769:, open-air restaurants with thatched roofs, is common, but accommodations are sparse. One change to encourage tourism was to replace many speed bumps on Highway 200 and other major roads with devices that make the car vibrate instead to control speed. These roads are now also regularly patrolled by the Mexican federal police, which has been trying to control an increased incidence of highway robbery. Chautengo is a large lagoon in the Cruz Grande municipality. Most economic activity is based on fishing, but there are some palapas and food service at the Pico del Monte beach, which is next to where the lagoon opens to the sea. La Bocana is a long beach facing open ocean with a small navigable estuary where the
20:
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Tecoanapa. Highland sites include Piedra
Labrada, Los Zapotales, La Mira, Arcelia del Progreso and Yoloxóchitl all above 650 meters above sea level. Hill sites include Capulín Chocolate, El Pericón, Tecuantepec, El Limón, Horcasitas, Chinantla, San Luis Acatlán and Zoyatlán. Those by the ocean are generally near the mouths of rivers and include Las Arenillas and El Alto. Horcasitas and San Luis Acatlán are notable because they are built on natural elevations to avoid seasonal flooding from the San Luis River.
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279:. Members of this group in the region are often identified by skin color. Some consider the classification to be racism, while others identify as primarily Afro-Mexican. Many also have indigenous or mestizo ancestry. While Africans are described as the “third root,” along with indigenous and Spanish people as part of Mexico heritage, this has often been "forgotten” in the description of the “mestizaje” identity of Mexico, which stresses the mixture of European and indigenous peoples.
375:. The Amuzgo are the most numerous by far, followed by the Mixtec, who are mostly found in Tlacoachistlahuaca. Historically the indigenous peoples associated the African slaves with the Spanish. The colonists sometimes used the slaves to execute indigenous people. Most indigenous and Afro Mexicans live in separate communities or separate neighborhoods of the same community. However, the separation is not absolute, as there have been marriages between indigenous and Afro Mexicans.
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principally fish in open ocean and those that fish in lagoons. Each community has at least one fishing cooperative. The fishing communities include San José Guatemala, Boca del Río, Colonia Juan
Nepmuceno Álvarez, Barra de Copala, Marquilia, Playa La Bocana, Barra de Teconapa, Punta Maldonado, Nuevo Tecomulapa, Las Ramaditas, San Marcos, Pico del Monte and Las Peñas. The two locations with the most fishing activity area Barra de Tecoanapa and Punta Maldonado.
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Fishermen supplement what they make by fishing with agriculture (mostly corn) and some livestock. Despite this, it is still a valuable economic activity for the communities that depend on it. Between 2000 and 2003, 1,229 tons of fish and other ocean specimens were captured off the Costa Chica, with a value of just under 2 million dollars. Given the length of the coastline, this is considered low. Major species include huachinango (
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305:” who found refuge in the area. However, most local stories about how Africans arrived to the area have to do with local shipwrecks, whether it was a slave ship or not. All end with the idea that they found freedom and refuge in the communities along the coast. Due to the isolation of the area and their desire to keep their freedom, little was written about their history.
782:. It has beaches facing the ocean. Playa Ventura is in the municipality of Marquelia. This is a small bay facing open ocean with a long beach and medium waves. Unlike other beaches in the area, this is relatively developed with houses, restaurants and hotels made of cinderblock and concrete, painted in bright colors. Hotel services are basic and camping is permitted.
659:, and some watermelon. In Xochistlahuaca and Tlacoachistlahuaca, the economy is based on agriculture. There is a small but growing commercialization of dairy products such as cheese to outside municipalities. Commerce in this area has been helped by the 1995 construction of highway linking Xochistlahuaca and Tlacoachistlahuaca with the regional commercial center of
429:. Most surplus products are sold in Ometepec. Traditional weaving is done on a backstrap loom, and girls learn the process starting from when they are about six or seven years old. The most traditional garments are made from a local cotton called coyuche, which is grown, cleaned, spun, dyed then woven. The most notable and time-consuming garment is the women's
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as San
Nicolas and Colorado, many Afro-Mexicans continued to use traditional magical practices to cure illness and resolve problems, often combining them with Catholic practice. Xochistlahuaca became an administrative and religious center in 1563, which it was during the height of the Mixtec people. It has remained an important religious center to this day.
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use gas for cooking. Only three percent of the population has access to government health care. Since the late 20th century, more men have migrated out of the region to find work, mostly in tourism centers in
Guerrero, such as Acapulco, and some other states in Mexico. There is also some migration to the US, such as California, Chicago and North Carolina.
796:, which is dedicated to the growing of sesame seed and hibiscus. It lies on the Santo Domingo lagoon, which has a wide variety of fish and birds among its mangroves. Near this is the Barro del Pío, which attracts fishermen in certain seasons. The structures in this area are inhabited only during these seasons.
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occurred on 20 March 2012, and was 7.4 on the
Richter scale. It was centered near Ometepec and was the strongest since the 1985 quake. It was preceded by at least 16 quakes of over 5.0 in the same spring. Municipalities in the region that suffered damage include Ometepec, Xochistlahuaca, Copala, Cruz
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Spanish landholders gave them protection in return for cheap labor, mostly tending cattle and curing leather. Over time, there was significant interracial mixing among
Europeans, indigenous and Africans. Colonial authorities required slaves to convert to Catholicism. But, in smaller communities such
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influence. Much of the region was part of a Mixtec province called
Ayacatla, which had its capital in Igualapa. In addition to the four found today, there were other indigenous groups, such as the Yopenahuatlec in what is now Marquelia, but they disappeared over the colonial period as the indigenous
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From the late 20th century to the present, crime has been a problem for the region. There has been a growing problem with drug trafficking, despite the increased presence of military and federal police. Most municipalities do not have the resources to police the very rural, mostly indigenous areas.
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and accompanying fish and shellfish. The reefs are intended to attract recreational divers. They also serve as breeding areas for the huauchinango fish, which is important for the Costa Chica. The artificial reefs have been placed off various points of the state: in the Costa Chica, about 300 have
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There are fifteen main fishing communities, which capture various ocean and lagoon/estuary species. Thirteen of these are completely dependent on fishing, with San Marcos and
Marquelia having other economic activities, such as commerce and services. Fishing communities are divided among those that
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The Costa Chica is characterized by high indices of socio-economic marginalization; it is one of the poorest regions in the state of
Guerrero. Xochistlahuaca is the 4th-poorest municipality in Guerrero and the 16th-poorest in Mexico. Only 16% of homes have running water and drainage, and only 15%
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Highway 200, built through the region in the early 1960s, stimulated commercial development in the area, as it opened up transportation connections with other areas. With ease of travel, new residents were attracted to the region. Population growth precipitated the need to subdivide areas into new
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in Mexico in 1519. During the colonial period, there was a significant
African slave population. Large quantities of slaves were imported starting in the mid-1500s and by 16th and 17th centuries. The first Africans brought to the Pacific coast arrived to Acapulco brought by Spanish galleons. Many
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The area was developed by colonists in the 16th century for ranching, and they imported slaves to help with the labor. They exported meat, hides and wool. Soon after, the area became inhabited by Africans and Afro-Mexicans. During the colonial period, the Spanish imported a total of about 200,000
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is in the municipality of Cuajinicuilapa. This is a small bay home to a fishing village. There is a couple of restaurants and two very modest hotels. The waves are gentle to moderate depending on the beach. This beach borders the state of Oaxaca. In Punta Maldonado, men go out to sea at night to
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Magical practices, such as the use of amulets and more to cure sickness and other problems, are still found. These practices can be found particularly in very rural Afro-Mexican communities, such as San Nicolas and Colorado. Afro-mestiza culture does not have its own language and dress but it is
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Traditional fishermen on the Guerrero coast earn little and are marginalized socially and economically. But they also are exposed to global pressures on the fishing industry in both marketing their catch and fishing rights offshore. The growing tourism industry threatens commercial fishermen.
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Archeological excavation in the region has been spotty with only preliminary evaluation starting from the 1930s, so information on the pre Hispanic history of this area is limited. Sites have been identified in the municipalities of Azoyú, Juchitán, Marquelia, Ometepec, San Luis Acatlán and
130:
The Costa Chica of Guerrero is a coastal region beginning just southeast of Acapulco, and ending at the Oaxaca state border to the south. It is culturally paired with the Costa Chica of Oaxaca as both have significant populations of Afro-Mexicans, who often also have indigenous ancestry.
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which involves the use of a bull-shaped frame on the center dancer with others around him. While the music plays, various couple step up onto the box to dance on it with vigor. The dance has been interpreted as a way to gain a kind of vengeance as the bull-box represents the Spanish.
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as it parallels the coast. Between the mountains and the ocean is a narrow strip of hilly land called the Lomérios de la Vertiente del Pacífico and coastal plains called the Planicies Costeras. The region is filled with winding rivers which empty into the Pacific. The vegetation is
584:,” characterized by a stomping dance with erotic movements with participants carrying handkerchiefs, part of Afro-Mexican as well as criollo culture. The songs have themes such as love, the environment, animals, politicians and religion. Another genre is called “artesa,” a type of
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In 1878, the Casa Miller was founded in Cuajinicuilapa, which transformed the economy of the area. The enterprise consisted of a soap factory, the raising of cattle and the growing of cotton, on a total of about 125,000 hectares. Products were shipped from Tecoanapa to market.
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devastated the Costa Chica in both Guerrero and Oaxaca with winds reaching between 166 and 200 km/h. The toll was 120 dead, and 8,700 other victims. The region was left with partially destroyed roads with left a number of communities physically isolated for days.
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Seventy percent of the fishermen belong to cooperatives. Fishermen work for themselves, selling to intermediaries. Fishing is limited to the ocean close to shore due to the small fiberglass motorboats used. Most fish is shipped to Acapulco, with lesser amounts to
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conquered the area in 1522, founding the town of Acatlán the same year. In 1531, a Tlapanec uprising forced most of the Spanish residents to flee. During the rest of the 16th century, much of the indigenous population was decimated, primarily due to new
316:. Few of these traditional structures remain; over time, the people adopted local customs. Today, Afro-Mexican culture does not have its own language or dress. It is sometimes distinguished by body language and vocabulary, as well as a shared heritage.
406:. Amuzgo folklore states that they came from islands in the sea. The Amuzgo also populated the coast but Mixtec expansion, the Spanish conquest, and later African migration pushed them into the mountains. One interpretation of the name “Amuzgo” is from
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empties into the Pacific Ocean. The area is filled with palapa restaurants as the beach is popular with locals. La Peñitas has two small bays facing the ocean, and one mostly closed off and protected by a strip of land. Accommodations in small
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been placed in Marquelia and Copala. At Playa Ventura, the blocks also serve to break waves making the surf here gentler for swimmers. In the past the beaches of this area were considered dangerous for tourists but this is no longer the case.
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As of 2000, about a quarter of the population of the Costa Chica region was illiterate. The municipality of Cuajinicuilapa having the highest rate at 30%. The government has worked for twenty years to try to improve education in the region.
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During the colonial period, the Amuzgo and other indigenous had their land taken from them and were forced to pay rent where they lived. They began to fight to take the land back in 1920, which resulted in the establishment of an Amuzgo
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low height tropical forest that loses most of its leaves during the dry season from November to May. Oceanside municipalities include San Marcos, Florencio Villarreal, Copala, Marquelia and Cuajinicuilapa. The three main lagoons are
600:(The Devils), which is performed by a group of men in masks with long beards. The dancers are “encouraged” by assistants wielding leather whips. This is performed on 31 October in preparation for the national holiday of the
437:. Many Amuzgos in Guerrero still wear traditional garments, with men wearing loose white cotton pants and shirt and the women wearing a huipil and dress. However, those made with commercial cloth are becoming more common.
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distinguished by body language and vocabulary as well as a shared heritage. There have been efforts to strengthen and promote the African-descended culture of the Costa Chica. One of these is the establishment of the
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The Costa Chica has one of Mexico's unique music and dance traditions. Many of the songs and dances reflect the interethnic conflicts of the region over the centuries. One notable music and dance style is called
378:
The Amuzgo live in the border region of Guerrero and Oaxaca, near the Pacific Coast. Municipalities with the largest Amuzgo population in order are Xochistlahuaca, Tlacoachistlahuaca, Ometepec in Guerrero and
604:. These devils represent the underworld. Other traditional dances of the region include 'La Tortuga,' 'Los Doce Pares de Francia' and 'La Conquista.' These dances feature characters such as Hernán Cortés,
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or ballad tradition. One type of corrido simultaneously glorifies and chastises “hombres bragado” (“ballsy men”) who risk their lives, often with violence, to defend local notions of honor and glory.
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Communities have developed various citizen patrols and justice systems, which mostly mete out community service as punishment. Most of these have been legally recognized by local authorities.
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fish, with women taking the catch to market in the morning. The area also produces rock lobsters just a few meters off shore. The small lighthouse is close to the Guerrero/Oaxaca border.
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106:. The region is one of the poorest in Mexico, with an economy based on subsistence agriculture and fishing, with some commerce, especially along Highway 200, which parallels the coast.
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speaking population at about 35,000, but ethnic studies put the number at about 50,000, with about eighty percent living in the state of Guerrero. The Amuzgo language belongs to the
234:
The area has a hot climate that reaches an average high temperature of 32C. The dry season extends from November to May and a rainy season from June to October. The area is prone to
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While the Costa Chica is generally unknown to tourists, the state government has worked to promote it. It has sunk cement blocks designed to allow the growth of coral to form
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The main economic activities are agriculture, livestock and fishing, with corn being the most important crop, grown by households for their own consumption. One cash crop is
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inhabitants. Most other roads in the area are in poor condition, either because they are deteriorated or unpaved. During the rainy season, they can be impassable.
1138:
White, Kelvin L (October 17, 2009). "Meztizaje and remembering in Afro-Mexican communities of the Costa Chica: implications for archival education in Mexico".
74:, who settled in the area as escaped slaves. The Afro-Mexican presence in Guerrero is strongest in this region, especially in the coastal municipalities from
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carried by colonists; they also suffered from war and overwork. In Xochistlahuaca there were about 20,000 indigenous in 1522 but by 1582, only 200 survived.
267:
The Costa Chica (of both Guerrero and Oaxaca) is one of two zones in Mexico with significant Afro-Mexican populations, with the other being in the state of
286:, disease, war and overwork killed part of the native population. In a number of areas, the Spanish brought in African slaves to replace the lost labor.
1363:
1123:"Es la música de la Costa Chica, importante legado cultural de México" [It’s the music of the Costa Chica, important cultural legacy of Mexico].
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The historic Afro-Mexican communities were known for building round mud huts with thatched roofs, the design of which can be traced back to what are now
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490:. Working on sugar plantations, in mines and in ranching, slaves who escaped migrated to the isolated Costa Chica region, where they found refuge.
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Grande and Marquelia. Most of the serious damage from this quake occurred in the Costa Chica region, with over 900 homes made inhabitable.
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The origin of the Amuzgo is unknown. One theory states that the group migrated to its current location from the north from the area of the
1017:(in Spanish). Mexico: INAFED Instituto para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal SEGOB Secretaría de Gobernación. 2010. Archived from
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433:, which has, at times, very complicated designs woven into it. A number of Amuzgo weavers have been recognized for their work, including
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Sergio Flores; Jesus Guerrero (March 15, 2007). "Pegan dengue y rotavirus a Guerrero" [Dengue and Rotavirus hit in Guerrero].
967:
410:, meaning “place of books,” probably indicating that the region had administrative functions. The name of the language in Amuzgo is
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Riveroll, Julieta (January 2, 2008). "Revaloran la negritud de la Costa Chica" [Revalue the blackness of the Costa Chica].
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The Costa Chica is one of the seven regions of the state along with Zona Norte, Tierra Caliente, Centro, La Montaña, Acapulco and
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Jesus Guerrero (October 27, 2003). "Forman en Guerrero seguridad autonoma" [Autonomous security is formed in Guerrero].
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Hugo Martinez; Sergio Flores; Ivan Rendon; Jesus Guerrero (October 10, 1997). "Devasta 'Paulina'" [Pauline devastates].
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271:. While Afro-Mexicans are found in most parts of the Costa Chica, the highest concentrations in Guerrero are found between
545:
1188:
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Alfonso Juárez (March 21, 2010). "Apuesta Guerrero a arrecife artificial" [Guerrero bets on artificial reefs].
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San Marcos, which is along Highway 200, is the region's most important commercial center. It is followed by Ometepec.
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in Oaxaca. Most economic development, especially commerce, has taken place along this highway as well, mostly among
588:, which is performed in front of a type of an elongated wooden box fitted with a bull's head. It is also called
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on his way to Acapulco. At the end of the war, the region became part of the Capitanía General del Sur, with
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1049:[Among the archeological ruina… Traversing the Costa Chica de Guerrero] (in Spanish). Mexico:
663:. Marquelia has large expanses of coconut groves, whose fruit is mostly used to produce soap and oil.
327:. The history and culture of these people is also the focus of a museum in Cuajinicuilapa, called the
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655:, which is sold locally and nationally, and another is sesame seed. Other common crops are coconut,
1366:[After 44 aftershocks, residents of the Costa Chica de Guerrero fear another earthquake].
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Pena, Manual (Winter 2004). "Poetry and Violence: The Ballad Tradition of Mexico's Costa Chica".
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Most municipalities of the region are joined by Federal Highway 200, stretching from Acapulco to
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occurred in the 1930s. This ejido was recognized as the municipality of Xochistlahuaca in 1934.
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Jesus Guerrero (April 7, 2008). "Crean policía comunitaria" [Create community police].
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Triedo, Nicolas (July 24, 2005). "Costa Chica: Recorrela" [Costa Chica: Explore it].
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municipalities. Marquelia was made a municipality in 2002 and Juchitán became one in 2004.
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86:, who are by far the largest indigenous ethnicity in the region, in the municipalities of
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98:. The Amuzgo, especially in Xochistlahuca, still wear traditional clothing and speak the
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1319:[Summary of the history of San Marcos] (in Spanish). Mexico: State of Guerrero
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Generally tourist facilities are very basic and rustic. Food service, generally under
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974:(in Spanish). Mexico: Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas.
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is available along with restaurants. Barra de Tecoanapa is next to the mouth of the
509:, an Afro-Mexican, as its head. In 1824, the Ometepec area was part of the state of
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African slaves from West Africa to Mexico over three centuries. Most were landed at
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are relatively common health problems in the region, as in the rest of the state.
1289:, Smithsonian Institution: Migrations in History, n.d., accessed 24 November 2014
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for “small coast of Guerrero") is an area along the south coast of the state of
1364:"Luego de 44 replicas, habitantes de Costa Chica de Guerrero temen nuevo sismo"
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895:[Territorial perspective on fishing on the Costa Chica of Guerrero]
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Enciclopedia de Los Municipios y Delegaciones de México Estado de Guerrero
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came through the region, entering from Oaxaca to take the area during the
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Ireneo Santanna, director of the Amuzgo Community Museum in Xochistlahuaca
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Villerías Salinas, Salvador; Álvaro Sánchez Crispín (December 17, 2008).
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1509:[Beaches of Costa Chica] (in Spanish). Mexico: State of Guerrero
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Map depicting the slave trade at the Museo de las Culturas Afromeztizas
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903:(in Spanish) (71). Mexico City: Instituto de Geografía, UNAM: 43–56.
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1047:"Entre Ruinas Arqueológicas… Recorriendo La Costa Chica de Guerrero"
893:"Perspectiva territorial de la pesca en la Costa Chica de Guerrero"
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843:"Mexico's Black heritage: the Costa Chica of Guerrero and Oaxaca"
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Display at the Museo de las Culturas Afromestizas with a "torito"
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Cracks at the parish church in Xochistlahuaca from the 2012 quake
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Archeological pieces at the Xochistlahuaca Community Museum
1370:(in Spanish). Mexico City. March 23, 2012. Archived from
1261:[History] (in Spanish). Mexico: State of Guerrero
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later arrivals included escaped black slaves, called “
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Residents of Punta Maldonada with freshly caught fish
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Arcelia del Progreso, Marquelia and Yoloxóchitl show
51:border. Geographically, it consists of part of the
1393:Marcela Turati; Ezequiel Flores (March 31, 2012).
255:View inside the Museo de las Culturas Afromestizas
142:. There are fifteen municipalities in the region:
465:During the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire,
319:The culture was featured in a documentary called
138:. The largest metropolitan area of the region is
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423:traditional textile production among the Amuzgos
1285:Africa's Legacy in Mexico: A Legacy of Slavery"
1189:"Cuajinicuilapa, en la Costa Chica de Guerrero"
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59:. Various rivers here form large estuaries and
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1439:(in Spanish). Guadalajara, Mexico. p. 16.
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343:Amugzo woman piecing cloth together to make a
126:View of the beach at Punta Maldonado - El Faro
63:that host various species of commercial fish.
23:Location of the Costa Chica region in Guerrero
1424:(in Spanish). Guajalajara, Mexico. p. 8.
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1191:(in Spanish). Mexico City: Mexico Desconocido
1127:(in Spanish). Mexico City. September 9, 2008.
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1397:[Guerrero:Circus, abuses and alms].
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425:, along with ceramics, leather, cheese and
414:(word of water). The name of the people is
359:Indigenous peoples of the area include the
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1146:. Springer Science+Business Media: 43–55.
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118:Ravine in the mountains of Xochistlahuaca
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205:Most of the terrain is dominated by the
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70:as both have significant populations of
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1344:(in Spanish). Mexico: State of Guerrero
1304:Part 3: "Where Did Mexico's Blacks Go?"
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596:Another important folk dance is called
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1488:(in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 16.
1454:(in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 18.
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966:Aguirre Pérez, Irma Guadalupe (2007).
674:Amuzgo woman weaving in Xochistlahuaca
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1214:(in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 8.
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1103:(in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 1.
1088:(in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 6.
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1395:"Guerrero: Circo, abusos y limosnas"
1226:"Museo de las Culturas Afromestizas"
284:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
263:Afro-Mexican girl at Punta Maldonado
546:last major earthquake in the region
13:
841:Vaugh, Bobby (September 1, 1998).
753:Palapa restaurants at Playa Bocana
625:Museo de las Culturas Afromestizas
383:in Oaxaca. Census figures put the
329:Museo de las Culturas Afromestizas
102:. Many women still weave cloth on
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1317:"Reseña Historica de San Marcos"
525:in 1933. Land redistribution in
227:. The largest bay is the Bay of
16:Coastal area in Guerrero, Mexico
1293:
1232:(in Spanish). Mexico: CONACULTA
1230:Sistema de Información Cultural
238:from June to October. In 1997,
43:, extending from just south of
970:[Amuzgos of Guerrero]
462:population markedly declined.
323:by La Maga Films sponsored by
1:
816:
687:), lisa (Mugel sp), bandera (
66:This area is paired with the
1467:Journal of American Folklore
335:Amuzgos and other indigenous
109:
7:
901:Investigaciones Geográficas
799:
503:Mexican War of Independence
10:
1593:
736:
634:
499:José María Morelos y Pavón
440:
290:, one of numerous African
1543:16.7940222°N 98.9978028°W
1401:(in Spanish). Mexico City
1152:10.1007/s10502-009-9102-5
615:The region has an active
435:Florentina López de Jesús
792:Near Punta Maldonado is
745:View at Chautengo Lagoon
418:(people in the middle).
1548:16.7940222; -98.9978028
1507:"Playas de Costa Chica"
697:lutjanus argentiventris
685:Crossostrea virginensis
29:Costa Chica of Guerrero
754:
746:
675:
644:
612:and Turkish horsemen.
576:
537:
482:
450:
356:
348:
264:
256:
247:Afro-Mexican community
127:
119:
24:
1572:Geography of Guerrero
968:"Amuzgos de Guerrero"
752:
744:
673:
642:
608:, Moctezuma and even
574:
567:Culture and education
535:
480:
448:
354:
342:
262:
254:
125:
117:
68:Costa Chica of Oaxaca
22:
1045:Israel Román Ramos.
991:on December 15, 2013
207:Sierra Madre del Sur
160:Florencio Villarreal
53:Sierra Madre del Sur
1577:Geography of Mexico
1539: /
1374:on January 21, 2013
1013:[Regions].
805:Regions of Guerrero
472:infectious diseases
421:There is important
389:Oto manguean family
755:
747:
676:
645:
577:
538:
483:
451:
357:
349:
265:
257:
231:next to Acapulco.
184:Tlacoachistlahuaca
128:
120:
92:Tlacoachistlahuaca
25:
1567:Regions of Mexico
1306:, UPI, 9 May 2002
1283:Colin A. Palmer,
1011:"Regionalización"
981:978-970-753-084-3
724:Pinotepa Nacional
683:), rock oysters (
467:Pedro de Alvarado
393:Mixtec sub family
381:San Pedro Amuzgos
240:Hurricane Pauline
1584:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1503:
1490:
1489:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1338:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1313:
1307:
1297:
1291:
1280:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1255:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1185:
1156:
1155:
1140:Archival Science
1135:
1129:
1128:
1120:
1105:
1104:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1081:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1042:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1021:on March 6, 2012
1007:
1001:
1000:
998:
996:
990:
984:. Archived from
973:
963:
920:
919:
917:
915:
898:
888:
855:
854:
852:
850:
838:
813:
759:artificial reefs
507:Vicente Guerrero
172:San Luis Acatlán
1592:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1557:
1556:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1512:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1493:
1482:
1478:
1473:(463): 107–108.
1463:
1459:
1448:
1444:
1433:
1429:
1418:
1414:
1404:
1402:
1391:
1387:
1377:
1375:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1347:
1345:
1340:
1339:
1332:
1322:
1320:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1298:
1294:
1281:
1274:
1264:
1262:
1257:
1256:
1245:
1235:
1233:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1208:
1204:
1194:
1192:
1187:
1186:
1159:
1136:
1132:
1122:
1121:
1108:
1097:
1093:
1082:
1065:
1055:
1053:
1043:
1034:
1024:
1022:
1009:
1008:
1004:
994:
992:
988:
982:
971:
964:
923:
913:
911:
896:
889:
858:
848:
846:
839:
824:
819:
807:
802:
794:Tierra Colorada
786:Punta Maldonado
771:Marquelia River
739:
637:
602:Day of the Dead
569:
443:
337:
249:
112:
104:backstrap looms
100:Amuzgo language
17:
12:
11:
5:
1590:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1521:
1520:
1491:
1476:
1457:
1442:
1427:
1412:
1385:
1368:Diario Crítico
1355:
1330:
1308:
1300:Steve Sailer,
1292:
1272:
1243:
1217:
1202:
1157:
1130:
1106:
1091:
1063:
1032:
1002:
980:
921:
856:
821:
820:
818:
815:
801:
798:
780:Quetzala River
738:
735:
699:) and others.
693:Caranx caninus
636:
633:
568:
565:
442:
439:
336:
333:
321:Santa Negritud
294:, accompanied
277:Cuajinicuilapa
248:
245:
229:Puerto Marques
192:Cuajinicuilapa
188:Xochistlahuaca
111:
108:
88:Xochistlahuaca
80:Cuajinicuilapa
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1589:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1555:
1552:
1534:98°59′52.09″W
1531:16°47′38.48″N
1508:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1487:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1461:
1453:
1446:
1438:
1431:
1423:
1416:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1359:
1343:
1337:
1335:
1318:
1312:
1305:
1303:
1296:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1279:
1277:
1260:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1213:
1206:
1190:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1134:
1126:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1102:
1095:
1087:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1052:
1048:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1006:
987:
983:
977:
969:
962:
960:
958:
956:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
910:
906:
902:
894:
887:
885:
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
871:
869:
867:
865:
863:
861:
844:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
822:
814:
811:
806:
797:
795:
790:
787:
783:
781:
777:
772:
768:
763:
760:
751:
743:
734:
731:
729:
725:
720:
718:
714:
710:
706:
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
681:Lutjanus peru
672:
668:
664:
662:
658:
654:
649:
641:
632:
628:
626:
620:
618:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
594:
591:
587:
583:
573:
564:
562:
558:
554:
550:
547:
542:
534:
530:
528:
524:
518:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
495:
491:
489:
479:
475:
473:
468:
463:
460:
455:
447:
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
404:South America
401:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
353:
346:
341:
332:
330:
326:
322:
317:
315:
311:
306:
304:
303:
297:
296:Hernán Cortés
293:
292:conquistadors
289:
285:
280:
278:
274:
270:
261:
253:
244:
241:
237:
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
213:
208:
203:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
132:
124:
116:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
72:Afro-Mexicans
69:
64:
62:
58:
57:Pacific Ocean
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
21:
1524:
1511:. Retrieved
1485:
1479:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1451:
1445:
1436:
1430:
1421:
1415:
1403:. Retrieved
1398:
1388:
1376:. Retrieved
1372:the original
1367:
1358:
1346:. Retrieved
1321:. Retrieved
1311:
1301:
1295:
1288:
1284:
1263:. Retrieved
1234:. Retrieved
1229:
1220:
1211:
1205:
1193:. Retrieved
1143:
1139:
1133:
1124:
1100:
1094:
1085:
1054:. Retrieved
1023:. Retrieved
1019:the original
1014:
1005:
993:. Retrieved
986:the original
912:. Retrieved
900:
847:. Retrieved
845:. Mexconnect
803:
791:
784:
764:
756:
732:
721:
705:Chilpancingo
701:
677:
665:
650:
646:
629:
621:
614:
597:
595:
589:
578:
555:
551:
543:
539:
519:
515:
496:
492:
484:
464:
456:
452:
420:
415:
411:
400:Pánuco River
397:
377:
358:
320:
318:
307:
300:
288:Juan Garrido
281:
266:
233:
204:
136:Costa Grande
133:
129:
65:
28:
26:
1546: /
808: [
610:Charlemagne
598:Los Diablos
325:Susana Harp
314:Ivory Coast
1561:Categories
1342:"Ometepec"
1259:"Historia"
817:References
695:), pargo (
691:), jurel (
606:Cuauhtémoc
590:El Torito,
427:piloncillo
302:cimarrones
282:After the
225:Tres Palos
176:San Marcos
140:San Marcos
1513:April 18,
1405:April 18,
1378:April 18,
1348:April 18,
1323:April 18,
1302:Race Now,
1265:April 18,
1236:April 18,
1195:April 18,
1056:April 18,
1025:April 18,
995:April 18,
914:April 18,
909:0188-4611
849:April 18,
776:bungalows
561:rotovirus
497:In 1813,
391:, in the
273:Marquelia
221:Chautengo
212:deciduous
196:Marquelia
180:Tecoanapa
156:Cuautepec
110:Geography
76:Marquelia
800:See also
661:Ometepec
653:hibiscus
586:fandango
488:Veracruz
416:nnánncue
369:Tlapanec
312:and the
269:Veracruz
236:cyclones
217:Tecomate
200:Juchitán
168:Ometepec
164:Igualapa
96:Ometepec
45:Acapulco
37:Guerrero
1486:Reforma
1452:Reforma
1399:Proceso
1212:Reforma
1125:NOTIMEX
1101:Reforma
1086:Reforma
767:palapas
737:Tourism
728:mestizo
713:Chilapa
689:Ariidae
635:Economy
617:corrido
582:chilena
441:History
408:Nahuatl
373:Chatino
61:lagoons
47:to the
33:Spanish
978:
907:
709:Tecpan
557:Dengue
527:ejidos
511:Puebla
431:huipil
412:ñomnda
385:Amuzgo
365:Mixtec
361:Amuzgo
345:huipil
152:Copala
144:Ayutla
84:Amuzgo
49:Oaxaca
41:Mexico
1437:Mural
1422:Mural
989:(PDF)
972:(PDF)
897:(PDF)
812:]
717:Tlapa
657:mango
523:ejido
459:Olmec
310:Ghana
148:Azoyú
1515:2012
1407:2012
1380:2012
1350:2012
1325:2012
1267:2012
1238:2012
1197:2012
1058:2012
1051:INAH
1027:2012
997:2012
976:ISBN
916:2012
905:ISSN
851:2012
715:and
559:and
544:The
371:and
275:and
223:and
198:and
94:and
27:The
1471:117
1148:doi
78:to
1563::
1494:^
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859:^
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1150::
1144:9
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918:.
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580:“
347:.
31:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
