle Laferrière 3187:Water and sanitation 2926:World Heritage Sites 2671:Atlantic slave trade 2547:. Clinton Foundation 2476:on February 12, 2013 2431:ProPublica & NPR 2154:Haiti Policy Project 2136:Haiti Policy Project 2118:Haiti Policy Project 1939:(February 21, 2006). 1917:(November 26, 1997). 1583:Jean-Claude Duvalier 1523:Haiti Action Network 1406:Jean-Claude Duvalier 1204:Michèle Pierre-Louis 1117:Jean-Claude Duvalier 963:Contributing factors 22:Political corruption 3662:Government of Haiti 3632:Corruption in Haiti 3491:Trinidad and Tobago 3386:Antigua and Barbuda 3011:Chamber of Deputies 2994:Commanders-in-chief 2455:The Washington Post 2350:(January 19, 2011). 1848:Klitgaard, Robert. 1759:Heritage Foundation 1518:The Washington Post 1508:The Washington Post 1442:The Washington Post 1367:vice-president and 1085:In 2005 (under the 942:Corruption in Haiti 3426:Dominican Republic 3292:The Unknown Maroon 3106:Telecommunications 2708:Haitian Revolution 2691:Colonial governors 2664:Colonial governors 2342:Elizabeth Abbott, 2292:Haiti Express News 2186:The New York Times 1913:Associated Press, 1677:. 20 December 2021 1488:Clinton Foundation 1467:American Red Cross 1463: 1426: 1414:Jean-Max Bellerive 1389: 1284:The New York Times 1276: 1242:Dominican Republic 1225: 1113: 1111:"Baby Doc" in 2011 1004:Impact on business 70:Influence peddling 37:Forms and concepts 3642:Politics of Haiti 3619: 3618: 3508:other territories 3340: 3339: 3300: 3299: 3277:Sans-Souci Palace 3124: 3123: 3055: 3054: 3018:Political parties 2962:Foreign relations 2934: 2933: 2834:List of massacres 2824:COVID-19 pandemic 2802:Hurricane Matthew 2525:. Washington Post 1991:Philippe Girard, 1504:George H. W. Bush 998:Peter Worthington 970:Hurricane Matthew 947:Haiti's score on 939: 938: 906: 905: 213:Equatorial Guinea 3669: 3652:Society of Haiti 3637:Economy of Haiti 3576:Saint Barthélemy 3506:Dependencies and 3379:Sovereign states 3367: 3360: 3353: 3344: 3343: 3320: 3313: 3135: 3134: 3096: 3066: 3065: 2945: 2944: 2854: 2853: 2787:2004 coup d'état 2782:1991 coup d'état 2770:Duvalier dynasty 2681:Peace of Ryswick 2622: 2615: 2608: 2599: 2598: 2593: 2592: 2581: 2575: 2574: 2563: 2557: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2541: 2535: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2518: 2509: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2492: 2486: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2465: 2459: 2458: 2446: 2435: 2434: 2422: 2411: 2410: 2398: 2389: 2388: 2376: 2370: 2369: 2357: 2351: 2340: 2334: 2333: 2321: 2315: 2314: 2302: 2296: 2295: 2284: 2275: 2274: 2271:Voice of America 2262: 2256: 2255: 2244: 2238: 2237: 2225: 2212: 2211: 2199: 2190: 2189: 2177: 2158: 2157: 2146: 2140: 2139: 2128: 2122: 2121: 2110: 2104: 2103: 2101: 2100: 2094: 2088:. 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Archived from 2028: 2020: 2005: 2002: 1996: 1989: 1983: 1982:Lundahl, p. 236. 1980: 1971: 1964: 1958: 1957: 1946: 1940: 1927: 1918: 1911: 1902: 1901: 1889: 1883: 1882: 1870: 1864: 1863: 1861: 1860: 1845: 1834: 1833: 1822: 1789: 1788: 1786: 1785: 1775: 1769: 1768: 1766: 1765: 1751: 1738: 1737: 1735: 1733: 1726:Transparency.org 1718: 1712: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1701:Transparency.org 1693: 1687: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1675:Transparency.org 1667: 1661: 1660: 1658: 1657: 1642: 1614: 1610: 1401:Elizabeth Abbott 1333:Voice of America 1188:Turks and Caicos 1157:Beaudouin Ketant 991:Robert Klitgaard 931: 924: 917: 899:Papua New Guinea 680:Northern Ireland 167: 166: 32: 18: 17: 3677: 3676: 3672: 3671: 3670: 3668: 3667: 3666: 3622: 3621: 3620: 3615: 3509: 3507: 3500: 3374: 3371: 3341: 3336: 3323: 3316: 3309: 3296: 3282:Public holidays 3272:National anthem 3191: 3120: 3094: 3051: 2984:Law enforcement 2930: 2866:Arrondissements 2843: 2829:2021 earthquake 2792:2010 earthquake 2763:U.S. occupation 2654:Taíno chiefdoms 2635: 2626: 2596: 2583: 2582: 2578: 2565: 2564: 2560: 2550: 2548: 2543: 2542: 2538: 2528: 2526: 2519: 2512: 2502: 2500: 2493: 2489: 2479: 2477: 2466: 2462: 2447: 2438: 2423: 2414: 2399: 2392: 2377: 2373: 2358: 2354: 2341: 2337: 2322: 2318: 2303: 2299: 2294:. Jul 15, 2015. 2286: 2285: 2278: 2263: 2259: 2254:. Oct 23, 2013. 2246: 2245: 2241: 2226: 2215: 2200: 2193: 2178: 2161: 2148: 2147: 2143: 2138:. Oct 27, 2005. 2130: 2129: 2125: 2120:. Feb 25, 2004. 2112: 2111: 2107: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2085: 2079: 2052: 2043: 2041: 2037: 2026: 2022: 2021: 2008: 2004:Girard, p. 112. 2003: 1999: 1990: 1986: 1981: 1974: 1965: 1961: 1956:. 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Aug 4, 2005. 2141: 2123: 2105: 2050: 2006: 1997: 1984: 1972: 1966:Mats Lundahl, 1959: 1941: 1919: 1903: 1884: 1865: 1835: 1790: 1770: 1739: 1713: 1688: 1662: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1630: 1629: 1627:Crime in Haiti 1622: 1619: 1616: 1615: 1604: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1545: 1542: 1483: 1480: 1454: 1451: 1391:Main article: 1380: 1377: 1360: 1357: 1347: 1267: 1264: 1216: 1213: 1199: 1196: 1149:Dany Toussaint 1136: 1133: 1121:Régie du Tabac 1104: 1101: 1080:Port-au-Prince 1051: 1048: 1031:region in the 1005: 1002: 964: 961: 937: 936: 934: 933: 926: 919: 911: 908: 907: 904: 903: 902: 901: 896: 891: 883: 882: 878: 877: 876: 875: 870: 865: 860: 855: 850: 845: 840: 835: 830: 822: 821: 817: 816: 815: 814: 809: 804: 799: 794: 789: 781: 780: 776: 775: 774: 773: 768: 763: 755: 754: 750: 749: 748: 747: 745:United Kingdom 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 707: 702: 697: 692: 687: 682: 677: 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 642: 637: 632: 627: 622: 617: 612: 607: 602: 597: 592: 590:Czech Republic 587: 582: 577: 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