Human spaceflight - Knowledge

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spaceship portion of the BFR, which would transport people on point-to-point suborbital flights or on missions to the moon or Mars, will be tested on Earth first in a series of short hops. ... a full-scale Ship doing short hops of a few hundred kilometers altitude and lateral distance ... fairly easy

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tank en route to the Moon. The tank burst when electrical power was applied to internal stirring fans in the tank, causing the immediate loss of all of its contents, and also damaging the second tank, causing the gradual loss of its remaining oxygen over a period of 130 minutes. This in turn caused a

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test pilot G.B. North passed out and was seriously injured when testing a Mercury cabin–space suit atmosphere system in a vacuum chamber, due to nitrogen-rich air leaking from the cabin into his space suit feed. This incident led NASA to decide on a pure oxygen atmosphere for the Mercury, Gemini, and

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Due to these mental disorders, the efficiency of astronauts' work is impaired; and sometimes they are brought back to Earth, incurring the expense of their mission being aborted. A Russian expedition to space in 1976 was returned to Earth after the cosmonauts reported a strong odor that resulted in a

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on 5 April 1975. The abort occurred after the launch escape system had been jettisoned when the launch vehicle's spent second stage failed to separate before the third stage ignited and the vehicle strayed off course. The crew finally managed to separate the spacecraft, firing its engines to pull it

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There are two basic choices for an artificial atmosphere: either an Earth-like mixture of oxygen and an inert gas such as nitrogen or helium, or pure oxygen, which can be used at lower than standard atmospheric pressure. A nitrogen–oxygen mixture is used in the International Space Station and Soyuz

2084:. She flew in 1963, but it was not until the 1980s that another woman entered space. At the time, all astronauts were required to be military test pilots; women were not able to enter this career, which is one reason for the delay in allowing women to join space crews. After the rules were changed, 1265:

had no main rocket engines, but like the Space Shuttle orbiter, it used smaller rocket engines to perform its final orbital insertion. A single uncrewed orbital test flight took place in November 1988. A second test flight was planned by 1993, but the program was canceled due to lack of funding and

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as a "life boat". The tank failure was determined to be caused by two mistakes: the tank's drain fitting had been damaged when it was dropped during factory testing, necessitating the use of its internal heaters to boil out the oxygen after a pre-launch test; which in turn damaged the fan wiring's

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There are two main sources of hazard in space flight: those due to the hostile space environment, and those due to possible equipment malfunctions. Addressing these issues is of great importance for NASA and other space agencies before conducting the first extended crewed missions to destinations

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Despite these developments, women are still underrepresented among astronauts and especially cosmonauts. More than 600 people have flown in space but only 75 have been women. Issues that block potential applicants from the programs, and limit the space missions they are able to go on, are, for

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or leg muscles used for standing up, which causes the muscles to weaken and get smaller. Astronauts can lose up to twenty per cent of their muscle mass on spaceflights lasting five to eleven days. The consequent loss of strength could be a serious problem in case of a landing emergency. Upon

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due to cabin decompression following the separation of their descent capsule from the service module. A cabin ventilation valve had been jolted open at an altitude of 168 kilometres (104 mi) by the stronger-than-expected shock of explosive separation bolts, which were designed to fire

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as early as 1986 or as late as 2000, depending on the level of funding allocated. However, Nixon knew the American political climate would not support congressional funding for such an ambition, and killed proposals for all but the Shuttle, possibly to be followed by the space station.

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can cause both short- and long-term consequences to the bone marrow stem cells from which blood and immune-system cells are created. Because the interior of a spacecraft is so small, a weakened immune system and more active viruses in the body can lead to a fast spread of infection.

1393:, was launched on 20 November 1999 and recovered the next day, marking the first step of the realization of China's human spaceflight capability. Three more uncrewed missions were conducted in the next few years in order to verify the key technologies. On 15 October 2003 1869:

launch vehicle. Starliner made an uncrewed flight in December 2019. A second uncrewed flight attempt was launched in May 2022. A crewed flight to fully certify Starliner was launched in June 2024. Similar to SpaceX, development funding has been provided by a mix of

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use the term "human spaceflight" to refer to their programs of launching people into space. These endeavors have also formerly been referred to as "manned space missions", though this is no longer official parlance according to NASA style guides, which call for

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The dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 brought an end to the Cold War and opened the door to true cooperation between the US and Russia. The Soviet Soyuz and Mir programs were taken over by the Russian Federal Space Agency, which became known as the

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by 2030, followed by a crewed lunar mission. The program envisages the development of a fully-autonomous orbital vehicle capable of carrying 2 or 3 crew members to an about 300 km (190 mi) low Earth orbit and bringing them safely back home.

2829:, a fully reusable two-stage system, with near-Earth and cislunar applications and an ultimate goal of landing on Mars. The upper stage of the Starship system, also called Starship, has had 9 atmospheric test flights as of September 2021. The first 5260:. Armstrong had to shut the control system off and use the reentry control system to stop the spin. The craft made an emergency reentry and the astronauts landed safely. The most probable cause was determined to be an electrical short due to a 4920:(the sense of the relative position of one's own parts of the body and strength of effort being employed in movement) – As a result of weightlessness, few forces are exerted on the astronauts' muscles; and there is less stimulus to this system. 4560:

Astronauts may not be able to quickly return to Earth or receive medical supplies, equipment, or personnel if a medical emergency occurs. The astronauts may have to rely for long periods on limited resources and medical advice from the ground.

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Gueguinou, N.; Huin-Schohn, C.; Bascove, M.; Bueb, J.-L.; Tschirhart, E.; Legrand-Frossi, C.; Frippiat, J.-P. (2009). "Could spaceflight-associated immune system weakening preclude the expansion of human presence beyond Earth's orbit".

5162:(commonly known as "the bends") when transitioning to or from the pure oxygen space suit environment. There have been instances of injury and fatalities caused by suffocation in the presence of too much nitrogen and not enough oxygen. 2634:. The first crewed flight was in 1967. As of August 2022, there have been 149 crewed flights, all of them orbital except one suborbital flight abort and one atmospheric flight abort. The first 66 flights were launched by the 2096:

became the next woman to enter space and the first woman to enter space through the United States program.Since then, eleven other countries have allowed women astronauts. The first all-female spacewalk occurred in 2018, by

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During astronauts' spaceflight, they are in an extreme environment. This, and the fact that little change is taking place in the environment, will result in the weakening of sensory input to the astronauts' seven senses.

11541: 1379:(CMS), also known as "Project 921", authorization and funding was given for the first phase of a third, successful attempt at crewed spaceflight. To achieve independent human spaceflight capability, China developed the 2468:

For many years, the USSR (later Russia) and the United States were the only countries whose astronauts flew in space. That ended with the 1978 flight of Vladimir Remek. As of 2010, citizens from 38 nations (including

2890:, including space tourists, flown or intending to fly by a foreign country's or non-domestic private company's space systems – who are not counted in this list toward their country's national spacefaring attempts. 5205:

A pure oxygen atmosphere carries the risk of fire. The original design of the Apollo spacecraft used pure oxygen at greater than atmospheric pressure prior to launch. An electrical fire started in the cabin of

4894:– The space station has a permanent odor described as the smell of gunpowder. Due to the zero gravity, the bodily fluids rise to the face and prevent the sinuses from drying up, which dulls the sense of smell. 10256: 1563:. The projects were canceled in 1992 when it became clear that neither cost nor performance goals could be achieved. No Hermes shuttles were ever built. The Columbus space station was reconfigured as the 5021:

carried ejection seats and escape hatches for its pilot and copilot in early flights; but these could not be used for passengers who sat below the flight deck on later flights, and so were discontinued.

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expendable launch vehicle. A string of failures in 1998 led to funding reductions, and the project's cancellation in 2003 in favor of participation in the International Space Station program through the

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Participation and representation of humanity in space has been an issue ever since the first phase of space exploration. Some rights of non-spacefaring countries have been secured through international

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Electrical fire in the cabin, spread quickly by 16.7 psi (1.15 bar) pure oxygen atmosphere and flammable nylon materials in cabin and space suits, during pre-launch test; inability to remove

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Meanwhile, the USSR remained silent about their intentions to send humans to the Moon and proceeded to stretch the limits of their single-pilot Vostok capsule by adapting it to a two or three-person

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decided on 14 July 1967 that China should not be left behind, and initiated their own crewed space program: the top-secret Project 714, which aimed to put two people into space by 1973 with the

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Size comparisons between current and past space stations as they appeared most recently. Solar panels in blue, heat radiators in red. Stations have different depths not shown by silhouettes.

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rocket dedicated to human spaceflight in the next few years, along with critical infrastructures like a new launch site and flight control center being built. The first uncrewed spacecraft,

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foam insulation broken off during launch; penetration of hot atmospheric gases during re-entry, leading to structural failure of the wing, loss of control and disintegration of the orbiter

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at least, and could even be fatal "in a poorly shielded spacecraft". Another storm that could have inflicted a potentially lethal dose of radiation on astronauts outside Earth's protective

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fear of fluid leakage; but after a thorough investigation, it became clear that there was no leakage or technical malfunction. It was concluded by NASA that the cosmonauts most likely had

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after 2020, has been proposed by SpaceX for long-distance commercial travel on Earth, flying 100+ people suborbitally between two points in under one hour, also known as "Earth-to-Earth".

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As of December 2015, 23 crew members have died in accidents aboard spacecraft. Over 100 others have died in accidents during activities directly related to spaceflight or testing.

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on 29 April 2021. It was later visited by multiple cargo and crewed spacecraft and demonstrated China's capability of sustaining Chinese astronauts' long-term stay in space.

18074: 17648: 15694: 10828: 7000: 1689:, the Obama administration canceled Constellation for being over budget and behind schedule, while not innovating and investing in critical new technologies. As part of the 5391:

Malfunction of primary landing parachute, and entanglement of reserve parachute; loss of 50% electrical power and spacecraft control problems necessitating emergency abort

11585: 9157: 8499:"Report from Joseph P. Kerwin, biomedical specialist from the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, relating to the deaths of the astronauts in the Challenger accident" 18044: 11546: 16301: 16296: 12695: 6870: 4774:. If estimated correctly, the amount of radiation that astronauts would be exposed to from a solar storm similar to that of the most powerful in recorded history, the 1150:

The two nations continued to compete rather than cooperate in space, as the US turned to developing the Space Shuttle and planning the space station, which was dubbed

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capsule, respectively. Both would carry approximately a half-dozen passengers up to space for a brief time of zero gravity before returning to the launch location.

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in 1965 and 1966. Gemini's objective was to support Apollo by developing American orbital spaceflight experience and techniques to be used during the Moon mission.

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Several other countries and space agencies have announced and begun human spaceflight programs using natively developed equipment and technology, including Japan (

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foam insulation that had broken off and struck the wing during launch. Hot reentry gasses entered and destroyed the wing structure, leading to the breakup of the

4802:, could potentially have caused any astronauts who were exposed to it to suffer from acute radiation sickness, and may even have been lethal for those engaged in 2723:

Most of the time, the only humans in space are those aboard the ISS, which generally has a crew of 7, and those aboard Tiangong, which generally has a crew of 3.

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discharge, which caused the thruster to remain powered even when switched off. The control system was modified to put each thruster on its own isolated circuit.

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Medical data from astronauts in low Earth orbits for long periods, dating back to the 1970s, show several adverse effects of a microgravity environment: loss of

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Smith, Michael G., Michelle Kelley, and Mathias Basner. "A brief history of spaceflight from 1961 to 2020: An analysis of missions and astronaut demographics."

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There is also some scientific concern that extended spaceflight might slow down the body's ability to protect itself against diseases, resulting in a weakened

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has the longest period of continuous human presence in space, 2 November 2000 to present (23 years and 334 days). This record was previously held by

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According to CMS announcement, all missions of Tiangong Space Station are scheduled to be carried out by the end of 2022. Once the construction is completed,

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on the vehicle, as no heat shield is needed, we can have a large amount of reserve propellant and don't need the high area ratio, deep space Raptor engines.

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above the Moon, setting the current record for the highest absolute altitude attained by a crewed spacecraft: 400,171 kilometers (248,655 miles) from Earth.

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space station, Russian cosmonauts flying on the Shuttle, and an American astronaut flying aboard a Soyuz spacecraft for long-duration expeditions aboard

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and were stationed for about 30 days, verifying the viability of astronauts' medium-term stay in space. In April 2017, China's first cargo spacecraft,

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in 1991. Two more orbiters were never completed, and the one that performed the uncrewed flight was destroyed in a hangar roof collapse in May 2002.

6550: 6460: 5781: 4196: 18081: 11526: 10291: 9860: 8306: 6914: 5696: 4994:, the escape tower being discarded at some point after launch, at a point where an abort can be performed using the spacecraft's engines), or else 3440: 7600: 4155: 4073: 16457: 15674: 14630: 14009: 12828: 9348: 9049: 5838:(Motion picture (excerpt)). Boston, MA: John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Accession Number: TNC:200; Digital Identifier: TNC-200-2 2105:. These two women had both participated in separate spacewalks with NASA. The first mission to the Moon with a woman aboard is planned for 2024. 4283: 4249: 2588: 1029:

necessary for a human landing, and discontinued their lunar programs in 1974. Upon losing the Moon race they concentrated on the development of

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suborbital spacecraft have been under development for the past decade or so; as of 2017, at least one of each type is under development. Both

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It is possible that the mental health of astronauts can be affected by the changes in the sensory systems while in prolonged space travel.

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uncrewed spacecraft. The two spacecraft completed China's first automatic rendezvous and docking on 3 November 2011. About 9 months later,

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propellants for launch, and the dissipation of large amounts of energy, usually as heat, for safe reentry through the Earth's atmosphere.

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included plans for retiring the Space Shuttle program and replacing it with the capability for spaceflight beyond low Earth orbit. In the

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Spencer, Brett. "The Book and the Rocket: The Symbiotic Relationship between American Public Libraries and the Space Program, 1950–2015."

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had lost control of the X-15 as a result of a combination of distraction, misinterpretation of his instrumentation display, and possible

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launch on 26 September 1983, which was aborted by a launch vehicle fire 90 seconds before liftoff. Both cosmonauts aboard landed safely.

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on 16 June 1963. Through 1963, the US launched a total of two astronauts in suborbital flights and four into orbit. The US also made two

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electrical insulation because the thermostats on the heaters did not meet the required voltage rating due to a vendor miscommunication.

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sortie space station and inhabited it for 171 days with three crews ferried aboard an Apollo spacecraft. During that time, President

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Cherry, Jonathan D.; Frost, Jeffrey L.; Lemere, Cynthia A.; Williams, Jacqueline P.; Olschowka, John A.; O'Banion, M. Kerry (2012).

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agencies limit women to half as much time in space as men, due to suppositions that women are at greater potential risk for cancer.

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performed the longest single spaceflight, from 8 January 1994 to 22 March 1995 (437 days, 17 hours, 58 minutes, and 16 seconds).

1946:. To date, none of these concepts have been built, although a few vehicles that carry fewer than 10 persons are currently in the 6750:"Female astronauts: How performance products like space suits and bras are designed to pave the way for women's accomplishments" 5013:), depending on the location of egress hatch(es). When the single-hatch Vostok capsule was modified to become the 2 or 3-person 4476: 4085: 17699: 17344: 17329: 17309: 16615: 16562: 16161: 15883: 12806: 12801: 11644: 10765: 10700: 10135: 9015: 7872:

Kramer, Larry A.; et al. (13 March 2012). "Orbital and Intracranial Effects of Microgravity: Findings at 3-T MR Imaging".

6898:"The Decision for Indian Human Spaceflight Programme – Political Perspectives, National Relevance and Technological Challenges" 5187: 2887: 1507:

and completed multiple in-orbit propellant refueling tests, which marked the successful completion of the second phase of CMS.

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in extreme cold launch temperature, allowing hot gases to penetrate casing and burn through a strut connecting booster to the

5107:, was killed when his capsule's parachutes failed during an emergency landing on 24 April 1967, causing the capsule to crash. 5037:

In the first use of a launch escape system on the launchpad, before the start of a crewed flight, happened during the planned

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Apollo 10 reaches the fastest speed ever traveled by a human: 39,897 km/h (11.08 km/s or 24,791 mph), or roughly 1/27,000 of

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Over the decades, a number of spacecraft have been proposed for spaceliner passenger travel. Somewhat analogous to travel by

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Without proper shielding, the crews of missions beyond low Earth orbit might be at risk from high-energy protons emitted by

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density, decreased muscle strength and endurance, postural instability, and reductions in aerobic capacity. Over time these

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intended to use to develop its own crewed space facilities by the end of the century. These plans were put to an end by the

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away from the errant rocket, and both cosmonauts landed safely. The second occurred on 11 October 2018 with the launch of

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Space flight requires much higher velocities than ground or air transportation, and consequently requires the use of high

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has launched crew to a height above 80 km (50 mi) on a suborbital trajectory. Several other companies—including

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in humans may be activated during space missions, possibly adding more risk to astronauts in future deep-space missions.

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Parsons, Jennifer L.; L. W. Townsend (2000). "Interplanetary Crew Dose Rates for the August 1972 Solar Particle Event".

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hatch cover due to internal pressure; rupture of cabin wall allowed outside air to enter, causing heavy smoke and soot

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spaceport. The first crewed flight was in 2021. As of August 2022, there have been six crewed suborbital flights.

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rocket, was designed to carry a crew of two. The program was officially canceled on 13 May 1972 for economic reasons.

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capsule to compete with Gemini. They were able to launch two orbital flights in 1964 and 1965 and achieved the first

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that killed 7 astronauts on 28 January 1986. From 1983 to 1998, twenty-two Shuttle flights carried components for a

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The accident board found that the cockpit instrumentation had been functioning properly, and concluded that pilot

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vehicle and has carried out 16 uncrewed test flights as of September 2021, and one crewed flight carrying founder

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This section lists all nations which have attempted human spaceflight programs. This is not to be confused with

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in 1975. The American and Soviet crews shook hands in space, but the purpose of the flight was purely symbolic.

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program, in which an Apollo spacecraft carrying a special docking adapter module would rendezvous and dock with

992:—survived an in-flight spacecraft failure, they flew by the Moon without landing, and returned safely to Earth. 18039: 17455: 17289: 16512: 16139: 15972: 15767: 13995: 13704: 13694: 13392: 12375: 12237: 11820: 11521: 10446: 10360: 10021: 5316:

sequentially, but in fact had fired simultaneously. The loss of pressure became fatal within about 30 seconds.

4745: 4426: 2674:). The first crewed flight was in 2018. As of August 2022, there have been four crewed suborbital flights. 1560: 1160:

military sortie stations from 1973 to 1977, disguised as Salyuts. They followed Salyut with the development of

12635: 8607: 8354: 5542:" descent air-braking system caused the disintegration of the vehicle in flight; pilot survived, copilot died 4427: 4425: 4424: 4423: 4422: 4421: 4420: 4419: 4418: 4417: 4416: 4415: 4414: 4269: 4098: 4097: 4096: 4095: 2591: 1705:

plan, NASA relies on transportation services provided by the private sector to reach low Earth orbit, such as

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Space 2.0: How Private Spaceflight, a Resurgent NASA, and International Partners are Creating a New Space Age

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intended to develop crewed space facilities by the end of the century. These plans were put to an end by the

5296: 5082: 4755: 17977: 8645: 7154: 6434:"Release 14-256 NASA Chooses American Companies to Transport U.S. Astronauts to International Space Station" 5695:

According to a press release of Iraqi News Agency of 5 December 1989 about the first (and last) test of the

5059:, resulting in an explosion of the fuel and separation of the boosters. All seven crew members were killed. 4188: 4187: 18317: 18064: 17619: 17599: 17494: 16256: 16246: 16026: 15380: 15047: 14222: 13560: 13429: 12683: 12653: 11941: 9696: 9173: 8658: 6666: 5214:

on 27 January 1967, and spread rapidly. The high pressure, increased by the fire, prevented removal of the

4750: 4440: 4437: 4436: 4433: 4432: 4431: 4430: 4429: 4274: 4271: 4265: 4235: 4234: 4233: 4232: 4231: 4230: 1617: 1166:, the first modular, semi-permanent space station, the construction of which took place from 1986 to 1996. 1069: 1018: 641: 395: 17982: 16614: 11277: 5174:

In 1981, three pad workers were killed by a nitrogen-rich atmosphere in the aft engine compartment of the

4305: 4260: 4259: 4258: 4257: 4256: 4255: 4254: 4245: 4244: 4243: 4242: 4241: 4240: 4239: 4238: 2656:. The first crewed flight was in 2003. As of October 2023, there have been 12 crewed orbital flights. 2495:

Human spaceflight programs have been conducted by the Soviet Union–Russian Federation, the United States,

18322: 18139: 17665: 17594: 17559: 16592: 16586: 16469: 16383: 16368: 16323: 16241: 16236: 16171: 15999: 15828: 15762: 15666: 15397: 14921: 14709: 14282: 13914: 13861: 13824: 13783: 13677: 13382: 13362: 13277: 13101: 12840: 12786: 12564: 12353: 12189: 11936: 11783: 11516: 11499: 11265: 10009: 9230: 7658: 7437:"Astronauts who take long trips to space return with brains that have floated to the top of their skulls" 6498: 5626: 5509: 5476: 5135: 5056: 4625: 4459: 3640: 2710: 2313: 1845: 1702: 1610: 1315: 1288: 1278: 1177:

The Space Shuttle started flying in 1981, but the US Congress failed to approve sufficient funds to make

1102: 1076:-fueled booster stage, each equipped with airbreathing jet engines for powered return to a runway at the 1065: 969: 826: 622: 521: 121: 86: 17579: 7939:"Microsaccades in applied environments: Real-world applications of fixational eye movement measurements" 7846: 7182: 5252:

thruster stuck in the on position, sending the craft into a dangerous spin that threatened the lives of

4273: 4266: 4084: 4083: 4082: 4081: 4080: 4079: 2688:. The first crewed flight was in 2020. As of March 2024, there have been 12 crewed orbital flights. 2596: 2595: 2594: 1033:, using the Soyuz as a ferry to take cosmonauts to and from the stations. They started with a series of 469: 18302: 18054: 17855: 17738: 17721: 17687: 16613: 16555: 16373: 16271: 16193: 16041: 15938: 15818: 15793: 15579: 15531: 15449: 15442: 15402: 15264: 14969: 13716: 13657: 13532: 13444: 13174: 13040: 12425: 12194: 11867: 11049: 10123: 9504: 9477: 8966: 7608: 5584: 4614: 4248: 4247: 4246: 4168: 4167: 4165: 4164: 4163: 4162: 4161: 4160: 4159: 4158: 4157: 4156: 4134: 4133: 4132: 4131: 4130: 4129: 4128: 4127: 4126: 4125: 3854: 2758:(ISRO) began work on this project in 2006. The initial objective is to carry a crew of two or three to 2649: 2641: 2593: 2043: 1736:

in 1981, and is referred to by a presidential Blue Ribbon Committee as the U.S. human spaceflight gap.

1376: 1327: 760:, one of the first two people to land on the Moon and the first to walk on the lunar surface, July 1969 648: 329: 6296: 4710:

flights, astronauts are considerably weakened and are not allowed to drive a car for twenty-one days.

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China was the third nation in the world, after the USSR and US, to send humans into space. During the

972:. Through 1972, a total of six Apollo missions landed 12 men to walk on the Moon, half of which drove 554:, often with the spacecraft being operated directly by the onboard human crew. Spacecraft can also be 17897: 17872: 17682: 16403: 16358: 16286: 16266: 16251: 16198: 16188: 16166: 16105: 15865: 15843: 15808: 15803: 15599: 15432: 14926: 14594: 13754: 13672: 13667: 13341: 12796: 12754: 12348: 12230: 11968: 11733: 10818: 10058: 9997: 9500: 9236: 9113: 9103: 5833: 5641: 5631: 4707: 4285: 4284: 4275: 4272: 4267: 3971: 3636: 3538: 2865: 2671: 2592: 1819: 1714: 1606: 1535:

will enter the application and development phase, which is poised to last for no less than 10 years.

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pilots were selected for this goal in March 1971. The Shuguang-1 spacecraft, to be launched with the

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to reduce development risk, cost, and time, replacing the piloted fly-back booster with two reusable

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Such a launch escape system is not always practical for multiple-crew-member vehicles (particularly

4978:, consisting either of a tower-mounted solid-fuel rocket to quickly carry the capsule away from the 4276: 4186: 4185: 4184: 4183: 4182: 4181: 4180: 4179: 4178: 4177: 4176: 4175: 4174: 4173: 4172: 4171: 4170: 4169: 4166: 4149: 4148: 4147: 4146: 4145: 4144: 4143: 4142: 4141: 4140: 4139: 4138: 4137: 4136: 4135: 2524: 1721:. The period between the retirement of the Space Shuttle in 2011 and the first launch into space of 1510:

The third phase of CMS began in 2020. The goal of this phase is to build China's own space station,

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After the first satellites were launched in 1957 and 1958 by the Soviet Union, the US began work on

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Comparison of Radiation Doses – includes the amount detected on the trip from Earth to Mars by the

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rocket and return them safely for a water landing at a predefined landing zone. On 15 August 2018,

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was launched into orbit. It was a space laboratory with more advanced functions and equipment than

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program, the capsule is also available for flights with other customers. A first tourist mission,

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launch site. Other components of the system included a permanent, modular space station; reusable

17877: 17704: 17351: 17255: 17162: 16862: 16712: 16603: 16594: 16413: 16333: 16318: 16221: 16118: 16095: 15910: 15848: 15624: 15604: 15521: 15359: 15259: 15039: 14830: 14815: 14610: 14290: 14186: 13699: 13636: 13611: 13456: 13309: 13244: 12955: 12916: 12875: 12776: 12467: 12403: 12182: 12084: 11995: 11899: 11872: 11773: 11454: 11116: 11068: 10519: 9279: 7768: 7436: 7271:"Study Shows that Space Travel is Harmful to the Brain and Could Accelerate Onset of Alzheimer's" 5440:

Loss of cabin pressurization due to valve opening upon Orbital Module separation before re-entry

5249: 5239: 5152: 5078: 5068: 4803: 4799: 4759: 4117: 4116: 2735: 2590: 2447: 2417: 2202: 2177: 2024: 1992: 1822:—develop crewed spacecraft. All four companies plan to fly commercial passengers in the emerging 1207: 1195: 575: 319: 81: 7685: 6155: 5919: 5909: 4312: 1780: 17882: 17820: 17768: 17758: 17743: 17694: 17554: 17484: 16900: 16588: 16418: 16393: 16348: 16231: 16123: 16100: 15726: 15651: 15506: 15251: 14799: 14344: 14114: 14109: 14061: 13939: 13882: 13404: 13387: 13333: 13296: 13096: 13070: 13025: 12781: 12515: 12477: 11911: 11830: 11768: 11164: 11092: 10881: 10507: 10094: 9708: 9383: 9098: 7347:"NASA's Efforts to Manage Health and Human Performance Risks for Space Exploration (IG-16-003)" 5181: 5159: 5117: 4588: 4311: 4310: 4309: 4308: 4307: 4306: 4263: 4262: 4261: 4039: 2719:(China) assembled in orbit: 41.5° orbital inclination; crews transported by Shenzhou spacecraft 2716: 1943: 1889: 1863: 1511: 1438: 1230: 1201: 1183: 895: 735: 696: 301: 288: 91: 71: 64: 17803: 16608: 16600: 16597: 2251:

were the first to travel beyond low Earth orbit (LEO) and the first to orbit the Moon, on the

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on the Moon on 21 July and returning them safely on 24 July, along with Command Module pilot

753: 721: 17917: 8243:"An Operational Approach to Long-Duration Mission Behavioral Health and Performance Factors" 8069: 6577: 6071: 5193:

In 1995, two pad workers were similarly killed by a nitrogen leak in a confined area of the

2575: Once had official plans for human spaceflight programs, but have since been abandoned. 2050:

and lacking. In addition to the lack of international inclusion, the inclusion of women and

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and returning him safely to Earth by the end of the 1960s. That same year, the US began the

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There have been only two in-flight launch aborts of a crewed flight. The first occurred on

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to support short-term human activities in space. On 25 September 2008 during the flight of

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Kerr, Richard (31 May 2013). "Radiation Will Make Astronauts' Trip to Mars Even Riskier".

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problems, which may be a major concern for future deep space flight missions, including a

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for independent or ISS flights, but the project did not proceed to the contracting stage.

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rocket, and was capable of robotic orbital flight and landing. Unlike the Space Shuttle,

1171: 856: 746: 672: 633:, the first Chinese human spaceflight. As of March 2024, humans have not traveled beyond 621:, and have had a continuous presence in space for 23 years and 334 days on the 334: 324: 223: 17070: 16949: 8106: 8003: 7724: 7228: 7052: 2810:

is developing a plan to land humans on Mars by the 2030s. The first step has begun with

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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were killed on 30 June 1971 by a combination of mechanical malfunctions; the crew were

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The effects of microgravity on fluid distribution around the body (greatly exaggerated)

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before August 2022, but it has been delayed to 2024, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The

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capsule as part of NASA's Commercial Crew Development program, which is launched on a

18102: 17614: 17405: 17294: 17220: 17155: 16884: 15375: 15273: 15121: 15096: 15052: 15034: 14978: 14906: 14792: 14704: 14694: 14556: 14401: 14313: 14261: 14230: 14151: 13565: 13449: 13409: 13369: 13289: 13249: 13116: 13106: 12541: 12500: 12140: 12010: 11956: 11946: 11763: 9681: 9273: 9020: 8956: 8579: 8564: 8549: 8520: 8425: 8415: 8314: 8287: 8277: 8254: 8196: 8158: 8118: 8078: 8053: 8015: 7990: 7970: 7891: 7785: 7744: 7736: 7526: 7421: 7409: 7252: 7001:"Four years is tight, but can achieve the human spaceflight: ISRO's K Sivan - ETtech" 6908: 6824: 6723:"Female Astronauts Face Discrimination from Space Radiation Concerns, Astronauts Say" 5923: 5812: 5646: 5518:

Asphyxia from cabin breach, trauma from dynamic load environment as orbiter broke up

5418: 5006:) to carry astronauts out of the capsule and away for individual parachute landings. 4999: 4910: 4848: 4603: 3895: 3762: 3728: 3653: 3476: 3362: 2978: 2798: 2667: 2186: 2054:

has also been lacking. To make spaceflight more inclusive, organizations such as the

2008: 1627: 1595: 1584: 910: 795:

to accomplish the same thing, and launched the first human into space, the cosmonaut

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News (CNN-TV, 02/09/2012) – Video (02:14) – Male Astronauts Return With Eye Problems

7797: 7574:"An alarm went off on SpaceX's all-tourist space flight. The problem was the toilet" 6955:"ISRO Stalls Launch of Uncrewed Gaganyaan Mission and Chandrayaan-3 Due to COVID-19" 2387: 18163: 17967: 17957: 17850: 17825: 17235: 17205: 17050: 16924: 16764: 16629: 16053: 15571: 15212: 15163: 15016: 14896: 14863: 14726: 14589: 14463: 14194: 14173: 14168: 14146: 13987: 13798: 13439: 13050: 12901: 12629: 12608: 12413: 12242: 12199: 12165: 12130: 12067: 12020: 11862: 10276: 9547: 9224: 9089: 8188: 8150: 8110: 8073: 8007: 7960: 7950: 7915: 7883: 7777: 7728: 7516: 7506: 7497: 7399: 7242: 7232: 7187: 5905: 5636: 5414: 5104: 5026: 4991: 4775: 4668:. The alarm signal was found to be associated with an apparent toilet malfunction. 3571: 3551: 3331: 3213: 3193: 3133: 3113: 2681: 2194: 2152: 1859: 1710: 1650: 1417: 1258: 1140: 1054: 1022: 999: 926: 872: 868: 792: 717: 598: 559: 248: 197: 52: 15316: 15059: 8011: 7102: 6261:"Virgin Galactic's 4th Powered Test Flight of SpaceShipTwo Unity in Twitter Posts" 2520: 1840:. It first launched astronauts to orbit and to the ISS in May 2020 as part of the 562:, without any direct human involvement. People trained for spaceflight are called 18034: 17932: 17840: 17731: 17709: 17506: 17450: 17440: 17230: 17210: 17179: 17167: 17121: 17109: 17013: 16996: 16956: 16934: 16929: 16183: 15511: 15278: 15238: 15228: 15200: 15143: 15079: 14948: 14297: 14198: 13777: 13747: 13210: 13184: 13111: 13035: 13010: 13005: 12965: 12881: 12458: 12358: 12311: 12209: 12150: 12135: 12089: 12072: 11978: 11973: 11427: 9598: 9542: 8746: 8144: 7781: 7274: 7237: 6536: 6243: 5548: 5397: 5375: 4983: 4714: 4665: 4497: 3420: 3400: 3380: 2838: 2826: 2759: 2619: 2303: 2299: 2051: 1984: 1954: 1939: 1881: 1875: 1811: 1725: 1706: 1690: 1671: 1249: 1235: 1132: 883: 788: 781: 731: 634: 610: 500: 296: 151: 8387: 8307:"Isolation and hallucinations: the mental health challenges faced by astronauts" 6349:"NASA official says Starliner demo mission not likely to launch until next year" 2555: Plans for human spaceflight on the simplest form (suborbital spaceflight, 2473:) have flown in space aboard Soviet, American, Russian, and Chinese spacecraft. 1174:

of 51.6°. It was occupied for 4,592 days and made a controlled reentry in 2001.

886:

raised the stakes of the Space Race by setting the goal of landing a man on the

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spacecraft, while low-pressure pure oxygen is commonly used in space suits for

5003: 4979: 4930: 4917: 4891: 4729: 4695: 4677: 4555: 4551: 2703: 2496: 2458: 2439: 2391: 2248: 2215: 2098: 2075: 2004: 1965: 1729: 1406: 1332: 1034: 995: 961: 949: 899: 891: 864: 860: 791:, with the aim of launching men into orbit. The USSR was secretly pursuing the 773: 768:

between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR). These nations developed

757: 734:

space capsule, which carried the first Americans into orbit, on display at the

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Astronauts experiencing weightlessness will often lose their orientation, get

807:

rocket and completed a single orbit. On 5 May 1961, the US launched its first

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Eddy, D. R.; Schiflett, S. G.; Schlegel, R. E.; Shehab, R. L. (August 1998).

6667:"Why NASA astronauts would not pass the Soviet and Russian selection process" 6043: 5287: 5227: 5176: 5112: 5018: 4995: 4971: 4953: 4817: 4783: 4725: 4698:

effects can impair astronauts' performance or increase their risk of injury.

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reusable launch system. In 2005, this system was proposed for space tourism.

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1981 KSC Chronology Part 1 – pages 84, 85, 100; Part 2 – pages 181, 194, 195

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During long missions, astronauts are isolated and confined in small spaces.

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The basic needs for breathable air and drinkable water are addressed by the

1412:

The goal of the second phase of CMS was to make technology breakthroughs in

1409:, making China the third nation to launch a human into orbit independently. 712: 647:

Currently, the United States, Russia, and China are the only countries with

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Moon First and Mars Second: A Practical Approach to Human Space Exploration

8258: 8200: 8122: 8019: 7974: 7895: 7789: 7748: 7708: 7530: 7413: 7296: 7256: 6845: 6323:"American Companies Selected to Return Astronaut Launches to American Soil" 5656: 5526: 5276: 5044:

The only crew fatality during launch occurred on 28 January 1986, when the

4813:, presents further challenges to human spaceflight beyond low Earth orbit. 4721: 4661: 4630: 4621:. Astronauts on longer space trips were affected by greater brain changes. 4573: 3237: 3016: 2970: 2935: 2834: 2777:, declared India will independently send humans into space before the 75th 2659: 2635: 2443: 2354: 2341: 2290: 2240: 2156: 2134: 2102: 2089: 1996: 1962: 1885: 1849: 1784: 1722: 1718: 1432: 1307: 985: 941: 903: 835: 812: 796: 668: 606: 590: 586: 504: 267: 14901: 8982: 7955: 7404: 7385: 6551:"Space Expedition Corporation Announces Wet Lease of XCOR Lynx Suborbital" 5760:"Counting the Many Ways the International Space Station Benefits Humanity" 2046:", though the sharing of space by all humanity is sometimes criticized as 1594:

cargo spacecraft. As an alternative to HOPE-X, NASDA in 2001 proposed the

18236: 18230: 18013: 18001: 17996: 17947: 17922: 17892: 17887: 17835: 17830: 17655: 17569: 17528: 17489: 17366: 17191: 17114: 17077: 16966: 15347: 15111: 15084: 15001: 14953: 14428: 12771: 12647: 12338: 12204: 11894: 11877: 11749: 11706: 11680: 10786: 9552: 9433: 9182: 9035: 8977: 8972: 8923: 8883: 8860: 8808: 8802: 8796: 8780: 8758: 8735: 8704: 7550: 7469: 7386:"Effects of Spaceflight on Astronaut Brain Structure as Indicated on MRI" 5257: 5219: 5031: 4852: 4771: 4701:

In a weightless environment, astronauts put almost no weight on the back

4642:

on ISS should be carefully monitored to assure a healthy environment for

4514:

Planners of human spaceflight missions face a number of safety concerns.

3992: 3934: 3692: 3687: 3339: 3077: 2869: 2857: 2691: 2677: 2395: 2325: 2272: 2219: 2047: 2000: 1988: 1947: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1833: 1815: 1795: 1614: 1485: 1061: 1026: 965: 840: 655:

have been working to develop human space programs of their own, e.g. for

555: 547: 437: 192: 44: 8594: 8192: 2394:, became the first non-American and non-Soviet in space, as part of the 1674:

December 2018, the first human spaceflight from the United States since

1657:(July 2011), the final human spaceflight of the United States until 2018 18255: 18202: 17942: 17521: 17099: 16073: 15195: 15101: 14620: 14582: 14577: 14054: 13502: 13204: 13197: 12712: 12472: 12380: 12323: 12283: 12077: 11778: 9055: 8813: 8764: 8506: 7601:"Exploration Systems Human Research Program – Exercise Countermeasures" 5280: 5272: 5074: 5010: 4860: 4810: 4584: 3596: 3063: 2695: 2565: Plans for human spaceflight on the extreme form (space stations, 2454: 2430: 2426: 2369: 2321: 2262: 2244: 2160: 2093: 1976: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1552: 1499: 1479: 1473: 1458: 1448: 1443: 1426: 1401: 1395: 1389: 1357: 1353: 1345: 1050: 989: 981: 945: 830: 804: 707: 630: 626: 602: 551: 279: 243: 169: 76: 8650: 7465:"ISS microbes should be monitored to avoid threat to astronaut health" 6643: 6529: 4736:. Long space flights can also alter a space traveler's eye movements. 2750:, India was planning to send humans into space on its orbital vehicle 2519:

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on

2306:

has spent the most total time in space on multiple missions, 878 days.

1942:

large numbers of passengers to destinations in space, or on Earth via

1136: 18216: 18209: 17638: 17604: 17435: 17356: 17279: 17274: 17245: 16986: 16939: 16808: 16791: 15106: 14625: 14615: 14572: 14567: 14562: 14536: 14507: 14491: 14033: 14022: 13919: 13892: 13740: 13652: 13512: 13481: 13474: 13271: 13169: 12923: 12482: 12333: 12050: 11931: 11852: 11835: 11360: 11348: 11312: 11013: 10578: 10204: 10192: 9671: 9312: 9285: 9257: 9060: 8942: 8819: 7850: 6873:. Indian Space Research Organisation. 7 November 2006. Archived from 6582: 6503: 6265: 5362: 5292: 5284: 5268: 5215: 4825: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4643: 4569: 4565: 3809: 3310: 2811: 2751: 2612: 2286: 2276: 2198: 2039: 2020: 1938:

after the middle of the 20th century, these vehicles are proposed to

1665: 1559:

expendable launch vehicle. It was intended to dock with the European

1349: 1310:

secured Russia's cooperation in converting the planned Space Station

1170:

orbited at an altitude of 354 kilometers (191 nautical miles), at an

1081: 977: 957: 940:

rocket necessary to send the Apollo spacecraft to the Moon, and sent

922: 914: 817: 808: 749:, hypersonic rocket-powered aircraft, which reached the edge of space 638: 563: 454: 433: 274: 187: 17240: 14094: 7937:

Alexander, Robert; Macknik, Stephen; Martinez-Conde, Susana (2020).

6896:

Rao, Mukund Kadursrinivas; Murthi, Sridhara, K. R.; Prasad M. Y. S.

6246:. Orlando Sentinel blog summary of official reports. 3 November 2008 4970:

Since rockets have the potential for fire or explosive destruction,

4839:

Effect of spaceflight on the human body § Psychological effects

4682: 2255:

mission, which orbited the Moon ten times before returning to Earth.

1578:

experimental shuttle spaceplane in the 1980s, to be launched on its

18269: 18107: 17574: 17430: 17415: 17150: 16857: 16705: 15541: 14640: 14635: 14530: 14486: 14437: 9342: 9324: 9318: 9291: 9134: 9009: 9003: 8947: 8888: 8640: 8154: 7215: 7183:"Blindness, Bone Loss, and Space Farts: Astronaut Medical Oddities" 6799:"NASA Astronauts Launch from America in Test of SpaceX Crew Dragon" 6097:"China launches new Long March-5B rocket for space station program" 5704: 5661: 5446: 5435: 5356: 5312: 5308: 5245: 5207: 5194: 4635: 3859: 3345: 3287: 2833:

of the fully integrated two-stage system occurred in April 2023. A

2345: 2252: 2227: 2206: 2138: 1958: 1953:

One large spaceliner concept currently in early development is the

1935: 1837: 1639: 1556: 1224: 1144: 1010: 953: 937: 852: 800: 765: 614: 475: 6375:"Boeing to ground Starliner indefinitely until valve issue solved" 5968: 5891:

Challenge To Apollo The Soviet Union and The Space Race, 1945–1974

4624:

Researchers in 2018 reported, after detecting the presence on the

4583:-supported study reported that spaceflight may harm the brains of 3827: 3248: 2822:

around the Moon and returning it to Earth after a 25-day mission.

776:, producing rockets large enough to be adapted to carry the first 17511: 17499: 17425: 16818: 16796: 16671: 16656: 16068: 14522: 14517: 14512: 14473: 14443: 14407: 13434: 13424: 13327: 12766: 10843: 10472: 9336: 9300: 9218: 9162: 9124: 9045: 8917: 8893: 7813:"Astronauts' vision severely affected during long space missions" 7709:"Cognitive performance aboard the life and microgravity spacelab" 6297:"SpaceX launches Inspiration4, first all-private orbital mission" 5493: 5456: 5386: 5127: 5100: 4879: 4034: 2465:

in 1999 she became the first woman to command a U.S. spacecraft.

1866: 1675: 1654: 1631: 1257:, which was designed to be launched into orbit by the expendable 742: 448: 8429: 6213:"Kankoh-maru Japan's Space Tourism Single Stage Reusable Rocket" 3847:

2020 (concept approved in 2009; but full development not begun)

2600: 2116:

a lack of space suits sized appropriately for female astronauts.

1282:

International Space Station, assembled in orbit by US and Russia

17952: 17143: 17138: 16852: 16847: 16813: 16801: 16746: 16698: 16691: 16666: 16661: 16540: 15526: 14931: 14784: 14395: 14362: 14266: 13468: 13399: 12896: 12761: 12296: 12160: 9306: 9245: 9085: 9040: 9025: 8997: 8987: 8770: 8626: 8546:

The complete book of spaceflight. From Apollo 1 to Zero gravity

8177: 7301:"Important Research Results NASA Is Not Talking About (Update)" 7077:

Apollo-like capsule chosen for Crew Space Transportation System

5508:

heat shield panel on wing's leading edge, caused by a piece of

5468: 4702: 3510: 3305: 2543: Confirmed and dated plans for human spaceflight programs. 2488:"Astronaut corps" redirects here. For subdivision of NASA, see 2462: 2381:

became the first woman to go into space and to orbit the Earth.

2344:

became the first Soviet and the first human to reach space, on

1829: 1807: 1575: 1124: 676: 617:

nine times between 1968 and 1972 as part of the United States'

11718: 8635: 7936: 5782:"SpaceX Astronauts Reach Space Station After Milestone Voyage" 5051:

broke apart 73 seconds after liftoff, due to the failure of a

4072: 2706:

are currently maintained in Earth orbit for human occupation:

2137:

was the first human in space and the first in Earth orbit, on

2088:

became the second woman to enter space; she was also from the

1239:-class orbiter, Soviet equivalent of the Space Shuttle orbiter 17269: 16842: 16774: 16769: 16684: 16639: 16634: 14699: 14161: 13492: 13265: 13229: 13224: 13015: 11573: 11459: 9269: 8710: 8473:"The Partnership: A History of the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project" 7324:"Report: NASA needs better handle on health hazards for Mars" 5218:

hatch cover in time to rescue the crew. All three astronauts—

4947: 4897: 4885: 4821: 4650: 3877: 3814: 3785: 3710: 3627: 3533: 3458: 3175: 3095: 2947: 2767: 2461:

was the first female Shuttle pilot, and with Shuttle mission

2429:

became the first Chinese in space and to orbit the Earth, on

1733: 1728:

on 13 December 2018 is similar to the gap between the end of

1579: 1571: 1369: 1365: 1157: 1085: 16344:

R-7 (including Semyorka, Molniya, Vostok, Voskhod and Soyuz)

8146:

Space Radiation Hazards and the Vision for Space Exploration

6237:

Congressional watchdog finds NASA's new rocket is in trouble

764:

Human spaceflight capability was first developed during the

720:

space capsule, which carried the first human into orbit, at

16895: 16779: 16644: 12587: 11037: 10779: 10305: 9942: 8992: 8952: 8115:

10.1667/0033-7587(2000)153[0729:ICDRFT]2.0.CO;2

7706: 7354: 7027:"India will put man in space for seven days: ISRO Chairman" 6849: 5700: 4733: 4691: 4580: 4016: 3952: 3882: 3850: 3767: 3715: 3515: 3357: 3257: 3053: 3006: 2876:

has plans for crewed spacecraft and small shuttle systems.

2849: 2845: 2807: 2726: 1635: 1073: 887: 727: 680: 7911:"The Strange, Deadly Effects Mars Would Have on Your Body" 7129:"Every Challenge Astronauts Will Face on a flight to Mars" 5299:. The crew managed to return to Earth safely by using the 2328:

on 28 August 1999, a span of 3,644 days (almost 10 years).

1524:, was launched into orbit by China's most powerful rocket 1013:, first crewed space station, with docked Soyuz spacecraft 16624: 15615: 14238: 14181: 12177: 9365: 7578: 7208: 4657: 2730: 2407:, became the first Indian citizen to reach Earth's orbit. 2317: 2059: 2014: 1442:

completed China's first EVA. In 2011, China launched the

1162: 1135:

were negotiating an easing of Cold War tensions known as

1025:

for use in the lunar programs, but failed to develop the

684: 8561:

Architecture for Astronauts – An Activity based Approach

7847:"Spaceflight Bad for Astronauts' Vision, Study Suggests" 6401:"NASA Commercial Crew Awards Leave Unanswered Questions" 5485:

Asphyxia from cabin breach, or trauma from water impact

1645: 902:, which flew 10 missions with two-man crews launched by 625:(ISS). On 15 October 2003, the first Chinese taikonaut, 12556: 7836:. CNN (9 February 2012). Retrieved on 22 November 2016. 7089:"Jules Verne" Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV) Re-entry 6487:, SpaceX, 28 September 2017, accessed 23 December 2017. 5271:, in April 1970, was aborted and the lives of the crew— 1456:

completed the first manual rendezvous and docking with

875:, the 100 kilometres (62 mi) altitude used by the 649:

public or commercial human spaceflight-capable programs

6776:"NASA Astronauts Wrap Up Historic All-Woman Spacewalk" 3916: 3901: 3749: 3734: 3674: 3659: 3497: 3482: 1630:

dated 5 December 1989, there was only one test of the

1538: 8092: 6254: 6252: 5904: 4843:

Psychological and sociological effects of spaceflight

3577: 3557: 3219: 3199: 3139: 3119: 2615:

are currently used for launching human spaceflights:

2549: Confirmed plans for human spaceflight programs. 2011:

since the 2000s, but development was halted in 2017.

1109:. The orbiter would have to make unpowered landings. 14017: 6982:"Gaganyaan manned mission not before 2023: Minister" 6895: 6478: 6452: 6314: 5835:

Special Message to Congress on Urgent National Needs

5561: 3998:

National Aerospace Development Administration (NADA)

3406: 3386: 3054:

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

3007:

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

574:(Chinese); and non-professionals are referred to as 15346: 7659:"Earth Living Is Tough for Astronaut Used to Space" 5326:

List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents

2457:became the first American woman in space, in 1983. 2167:, on 17 July 1962 (White) or 19 July 1963 (Walker). 1348:between the two superpowers, which culminated with 843:. The USSR launched five more cosmonauts in Vostok 663:. The first private human spaceflight launch was a 8627:NASA Human Space Flight (United States of America) 8051: 7865: 7384:Roberts, Donna R.; et al. (2 November 2017). 7289: 6889: 6499:"Musk offers more technical details on BFR system" 6249: 5707:of 1991 and the economic hard times that followed. 5134:heat shield had been damaged by a piece of frozen 4613:On 2 November 2017, scientists reported, based on 3464:National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA) 2888:nations with citizens who have traveled into space 2694:(US): Launched on New Shepard launch vehicle from 1929: 1642:of 1991 and the economic hardships that followed. 1405:in orbit for 21 hours and returned safely back to 1101:, and the smaller orbiter would use an expendable 14722:Soviet space exploration history on Soviet stamps 8353:(4). American Heritage Publishing. Archived from 7491:Singh, Nitin K.; et al. (23 November 2018). 7383: 7263: 6426: 5110:On 1 February 2003, the crew of seven aboard the 2868:are for a small spacecraft and space laboratory. 1775: 18289: 9777: 9499: 7871: 7686:"Readjusting to gravity anti-fun for astronauts" 7338: 6871:"Scientists Discuss Indian Manned Space Mission" 5212:Cape Kennedy Air Force Station Launch Complex 34 4724:missions, male astronauts may experience severe 2879: 2537: Currently have human spaceflight programs. 1399:, China's first crewed spaceflight mission, put 799:. On 12 April 1961, Gagarin was launched aboard 16584: 8641:Transitioning to the NASA Constellation Program 8576:Human spaceflight – mission analysis and design 8414:. NASA History Series. Washington, D.C.: NASA. 8346:American Heritage of Invention & Technology 8035:"Superflares could kill unprotected astronauts" 7490: 6290: 6288: 3181:Space program of the People's Republic of China 3101:Space program of the People's Republic of China 2586: 1806:ventures have been undertaken. As of May 2021, 1462:, which carried China's first female astronaut 1181:a reality. A fleet of four shuttles was built: 1021:. They successfully developed the three-person 609:became the first American in space, as part of 16084:Timeline of first Earth observation satellites 8411:Apollo by the Numbers: A Statistical Reference 7902: 7839: 7462: 7174: 7120: 6979: 4660:reported that an alarm had sounded during the 3909: 3887: 3742: 3720: 3667: 3645: 3490: 3468: 1340:, first non-USSR and non-USA crewed spacecraft 1295:included American Space Shuttles visiting the 16745: 16556: 15332: 14800: 14003: 12572: 11734: 11695:Timeline of first orbital launches by country 9763: 9485: 8666: 8521:"Columbia Crew Survival Investigation Report" 7981: 7804: 7377: 7202: 6665:Sinelschikova, Yekaterina (3 December 2020). 6664: 6608: 6548: 5158:The use of a gas mixture carries the risk of 3563: 3543: 3205: 3185: 3125: 3105: 2797:cargo-spacecraft-based crewed spacecraft and 2372:became the first American to orbit the Earth. 2357:became the first American to reach space, on 1681:Under the George W. Bush administration, the 1060:In 1969, Nixon appointed his vice president, 593:, who launched as part of the Soviet Union's 403: 16520:Timeline of first images of Earth from space 8216:"How do viruses affect astronauts in space?" 7827: 7761: 7565: 7484: 7428: 7146: 6913:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6285: 5073:Tasks outside a spacecraft require use of a 4606:, which included the potential hazards of a 3412: 3392: 3372: 2781:in 2022. In 2019, ISRO revealed plans for a 1017:During this time, the USSR secretly pursued 51: 8388:"Fatal accident at the Guiana Space Centre" 8271: 8247:Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine 7537: 7456: 7315: 6490: 6066: 6064: 5898: 1896:market. It reached space in December 2018. 1273: 833:became the first American in orbit, aboard 16563: 16549: 15339: 15325: 14807: 14793: 14010: 13996: 12951:Commercial Orbital Transportation Services 12579: 12565: 11741: 11727: 9770: 9756: 9492: 9478: 8673: 8659: 7755: 7435:Foley, Katherine Ellen (3 November 2017). 7273:. SpaceRef. 1 January 2013. Archived from 6747: 6604: 6602: 6600: 6569: 6392: 6150: 6148: 6119: 5062: 2741: 1139:. During the détente, they negotiated the 1019:crewed lunar orbiting and landing programs 410: 396: 14688:Pilot-Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation 13845:Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images 8077: 8032: 7964: 7954: 7520: 7510: 7403: 7246: 7236: 6903:. International Astronautical Federation. 4649:In March 2019, NASA reported that latent 3883:Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) 3791:Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) 3716:Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) 894:of launching three-man capsules atop the 687:under United States government contract. 18082:Interstellar and circumstellar molecules 7908: 7126: 6741: 6294: 6061: 5961: 5809:Praxis manned spaceflight log, 1961–2006 5538:Copilot error: premature deployment of " 5283:—were threatened after the failure of a 5145: 4946: 4749: 4681: 4491: 2604:The image above contains clickable links 2582: 2332: 2080:The first woman to ever enter space was 1790: 1779: 1660: 1649: 1331: 1277: 1229: 1111: 1044: 1005: 994: 752: 741: 726: 711: 18278:) may be read as "within" or "part of". 17306:Planetary orbit-crossing minor planets 13930:NASA International Space Apps Challenge 12226:Effect of spaceflight on the human body 8680: 7571: 6597: 6458: 6210: 6145: 5806: 4548:Effect of spaceflight on the human body 4506:Effect of spaceflight on the human body 2837:of Starship is being developed for the 2275:were first to land on the Moon, during 960:accomplished Kennedy's goal by landing 671:on June 21, 2004. The first commercial 14: 18290: 14869:Psychological and sociological effects 12718:Administrator and Deputy Administrator 12248:Psychological and sociological effects 8593:(2019), overview of space exploration 8406:"Apollo 1 – The Fire: 27 January 1967" 8404:Orloff, Richard W. (September 2004) . 8403: 8397: 8338: 8272:Kanas, Nick; Manzey, Dietrich (2008). 8054:"The Rough Guide to the Moon and Mars" 7683: 7295: 6998: 6796: 6773: 6720: 6461:"Elon Musk: The Architect of Tomorrow" 6372: 6320: 5188:Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39 5088: 5081:, and on a flight test in 1994 of the 5055:seal, which caused the failure of the 2015:Human representation and participation 1957:, which, in addition to replacing the 1787:, first private sub-orbital spaceplane 1626:According to a press release from the 1095:Plans for the Shuttle were scaled back 877:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale 847:, including the first woman in space, 653:Non-governmental spaceflight companies 16544: 15320: 14788: 13991: 13508:Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite 12560: 11722: 9751: 9473: 9454:List of proposed missions to the Moon 8654: 8276:(2nd ed.). Dordrecht: Springer. 8241:Flynn, Christopher F. (1 June 2005). 8240: 7572:Wattles, Jackie (25 September 2021). 7543: 7434: 7344: 7152: 6748:Sokolowski, Susan L. (5 April 2019). 6578:"XCOR Aerospace Files for Bankruptcy" 6575: 6530:SXC - Buying your tickets into space! 6496: 6398: 6321:Bolden, Charlie (16 September 2014). 6258: 5291:loss of electrical power provided by 5248:mission was aborted in orbit when an 5034:. Again, both crew members survived. 2309:Longest-duration crewed space station 1844:mission. Developed as part of NASA's 27:Spaceflight with a crew or passengers 15901:Spaceflight-related human fatalities 13970: 9459:List of proposed space observatories 8826:Chinese Crewed Lunar Landing Mission 8470: 8304: 8213: 8033:Battersby, Stephen (21 March 2005). 7987: 7909:Fong, MD, Kevin (12 February 2014). 7810: 7321: 7180: 7100: 7050: 7024: 6822: 6539:SXC web page, Retrieved 5 April 2013 5859:"Gemini: Stepping Stone to the Moon" 5856: 5727: 5267:The third lunar landing expedition, 4924: 4809:Another type of radiation, galactic 2505: 2230:spacecraft to dock with an uncrewed 2155:(depending on the definition of the 1950:phase of their development process. 1810:has launched humans to orbit, while 1802:Since the early 2000s, a variety of 1738: 1567:on the International Space Station. 827:controlled his spacecraft's attitude 14732:Monument to the Conquerors of Space 8052:Lockwood, Mike; M. Hapgood (2007). 7463:BioMed Central (22 November 2018). 7101:Amos, Jonathan (26 November 2008). 6980:Surendra Singh (17 February 2021). 6692:"Celebrating Women's History Month" 6295:Atkinson, Ian (15 September 2021). 5887: 4963:'s crew to safely abort before the 4951:There was no practical way for the 3413: 3393: 3373: 2936:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 2762:(LEO) for a 3-to-7-day flight in a 2578: 2481:For a more comprehensive list, see 1539:Abandoned programs of other nations 1088:interplanetary ferry, leading to a 1037:sortie stations from 1971 to 1986. 936:The US succeeded in developing the 879:(FAI) to denote the edge of space. 825:. Unlike Gagarin, Shepard manually 770:intercontinental ballistic missiles 550:with a crew or passengers aboard a 24: 16580: 16453:Communications satellite companies 14165:(incorporated into Salyut program) 12624:National Aeronautics and Space Act 11957:Weather and environment monitoring 8538: 7762:Mader, T. H.; et al. (2011). 7684:Watson, Traci (11 November 2007). 7623:"NASA Information: Muscle Atrophy" 7153:Chang, Kenneth (27 January 2014). 7127:Williams, Matt (4 February 2021). 6459:Strauss, Neil (15 November 2017). 5811:. New York: Springer. p. 25. 5580:List of human spaceflight programs 4869: 4482: 2791:Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency 2756:Indian Space Research Organisation 2599: 2483:List of human spaceflight programs 2066:have been formed in recent years. 1798:, first private orbital spacecraft 1243:The USSR copied the US's reusable 1040: 952:into 10 orbits around the Moon in 558:from ground stations on Earth, or 497:Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency 25: 18334: 16498:First orbital launches by country 13578:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope 13132:Commercial Lunar Payload Services 9119:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope 8620: 8578:. McGraw-Hill, New York NY 2003, 7103:"Europe's 10bn-euro space vision" 7053:"Europe targets manned spaceship" 6825:"Jonathan's Space Report No. 792" 6721:Kramer, Miriam (27 August 2013). 6399:Foust, Jeff (19 September 2014). 6346: 6259:Malik, Tariq (13 December 2018). 6166:from the original on 13 July 2021 4541: 2666:carrier aircraft taking off from 2611:The following space vehicles and 2476: 2125: 1697:spacecraft to be launched by the 1687:2011 United States federal budget 1119:, first crewed orbital spaceplane 18169: 18157: 18145: 16570: 16525:Timeline of longest spaceflights 15300: 14968: 14814: 14774:Russian Aerospace Defence Forces 14093: 13969: 13958: 13957: 13873:Apollo 15 postal covers incident 13631:Space Flight Operations Facility 12817:Operations and Checkout Building 12540: 12530: 12529: 11674: 11662: 11650: 11638: 11626: 11614: 11591: 11579: 11567: 11467: 11448: 11421: 11409: 11390: 11378: 11354: 11342: 11330: 11318: 11306: 11283: 11271: 11259: 11245: 11233: 11221: 11209: 11170: 11158: 11146: 11134: 11122: 11110: 11098: 11086: 11074: 11062: 11043: 11031: 11019: 11007: 10995: 10983: 10964: 10952: 10940: 10928: 10916: 10902: 10890: 10797: 10727: 10708: 10689: 10670: 10651: 10632: 10620: 10608: 10596: 10584: 10572: 10549: 10537: 10525: 10513: 10501: 10489: 10466: 10454: 10425: 10413: 10390: 10378: 10354: 10342: 10330: 10318: 10299: 10245: 10222: 10198: 10186: 10129: 10117: 10088: 10076: 10064: 10052: 10040: 10015: 10003: 9991: 9979: 9967: 9948: 9936: 9924: 9890: 9878: 9866: 9854: 9835: 9823: 8339:Giblin, Kelly A. (Spring 1998). 8305:Bell, Vaughan (5 October 2014). 8079:10.1111/j.1468-4004.2007.48611.x 7943:Journal of Eye Movement Research 7322:Dunn, Marcia (29 October 2015). 6774:Garcia, Mark (18 October 2019). 6549:Staff writers (6 October 2010). 6211:Magazin, Sia (2 December 2022). 5832:Kennedy, John F. (25 May 1961). 5730:"5 Hazards of Human Spaceflight" 5564: 5319: 4965:vehicle's violent disintegration 4596:NASA Office of Inspector General 4572:have been associated with human 4027: 3985: 3945: 3870: 3826: 3778: 3703: 3620: 3539:China Manned Space Agency (CMSA) 3526: 3451: 3444: 3356: 3298: 3247: 3168: 3088: 3041: 2994: 2928: 2748:Indian Human Spaceflight Program 2510: 2009:Lynx single-passenger spaceplane 1743: 1565:European module of the same name 896:Saturn family of launch vehicles 815:, on a suborbital flight aboard 514: 489: 468: 447: 426: 379: 18045:Gravitationally rounded objects 16530:Timeline of private spaceflight 16204:Super heavy-lift launch vehicle 16064:Communications satellite firsts 14737:Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics 13092:Lunar Precursor Robotic Program 12001:Space launch market competition 11748: 8636:NASA's Solar System Exploration 8563:. Springer Praxis Books, 2011, 8513: 8491: 8464: 8381: 8369: 8332: 8298: 8274:Space psychology and psychiatry 8265: 8234: 8207: 8171: 8137: 8086: 8045: 8026: 7930: 7700: 7677: 7651: 7615: 7593: 7391:New England Journal of Medicine 7094: 7082: 7070: 7044: 7018: 6992: 6973: 6947: 6921: 6863: 6838: 6816: 6790: 6767: 6714: 6698:. 21 March 2019. Archived from 6684: 6658: 6628: 6576:Foust, Jeff (9 November 2017). 6542: 6522: 6497:Foust, Jeff (15 October 2017). 6373:Berger, Eric (13 August 2021). 6366: 6340: 6230: 6204: 6178: 6089: 6036: 6011: 5986: 5857:Loff, Sarah (21 October 2013). 5689: 4671: 4517: 2953:космонавт (same word in:) 2804:–based small space laboratory. 2654:Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center 2446:conducted the first woman-only 1930:Passenger travel via spacecraft 1574:) began the development of the 1555:in 1987, to be launched on the 1268:dissolution of the Soviet Union 701: 12238:Health threat from cosmic rays 8214:Sohn, Rebecca (7 March 2022). 7811:Puiu, Tibi (9 November 2011). 7051:Amos, Jonathan (7 July 2009). 6609:Haris Durrani (19 July 2019). 6555:Space Media Network Promotions 5936: 5911:The Story of the Space Shuttle 5881: 5850: 5825: 5800: 5774: 5752: 5721: 5233: 4974:generally employ some sort of 4820:and the activation of dormant 4746:Health threat from cosmic rays 3589: 3564: 3544: 3206: 3186: 3126: 3106: 1852:, launched in September 2021. 1776:Commercial private spaceflight 13: 1: 16465:Private spaceflight companies 15408:Rocket and missile technology 14683:Cosmonaut ranks and positions 8012:10.1126/science.340.6136.1031 7733:10.1016/s0094-5765(98)00154-4 6611:"Is Spaceflight Colonialism?" 6162:(in Chinese). 29 April 2021. 5728:Mars, Kelli (27 March 2018). 5714: 5083:Simplified Aid For EVA Rescue 4800:which occurred in August 1972 4664:Earth-orbital journey on the 2880:National spacefaring attempts 2814:in 2022, sending an uncrewed 2120: 1489:was launched and docked with 1131:and Soviet general secretary 1123:In 1973, the US launched the 585:The first human in space was 16079:Earth observation satellites 15934:Cumulative spacewalk records 14223:Soviet crewed lunar programs 13910:Space program on U.S. stamps 13835:Gemini and Apollo medallions 13785:Solar System Family Portrait 13561:Joint Polar Satellite System 13430:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter 12684:Vision for Space Exploration 12654:Space Exploration Initiative 9779:Public-sector space agencies 8181:Journal of Leukocyte Biology 7782:10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.06.021 7238:10.1371/journal.pone.0053275 6797:Potter, Sean (30 May 2020). 6103:. 5 May 2020. Archived from 4832: 4798:launched. This solar storm, 4739: 4587:and accelerate the onset of 2144:17 July 1962 or 19 July 1963 1618:vertical-takeoff-and-landing 1352:landing humans on the Moon, 1227:in the Shuttle payload bay. 1223:sortie space station called 1105:to feed its hydrogen-fueled 976:on the surface. The crew of 7: 18140:Outline of the Solar System 17903:Interplanetary medium/space 16503:First satellites by country 14283:International Space Station 13905:U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame 13862:We choose to go to the Moon 13825:Apollo 11 goodwill messages 13383:International Space Station 13363:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 13102:Great Observatories program 12946:International Space Station 12924:Roscosmos State Corporation 12841:Science Mission Directorate 12787:Manned Space Flight Network 12354:Self-replicating spacecraft 12190:International Space Station 7181:Mann, Adam (23 July 2012). 7155:"Beings Not Made for Space" 6192:. The European Space Agency 6072:"Space Laboratory Missions" 5627:List of spaceflight records 5557: 5128:successful mission in space 4626:International Space Station 3917: 3902: 3837:European Space Agency (ESA) 3750: 3735: 3675: 3660: 3641:Mitsubishi Heavy Industries 3578: 3558: 3498: 3483: 3407: 3387: 3262:European Space Agency (ESA) 3220: 3200: 3140: 3120: 2907:Term(s) for space traveler 2779:anniversary of independence 2711:International Space Station 2324:on 5 September 1989 to the 2314:International Space Station 2205:one foot (30 cm) from 2159:) was the first to pilot a 1846:Commercial Crew Development 1703:Commercial Crew Development 1646:United States "Shuttle gap" 1611:Mitsubishi Heavy Industries 1316:International Space Station 1289:Roscosmos State Corporation 1066:Space Transportation System 956:in December 1968. In 1969, 629:, went to space as part of 623:International Space Station 522:International Space Station 461:, first in open space, 1965 352:List of space organizations 10: 18339: 17856:Extraterrestrial materials 16194:Medium-lift launch vehicle 15995:Objects at Lagrange points 13722:NASA cameras on spacecraft 13533:James Webb Space Telescope 13445:Solar Dynamics Observatory 12666:U.S. National Space Policy 11868:Space Liability Convention 9614:Command and service module 9297:ISS Deorbit Vehicle (2030) 8548:. Wiley, Hoboken NJ 2003, 5863:Gemini: Bridge to the Moon 5585:List of human spaceflights 5471:inter-segment seal in one 5323: 5237: 5092: 5066: 4940: 4836: 4743: 4675: 4545: 4534: 4521: 4495: 3958:Iranian Space Agency (ISA) 3534:People's Republic of China 3176:People's Republic of China 3096:People's Republic of China 2955:(in Russian and Ukrainian) 2802:Japanese Experiment Module 2642:China Manned Space Program 2487: 2480: 2416:became the first woman to 2073: 2018: 1968:in the legacy Earth-orbit 1734:first Space Shuttle flight 1588:Japanese Experiment Module 1377:China Manned Space Program 1328:China Manned Space Program 1325: 1156:. The USSR launched three 705: 694: 690: 679:in May 2020, transporting 18176:Earth sciences portal 18135: 18090: 18027: 17898:Interplanetary dust cloud 17777: 17613: 17543: 17254: 17190: 16883: 16736: 16578: 16488: 16443: 16427: 16212: 16199:Heavy-lift launch vehicle 16189:Small-lift launch vehicle 16132: 16052: 15978:Landings on other planets 15956: 15909: 15781: 15753: 15725: 15665: 15613: 15570: 15425: 15416: 15368: 15355: 15296: 15221: 15171: 15162: 15027: 14977: 14966: 14889: 14829: 14822: 14763: 14670: 14654: 14603: 14549: 14500: 14456: 14337: 14326: 14306: 14275: 14207: 14139: 14128: 14102: 14091: 14042: 14029: 13953: 13853: 13730: 13645: 13590: 13553: 13352: 13162: 13149: 13079: 12993: 12983: 12938: 12864: 12853: 12797:Vehicle Assembly Building 12705: 12604: 12594: 12524: 12491: 12444: 12396: 12282: 12231:Space adaptation syndrome 12218: 12123: 12043: 12034: 11922: 11756: 11689: 11606: 11482: 11440: 11298: 10876: 10758: 10751: 10564: 10481: 10405: 10237: 10178: 10162: 10155: 10030: 9916: 9909: 9815: 9792: 9785: 9724: 9646: 9563: 9512: 9449: 9412: 9364: 9191: 9148: 9076: 8933: 8846: 8839: 8789: 8720: 8695: 8686: 8632:Human Spaceflight Profile 7512:10.1186/s12866-018-1325-2 7345:Staff (29 October 2015). 5642:Monkeys and apes in space 5632:List of crewed spacecraft 4936: 4806:or on the lunar surface. 3910: 3888: 3743: 3721: 3668: 3646: 3637:Kawasaki Heavy Industries 3584: 3491: 3469: 2910:First launched astronaut 2866:Iranian crewed spacecraft 2672:Mojave Air and Space Port 2670:(the first two were from 2650:Long March launch vehicle 1752:This section needs to be 1715:Sierra Nevada Corporation 1693:, NASA is developing the 1607:Kawasaki Heavy Industries 1547:began development of the 1493:. Two astronauts entered 1414:extravehicular activities 1253:-class orbiter or simply 1217:an accident during launch 1215:, which was destroyed in 1049:Artist's rendering of an 974:electric powered vehicles 18189:Local Interstellar Cloud 16901:other near-Earth objects 16480:Spacecraft manufacturers 16015:leaving the Solar System 14769:Space industry of Russia 13868:Apollo 8 Genesis reading 13792:The Day the Earth Smiled 13127:Solar Terrestrial Probes 12586: 11964:Communications satellite 9400:Uranus Orbiter and Probe 8646:U.S. Spaceflight History 8574:Larson, Wiley J. (ed.). 6242:29 November 2011 at the 5682: 5506:reinforced carbon-carbon 5210:during a ground test at 5132:reinforced carbon-carbon 4780:acute radiation sickness 4720:In addition, after long 4706:returning to Earth from 4634:bacterial strains, none 4631:Enterobacter bugandensis 3060:spaceflight participant 3013:spaceflight participant 2820:distant retrograde orbit 2193:were first to perform a 2069: 2007:had been developing the 1892:spacecraft aimed at the 1321: 1274:US / Russian cooperation 1103:external propellant tank 1090:human expedition to Mars 1002:, most serial spacecraft 898:. In 1962, the US began 601:at the beginning of the 576:spaceflight participants 18152:Solar System portal 17878:Giant-impact hypothesis 17485:Trans-Neptunian objects 15894:timeline by nationality 15360:Timeline of spaceflight 14291:Russian Orbital Segment 13925:Other primates in space 13637:Deep Space Atomic Clock 13457:Mars Science Laboratory 13245:Spitzer Space Telescope 12834:Lunar Sample Laboratory 12777:Launch Services Program 12468:reusable launch systems 12085:Extravehicular activity 11996:Commercial use of space 11900:Militarisation of space 11873:Registration Convention 11789:Accidents and incidents 8602:Reneau, Allyson (ed.). 8070:2007A&G....48f..11L 7888:10.1148/radiol.12111986 7544:Staff (15 March 2019). 7031:Business Standard India 7025:IANS (15 August 2018). 6636:"Website of the IAU100 6485:Starship Earth to Earth 5250:attitude control system 5240:Reliability engineering 5153:extravehicular activity 5079:Manned Maneuvering Unit 5069:Extravehicular activity 5063:Extravehicular activity 4804:extravehicular activity 4770:(SPEs) associated with 4579:On 31 December 2012, a 3633:Japanese Rocket Society 2742:Planned future programs 2736:gender-neutral language 2044:province of all mankind 2042:, declaring space the " 2025:Human presence in space 1944:suborbital spaceflights 1613:worked on the proposed 1603:Japanese Rocket Society 1601:From 1993 to 1997, the 1211:, was built to replace 829:. On 20 February 1962, 823:Mercury-Redstone rocket 82:Timeline of spaceflight 18040:Possible dwarf planets 17883:Gravitational collapse 17821:Circumstellar envelope 16620: 16513:Constellation missions 16140:Orbital launch systems 16032:Timeline of satellites 15973:Interplanetary voyages 15307:Outer space portal 13940:National Astronaut Day 13883:The Astronaut Monument 13705:Space Shuttle missions 13405:Mars Exploration Rover 13388:Hubble Space Telescope 13297:Kepler space telescope 13097:Earth Observing System 13071:Mars Exploration Rover 12782:Mercury Control Center 12516:Mission control center 12478:Non-rocket spacelaunch 11912:Billionaire space race 8475:. NASA. Archived from 8341:"Fire in the Cockpit!" 5160:decompression sickness 5130:. A wing-leading-edge 4967: 4861:hallucinated the smell 4763: 4687: 4656:On 25 September 2021, 4040:Copenhagen Suborbitals 2717:Tiangong Space Station 2662:(US): Air launched by 2626:(Russia): Launched on 2608: 2605: 2201:spacecraft to achieve 1864:United Launch Alliance 1799: 1788: 1678: 1658: 1634:space launcher, which 1561:Columbus space station 1516:. The first module of 1446:target spacecraft and 1341: 1283: 1240: 1120: 1070:reusable Space Shuttle 1057: 1014: 1003: 882:In 1961, US President 761: 750: 739: 736:Astronaut Hall of Fame 724: 697:History of spaceflight 386:Spaceflight portal 302:Non-rocket spacelaunch 72:History of spaceflight 56: 18249:Laniakea Supercluster 17866:Sample-return mission 16619: 16428:Launches by spaceport 16037:Sample-return mission 15551:Civilian spaceflight 14939:Extraterrestrial life 14023:Russian space program 13888:Lunar sample displays 13878:Space Mirror Memorial 13820:Voyager Golden Record 13712:United States rockets 12904: (with the 12812:Launch Control Center 12366:Spacecraft propulsion 11816:European Space Agency 9264:Venus Orbiter Mission 8559:Haeuplik-Meusburger: 7956:10.16910/jemr.12.6.15 7405:10.1056/NEJMoa1705129 6186:"Columbus laboratory" 6156:"空间站天和核心舱飞行任务新闻发布会召开" 5906:David Michael Harland 5807:Furniss, Tim (2007). 5324:Further information: 5146:Artificial atmosphere 4950: 4918:proprioception system 4837:Further information: 4768:solar particle events 4753: 4685: 4608:human mission to Mars 4600:health hazards report 4594:In October 2015, the 4537:Astronautical hygiene 4492:Environmental hazards 3832:European Space Agency 3253:European Space Agency 2864:). The plans for the 2825:SpaceX is developing 2795:H-II Transfer Vehicle 2772:Indian Prime Minister 2648:(China): Launched on 2603: 2598: 2333:By nationality or sex 2296:Longest time in space 1991:have craft in active 1794: 1783: 1683:Constellation program 1664: 1653: 1621:single-stage-to-orbit 1592:H-II Transfer Vehicle 1545:European Space Agency 1364:spacecraft. Nineteen 1335: 1281: 1245:Space Shuttle orbiter 1233: 1221:European Space Agency 1179:Space Station Freedom 1117:Space Shuttle orbiter 1115: 1099:solid rocket boosters 1053:about to dock with a 1048: 1009: 998: 871:), that exceeded the 778:artificial satellites 756: 745: 738:, Titusville, Florida 730: 722:Technik Museum Speyer 715: 613:. Humans traveled to 566:(American or other), 538:(also referred to as 528:views the Earth, 2010 55: 18164:Astronomy portal 18065:Solar System objects 17811:Circumplanetary disk 16152:Sounding rocket list 16091:Geosynchronous orbit 16027:Missions to the Moon 15799:by year of selection 14085:Vostochny Cosmodrome 12906:Soviet space program 12824:Johnson Space Center 12792:Kennedy Space Center 12755:spinoff technologies 11991:Satellite navigation 11701:Soviet space program 8616:175 (2020): 290–299. 6823:McDowell, Jonathan. 6535:6 March 2013 at the 6411:on 21 September 2014 5894:. NASA. p. 832. 5652:Commercial astronaut 5473:Solid Rocket Booster 5099:The single pilot of 5053:solid rocket booster 4976:launch escape system 4943:Launch escape system 4786:occurred during the 3930:HTV-based spacecraft 3328:Alexander Viktorenko 2943:Soviet space program 2901:Nation/Organization 2686:Kennedy Space Center 2684:launch vehicle from 2628:Soyuz launch vehicle 2490:NASA Astronaut Corps 2379:Valentina Tereshkova 2232:Agena Target Vehicle 2082:Valentina Tereshkova 1416:(EVA, or spacewalk), 1247:, which they called 1078:Kennedy Space Center 849:Valentina Tereshkova 841:Mercury-Atlas rocket 772:for the delivery of 526:Tracy Caldwell Dyson 18318:Life in outer space 18263:Observable universe 18060:Solar System models 17990:Protoplanetary disk 17913:Interstellar medium 17873:Frost/Ice/Snow line 16489:Other mission lists 16470:Rocket launch sites 16444:Agencies, companies 15740:Crewed Spaceflights 15398:Spaceflight records 15350:lists and timelines 14710:Veterok and Ugolyok 14077:Svobodny Cosmodrome 14072:Plesetsk Cosmodrome 14050:Baikonur Cosmodrome 13915:Apollo 17 Moon mice 13771:Pillars of Creation 13678:Space Shuttle crews 13156:(human and robotic) 13150:Individual featured 12733:Ranks and positions 12376:Electric propulsion 12063:Life-support system 11947:Imagery and mapping 11907:Private spaceflight 10851:Guiana Space Centre 9619:Apollo Lunar Module 8681:Future spaceflights 8432:. NASA SP-2000-4029 8357:on 20 November 2008 8193:10.1189/jlb.0309167 8107:2000RadR..153..729P 8004:2013Sci...340.1031K 7725:1998AcAau..43..193E 7611:on 11 October 2008. 7229:2012PLoSO...753275C 6959:The Weather Channel 6646:on 22 December 2021 6638:Inclusive Astronomy 6301:NASASpaceflight.com 5869:on 21 December 2014 5672:Tourism on the Moon 5409:X-15 Flight 3-65-97 5400:from crash landing 5301:lunar landing craft 5199:Guiana Space Centre 5126:after completing a 5095:Atmospheric reentry 5089:Reentry and landing 4589:Alzheimer's disease 4564:The possibility of 4532:of the spacecraft. 4530:life support system 4524:Life support system 4510:Locomotion in Space 3605:Shenzhou spacecraft 2948:OKB-1 Design Bureau 2646:Shenzhou spacecraft 2632:Baikonur Cosmodrome 2501:private spaceflight 2414:Svetlana Savitskaya 2271:Neil Armstrong and 2237:21–27 December 1968 2224:rendezvous and dock 2165:North American X-15 2086:Svetlana Savitskaya 2064:Inclusive Astronomy 1999:spaceplane and the 1902:is in a multi-year 1804:private spaceflight 1699:Space Launch System 1471:In September 2016, 1381:Shenzhou spacecraft 1306:In 1993, President 1293:Shuttle-Mir Program 1205:. A fifth shuttle, 1172:orbital inclination 857:North American X-15 747:North American X-15 675:crew launch was by 482:in open space, 1965 224:Apollo Lunar Module 18323:1961 introductions 18243:Virgo Supercluster 18224:Milky Way subgroup 18055:Natural satellites 17938:Nebular hypothesis 17918:Interstellar space 17908:Interstellar cloud 17816:Circumstellar disc 17406:Near-Earth objects 17290:names and meanings 16621: 16389:Thor DM-21 Agena-B 16379:Thor DM-18 Agena-A 16292:Falcon 9 and Heavy 15988:artificial objects 15939:Longest spacewalks 15502:Vostok and Voskhod 15222:Other technologies 14756:(1997 documentary) 14748:(1995 documentary) 14745:Out of the Present 14678:List of cosmonauts 14655:Images and artwork 14595:Deep Space Network 14242:(Mars/Venus flyby) 13717:NASA cancellations 13612:Deep Space Network 13602:Near Earth Network 13087:Living With a Star 13061:Project Prometheus 13041:Planetary Observer 12329:Robotic spacecraft 12255:Space and survival 12110:Space colonization 12006:Space architecture 11858:Outer Space Treaty 8753:Boeing Starliner-1 8509:on 3 January 2013. 7365:on 30 October 2015 7326:. Associated Press 7299:(3 January 2013). 7160:The New York Times 7005:The Economic Times 6986:the Times of India 6877:on 13 January 2020 6557:. Space-Travel.com 6160:China Manned Space 6131:China Manned Space 6101:China Manned Space 6076:China Manned Space 6048:China Manned Space 6023:China Manned Space 5998:China Manned Space 5973:China Manned Space 5948:China Manned Space 5572:Spaceflight portal 5297:command spacecraft 5262:static electricity 5171:Apollo spacecraft. 5168:McDonnell Aircraft 5057:external fuel tank 4968: 4794:landed and before 4778:, would result in 4764: 4688: 3684:2000s (abandoned) 3073:Mercury spacecraft 3026:Mercury spacecraft 2793:has developed the 2680:(US): Launched on 2609: 2606: 2499:, and by American 2056:Justspace Alliance 2029:Space colonization 1926:on July 20, 2021. 1922:, and 18-year old 1800: 1789: 1679: 1659: 1522:Tianhe core module 1342: 1284: 1241: 1121: 1058: 1015: 1004: 762: 751: 740: 725: 683:astronauts to the 644:in December 1972. 544:crewed spaceflight 540:manned spaceflight 181:Robotic spacecraft 57: 18:Crewed spaceflight 18303:Human spaceflight 18285: 18284: 18130: 18129: 18126: 18125: 18103:Lagrangian points 18075:by discovery date 17673:Human spaceflight 17644:historical models 17537: 17536: 17156:S/2015 (136472) 1 16538: 16537: 15952: 15951: 15433:Crewed spacecraft 15418:Human spaceflight 15376:Space exploration 15314: 15313: 15292: 15291: 15201:Carbonated drinks 15173:Human spaceflight 15053:of items in space 14964: 14963: 14782: 14781: 14705:Belka and Strelka 14695:Soviet space dogs 14557:Sputnik programme 14545: 14544: 14478: 14433: 14412: 14391: 14322: 14321: 14287: 14243: 14235: 14227: 14219: 14191: 14178: 14166: 14130:Human spaceflight 14081: 14058: 13985: 13984: 13898:stolen or missing 13695:uncrewed missions 13673:Apollo astronauts 13668:Gemini astronauts 13586: 13585: 13370:2001 Mars Odyssey 13145: 13144: 13021:Mars Surveyor '98 12979: 12978: 12922: (with 12855:Human spaceflight 12849: 12848: 12807:Launch Complex 48 12802:Launch Complex 39 12554: 12553: 12501:Flight controller 12278: 12277: 12036:Human spaceflight 12011:Space exploration 11937:Earth observation 11716: 11715: 11436: 11435: 10747: 10746: 10151: 10150: 10033:and the Caribbean 9905: 9904: 9745: 9744: 9501:Crewed spacecraft 9467: 9466: 9408: 9407: 9274:Comet Interceptor 9238:Rosalind Franklin 8957:Lunar Trailblazer 8835: 8834: 8614:Acta Astronautica 8569:978-3-7091-0666-2 8479:on 23 August 2007 8421:978-0-16-050631-4 8164:978-0-309-10264-3 7776:(10): 2058–2069. 7713:Acta Astronautica 7398:(18): 1746–1753. 5929:978-1-85233-793-3 5647:Crewed Mars rover 5555: 5554: 5534:powered drop-test 5405:15 November 1967 5124:killed on reentry 4925:Equipment hazards 4911:vestibular system 4604:space exploration 4067: 4066: 3759:2003 (abandoned) 3507:2003 (abandoned) 3434:2001 (abandoned) 3279:1992 (abandoned) 3229:1981 (abandoned) 3149:1973 (abandoned) 3069:20 February 1962 2979:Vostok spacecraft 2668:Spaceport America 2532: 2531: 2226:, piloting their 2209:for over 5 hours. 2197:, piloting their 2187:Walter M. Schirra 1906:program of their 1773: 1772: 1628:Iraqi News Agency 1596:Fuji crew capsule 1483:. A month later, 665:suborbital flight 661:in-space research 605:. On 5 May 1961, 556:remotely operated 536:Human spaceflight 440:on the Moon, 1969 420: 419: 314:Spaceflight types 258: 257: 215:Crewed spacecraft 207: 206: 122:Earth observation 16:(Redirected from 18330: 18279: 18277: 18268: 18261: 18254: 18247: 18241: 18235: 18229: 18222: 18215: 18208: 18201: 18194: 18187: 18174: 18173: 18172: 18162: 18161: 18160: 18150: 18149: 18148: 17851:Exozodiacal dust 17541: 17540: 17507:Detached objects 16743: 16742: 16739: 16738: 16583: 16565: 16558: 16551: 16542: 16541: 15870:Space travelers 15866:Space scientists 15854:African American 15423: 15422: 15341: 15334: 15327: 15318: 15317: 15305: 15304: 15303: 15169: 15168: 14972: 14827: 14826: 14809: 14802: 14795: 14786: 14785: 14727:Cosmonauts Alley 14590:Luch (satellite) 14476: 14448: 14431: 14410: 14389: 14335: 14334: 14285: 14241: 14233: 14225: 14217: 14189: 14176: 14164: 14137: 14136: 14097: 14079: 14052: 14012: 14005: 13998: 13989: 13988: 13973: 13972: 13961: 13960: 13799:Fallen Astronaut 13440:Van Allen Probes 13160: 13159: 13066:Mars Exploration 12991: 12990: 12862: 12861: 12630:Space Task Group 12602: 12601: 12581: 12574: 12567: 12558: 12557: 12544: 12533: 12532: 12243:Space psychology 12068:Animals in space 12041: 12040: 12021:Space technology 11863:Rescue Agreement 11743: 11736: 11729: 11720: 11719: 11699:Preceded by the 11679: 11678: 11677: 11667: 11666: 11665: 11655: 11654: 11653: 11643: 11642: 11641: 11631: 11630: 11629: 11619: 11618: 11617: 11596: 11595: 11594: 11584: 11583: 11582: 11572: 11571: 11570: 11472: 11471: 11470: 11453: 11452: 11451: 11426: 11425: 11424: 11414: 11413: 11412: 11395: 11394: 11393: 11383: 11382: 11381: 11359: 11358: 11357: 11347: 11346: 11345: 11335: 11334: 11333: 11323: 11322: 11321: 11311: 11310: 11309: 11288: 11287: 11286: 11276: 11275: 11274: 11264: 11263: 11262: 11250: 11249: 11248: 11238: 11237: 11236: 11226: 11225: 11224: 11214: 11213: 11212: 11175: 11174: 11173: 11163: 11162: 11161: 11151: 11150: 11149: 11139: 11138: 11137: 11127: 11126: 11125: 11115: 11114: 11113: 11103: 11102: 11101: 11091: 11090: 11089: 11079: 11078: 11077: 11067: 11066: 11065: 11048: 11047: 11046: 11036: 11035: 11034: 11024: 11023: 11022: 11012: 11011: 11010: 11000: 10999: 10998: 10988: 10987: 10986: 10969: 10968: 10967: 10957: 10956: 10955: 10945: 10944: 10943: 10933: 10932: 10931: 10921: 10920: 10919: 10907: 10906: 10905: 10895: 10894: 10893: 10802: 10801: 10800: 10756: 10755: 10732: 10731: 10730: 10713: 10712: 10711: 10694: 10693: 10692: 10675: 10674: 10673: 10656: 10655: 10654: 10637: 10636: 10635: 10625: 10624: 10623: 10613: 10612: 10611: 10601: 10600: 10599: 10589: 10588: 10587: 10577: 10576: 10575: 10554: 10553: 10552: 10542: 10541: 10540: 10530: 10529: 10528: 10518: 10517: 10516: 10506: 10505: 10504: 10494: 10493: 10492: 10471: 10470: 10469: 10459: 10458: 10457: 10430: 10429: 10428: 10418: 10417: 10416: 10395: 10394: 10393: 10383: 10382: 10381: 10359: 10358: 10357: 10347: 10346: 10345: 10335: 10334: 10333: 10323: 10322: 10321: 10304: 10303: 10302: 10250: 10249: 10248: 10227: 10226: 10225: 10203: 10202: 10201: 10191: 10190: 10189: 10160: 10159: 10134: 10133: 10132: 10122: 10121: 10120: 10093: 10092: 10091: 10081: 10080: 10079: 10069: 10068: 10067: 10057: 10056: 10055: 10045: 10044: 10043: 10020: 10019: 10018: 10008: 10007: 10006: 9996: 9995: 9994: 9984: 9983: 9982: 9972: 9971: 9970: 9953: 9952: 9951: 9941: 9940: 9939: 9929: 9928: 9927: 9914: 9913: 9895: 9894: 9893: 9883: 9882: 9881: 9871: 9870: 9869: 9859: 9858: 9857: 9840: 9839: 9838: 9828: 9827: 9826: 9790: 9789: 9772: 9765: 9758: 9749: 9748: 9494: 9487: 9480: 9471: 9470: 8844: 8843: 8693: 8692: 8675: 8668: 8661: 8652: 8651: 8544:Darling, David. 8532: 8531: 8525: 8517: 8511: 8510: 8505:. Archived from 8495: 8489: 8488: 8486: 8484: 8468: 8462: 8461: 8455: 8451: 8449: 8441: 8439: 8437: 8401: 8395: 8385: 8379: 8373: 8367: 8366: 8364: 8362: 8336: 8330: 8329: 8327: 8325: 8302: 8296: 8295: 8269: 8263: 8262: 8238: 8232: 8231: 8229: 8227: 8211: 8205: 8204: 8187:(5): 1027–1038. 8175: 8169: 8168: 8141: 8135: 8134: 8090: 8084: 8083: 8081: 8049: 8043: 8042: 8030: 8024: 8023: 7985: 7979: 7978: 7968: 7958: 7934: 7928: 7927: 7925: 7923: 7906: 7900: 7899: 7869: 7863: 7862: 7860: 7858: 7843: 7837: 7831: 7825: 7824: 7822: 7820: 7815:. zmescience.com 7808: 7802: 7801: 7759: 7753: 7752: 7719:(3–6): 193–210. 7704: 7698: 7697: 7695: 7693: 7681: 7675: 7674: 7672: 7670: 7655: 7649: 7648: 7646: 7644: 7638: 7632:. Archived from 7627: 7619: 7613: 7612: 7607:. Archived from 7597: 7591: 7590: 7588: 7586: 7569: 7563: 7562: 7560: 7558: 7541: 7535: 7534: 7524: 7514: 7498:BMC Microbiology 7488: 7482: 7481: 7479: 7477: 7460: 7454: 7453: 7451: 7449: 7432: 7426: 7425: 7407: 7381: 7375: 7374: 7372: 7370: 7364: 7358:. Archived from 7351: 7342: 7336: 7335: 7333: 7331: 7319: 7313: 7312: 7310: 7308: 7293: 7287: 7286: 7284: 7282: 7267: 7261: 7260: 7250: 7240: 7206: 7200: 7199: 7197: 7195: 7178: 7172: 7171: 7169: 7167: 7150: 7144: 7143: 7141: 7139: 7124: 7118: 7117: 7115: 7113: 7098: 7092: 7086: 7080: 7074: 7068: 7067: 7065: 7063: 7048: 7042: 7041: 7039: 7037: 7022: 7016: 7015: 7013: 7011: 6996: 6990: 6989: 6977: 6971: 6970: 6968: 6966: 6951: 6945: 6944: 6942: 6940: 6935:. 15 August 2018 6925: 6919: 6918: 6912: 6904: 6902: 6893: 6887: 6886: 6884: 6882: 6867: 6861: 6860: 6858: 6856: 6842: 6836: 6835: 6833: 6831: 6820: 6814: 6813: 6811: 6809: 6794: 6788: 6787: 6785: 6783: 6771: 6765: 6764: 6762: 6760: 6754:The Conversation 6745: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6734: 6718: 6712: 6711: 6709: 6707: 6688: 6682: 6681: 6679: 6677: 6662: 6656: 6655: 6653: 6651: 6642:. Archived from 6632: 6626: 6625: 6623: 6621: 6606: 6595: 6594: 6592: 6590: 6573: 6567: 6566: 6564: 6562: 6546: 6540: 6526: 6520: 6519: 6513: 6511: 6494: 6488: 6482: 6476: 6475: 6473: 6471: 6456: 6450: 6449: 6447: 6445: 6430: 6424: 6423: 6418: 6416: 6407:. Archived from 6396: 6390: 6389: 6387: 6385: 6370: 6364: 6363: 6361: 6359: 6347:Clark, Stephen. 6344: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6333: 6318: 6312: 6311: 6309: 6307: 6292: 6283: 6282: 6280: 6278: 6273:on 27 April 2021 6269:. Archived from 6256: 6247: 6234: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6223: 6208: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6197: 6182: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6171: 6152: 6143: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6123: 6117: 6116: 6114: 6112: 6093: 6087: 6086: 6084: 6082: 6068: 6059: 6058: 6056: 6054: 6040: 6034: 6033: 6031: 6029: 6015: 6009: 6008: 6006: 6004: 5990: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5979: 5965: 5959: 5958: 5956: 5954: 5940: 5934: 5933: 5918:Praxis. p. 5902: 5896: 5895: 5885: 5879: 5878: 5876: 5874: 5854: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5829: 5823: 5822: 5804: 5798: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5778: 5772: 5771: 5769: 5767: 5756: 5750: 5749: 5747: 5745: 5740:on 28 April 2022 5736:. Archived from 5725: 5708: 5699:space launcher, 5693: 5637:Animals in space 5574: 5569: 5568: 5567: 5523:31 October 2014 5490:1 February 2003 5453:28 January 1986 5427:Vehicle breakup 5415:Michael J. Adams 5353:27 January 1967 5333: 5332: 5179: 5115: 5105:Vladimir Komarov 5085:(SAFER) device. 4956: 4790:, shortly after 4776:Carrington Event 4638:to humans, that 4033: 4031: 4030: 3991: 3989: 3988: 3951: 3949: 3948: 3920: 3914: 3913: 3912: 3905: 3899: 3891: 3890: 3876: 3874: 3873: 3830: 3800: 3784: 3782: 3781: 3753: 3747: 3746: 3745: 3738: 3732: 3724: 3723: 3709: 3707: 3706: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3670: 3663: 3657: 3649: 3648: 3626: 3624: 3623: 3601:15 October 2003 3591: 3586: 3581: 3575: 3567: 3566: 3561: 3555: 3547: 3546: 3532: 3530: 3529: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3493: 3486: 3480: 3472: 3471: 3457: 3455: 3454: 3424: 3416: 3415: 3410: 3404: 3396: 3395: 3390: 3384: 3376: 3375: 3361: 3360: 3332:Alexander Kaleri 3318: 3304: 3302: 3301: 3271: 3251: 3223: 3217: 3209: 3208: 3203: 3197: 3189: 3188: 3174: 3172: 3171: 3143: 3137: 3129: 3128: 3123: 3117: 3109: 3108: 3094: 3092: 3091: 3047: 3045: 3044: 3000: 2998: 2997: 2967: 2956: 2934: 2932: 2931: 2898: 2897: 2835:modified version 2818:spacecraft to a 2789:Since 2008, the 2664:White Knight Two 2602: 2585: 2579:Current programs 2574: 2564: 2554: 2548: 2542: 2536: 2514: 2513: 2506: 2366:20 February 1962 2195:space rendezvous 2183:15 December 1965 2153:Joseph A. Walker 1768: 1765: 1759: 1747: 1746: 1739: 1732:in 1975 and the 1711:Boeing Starliner 1418:space rendezvous 1055:Soyuz spacecraft 1023:Soyuz spacecraft 927:space rendezvous 904:Titan II rockets 869:Joseph A. Walker 518: 493: 472: 451: 430: 412: 405: 398: 384: 383: 382: 209: 208: 198:Cargo spacecraft 175: 174: 32: 31: 21: 18338: 18337: 18333: 18332: 18331: 18329: 18328: 18327: 18288: 18287: 18286: 18281: 18275: 18273: 18272: 18266: 18259: 18252: 18245: 18239: 18233: 18227: 18220: 18213: 18206: 18199: 18192: 18185: 18170: 18168: 18158: 18156: 18146: 18144: 18131: 18122: 18086: 18023: 18007:vs. Hill sphere 17933:Molecular cloud 17861:Sample curation 17841:Detached object 17780: 17773: 17617: 17609: 17546: 17533: 17478:Neptune trojans 17261: 17259: 17257: 17250: 17186: 16879: 16750: 16732: 16618: 16581: 16574: 16569: 16539: 16534: 16490: 16484: 16445: 16439: 16423: 16374:Thor DM-18 Able 16282:Delta IV Medium 16214: 16208: 16184:Sounding rocket 16128: 16055: 16048: 15959: 15948: 15905: 15879:by first flight 15777: 15749: 15721: 15661: 15609: 15566: 15412: 15364: 15351: 15345: 15315: 15310: 15301: 15299: 15288: 15217: 15158: 15023: 14973: 14960: 14885: 14818: 14813: 14783: 14778: 14759: 14666: 14662:Mission patches 14650: 14599: 14541: 14496: 14452: 14446: 14330: 14318: 14302: 14271: 14203: 14132: 14124: 14103:Launch vehicles 14098: 14089: 14038: 14025: 14016: 13986: 13981: 13949: 13849: 13840:Mission patches 13815:Pioneer plaques 13778:Mystic Mountain 13755:Family Portrait 13748:The Blue Marble 13732: 13726: 13700:Apollo missions 13641: 13593: 13582: 13549: 13354: 13348: 13185:Mercury-Atlas 6 13155: 13151: 13141: 13075: 13011:Mariner Mark II 12975: 12956:Commercial Crew 12934: 12857: 12845: 12829:Mission Control 12728:Astronaut Corps 12723:Chief Scientist 12701: 12606: 12590: 12585: 12555: 12550: 12520: 12487: 12459:Escape velocity 12440: 12392: 12359:Space telescope 12312:Reentry capsule 12274: 12214: 12119: 12090:Overview effect 12073:Bioastronautics 12030: 11918: 11752: 11747: 11717: 11712: 11685: 11675: 11673: 11663: 11661: 11651: 11649: 11639: 11637: 11627: 11625: 11615: 11613: 11602: 11592: 11590: 11580: 11578: 11568: 11566: 11478: 11468: 11466: 11449: 11447: 11432: 11422: 11420: 11410: 11408: 11391: 11389: 11379: 11377: 11355: 11353: 11343: 11341: 11331: 11329: 11319: 11317: 11307: 11305: 11294: 11284: 11282: 11272: 11270: 11260: 11258: 11246: 11244: 11234: 11232: 11222: 11220: 11210: 11208: 11171: 11169: 11159: 11157: 11147: 11145: 11135: 11133: 11123: 11121: 11111: 11109: 11099: 11097: 11087: 11085: 11075: 11073: 11063: 11061: 11044: 11042: 11032: 11030: 11020: 11018: 11008: 11006: 10996: 10994: 10984: 10982: 10965: 10963: 10953: 10951: 10941: 10939: 10929: 10927: 10917: 10915: 10903: 10901: 10891: 10889: 10872: 10798: 10796: 10743: 10728: 10726: 10709: 10707: 10690: 10688: 10671: 10669: 10652: 10650: 10633: 10631: 10621: 10619: 10609: 10607: 10597: 10595: 10585: 10583: 10573: 10571: 10560: 10550: 10548: 10538: 10536: 10526: 10524: 10514: 10512: 10502: 10500: 10490: 10488: 10477: 10467: 10465: 10455: 10453: 10426: 10424: 10414: 10412: 10401: 10391: 10389: 10379: 10377: 10355: 10353: 10343: 10341: 10331: 10329: 10319: 10317: 10300: 10298: 10246: 10244: 10233: 10223: 10221: 10199: 10197: 10187: 10185: 10174: 10147: 10130: 10128: 10118: 10116: 10089: 10087: 10077: 10075: 10065: 10063: 10053: 10051: 10041: 10039: 10032: 10026: 10016: 10014: 10004: 10002: 9992: 9990: 9980: 9978: 9968: 9966: 9949: 9947: 9937: 9935: 9925: 9923: 9901: 9891: 9889: 9879: 9877: 9867: 9865: 9855: 9853: 9836: 9834: 9824: 9822: 9811: 9794: 9781: 9776: 9746: 9741: 9720: 9642: 9559: 9508: 9498: 9468: 9463: 9445: 9414: 9404: 9360: 9187: 9144: 9072: 8929: 8831: 8785: 8747:Axiom Mission 4 8716: 8682: 8679: 8623: 8541: 8539:Further reading 8536: 8535: 8523: 8519: 8518: 8514: 8497: 8496: 8492: 8482: 8480: 8469: 8465: 8453: 8452: 8443: 8442: 8435: 8433: 8422: 8402: 8398: 8386: 8382: 8374: 8370: 8360: 8358: 8337: 8333: 8323: 8321: 8303: 8299: 8284: 8270: 8266: 8239: 8235: 8225: 8223: 8212: 8208: 8176: 8172: 8165: 8143: 8142: 8138: 8091: 8087: 8058:Astron. Geophys 8050: 8046: 8031: 8027: 7986: 7982: 7935: 7931: 7921: 7919: 7907: 7903: 7870: 7866: 7856: 7854: 7853:. 13 March 2012 7845: 7844: 7840: 7832: 7828: 7818: 7816: 7809: 7805: 7760: 7756: 7705: 7701: 7691: 7689: 7682: 7678: 7668: 7666: 7657: 7656: 7652: 7642: 7640: 7639:on 22 July 2020 7636: 7625: 7621: 7620: 7616: 7599: 7598: 7594: 7584: 7582: 7570: 7566: 7556: 7554: 7542: 7538: 7489: 7485: 7475: 7473: 7461: 7457: 7447: 7445: 7433: 7429: 7382: 7378: 7368: 7366: 7362: 7349: 7343: 7339: 7329: 7327: 7320: 7316: 7306: 7304: 7294: 7290: 7280: 7278: 7269: 7268: 7264: 7207: 7203: 7193: 7191: 7179: 7175: 7165: 7163: 7151: 7147: 7137: 7135: 7125: 7121: 7111: 7109: 7099: 7095: 7087: 7083: 7075: 7071: 7061: 7059: 7049: 7045: 7035: 7033: 7023: 7019: 7009: 7007: 6997: 6993: 6978: 6974: 6964: 6962: 6953: 6952: 6948: 6938: 6936: 6927: 6926: 6922: 6906: 6905: 6900: 6894: 6890: 6880: 6878: 6869: 6868: 6864: 6854: 6852: 6844: 6843: 6839: 6829: 6827: 6821: 6817: 6807: 6805: 6795: 6791: 6781: 6779: 6772: 6768: 6758: 6756: 6746: 6742: 6732: 6730: 6719: 6715: 6705: 6703: 6690: 6689: 6685: 6675: 6673: 6663: 6659: 6649: 6647: 6634: 6633: 6629: 6619: 6617: 6607: 6598: 6588: 6586: 6574: 6570: 6560: 6558: 6547: 6543: 6537:Wayback Machine 6527: 6523: 6509: 6507: 6495: 6491: 6483: 6479: 6469: 6467: 6457: 6453: 6443: 6441: 6432: 6431: 6427: 6414: 6412: 6397: 6393: 6383: 6381: 6371: 6367: 6357: 6355: 6353:Spaceflight Now 6345: 6341: 6331: 6329: 6319: 6315: 6305: 6303: 6293: 6286: 6276: 6274: 6257: 6250: 6244:Wayback Machine 6235: 6231: 6221: 6219: 6209: 6205: 6195: 6193: 6184: 6183: 6179: 6169: 6167: 6154: 6153: 6146: 6136: 6134: 6133:. 30 April 2021 6125: 6124: 6120: 6110: 6108: 6107:on 17 June 2021 6095: 6094: 6090: 6080: 6078: 6070: 6069: 6062: 6052: 6050: 6042: 6041: 6037: 6027: 6025: 6019:"Shenzhou VIII" 6017: 6016: 6012: 6002: 6000: 5992: 5991: 5987: 5977: 5975: 5967: 5966: 5962: 5952: 5950: 5942: 5941: 5937: 5930: 5903: 5899: 5888:Siddiqi, Asif. 5886: 5882: 5872: 5870: 5855: 5851: 5841: 5839: 5831: 5830: 5826: 5819: 5805: 5801: 5791: 5789: 5780: 5779: 5775: 5765: 5763: 5758: 5757: 5753: 5743: 5741: 5726: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5711: 5694: 5690: 5685: 5570: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5376:carbon monoxide 5348:Cause of death 5342:Accident cause 5328: 5322: 5244:The March 1966 5242: 5236: 5175: 5148: 5140:orbiter vehicle 5111: 5097: 5091: 5071: 5065: 4952: 4945: 4939: 4927: 4872: 4870:Sensory systems 4845: 4835: 4748: 4742: 4715:motion sickness 4680: 4674: 4666:SpaceX Dragon 2 4558: 4544: 4539: 4526: 4520: 4512: 4498:Bioastronautics 4494: 4485: 4483:Safety concerns 4480: 4478: 4069: 4028: 4026: 4012:NADA spacecraft 3986: 3984: 3968:2019 (on hold) 3946: 3944: 3915: 3908: 3907: 3900: 3893: 3871: 3869: 3798: 3796: 3779: 3777: 3748: 3741: 3740: 3733: 3726: 3704: 3702: 3673: 3666: 3665: 3658: 3651: 3621: 3619: 3582: 3576: 3569: 3562: 3556: 3549: 3527: 3525: 3496: 3489: 3488: 3481: 3474: 3452: 3450: 3425: 3418: 3411: 3405: 3398: 3391: 3385: 3378: 3365: 3355: 3323: 3319: 3316: 3315:космонавт 3299: 3297: 3272: 3269: 3218: 3211: 3204: 3198: 3191: 3169: 3167: 3138: 3131: 3124: 3118: 3111: 3089: 3087: 3059: 3042: 3040: 3012: 2995: 2993: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2957: 2954: 2945: 2938: 2929: 2927: 2895: 2882: 2839:Artemis program 2760:low Earth orbit 2744: 2597: 2583: 2581: 2576: 2572: 2570: 2562: 2560: 2552: 2550: 2546: 2544: 2540: 2538: 2534: 2528: 2515: 2511: 2493: 2486: 2479: 2436:18 October 2019 2423:15 October 2003 2392:Czechoslovakian 2335: 2304:Gennady Padalka 2300:Valeri Polyakov 2203:station-keeping 2149:Robert M. White 2128: 2123: 2078: 2072: 2052:people of color 2035: 2017: 1985:Virgin Galactic 1966:launch vehicles 1955:SpaceX Starship 1932: 1888:, a commercial 1882:Virgin Galactic 1812:Virgin Galactic 1778: 1769: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1748: 1744: 1707:SpaceX Dragon 2 1691:Artemis program 1648: 1541: 1375:In 1992, under 1330: 1324: 1276: 1133:Leonid Brezhnev 1043: 1041:Post-Apollo era 970:Michael Collins 933:of spacecraft. 917:, performed by 884:John F. Kennedy 789:Project Mercury 782:low Earth orbit 774:nuclear weapons 716:Replica of the 710: 704: 699: 693: 635:low Earth orbit 611:Project Mercury 533: 532: 531: 530: 529: 519: 510: 509: 508: 501:Akihiko Hoshide 494: 485: 484: 483: 473: 464: 463: 462: 452: 443: 442: 441: 431: 416: 380: 378: 373: 372: 353: 345: 344: 315: 307: 306: 297:Escape velocity 292:launch vehicles 270: 260: 259: 254: 253: 217: 203: 202: 183: 172: 162: 161: 112: 102: 101: 67: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 18336: 18326: 18325: 18320: 18315: 18310: 18305: 18300: 18283: 18282: 18179: 18178: 18166: 18154: 18142: 18136: 18133: 18132: 18128: 18127: 18124: 18123: 18121: 18120: 18115: 18110: 18105: 18100: 18094: 18092: 18088: 18087: 18085: 18084: 18079: 18078: 18077: 18072: 18062: 18057: 18052: 18047: 18042: 18037: 18031: 18029: 18025: 18024: 18022: 18021: 18019:Scattered disc 18016: 18011: 18010: 18009: 17999: 17994: 17993: 17992: 17987: 17986: 17985: 17975: 17970: 17965: 17960: 17950: 17945: 17940: 17935: 17930: 17925: 17920: 17915: 17910: 17905: 17900: 17895: 17890: 17885: 17880: 17875: 17870: 17869: 17868: 17863: 17853: 17848: 17843: 17838: 17833: 17828: 17823: 17818: 17813: 17808: 17807: 17806: 17804:Excretion disk 17799:Accretion disk 17796: 17791: 17789:Star formation 17785: 17783: 17775: 17774: 17772: 17771: 17766: 17761: 17756: 17751: 17746: 17741: 17736: 17735: 17734: 17724: 17719: 17714: 17713: 17712: 17702: 17697: 17692: 17691: 17690: 17685: 17680: 17678:space stations 17670: 17669: 17668: 17663: 17653: 17652: 17651: 17646: 17641: 17631: 17625: 17623: 17611: 17610: 17608: 17607: 17602: 17597: 17592: 17587: 17582: 17577: 17572: 17567: 17562: 17557: 17551: 17549: 17538: 17535: 17534: 17532: 17531: 17526: 17525: 17524: 17519: 17517:Scattered disc 17514: 17509: 17504: 17503: 17502: 17497: 17482: 17481: 17480: 17475: 17465: 17464: 17463: 17458: 17453: 17448: 17443: 17438: 17433: 17428: 17423: 17413: 17408: 17403: 17402: 17401: 17396: 17391: 17386: 17385: 17384: 17379: 17369: 17364: 17359: 17349: 17348: 17347: 17342: 17337: 17332: 17327: 17322: 17317: 17312: 17304: 17299: 17298: 17297: 17292: 17282: 17277: 17272: 17266: 17264: 17252: 17251: 17249: 17248: 17243: 17238: 17233: 17228: 17223: 17218: 17208: 17203: 17196: 17194: 17188: 17187: 17185: 17184: 17183: 17182: 17172: 17171: 17170: 17160: 17159: 17158: 17148: 17147: 17146: 17136: 17135: 17134: 17129: 17119: 17118: 17117: 17112: 17107: 17102: 17097: 17087: 17086: 17085: 17075: 17074: 17073: 17068: 17063: 17058: 17048: 17047: 17046: 17041: 17036: 17031: 17026: 17021: 17011: 17010: 17009: 17004: 16999: 16994: 16989: 16984: 16979: 16974: 16969: 16964: 16954: 16953: 16952: 16947: 16942: 16937: 16932: 16922: 16921: 16920: 16915: 16905: 16904: 16903: 16898: 16889: 16887: 16881: 16880: 16878: 16877: 16876: 16875: 16870: 16865: 16860: 16855: 16850: 16845: 16840: 16835: 16825: 16824: 16823: 16822: 16821: 16816: 16806: 16805: 16804: 16799: 16784: 16783: 16782: 16777: 16772: 16767: 16756: 16754: 16737: 16734: 16733: 16731: 16730: 16723: 16716: 16709: 16702: 16695: 16688: 16681: 16674: 16669: 16664: 16659: 16654: 16647: 16642: 16637: 16632: 16627: 16579: 16576: 16575: 16568: 16567: 16560: 16553: 16545: 16536: 16535: 16533: 16532: 16527: 16522: 16517: 16516: 16515: 16505: 16500: 16494: 16492: 16486: 16485: 16483: 16482: 16477: 16475:Space agencies 16472: 16467: 16462: 16461: 16460: 16449: 16447: 16446:and facilities 16441: 16440: 16438: 16437: 16431: 16429: 16425: 16424: 16422: 16421: 16416: 16411: 16406: 16401: 16396: 16391: 16386: 16381: 16376: 16371: 16366: 16364:Thor and Delta 16361: 16356: 16351: 16346: 16341: 16336: 16331: 16326: 16321: 16316: 16311: 16306: 16305: 16304: 16299: 16289: 16284: 16279: 16277:Delta IV Heavy 16274: 16269: 16264: 16259: 16254: 16249: 16244: 16239: 16234: 16229: 16224: 16218: 16216: 16215:by rocket type 16210: 16209: 16207: 16206: 16201: 16196: 16191: 16186: 16181: 16176: 16175: 16174: 16169: 16164: 16154: 16149: 16148: 16147: 16136: 16134: 16130: 16129: 16127: 16126: 16121: 16116: 16111: 16110:Magnetospheric 16108: 16103: 16098: 16093: 16088: 16087: 16086: 16076: 16071: 16066: 16060: 16058: 16054:Earth-orbiting 16050: 16049: 16047: 16046: 16045: 16044: 16034: 16029: 16024: 16023: 16022: 16017: 16012: 16007: 15997: 15992: 15991: 15990: 15985: 15975: 15970: 15964: 15962: 15954: 15953: 15950: 15949: 15947: 15946: 15941: 15936: 15931: 15926: 15921: 15915: 15913: 15907: 15906: 15904: 15903: 15898: 15897: 15896: 15891: 15886: 15884:by nationality 15881: 15876: 15868: 15863: 15862: 15861: 15856: 15851: 15846: 15841: 15836: 15831: 15826: 15821: 15816: 15811: 15806: 15801: 15796: 15785: 15783: 15779: 15778: 15776: 15775: 15770: 15765: 15759: 15757: 15751: 15750: 15748: 15747: 15742: 15737: 15731: 15729: 15723: 15722: 15720: 15719: 15714: 15709: 15704: 15703: 15702: 15697: 15689: 15688: 15687: 15682: 15671: 15669: 15663: 15662: 15660: 15659: 15654: 15649: 15648: 15647: 15642: 15634: 15633: 15632: 15621: 15619: 15611: 15610: 15608: 15607: 15602: 15597: 15596: 15595: 15590: 15582: 15576: 15574: 15568: 15567: 15565: 15564: 15563: 15562: 15557: 15549: 15544: 15539: 15534: 15529: 15524: 15519: 15514: 15509: 15504: 15499: 15494: 15489: 15488: 15487: 15482: 15477: 15472: 15467: 15462: 15457: 15447: 15446: 15445: 15440: 15429: 15427: 15420: 15414: 15413: 15411: 15410: 15405: 15400: 15395: 15390: 15389: 15388: 15383: 15372: 15370: 15366: 15365: 15363: 15362: 15356: 15353: 15352: 15344: 15343: 15336: 15329: 15321: 15312: 15311: 15297: 15294: 15293: 15290: 15289: 15287: 15286: 15281: 15276: 15271: 15270: 15269: 15268: 15267: 15265:for spacecraft 15262: 15254: 15249: 15241: 15236: 15231: 15225: 15223: 15219: 15218: 15216: 15215: 15210: 15205: 15204: 15203: 15193: 15188: 15183: 15177: 15175: 15166: 15160: 15159: 15157: 15156: 15151: 15146: 15141: 15136: 15131: 15130: 15129: 15119: 15114: 15109: 15104: 15099: 15094: 15089: 15088: 15087: 15082: 15072: 15067: 15062: 15057: 15056: 15055: 15050: 15042: 15037: 15031: 15029: 15025: 15024: 15022: 15021: 15020: 15019: 15009: 15004: 14999: 14994: 14989: 14983: 14981: 14975: 14974: 14967: 14965: 14962: 14961: 14959: 14958: 14957: 14956: 14946: 14944:Microorganisms 14941: 14936: 14935: 14934: 14929: 14924: 14919: 14914: 14909: 14904: 14893: 14891: 14887: 14886: 14884: 14883: 14878: 14873: 14872: 14871: 14861: 14856: 14851: 14846: 14841: 14839:The human body 14835: 14833: 14824: 14820: 14819: 14812: 14811: 14804: 14797: 14789: 14780: 14779: 14777: 14776: 14771: 14764: 14761: 14760: 14758: 14757: 14753:Mission to Mir 14749: 14741: 14740: 14739: 14729: 14724: 14719: 14717:Ivan Ivanovich 14714: 14713: 14712: 14707: 14702: 14692: 14691: 14690: 14680: 14674: 14672: 14668: 14667: 14665: 14664: 14658: 14656: 14652: 14651: 14649: 14648: 14643: 14638: 14633: 14628: 14623: 14618: 14613: 14607: 14605: 14601: 14600: 14598: 14597: 14592: 14587: 14586: 14585: 14580: 14575: 14570: 14565: 14553: 14551: 14550:Communications 14547: 14546: 14543: 14542: 14540: 14539: 14534: 14527: 14526: 14525: 14520: 14515: 14504: 14502: 14501:In development 14498: 14497: 14495: 14494: 14489: 14484: 14479: 14471: 14466: 14460: 14458: 14454: 14453: 14451: 14450: 14441: 14435: 14426: 14420: 14417:Resurs-DK No.1 14414: 14405: 14399: 14393: 14387:Phobos program 14384: 14378: 14372: 14366: 14360: 14357:Luna programme 14354: 14348: 14341: 14339: 14332: 14324: 14323: 14320: 14319: 14317: 14316: 14310: 14308: 14307:In development 14304: 14303: 14301: 14300: 14295: 14294: 14293: 14279: 14277: 14273: 14272: 14270: 14269: 14264: 14259: 14254: 14249: 14244: 14236: 14228: 14226:(Moon landing) 14220: 14211: 14209: 14205: 14204: 14202: 14201: 14192: 14184: 14179: 14171: 14159: 14154: 14149: 14143: 14141: 14134: 14126: 14125: 14123: 14122: 14117: 14112: 14106: 14104: 14100: 14099: 14092: 14090: 14088: 14087: 14082: 14074: 14069: 14064: 14059: 14046: 14044: 14040: 14039: 14037: 14036: 14030: 14027: 14026: 14015: 14014: 14007: 14000: 13992: 13983: 13982: 13980: 13979: 13967: 13954: 13951: 13950: 13948: 13947: 13942: 13937: 13935:Astronauts Day 13932: 13927: 13922: 13917: 13912: 13907: 13902: 13901: 13900: 13895: 13885: 13880: 13875: 13870: 13865: 13857: 13855: 13851: 13850: 13848: 13847: 13842: 13837: 13832: 13827: 13822: 13817: 13812: 13807: 13802: 13795: 13788: 13781: 13774: 13767: 13766: 13765: 13751: 13744: 13736: 13734: 13728: 13727: 13725: 13724: 13719: 13714: 13709: 13708: 13707: 13702: 13697: 13687: 13682: 13681: 13680: 13675: 13670: 13665: 13660: 13649: 13647: 13643: 13642: 13640: 13639: 13634: 13628: 13623: 13618: 13609: 13604: 13598: 13596: 13594:and navigation 13592:Communications 13588: 13587: 13584: 13583: 13581: 13580: 13575: 13572:Europa Clipper 13568: 13563: 13557: 13555: 13551: 13550: 13548: 13547: 13542: 13541: 13540: 13530: 13529: 13528: 13523: 13510: 13505: 13500: 13495: 13490: 13485: 13478: 13471: 13466: 13465: 13464: 13454: 13447: 13442: 13437: 13432: 13427: 13422: 13421: 13420: 13407: 13402: 13397: 13390: 13385: 13380: 13373: 13366: 13358: 13356: 13350: 13349: 13347: 13346: 13345: 13344: 13331: 13324: 13319: 13318: 13317: 13312: 13299: 13294: 13287: 13280: 13275: 13268: 13263: 13255: 13247: 13242: 13237: 13232: 13227: 13222: 13221: 13220: 13208: 13201: 13194: 13187: 13182: 13177: 13172: 13166: 13164: 13157: 13147: 13146: 13143: 13142: 13140: 13139: 13134: 13129: 13124: 13119: 13114: 13109: 13104: 13099: 13094: 13089: 13083: 13081: 13077: 13076: 13074: 13073: 13068: 13063: 13058: 13053: 13048: 13043: 13038: 13033: 13028: 13026:New Millennium 13023: 13018: 13013: 13008: 13003: 12997: 12995: 12988: 12981: 12980: 12977: 12976: 12974: 12973: 12968: 12963: 12958: 12953: 12948: 12942: 12940: 12936: 12935: 12933: 12932: 12927: 12914: 12909: 12899: 12894: 12889: 12884: 12879: 12868: 12866: 12859: 12851: 12850: 12847: 12846: 12844: 12843: 12838: 12837: 12836: 12831: 12821: 12820: 12819: 12814: 12809: 12804: 12799: 12789: 12784: 12779: 12774: 12769: 12764: 12759: 12758: 12757: 12747: 12742: 12741: 12740: 12735: 12725: 12720: 12715: 12709: 12707: 12703: 12702: 12700: 12699: 12693: 12687: 12681: 12675: 12669: 12663: 12657: 12651: 12645: 12639: 12633: 12627: 12621: 12614: 12612: 12599: 12592: 12591: 12584: 12583: 12576: 12569: 12561: 12552: 12551: 12549: 12548: 12537: 12525: 12522: 12521: 12519: 12518: 12513: 12508: 12506:Ground station 12503: 12497: 12495: 12493:Ground segment 12489: 12488: 12486: 12485: 12480: 12475: 12470: 12461: 12456: 12450: 12448: 12442: 12441: 12439: 12438: 12433: 12428: 12426:Interplanetary 12423: 12422: 12421: 12419:Geosynchronous 12416: 12406: 12400: 12398: 12394: 12393: 12391: 12390: 12389: 12388: 12386:Gravity assist 12383: 12378: 12373: 12363: 12362: 12361: 12356: 12351: 12346: 12341: 12336: 12326: 12321: 12320: 12319: 12317:Service module 12314: 12309: 12307:Orbital module 12299: 12294: 12292:Launch vehicle 12288: 12286: 12280: 12279: 12276: 12275: 12273: 12272: 12270:Space sexology 12267: 12262: 12260:Space medicine 12257: 12252: 12251: 12250: 12240: 12235: 12234: 12233: 12222: 12220: 12216: 12215: 12213: 12212: 12207: 12202: 12197: 12192: 12187: 12186: 12185: 12175: 12170: 12169: 12168: 12163: 12153: 12148: 12143: 12138: 12133: 12127: 12125: 12121: 12120: 12118: 12117: 12112: 12107: 12102: 12097: 12095:Weightlessness 12092: 12087: 12082: 12081: 12080: 12075: 12070: 12060: 12059: 12058: 12047: 12045: 12038: 12032: 12031: 12029: 12028: 12023: 12018: 12016:Space research 12013: 12008: 12003: 11998: 11993: 11988: 11987: 11986: 11981: 11976: 11971: 11961: 11960: 11959: 11954: 11952:Reconnaissance 11949: 11944: 11934: 11928: 11926: 11920: 11919: 11917: 11916: 11915: 11914: 11904: 11903: 11902: 11897: 11892: 11882: 11881: 11880: 11875: 11870: 11865: 11860: 11850: 11849: 11848: 11843: 11838: 11833: 11828: 11823: 11821:European Union 11818: 11813: 11808: 11798: 11793: 11792: 11791: 11786: 11781: 11776: 11766: 11760: 11758: 11754: 11753: 11746: 11745: 11738: 11731: 11723: 11714: 11713: 11711: 11710: 11703: 11697: 11690: 11687: 11686: 11684: 11683: 11671: 11659: 11647: 11635: 11623: 11610: 11608: 11604: 11603: 11601: 11600: 11588: 11576: 11564: 11559: 11554: 11549: 11544: 11539: 11534: 11529: 11524: 11519: 11514: 11509: 11508: 11507: 11497: 11492: 11486: 11484: 11480: 11479: 11477: 11476: 11464: 11463: 11462: 11444: 11442: 11438: 11437: 11434: 11433: 11431: 11430: 11418: 11406: 11405: 11404: 11387: 11375: 11374: 11373: 11368: 11351: 11339: 11327: 11315: 11302: 11300: 11296: 11295: 11293: 11292: 11280: 11268: 11256: 11255: 11254: 11230: 11218: 11206: 11205: 11204: 11199: 11194: 11189: 11184: 11167: 11155: 11143: 11131: 11119: 11107: 11095: 11083: 11071: 11059: 11058: 11057: 11040: 11028: 11016: 11004: 10992: 10980: 10979: 10978: 10961: 10949: 10937: 10925: 10913: 10912: 10911: 10886: 10884: 10874: 10873: 10871: 10870: 10865: 10860: 10855: 10854: 10853: 10848: 10847: 10846: 10836: 10831: 10826: 10821: 10816: 10811: 10794: 10789: 10784: 10783: 10782: 10772: 10762: 10760: 10753: 10749: 10748: 10745: 10744: 10742: 10741: 10724: 10723: 10722: 10705: 10704: 10703: 10686: 10685: 10684: 10667: 10666: 10665: 10648: 10647: 10646: 10629: 10617: 10605: 10593: 10581: 10568: 10566: 10562: 10561: 10559: 10558: 10546: 10534: 10522: 10510: 10498: 10485: 10483: 10482:Southeast Asia 10479: 10478: 10476: 10475: 10463: 10451: 10450: 10449: 10444: 10439: 10422: 10409: 10407: 10403: 10402: 10400: 10399: 10387: 10375: 10374: 10373: 10368: 10351: 10339: 10327: 10315: 10314: 10313: 10296: 10295: 10294: 10289: 10284: 10283: 10282: 10279: 10274: 10269: 10259: 10241: 10239: 10235: 10234: 10232: 10231: 10219: 10218: 10217: 10212: 10195: 10182: 10180: 10176: 10175: 10173: 10172: 10166: 10164: 10157: 10153: 10152: 10149: 10148: 10146: 10145: 10144: 10143: 10126: 10114: 10113: 10112: 10107: 10102: 10085: 10073: 10061: 10049: 10036: 10034: 10028: 10027: 10025: 10024: 10012: 10000: 9988: 9976: 9964: 9963: 9962: 9945: 9933: 9920: 9918: 9911: 9907: 9906: 9903: 9902: 9900: 9899: 9887: 9875: 9863: 9851: 9850: 9849: 9832: 9819: 9817: 9813: 9812: 9810: 9809: 9804: 9798: 9796: 9787: 9783: 9782: 9775: 9774: 9767: 9760: 9752: 9743: 9742: 9740: 9739: 9738: 9737: 9731:United States 9728: 9726: 9722: 9721: 9719: 9718: 9717: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9705: 9704: 9694: 9688:United States 9686: 9685: 9684: 9676: 9675: 9674: 9666: 9665: 9664: 9659: 9650: 9648: 9647:In development 9644: 9643: 9641: 9640: 9639: 9638: 9633: 9628: 9623: 9622: 9621: 9616: 9606: 9601: 9596: 9590:United States 9588: 9587: 9586: 9581: 9576: 9567: 9565: 9561: 9560: 9558: 9557: 9556: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9539:United States 9537: 9536: 9535: 9527: 9526: 9525: 9516: 9514: 9510: 9509: 9497: 9496: 9489: 9482: 9474: 9465: 9464: 9462: 9461: 9456: 9450: 9447: 9446: 9444: 9443: 9442:(28 September) 9437: 9436:(11 September) 9431: 9430:(10 September) 9425: 9418: 9416: 9410: 9409: 9406: 9405: 9403: 9402: 9397: 9391: 9386: 9381: 9376: 9370: 9368: 9362: 9361: 9359: 9358: 9352: 9346: 9340: 9334: 9328: 9322: 9316: 9310: 9304: 9298: 9295: 9289: 9283: 9277: 9267: 9261: 9255: 9249: 9243: 9234: 9228: 9222: 9216: 9210: 9204: 9197: 9195: 9189: 9188: 9186: 9185: 9180: 9171: 9165: 9160: 9154: 9152: 9146: 9145: 9143: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9116: 9111: 9106: 9101: 9092: 9082: 9080: 9074: 9073: 9071: 9070: 9064: 9058: 9053: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9007: 9001: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8960: 8950: 8945: 8939: 8937: 8931: 8930: 8928: 8927: 8921: 8915: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8878:Europa Clipper 8875: 8870: 8864: 8858: 8852: 8850: 8841: 8837: 8836: 8833: 8832: 8830: 8829: 8823: 8817: 8811: 8806: 8800: 8793: 8791: 8787: 8786: 8784: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8762: 8756: 8750: 8744: 8739: 8733: 8730:SpaceX Crew-10 8726: 8724: 8718: 8717: 8715: 8714: 8708: 8701: 8699: 8690: 8684: 8683: 8678: 8677: 8670: 8663: 8655: 8649: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8629: 8622: 8621:External links 8619: 8618: 8617: 8610: 8600: 8597: 8587: 8572: 8557: 8540: 8537: 8534: 8533: 8512: 8490: 8463: 8420: 8396: 8380: 8368: 8331: 8297: 8282: 8264: 8253:(6): B42–B51. 8233: 8206: 8170: 8163: 8155:10.17226/11760 8136: 8101:(6): 729–733. 8085: 8044: 8025: 7998:(6136): 1031. 7980: 7929: 7901: 7864: 7838: 7826: 7803: 7754: 7699: 7676: 7650: 7614: 7592: 7564: 7536: 7483: 7455: 7427: 7376: 7337: 7314: 7288: 7277:on 21 May 2020 7262: 7223:(12): e53275. 7201: 7173: 7145: 7133:Universe Today 7119: 7093: 7081: 7069: 7043: 7017: 6991: 6972: 6961:. 11 June 2020 6946: 6920: 6888: 6862: 6837: 6815: 6789: 6766: 6740: 6713: 6702:on 15 May 2022 6683: 6657: 6627: 6596: 6568: 6541: 6521: 6489: 6477: 6451: 6425: 6391: 6365: 6339: 6313: 6284: 6248: 6229: 6203: 6177: 6144: 6118: 6088: 6060: 6035: 6010: 5994:"Shenzhou VII" 5985: 5960: 5935: 5928: 5897: 5880: 5849: 5824: 5818:978-0387341750 5817: 5799: 5773: 5762:. 5 April 2019 5751: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5710: 5709: 5687: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5680: 5679: 5677:Women in space 5674: 5669: 5667:Space medicine 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5623: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5582: 5576: 5575: 5559: 5556: 5553: 5552: 5546: 5543: 5536: 5524: 5520: 5519: 5516: 5513: 5502: 5497:Space Shuttle 5491: 5487: 5486: 5483: 5480: 5465: 5460:Space Shuttle 5454: 5450: 5449: 5444: 5441: 5438: 5433: 5429: 5428: 5425: 5422: 5411: 5406: 5402: 5401: 5395: 5392: 5389: 5384: 5383:24 April 1967 5380: 5379: 5372:Cardiac arrest 5369: 5366: 5359: 5354: 5350: 5349: 5346: 5343: 5340: 5337: 5321: 5318: 5254:Neil Armstrong 5235: 5232: 5203: 5202: 5197:launch pad at 5191: 5172: 5147: 5144: 5090: 5087: 5067:Main article: 5064: 5061: 5046:Space Shuttle 4996:ejection seats 4980:launch vehicle 4972:space capsules 4938: 4935: 4931:energy density 4926: 4923: 4922: 4921: 4914: 4907: 4901: 4895: 4889: 4883: 4871: 4868: 4834: 4831: 4741: 4738: 4732:to the planet 4730:crewed mission 4696:deconditioning 4678:Weightlessness 4673: 4670: 4640:microorganisms 4628:(ISS) of five 4619:trips in space 4556:Space medicine 4552:Sleep in space 4543: 4542:Medical issues 4540: 4522:Main article: 4519: 4516: 4493: 4490: 4488:such as Mars. 4484: 4481: 4071: 4065: 4064: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4048: 4045: 4042: 4037: 4023: 4022: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4006: 4003: 4000: 3995: 3981: 3980: 3977: 3974: 3972:ISA spacecraft 3969: 3966: 3963: 3960: 3955: 3941: 3940: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3924: 3921: 3885: 3880: 3866: 3865: 3862: 3857: 3848: 3845: 3842: 3839: 3834: 3823: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3807: 3804: 3801: 3793: 3788: 3774: 3773: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3757: 3754: 3718: 3713: 3699: 3698: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3682: 3679: 3643: 3630: 3616: 3615: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3599: 3594: 3541: 3536: 3522: 3521: 3518: 3513: 3508: 3505: 3502: 3466: 3461: 3447: 3446: 3443: 3441:Tammouz 2 or 3 3438: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3427:mallāḥ faḍāʼiy 3370: 3367: 3363:Ba'athist Iraq 3352: 3351: 3348: 3343: 3337: 3336:17 March 1992 3334: 3325: 3313: 3308: 3294: 3293: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3277: 3274: 3264: 3255: 3244: 3243: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3227: 3224: 3183: 3178: 3164: 3163: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3147: 3144: 3103: 3098: 3084: 3083: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3067: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3037: 3036: 3033: 3028: 3023: 3020: 3014: 3009: 3004: 2990: 2989: 2986: 2981: 2976: 2975:12 April 1961 2973: 2968: 2951: 2940: 2924: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2893: 2892: 2881: 2878: 2743: 2740: 2721: 2720: 2714: 2704:space stations 2702:The following 2700: 2699: 2689: 2675: 2657: 2639: 2580: 2577: 2571: 2561: 2551: 2545: 2539: 2533: 2530: 2529: 2518: 2516: 2509: 2497:Mainland China 2478: 2477:Space programs 2475: 2471:space tourists 2459:Eileen Collins 2452: 2451: 2440:Christina Koch 2437: 2434: 2424: 2421: 2411: 2408: 2402: 2399: 2388:Vladimír Remek 2385: 2382: 2376: 2373: 2367: 2364: 2352: 2349: 2339: 2334: 2331: 2330: 2329: 2310: 2307: 2297: 2294: 2283: 2280: 2269: 2266: 2259: 2256: 2249:William Anders 2238: 2235: 2222:were first to 2216:Neil Armstrong 2213: 2210: 2184: 2181: 2171: 2168: 2145: 2142: 2132: 2127: 2126:By achievement 2124: 2122: 2119: 2118: 2117: 2114: 2099:Christina Koch 2076:Women in space 2074:Main article: 2071: 2068: 2016: 2013: 2005:XCOR Aerospace 1931: 1928: 1914:, his brother 1884:is developing 1858:developed the 1832:has developed 1777: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1764:September 2024 1751: 1749: 1742: 1647: 1644: 1540: 1537: 1407:Inner Mongolia 1326:Main article: 1323: 1320: 1275: 1272: 1042: 1039: 1031:space stations 962:Neil Armstrong 950:William Anders 900:Project Gemini 892:Apollo program 793:Vostok program 758:Neil Armstrong 706:Main article: 703: 700: 695:Main article: 692: 689: 659:or commercial 619:Apollo program 595:Vostok program 570:(Russian), or 520: 513: 512: 511: 495: 488: 487: 486: 474: 467: 466: 465: 453: 446: 445: 444: 432: 425: 424: 423: 422: 421: 418: 417: 415: 414: 407: 400: 392: 389: 388: 375: 374: 371: 370: 365: 360: 358:Space agencies 354: 351: 350: 347: 346: 343: 342: 337: 332: 330:Interplanetary 327: 322: 316: 313: 312: 309: 308: 305: 304: 299: 294: 282: 277: 271: 266: 265: 262: 261: 256: 255: 252: 251: 246: 241: 239:Space stations 236: 231: 229:Space capsules 226: 221: 218: 213: 212: 205: 204: 201: 200: 195: 190: 184: 179: 178: 173: 168: 167: 164: 163: 160: 159: 154: 149: 144: 139: 134: 129: 124: 119: 117:Communications 113: 108: 107: 104: 103: 100: 99: 94: 92:Lunar missions 89: 84: 79: 74: 68: 63: 62: 59: 58: 48: 47: 41: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 18335: 18324: 18321: 18319: 18316: 18314: 18311: 18309: 18306: 18304: 18301: 18299: 18296: 18295: 18293: 18280: 18271: 18264: 18257: 18250: 18244: 18238: 18232: 18225: 18218: 18211: 18204: 18197: 18190: 18183: 18177: 18167: 18165: 18155: 18153: 18143: 18141: 18138: 18137: 18134: 18119: 18118:Tidal locking 18116: 18114: 18111: 18109: 18106: 18104: 18101: 18099: 18098:Double planet 18096: 18095: 18093: 18089: 18083: 18080: 18076: 18073: 18071: 18068: 18067: 18066: 18063: 18061: 18058: 18056: 18053: 18051: 18050:Minor planets 18048: 18046: 18043: 18041: 18038: 18036: 18033: 18032: 18030: 18026: 18020: 18017: 18015: 18012: 18008: 18005: 18004: 18003: 18000: 17998: 17995: 17991: 17988: 17984: 17983:Merging stars 17981: 17980: 17979: 17976: 17974: 17971: 17969: 17966: 17964: 17961: 17959: 17956: 17955: 17954: 17951: 17949: 17946: 17944: 17941: 17939: 17936: 17934: 17931: 17929: 17926: 17924: 17921: 17919: 17916: 17914: 17911: 17909: 17906: 17904: 17901: 17899: 17896: 17894: 17891: 17889: 17886: 17884: 17881: 17879: 17876: 17874: 17871: 17867: 17864: 17862: 17859: 17858: 17857: 17854: 17852: 17849: 17847: 17844: 17842: 17839: 17837: 17834: 17832: 17829: 17827: 17824: 17822: 17819: 17817: 17814: 17812: 17809: 17805: 17802: 17801: 17800: 17797: 17795: 17792: 17790: 17787: 17786: 17784: 17782: 17776: 17770: 17767: 17765: 17762: 17760: 17757: 17755: 17752: 17750: 17747: 17745: 17742: 17740: 17737: 17733: 17730: 17729: 17728: 17725: 17723: 17720: 17718: 17715: 17711: 17708: 17707: 17706: 17703: 17701: 17698: 17696: 17693: 17689: 17686: 17684: 17681: 17679: 17676: 17675: 17674: 17671: 17667: 17664: 17662: 17659: 17658: 17657: 17654: 17650: 17647: 17645: 17642: 17640: 17637: 17636: 17635: 17632: 17630: 17627: 17626: 17624: 17621: 17616: 17612: 17606: 17603: 17601: 17598: 17596: 17593: 17591: 17588: 17586: 17585:Subsatellites 17583: 17581: 17578: 17576: 17573: 17571: 17568: 17566: 17563: 17561: 17558: 17556: 17553: 17552: 17550: 17548: 17545:Hypothetical 17542: 17539: 17530: 17527: 17523: 17520: 17518: 17515: 17513: 17510: 17508: 17505: 17501: 17498: 17496: 17493: 17492: 17491: 17488: 17487: 17486: 17483: 17479: 17476: 17474: 17471: 17470: 17469: 17466: 17462: 17459: 17457: 17454: 17452: 17449: 17447: 17444: 17442: 17439: 17437: 17434: 17432: 17429: 17427: 17424: 17422: 17419: 17418: 17417: 17414: 17412: 17411:Asteroid belt 17409: 17407: 17404: 17400: 17397: 17395: 17392: 17390: 17387: 17383: 17380: 17378: 17375: 17374: 17373: 17370: 17368: 17365: 17363: 17360: 17358: 17355: 17354: 17353: 17350: 17346: 17343: 17341: 17338: 17336: 17333: 17331: 17328: 17326: 17323: 17321: 17318: 17316: 17313: 17311: 17308: 17307: 17305: 17303: 17300: 17296: 17293: 17291: 17288: 17287: 17286: 17285:Minor planets 17283: 17281: 17278: 17276: 17273: 17271: 17268: 17267: 17265: 17263: 17253: 17247: 17244: 17242: 17239: 17237: 17234: 17232: 17229: 17227: 17224: 17222: 17219: 17216: 17212: 17209: 17207: 17204: 17201: 17198: 17197: 17195: 17193: 17189: 17181: 17178: 17177: 17176: 17173: 17169: 17166: 17165: 17164: 17161: 17157: 17154: 17153: 17152: 17149: 17145: 17142: 17141: 17140: 17137: 17133: 17130: 17128: 17125: 17124: 17123: 17120: 17116: 17113: 17111: 17108: 17106: 17103: 17101: 17098: 17096: 17093: 17092: 17091: 17088: 17084: 17081: 17080: 17079: 17076: 17072: 17069: 17067: 17064: 17062: 17059: 17057: 17054: 17053: 17052: 17049: 17045: 17042: 17040: 17037: 17035: 17032: 17030: 17027: 17025: 17022: 17020: 17017: 17016: 17015: 17012: 17008: 17005: 17003: 17000: 16998: 16995: 16993: 16990: 16988: 16985: 16983: 16980: 16978: 16975: 16973: 16970: 16968: 16965: 16963: 16960: 16959: 16958: 16955: 16951: 16948: 16946: 16943: 16941: 16938: 16936: 16933: 16931: 16928: 16927: 16926: 16923: 16919: 16916: 16914: 16911: 16910: 16909: 16906: 16902: 16899: 16897: 16894: 16893: 16891: 16890: 16888: 16886: 16882: 16874: 16871: 16869: 16866: 16864: 16861: 16859: 16856: 16854: 16851: 16849: 16846: 16844: 16841: 16839: 16836: 16834: 16831: 16830: 16829: 16826: 16820: 16817: 16815: 16812: 16811: 16810: 16807: 16803: 16800: 16798: 16795: 16794: 16793: 16790: 16789: 16788: 16785: 16781: 16778: 16776: 16773: 16771: 16768: 16766: 16763: 16762: 16761: 16758: 16757: 16755: 16753: 16748: 16744: 16741: 16740: 16735: 16729: 16728: 16724: 16722: 16721: 16717: 16715: 16714: 16710: 16708: 16707: 16703: 16701: 16700: 16696: 16694: 16693: 16689: 16687: 16686: 16682: 16680: 16679: 16675: 16673: 16670: 16668: 16665: 16663: 16660: 16658: 16655: 16653: 16652: 16648: 16646: 16643: 16641: 16638: 16636: 16633: 16631: 16628: 16626: 16623: 16622: 16577: 16573: 16566: 16561: 16559: 16554: 16552: 16547: 16546: 16543: 16531: 16528: 16526: 16523: 16521: 16518: 16514: 16511: 16510: 16509: 16508:NASA missions 16506: 16504: 16501: 16499: 16496: 16495: 16493: 16491:and timelines 16487: 16481: 16478: 16476: 16473: 16471: 16468: 16466: 16463: 16459: 16456: 16455: 16454: 16451: 16450: 16448: 16442: 16436: 16435:Satish Dhawan 16433: 16432: 16430: 16426: 16420: 16417: 16415: 16412: 16410: 16407: 16405: 16402: 16400: 16397: 16395: 16392: 16390: 16387: 16385: 16382: 16380: 16377: 16375: 16372: 16370: 16367: 16365: 16362: 16360: 16357: 16355: 16352: 16350: 16347: 16345: 16342: 16340: 16337: 16335: 16332: 16330: 16327: 16325: 16322: 16320: 16317: 16315: 16312: 16310: 16307: 16303: 16300: 16298: 16295: 16294: 16293: 16290: 16288: 16285: 16283: 16280: 16278: 16275: 16273: 16270: 16268: 16265: 16263: 16260: 16258: 16255: 16253: 16250: 16248: 16245: 16243: 16240: 16238: 16235: 16233: 16230: 16228: 16225: 16223: 16220: 16219: 16217: 16211: 16205: 16202: 16200: 16197: 16195: 16192: 16190: 16187: 16185: 16182: 16180: 16177: 16173: 16170: 16168: 16165: 16163: 16160: 16159: 16158: 16155: 16153: 16150: 16146: 16143: 16142: 16141: 16138: 16137: 16135: 16131: 16125: 16122: 16120: 16117: 16115: 16112: 16109: 16107: 16104: 16102: 16099: 16097: 16094: 16092: 16089: 16085: 16082: 16081: 16080: 16077: 16075: 16072: 16070: 16067: 16065: 16062: 16061: 16059: 16057: 16051: 16043: 16040: 16039: 16038: 16035: 16033: 16030: 16028: 16025: 16021: 16018: 16016: 16013: 16011: 16008: 16006: 16003: 16002: 16001: 15998: 15996: 15993: 15989: 15986: 15984: 15981: 15980: 15979: 15976: 15974: 15971: 15969: 15966: 15965: 15963: 15961: 15955: 15945: 15942: 15940: 15937: 15935: 15932: 15930: 15927: 15925: 15922: 15920: 15917: 15916: 15914: 15912: 15908: 15902: 15899: 15895: 15892: 15890: 15887: 15885: 15882: 15880: 15877: 15875: 15872: 15871: 15869: 15867: 15864: 15860: 15859:Ibero-America 15857: 15855: 15852: 15850: 15847: 15845: 15842: 15840: 15837: 15835: 15832: 15830: 15827: 15825: 15822: 15820: 15817: 15815: 15812: 15810: 15807: 15805: 15802: 15800: 15797: 15795: 15792: 15791: 15790: 15787: 15786: 15784: 15780: 15774: 15771: 15769: 15766: 15764: 15761: 15760: 15758: 15756: 15752: 15746: 15743: 15741: 15738: 15736: 15733: 15732: 15730: 15728: 15724: 15718: 15715: 15713: 15710: 15708: 15705: 15701: 15698: 15696: 15693: 15692: 15691:Spaceflights 15690: 15686: 15683: 15681: 15678: 15677: 15676: 15673: 15672: 15670: 15668: 15664: 15658: 15655: 15653: 15650: 15646: 15643: 15641: 15638: 15637: 15636:Spaceflights 15635: 15631: 15628: 15627: 15626: 15623: 15622: 15620: 15618: 15617: 15612: 15606: 15603: 15601: 15598: 15594: 15591: 15589: 15586: 15585: 15584:Spaceflights 15583: 15581: 15578: 15577: 15575: 15573: 15569: 15561: 15558: 15556: 15553: 15552: 15550: 15548: 15545: 15543: 15540: 15538: 15535: 15533: 15530: 15528: 15525: 15523: 15520: 15518: 15515: 15513: 15510: 15508: 15505: 15503: 15500: 15498: 15495: 15493: 15490: 15486: 15483: 15481: 15478: 15476: 15473: 15471: 15468: 15466: 15463: 15461: 15458: 15456: 15453: 15452: 15451: 15448: 15444: 15441: 15439: 15436: 15435: 15434: 15431: 15430: 15428: 15424: 15421: 15419: 15415: 15409: 15406: 15404: 15401: 15399: 15396: 15394: 15391: 15387: 15384: 15382: 15379: 15378: 15377: 15374: 15373: 15371: 15367: 15361: 15358: 15357: 15354: 15349: 15342: 15337: 15335: 15330: 15328: 15323: 15322: 15319: 15309: 15308: 15295: 15285: 15282: 15280: 15277: 15275: 15272: 15266: 15263: 15261: 15258: 15257: 15255: 15253: 15250: 15248: 15245: 15244: 15242: 15240: 15237: 15235: 15234:Manufacturing 15232: 15230: 15227: 15226: 15224: 15220: 15214: 15211: 15209: 15206: 15202: 15199: 15198: 15197: 15194: 15192: 15189: 15187: 15184: 15182: 15179: 15178: 15176: 15174: 15170: 15167: 15165: 15161: 15155: 15152: 15150: 15147: 15145: 15142: 15140: 15137: 15135: 15132: 15128: 15125: 15124: 15123: 15120: 15118: 15115: 15113: 15110: 15108: 15105: 15103: 15100: 15098: 15095: 15093: 15090: 15086: 15083: 15081: 15078: 15077: 15076: 15073: 15071: 15068: 15066: 15063: 15061: 15058: 15054: 15051: 15049: 15046: 15045: 15043: 15041: 15038: 15036: 15033: 15032: 15030: 15026: 15018: 15015: 15014: 15013: 15010: 15008: 15007:Magnetosphere 15005: 15003: 15000: 14998: 14995: 14993: 14990: 14988: 14985: 14984: 14982: 14980: 14976: 14971: 14955: 14952: 14951: 14950: 14947: 14945: 14942: 14940: 14937: 14933: 14930: 14928: 14925: 14923: 14920: 14918: 14915: 14913: 14910: 14908: 14905: 14903: 14900: 14899: 14898: 14895: 14894: 14892: 14888: 14882: 14879: 14877: 14874: 14870: 14867: 14866: 14865: 14862: 14860: 14857: 14855: 14852: 14850: 14847: 14845: 14842: 14840: 14837: 14836: 14834: 14832: 14828: 14825: 14821: 14817: 14810: 14805: 14803: 14798: 14796: 14791: 14790: 14787: 14775: 14772: 14770: 14766: 14765: 14762: 14755: 14754: 14750: 14747: 14746: 14742: 14738: 14735: 14734: 14733: 14730: 14728: 14725: 14723: 14720: 14718: 14715: 14711: 14708: 14706: 14703: 14701: 14698: 14697: 14696: 14693: 14689: 14686: 14685: 14684: 14681: 14679: 14676: 14675: 14673: 14669: 14663: 14660: 14659: 14657: 14653: 14647: 14644: 14642: 14639: 14637: 14634: 14632: 14629: 14627: 14624: 14622: 14619: 14617: 14614: 14612: 14611:Baikal-Angara 14609: 14608: 14606: 14602: 14596: 14593: 14591: 14588: 14584: 14581: 14579: 14576: 14574: 14571: 14569: 14566: 14564: 14561: 14560: 14559:(begun 1957) 14558: 14555: 14554: 14552: 14548: 14538: 14535: 14533: 14532: 14528: 14524: 14521: 14519: 14516: 14514: 14511: 14510: 14509: 14506: 14505: 14503: 14499: 14493: 14490: 14488: 14485: 14483: 14480: 14475: 14472: 14470: 14467: 14465: 14462: 14461: 14459: 14455: 14445: 14442: 14439: 14436: 14430: 14427: 14424: 14423:Koronas-Foton 14421: 14418: 14415: 14409: 14406: 14403: 14400: 14397: 14394: 14388: 14385: 14382: 14379: 14376: 14373: 14370: 14367: 14364: 14361: 14358: 14355: 14352: 14349: 14346: 14343: 14342: 14340: 14336: 14333: 14329: 14325: 14315: 14312: 14311: 14309: 14305: 14299: 14296: 14292: 14289: 14288: 14284: 14281: 14280: 14278: 14274: 14268: 14265: 14263: 14260: 14258: 14255: 14253: 14250: 14248: 14245: 14240: 14237: 14232: 14229: 14224: 14221: 14216: 14213: 14212: 14210: 14206: 14200: 14196: 14193: 14188: 14185: 14183: 14180: 14175: 14172: 14170: 14163: 14160: 14158: 14155: 14153: 14150: 14148: 14145: 14144: 14142: 14138: 14135: 14131: 14127: 14121: 14118: 14116: 14113: 14111: 14108: 14107: 14105: 14101: 14096: 14086: 14083: 14078: 14075: 14073: 14070: 14068: 14065: 14063: 14060: 14056: 14051: 14048: 14047: 14045: 14041: 14035: 14032: 14031: 14028: 14024: 14020: 14013: 14008: 14006: 14001: 13999: 13994: 13993: 13990: 13978: 13977: 13968: 13966: 13965: 13956: 13955: 13952: 13946: 13945:Nikon NASA F4 13943: 13941: 13938: 13936: 13933: 13931: 13928: 13926: 13923: 13921: 13918: 13916: 13913: 13911: 13908: 13906: 13903: 13899: 13896: 13894: 13891: 13890: 13889: 13886: 13884: 13881: 13879: 13876: 13874: 13871: 13869: 13866: 13863: 13859: 13858: 13856: 13852: 13846: 13843: 13841: 13838: 13836: 13833: 13831: 13830:NASA insignia 13828: 13826: 13823: 13821: 13818: 13816: 13813: 13811: 13810:Lunar plaques 13808: 13806: 13803: 13801: 13800: 13796: 13794: 13793: 13789: 13787: 13786: 13782: 13780: 13779: 13775: 13773: 13772: 13768: 13764: 13763: 13762:Pale Blue Dot 13759: 13758: 13757: 13756: 13752: 13750: 13749: 13745: 13743: 13742: 13738: 13737: 13735: 13729: 13723: 13720: 13718: 13715: 13713: 13710: 13706: 13703: 13701: 13698: 13696: 13693: 13692: 13691: 13690:NASA missions 13688: 13686: 13685:NASA aircraft 13683: 13679: 13676: 13674: 13671: 13669: 13666: 13664: 13661: 13659: 13656: 13655: 13654: 13651: 13650: 13648: 13644: 13638: 13635: 13632: 13629: 13627: 13624: 13622: 13619: 13617: 13613: 13610: 13608: 13607:Space Network 13605: 13603: 13600: 13599: 13597: 13595: 13589: 13579: 13576: 13574: 13573: 13569: 13567: 13564: 13562: 13559: 13558: 13556: 13552: 13546: 13543: 13539: 13536: 13535: 13534: 13531: 13527: 13524: 13522: 13520: 13516: 13515: 13514: 13511: 13509: 13506: 13504: 13501: 13499: 13496: 13494: 13491: 13489: 13486: 13484: 13483: 13479: 13477: 13476: 13472: 13470: 13467: 13463: 13460: 13459: 13458: 13455: 13453: 13452: 13448: 13446: 13443: 13441: 13438: 13436: 13433: 13431: 13428: 13426: 13423: 13419: 13416: 13415: 13414: 13412: 13408: 13406: 13403: 13401: 13398: 13396: 13395: 13391: 13389: 13386: 13384: 13381: 13379: 13378: 13374: 13372: 13371: 13367: 13365: 13364: 13360: 13359: 13357: 13351: 13343: 13340: 13339: 13338: 13336: 13332: 13330: 13329: 13325: 13323: 13320: 13316: 13313: 13311: 13308: 13307: 13306: 13304: 13300: 13298: 13295: 13293: 13292: 13288: 13286: 13285: 13281: 13279: 13276: 13274: 13273: 13269: 13267: 13264: 13262: 13260: 13256: 13254: 13252: 13248: 13246: 13243: 13241: 13240:Space Shuttle 13238: 13236: 13233: 13231: 13228: 13226: 13223: 13219: 13216: 13215: 13214: 13213: 13209: 13207: 13206: 13202: 13200: 13199: 13195: 13193: 13192: 13188: 13186: 13183: 13181: 13178: 13176: 13173: 13171: 13168: 13167: 13165: 13161: 13158: 13154: 13148: 13138: 13135: 13133: 13130: 13128: 13125: 13123: 13122:New Frontiers 13120: 13118: 13115: 13113: 13110: 13108: 13105: 13103: 13100: 13098: 13095: 13093: 13090: 13088: 13085: 13084: 13082: 13078: 13072: 13069: 13067: 13064: 13062: 13059: 13057: 13054: 13052: 13049: 13047: 13044: 13042: 13039: 13037: 13034: 13032: 13031:Lunar Orbiter 13029: 13027: 13024: 13022: 13019: 13017: 13014: 13012: 13009: 13007: 13004: 13002: 12999: 12998: 12996: 12992: 12989: 12986: 12982: 12972: 12971:Lunar Gateway 12969: 12967: 12964: 12962: 12959: 12957: 12954: 12952: 12949: 12947: 12944: 12943: 12941: 12937: 12931: 12930:Constellation 12928: 12925: 12921: 12920: 12915: 12913: 12912:Space Shuttle 12910: 12907: 12903: 12900: 12898: 12895: 12893: 12890: 12888: 12885: 12883: 12880: 12877: 12873: 12870: 12869: 12867: 12863: 12860: 12856: 12852: 12842: 12839: 12835: 12832: 12830: 12827: 12826: 12825: 12822: 12818: 12815: 12813: 12810: 12808: 12805: 12803: 12800: 12798: 12795: 12794: 12793: 12790: 12788: 12785: 12783: 12780: 12778: 12775: 12773: 12770: 12768: 12765: 12763: 12760: 12756: 12753: 12752: 12751: 12750:NASA research 12748: 12746: 12743: 12739: 12736: 12734: 12731: 12730: 12729: 12726: 12724: 12721: 12719: 12716: 12714: 12711: 12710: 12708: 12704: 12697: 12694: 12691: 12688: 12685: 12682: 12679: 12676: 12673: 12670: 12667: 12664: 12661: 12658: 12655: 12652: 12649: 12646: 12643: 12640: 12637: 12634: 12631: 12628: 12625: 12622: 12619: 12616: 12615: 12613: 12610: 12603: 12600: 12597: 12593: 12589: 12582: 12577: 12575: 12570: 12568: 12563: 12562: 12559: 12547: 12543: 12538: 12536: 12527: 12526: 12523: 12517: 12514: 12512: 12509: 12507: 12504: 12502: 12499: 12498: 12496: 12494: 12490: 12484: 12481: 12479: 12476: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12465: 12462: 12460: 12457: 12455: 12454:Direct ascent 12452: 12451: 12449: 12447: 12443: 12437: 12436:Intergalactic 12434: 12432: 12429: 12427: 12424: 12420: 12417: 12415: 12412: 12411: 12410: 12407: 12405: 12402: 12401: 12399: 12395: 12387: 12384: 12382: 12379: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12371:Rocket engine 12369: 12368: 12367: 12364: 12360: 12357: 12355: 12352: 12350: 12347: 12345: 12342: 12340: 12337: 12335: 12332: 12331: 12330: 12327: 12325: 12322: 12318: 12315: 12313: 12310: 12308: 12305: 12304: 12303: 12302:Space capsule 12300: 12298: 12295: 12293: 12290: 12289: 12287: 12285: 12281: 12271: 12268: 12266: 12265:Space nursing 12263: 12261: 12258: 12256: 12253: 12249: 12246: 12245: 12244: 12241: 12239: 12236: 12232: 12229: 12228: 12227: 12224: 12223: 12221: 12219:Health issues 12217: 12211: 12208: 12206: 12203: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12193: 12191: 12188: 12184: 12181: 12180: 12179: 12176: 12174: 12173:Space Shuttle 12171: 12167: 12164: 12162: 12159: 12158: 12157: 12154: 12152: 12149: 12147: 12144: 12142: 12139: 12137: 12134: 12132: 12129: 12128: 12126: 12122: 12116: 12113: 12111: 12108: 12106: 12105:Space tourism 12103: 12101: 12098: 12096: 12093: 12091: 12088: 12086: 12083: 12079: 12076: 12074: 12071: 12069: 12066: 12065: 12064: 12061: 12057: 12054: 12053: 12052: 12049: 12048: 12046: 12042: 12039: 12037: 12033: 12027: 12026:Space weather 12024: 12022: 12019: 12017: 12014: 12012: 12009: 12007: 12004: 12002: 11999: 11997: 11994: 11992: 11989: 11985: 11982: 11980: 11977: 11975: 11972: 11970: 11967: 11966: 11965: 11962: 11958: 11955: 11953: 11950: 11948: 11945: 11943: 11940: 11939: 11938: 11935: 11933: 11930: 11929: 11927: 11925: 11921: 11913: 11910: 11909: 11908: 11905: 11901: 11898: 11896: 11893: 11891: 11890:Space command 11888: 11887: 11886: 11885:Space warfare 11883: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11871: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11861: 11859: 11856: 11855: 11854: 11851: 11847: 11846:United States 11844: 11842: 11839: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11829: 11827: 11824: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11812: 11809: 11807: 11804: 11803: 11802: 11799: 11797: 11794: 11790: 11787: 11785: 11782: 11780: 11777: 11775: 11772: 11771: 11770: 11767: 11765: 11764:Astrodynamics 11762: 11761: 11759: 11755: 11751: 11744: 11739: 11737: 11732: 11730: 11725: 11724: 11721: 11709:participation 11708: 11704: 11702: 11698: 11696: 11692: 11691: 11688: 11682: 11672: 11670: 11660: 11658: 11648: 11646: 11636: 11634: 11624: 11622: 11612: 11611: 11609: 11605: 11599: 11589: 11587: 11577: 11575: 11565: 11563: 11560: 11558: 11555: 11553: 11550: 11548: 11545: 11543: 11540: 11538: 11535: 11533: 11530: 11528: 11525: 11523: 11520: 11518: 11515: 11513: 11512:Cospas-Sarsat 11510: 11506: 11503: 11502: 11501: 11498: 11496: 11493: 11491: 11488: 11487: 11485: 11481: 11475: 11465: 11461: 11458: 11457: 11456: 11446: 11445: 11443: 11439: 11429: 11419: 11417: 11407: 11403: 11400: 11399: 11398: 11388: 11386: 11376: 11372: 11369: 11367: 11364: 11363: 11362: 11352: 11350: 11340: 11338: 11328: 11326: 11316: 11314: 11304: 11303: 11301: 11297: 11291: 11281: 11279: 11269: 11267: 11257: 11253: 11243: 11242: 11241: 11231: 11229: 11219: 11217: 11207: 11203: 11200: 11198: 11195: 11193: 11190: 11188: 11185: 11183: 11180: 11179: 11178: 11168: 11166: 11156: 11154: 11144: 11142: 11132: 11130: 11120: 11118: 11108: 11106: 11096: 11094: 11084: 11082: 11072: 11070: 11060: 11056: 11053: 11052: 11051: 11041: 11039: 11029: 11027: 11017: 11015: 11005: 11003: 10993: 10991: 10981: 10977: 10974: 10973: 10972: 10962: 10960: 10950: 10948: 10938: 10936: 10926: 10924: 10914: 10910: 10900: 10899: 10898: 10888: 10887: 10885: 10883: 10879: 10875: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10861: 10859: 10856: 10852: 10849: 10845: 10842: 10841: 10840: 10837: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10827: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10817: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10807: 10806: 10805: 10795: 10793: 10790: 10788: 10785: 10781: 10778: 10777: 10776: 10773: 10771: 10767: 10764: 10763: 10761: 10757: 10754: 10750: 10739: 10735: 10725: 10721: 10718: 10717: 10716: 10706: 10702: 10699: 10698: 10697: 10687: 10683: 10680: 10679: 10678: 10668: 10664: 10661: 10660: 10659: 10649: 10645: 10642: 10641: 10640: 10630: 10628: 10618: 10616: 10606: 10604: 10594: 10592: 10582: 10580: 10570: 10569: 10567: 10563: 10557: 10547: 10545: 10535: 10533: 10523: 10521: 10511: 10509: 10499: 10497: 10487: 10486: 10484: 10480: 10474: 10464: 10462: 10452: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10438: 10435: 10434: 10433: 10423: 10421: 10411: 10410: 10408: 10404: 10398: 10388: 10386: 10376: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10364: 10363: 10362: 10352: 10350: 10340: 10338: 10328: 10326: 10316: 10312: 10309: 10308: 10307: 10297: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10285: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10273: 10270: 10268: 10265: 10264: 10263: 10260: 10258: 10255: 10254: 10253: 10243: 10242: 10240: 10236: 10230: 10220: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10207: 10206: 10196: 10194: 10184: 10183: 10181: 10177: 10171: 10168: 10167: 10165: 10161: 10158: 10154: 10142: 10139: 10138: 10137: 10127: 10125: 10115: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10097: 10096: 10086: 10084: 10074: 10072: 10062: 10060: 10050: 10048: 10038: 10037: 10035: 10031:Latin America 10029: 10023: 10013: 10011: 10001: 9999: 9989: 9987: 9977: 9975: 9965: 9961: 9958: 9957: 9956: 9946: 9944: 9934: 9932: 9922: 9921: 9919: 9917:North America 9915: 9912: 9908: 9898: 9888: 9886: 9876: 9874: 9864: 9862: 9852: 9848: 9845: 9844: 9843: 9833: 9831: 9821: 9820: 9818: 9814: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9799: 9797: 9791: 9788: 9784: 9780: 9773: 9768: 9766: 9761: 9759: 9754: 9753: 9750: 9736: 9735:SpaceShip III 9733: 9732: 9730: 9729: 9727: 9723: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9703: 9700: 9699: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9690: 9689: 9687: 9683: 9680: 9679: 9677: 9673: 9670: 9669: 9667: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9654: 9652: 9651: 9649: 9645: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9626:Space Shuttle 9624: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9611: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9591: 9589: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9571: 9570:Soviet Union 9569: 9568: 9566: 9562: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9540: 9538: 9534: 9531: 9530: 9528: 9524: 9521: 9520: 9518: 9517: 9515: 9511: 9506: 9502: 9495: 9490: 9488: 9483: 9481: 9476: 9475: 9472: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9451: 9448: 9441: 9440:SpaceX Crew-9 9438: 9435: 9432: 9429: 9426: 9423: 9420: 9419: 9417: 9411: 9401: 9398: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9374:Europa Lander 9372: 9371: 9369: 9367: 9363: 9356: 9353: 9350: 9347: 9344: 9341: 9338: 9335: 9332: 9329: 9326: 9323: 9320: 9317: 9314: 9311: 9308: 9305: 9302: 9299: 9296: 9293: 9290: 9287: 9284: 9281: 9278: 9275: 9271: 9268: 9265: 9262: 9259: 9256: 9253: 9252:Solar-C EUVST 9250: 9247: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9235: 9232: 9229: 9226: 9223: 9220: 9217: 9214: 9211: 9208: 9205: 9202: 9199: 9198: 9196: 9194: 9190: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9175: 9172: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9155: 9153: 9151: 9147: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9087: 9084: 9083: 9081: 9079: 9075: 9068: 9065: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9051: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9011: 9008: 9005: 9002: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8968: 8964: 8961: 8958: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8940: 8938: 8936: 8932: 8925: 8924:SpainSat NG I 8922: 8919: 8916: 8913: 8909: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8868: 8865: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8853: 8851: 8849: 8845: 8842: 8838: 8827: 8824: 8821: 8818: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8804: 8801: 8798: 8795: 8794: 8792: 8788: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8766: 8763: 8760: 8757: 8754: 8751: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8737: 8734: 8731: 8728: 8727: 8725: 8723: 8719: 8712: 8709: 8706: 8703: 8702: 8700: 8698: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8685: 8676: 8671: 8669: 8664: 8662: 8657: 8656: 8653: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8624: 8615: 8611: 8609: 8605: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8592: 8588: 8585: 8584:0-07-236811-X 8581: 8577: 8573: 8570: 8566: 8562: 8558: 8555: 8554:0-471-05649-9 8551: 8547: 8543: 8542: 8529: 8522: 8516: 8508: 8504: 8500: 8494: 8478: 8474: 8471:NASA (1974). 8467: 8459: 8447: 8431: 8427: 8423: 8417: 8413: 8412: 8407: 8400: 8393: 8389: 8384: 8377: 8372: 8356: 8352: 8348: 8347: 8342: 8335: 8320: 8316: 8312: 8308: 8301: 8293: 8289: 8285: 8283:9781402067709 8279: 8275: 8268: 8260: 8256: 8252: 8248: 8244: 8237: 8221: 8217: 8210: 8202: 8198: 8194: 8190: 8186: 8182: 8174: 8166: 8160: 8156: 8152: 8149:. NAP. 2006. 8148: 8147: 8140: 8132: 8128: 8124: 8120: 8116: 8112: 8108: 8104: 8100: 8096: 8089: 8080: 8075: 8071: 8067: 8063: 8059: 8055: 8048: 8040: 8039:New Scientist 8036: 8029: 8021: 8017: 8013: 8009: 8005: 8001: 7997: 7993: 7992: 7984: 7976: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7957: 7952: 7948: 7944: 7940: 7933: 7918: 7917: 7912: 7905: 7897: 7893: 7889: 7885: 7882:(3): 819–27. 7881: 7877: 7876: 7868: 7852: 7848: 7842: 7835: 7830: 7814: 7807: 7799: 7795: 7791: 7787: 7783: 7779: 7775: 7771: 7770: 7769:Ophthalmology 7765: 7758: 7750: 7746: 7742: 7738: 7734: 7730: 7726: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7703: 7687: 7680: 7665:. 3 June 2013 7664: 7660: 7654: 7635: 7631: 7624: 7618: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7596: 7581: 7580: 7575: 7568: 7553: 7552: 7547: 7540: 7532: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7504: 7500: 7499: 7494: 7487: 7472: 7471: 7466: 7459: 7444: 7443: 7438: 7431: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7397: 7393: 7392: 7387: 7380: 7361: 7357: 7356: 7348: 7341: 7325: 7318: 7302: 7298: 7297:Cowing, Keith 7292: 7276: 7272: 7266: 7258: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7230: 7226: 7222: 7218: 7217: 7212: 7205: 7190: 7189: 7184: 7177: 7162: 7161: 7156: 7149: 7134: 7130: 7123: 7108: 7104: 7097: 7090: 7085: 7079:, 22 May 2008 7078: 7073: 7058: 7054: 7047: 7032: 7028: 7021: 7006: 7002: 6995: 6987: 6983: 6976: 6960: 6956: 6950: 6934: 6933:Firstpost.com 6930: 6924: 6916: 6910: 6899: 6892: 6876: 6872: 6866: 6851: 6847: 6846:"Style Guide" 6841: 6826: 6819: 6804: 6800: 6793: 6777: 6770: 6755: 6751: 6744: 6728: 6724: 6717: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6687: 6672: 6668: 6661: 6645: 6641: 6639: 6631: 6616: 6612: 6605: 6603: 6601: 6585: 6584: 6579: 6572: 6556: 6552: 6545: 6538: 6534: 6531: 6525: 6518: 6506: 6505: 6500: 6493: 6486: 6481: 6466: 6465:Rolling Stone 6462: 6455: 6439: 6435: 6429: 6422: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6395: 6380: 6376: 6369: 6354: 6350: 6343: 6328: 6324: 6317: 6302: 6298: 6291: 6289: 6272: 6268: 6267: 6262: 6255: 6253: 6245: 6241: 6238: 6233: 6218: 6214: 6207: 6191: 6187: 6181: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6151: 6149: 6132: 6128: 6122: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6092: 6077: 6073: 6067: 6065: 6049: 6045: 6044:"Shenzhou IX" 6039: 6024: 6020: 6014: 5999: 5995: 5989: 5974: 5970: 5964: 5949: 5945: 5939: 5931: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5912: 5907: 5901: 5893: 5892: 5884: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5853: 5837: 5836: 5828: 5820: 5814: 5810: 5803: 5788:. 30 May 2020 5787: 5786:Bloomberg.com 5783: 5777: 5761: 5755: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5724: 5720: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5692: 5688: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5587: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5577: 5573: 5562: 5550: 5547: 5544: 5541: 5537: 5535: 5533: 5528: 5525: 5522: 5521: 5517: 5514: 5511: 5510:External Tank 5507: 5503: 5501: 5500: 5495: 5492: 5489: 5488: 5484: 5481: 5478: 5477:External Tank 5474: 5470: 5466: 5464: 5463: 5458: 5455: 5452: 5451: 5448: 5445: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432:30 June 1971 5431: 5430: 5426: 5423: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5404: 5403: 5399: 5396: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5382: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5370: 5367: 5364: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5352: 5351: 5347: 5344: 5341: 5338: 5335: 5334: 5331: 5327: 5320:Fatality risk 5317: 5314: 5310: 5305: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5289: 5288:liquid oxygen 5286: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5265: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5241: 5231: 5229: 5228:Roger Chaffee 5225: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5189: 5185: 5184: 5178: 5177:Space Shuttle 5173: 5169: 5165: 5164: 5163: 5161: 5156: 5154: 5143: 5141: 5137: 5136:external tank 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5120: 5114: 5113:Space Shuttle 5108: 5106: 5102: 5096: 5086: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5070: 5060: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5049: 5042: 5040: 5035: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5020: 5019:Space Shuttle 5016: 5012: 5007: 5005: 5001: 4998:(employed on 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4982:(employed on 4981: 4977: 4973: 4966: 4962: 4961: 4955: 4954:Space Shuttle 4949: 4944: 4934: 4932: 4919: 4915: 4912: 4908: 4905: 4902: 4899: 4896: 4893: 4890: 4887: 4884: 4881: 4878: 4877: 4876: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4856: 4854: 4850: 4844: 4840: 4830: 4827: 4824:in the body. 4823: 4819: 4818:immune system 4814: 4812: 4807: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4784:magnetosphere 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4761: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4737: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4718: 4716: 4711: 4709: 4708:long-duration 4704: 4699: 4697: 4693: 4684: 4679: 4669: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4654: 4652: 4647: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4620: 4616: 4611: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4592: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4577: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4538: 4533: 4531: 4525: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4502:Space habitat 4499: 4489: 4070: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4049: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4025: 4024: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4007: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3983: 3982: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3967: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3943: 3942: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3925: 3922: 3919: 3904: 3897: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3868: 3867: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3852: 3849: 3846: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3824: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3808: 3805: 3802: 3799:(in Sanskrit) 3794: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3776: 3775: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3758: 3755: 3752: 3737: 3730: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3701: 3700: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3683: 3680: 3677: 3662: 3655: 3644: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3618: 3617: 3613: 3611: 3610:Long March 2F 3608: 3606: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3592: 3580: 3573: 3560: 3553: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3524: 3523: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3485: 3478: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3449: 3448: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3422: 3409: 3402: 3389: 3382: 3371: 3368: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3353: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3341: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3329: 3326: 3322: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3296: 3295: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3245: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3215: 3202: 3195: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3166: 3165: 3161: 3159: 3158:Long March 2A 3156: 3154: 3151: 3148: 3145: 3142: 3135: 3122: 3115: 3104: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3086: 3085: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3049:United States 3039: 3038: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3019:(suborbital) 3018: 3015: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3002:United States 2992: 2991: 2987: 2985: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2960: 2952: 2949: 2944: 2941: 2937: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2904:Space agency 2903: 2900: 2899: 2896: 2891: 2889: 2884: 2883: 2877: 2875: 2874:space program 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2842: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2823: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2796: 2792: 2787: 2784: 2783:space station 2780: 2776: 2775:Narendra Modi 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2739: 2737: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2709: 2708: 2707: 2705: 2697: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2620:Soyuz program 2618: 2617: 2616: 2614: 2568: 2558: 2526: 2525:MediaWiki.org 2522: 2517: 2508: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2498: 2491: 2484: 2474: 2472: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2449: 2448:walk in space 2445: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2418:walk in space 2415: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2405:Rakesh Sharma 2403: 2400: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2362: 2361: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2343: 2340: 2338:12 April 1961 2337: 2336: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2282:14 April 1970 2281: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2214: 2212:16 March 1966 2211: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2178:walk in space 2176:was first to 2175: 2174:Alexei Leonov 2172: 2170:18 March 1965 2169: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2136: 2133: 2131:12 April 1961 2130: 2129: 2115: 2112: 2111: 2110: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2077: 2067: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2034: 2033:Human outpost 2030: 2026: 2022: 2012: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1973: 1971: 1967: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1951: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1927: 1925: 1924:Oliver Daemen 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1895: 1894:space tourism 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1877: 1873: 1868: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1825: 1824:space tourism 1821: 1820:Sierra Nevada 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1797: 1793: 1786: 1782: 1767: 1755: 1750: 1741: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1677: 1673: 1670: 1669: 1663: 1656: 1652: 1643: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1599: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1587: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1536: 1534: 1529: 1527: 1526:Long March 5B 1523: 1519: 1515: 1514: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1501: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1487: 1482: 1481: 1476: 1475: 1469: 1467: 1466: 1461: 1460: 1455: 1451: 1450: 1445: 1441: 1440: 1435: 1434: 1429: 1428: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1403: 1398: 1397: 1392: 1391: 1386: 1385:Long March 2F 1382: 1378: 1373: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1280: 1271: 1269: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1251: 1246: 1238: 1237: 1232: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1209: 1204: 1203: 1198: 1197: 1192: 1191: 1186: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1164: 1159: 1155: 1154: 1148: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1129:Richard Nixon 1126: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1056: 1052: 1047: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1012: 1008: 1001: 997: 993: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 934: 932: 928: 924: 920: 919:Alexei Leonov 916: 912: 907: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 880: 878: 874: 870: 867:, piloted by 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 837: 832: 828: 824: 820: 819: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 785: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 759: 755: 748: 744: 737: 733: 729: 723: 719: 714: 709: 698: 688: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 657:space tourism 654: 650: 645: 643: 642:lunar mission 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 599:12 April 1961 596: 592: 588: 583: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 527: 523: 517: 506: 502: 498: 492: 481: 477: 471: 460: 459:Alexei Leonov 456: 450: 439: 435: 429: 413: 408: 406: 401: 399: 394: 393: 391: 390: 387: 377: 376: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 355: 349: 348: 341: 340:Intergalactic 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 317: 311: 310: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 272: 269: 264: 263: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 234:Space Shuttle 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 219: 216: 211: 210: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 185: 182: 177: 176: 171: 166: 165: 158: 155: 153: 150: 148: 145: 143: 140: 138: 135: 133: 130: 128: 125: 123: 120: 118: 115: 114: 111: 106: 105: 98: 97:Mars missions 95: 93: 90: 88: 85: 83: 80: 78: 75: 73: 70: 69: 66: 61: 60: 54: 50: 49: 46: 43: 42: 38: 34: 33: 30: 19: 18313:Space policy 18298:Solar System 18274:Each arrow ( 18196:Local Bubble 18182:Solar System 18180: 17973:Planetesimal 17928:Kuiper cliff 17672: 17656:Space probes 17629:Colonization 17468:Kirkwood gap 17389:Saturn Moons 17302:Planetesimal 16760:Terrestrials 16725: 16718: 16711: 16704: 16697: 16690: 16683: 16676: 16649: 16572:Solar System 16179:Upper stages 16020:lunar probes 15958:Solar System 15944:Spacewalkers 15929:2015–present 15889:billionaires 15614: 15485:2021–present 15450:Spaceflights 15417: 15298: 15186:Architecture 15172: 15070:Colonization 15044:Archaeology 14859:Neuroscience 14816:... in space 14751: 14743: 14529: 14381:Vega program 14369:Zond program 14218:(Moon flyby) 14215:Zond (7K-L1) 14174:Soyuz-Apollo 14129: 14067:Kapustin Yar 14043:Launch sites 13975: 13963: 13797: 13790: 13784: 13776: 13769: 13760: 13753: 13746: 13739: 13570: 13519:Perseverance 13518: 13480: 13473: 13450: 13410: 13393: 13377:New Horizons 13375: 13368: 13361: 13334: 13326: 13302: 13290: 13283: 13270: 13258: 13250: 13211: 13203: 13196: 13189: 12918: 12902:Apollo–Soyuz 12854: 12446:Space launch 12431:Interstellar 12397:Destinations 12166:Apollo–Soyuz 12115:Space diving 12100:Space toilet 12035: 11924:Applications 11841:Soviet Union 11801:Space policy 11796:Space launch 11705:Preceded by 11557:Intersputnik 11402:TÜBİTAK UZAY 10863:EUTELSAT IGO 10759:Pan-European 10720:TÜBİTAK UZAY 10179:Central Asia 9795:and pan-Arab 9714:Dream Chaser 9702:Starship HLS 9636:SpaceShipTwo 9631:SpaceShipOne 9428:Polaris Dawn 9389:Nano-JASMINE 9237: 9225:MBR Explorer 9168:NEO Surveyor 8799:(March 2026) 8687: 8613: 8603: 8590: 8575: 8560: 8545: 8527: 8515: 8507:the original 8502: 8493: 8481:. Retrieved 8477:the original 8466: 8434:. Retrieved 8410: 8399: 8394:, 5 May 1993 8391: 8383: 8371: 8359:. Retrieved 8355:the original 8350: 8344: 8334: 8322:. Retrieved 8311:The Observer 8310: 8300: 8273: 8267: 8250: 8246: 8236: 8224:. Retrieved 8219: 8209: 8184: 8180: 8173: 8145: 8139: 8098: 8094: 8088: 8064:(6): 11–17. 8061: 8057: 8047: 8038: 8028: 7995: 7989: 7983: 7946: 7942: 7932: 7920:. Retrieved 7914: 7904: 7879: 7873: 7867: 7855:. Retrieved 7841: 7829: 7817:. Retrieved 7806: 7773: 7767: 7757: 7716: 7712: 7702: 7690:. Retrieved 7679: 7667:. Retrieved 7662: 7653: 7641:. Retrieved 7634:the original 7629: 7617: 7609:the original 7604: 7595: 7585:25 September 7583:. Retrieved 7577: 7567: 7555:. Retrieved 7549: 7539: 7502: 7496: 7486: 7474:. Retrieved 7468: 7458: 7446:. Retrieved 7440: 7430: 7395: 7389: 7379: 7367:. Retrieved 7360:the original 7353: 7340: 7328:. Retrieved 7317: 7305:. Retrieved 7303:. NASA Watch 7291: 7279:. Retrieved 7275:the original 7265: 7220: 7214: 7204: 7192:. Retrieved 7186: 7176: 7164:. Retrieved 7158: 7148: 7136:. Retrieved 7132: 7122: 7110:. Retrieved 7106: 7096: 7084: 7072: 7060:. Retrieved 7056: 7046: 7034:. Retrieved 7030: 7020: 7008:. Retrieved 7004: 6999:ETtech.com. 6994: 6985: 6975: 6963:. Retrieved 6958: 6949: 6937:. Retrieved 6932: 6923: 6891: 6879:. Retrieved 6875:the original 6865: 6853:. Retrieved 6840: 6828:. Retrieved 6818: 6806:. Retrieved 6802: 6792: 6780:. Retrieved 6769: 6757:. Retrieved 6753: 6743: 6731:. Retrieved 6726: 6716: 6704:. Retrieved 6700:the original 6695: 6686: 6674:. Retrieved 6671:www.rbth.com 6670: 6660: 6648:. Retrieved 6644:the original 6637: 6630: 6618:. Retrieved 6614: 6587:. Retrieved 6581: 6571: 6559:. Retrieved 6554: 6544: 6524: 6515: 6508:. Retrieved 6502: 6492: 6480: 6468:. Retrieved 6464: 6454: 6442:. Retrieved 6438:www.nasa.gov 6437: 6428: 6420: 6415:21 September 6413:. Retrieved 6409:the original 6404: 6394: 6384:16 September 6382:. Retrieved 6379:Ars Technica 6378: 6368: 6358:23 September 6356:. Retrieved 6352: 6342: 6332:16 September 6330:. Retrieved 6326: 6316: 6306:16 September 6304:. Retrieved 6300: 6275:. Retrieved 6271:the original 6264: 6232: 6220:. Retrieved 6216: 6206: 6194:. Retrieved 6189: 6180: 6168:. Retrieved 6159: 6135:. Retrieved 6130: 6121: 6109:. Retrieved 6105:the original 6100: 6091: 6079:. Retrieved 6075: 6051:. Retrieved 6047: 6038: 6026:. Retrieved 6022: 6013: 6001:. Retrieved 5997: 5988: 5976:. Retrieved 5972: 5963: 5951:. Retrieved 5947: 5944:"Shenzhou V" 5938: 5910: 5900: 5890: 5883: 5871:. Retrieved 5867:the original 5862: 5852: 5840:. Retrieved 5834: 5827: 5808: 5802: 5790:. Retrieved 5785: 5776: 5764:. Retrieved 5754: 5742:. Retrieved 5738:the original 5733: 5723: 5691: 5657:Mars to Stay 5620:2021–present 5531: 5527:SpaceShipTwo 5498: 5461: 5329: 5307:The crew of 5306: 5277:Jack Swigert 5273:James Lovell 5266: 5243: 5204: 5182: 5157: 5149: 5118: 5109: 5098: 5072: 5047: 5043: 5036: 5024: 5008: 4969: 4959: 4928: 4873: 4865: 4857: 4846: 4815: 4808: 4772:solar flares 4765: 4722:space flight 4719: 4712: 4700: 4689: 4672:Microgravity 4662:Inspiration4 4655: 4648: 4629: 4623: 4612: 4593: 4578: 4574:space flight 4563: 4559: 4527: 4518:Life support 4513: 4486: 4068: 3820: 3588: 3579:hángtiānyuán 3426: 3366:(1968–2003) 3320: 3317:(in Russian) 3266: 3238:Long March 2 3221:hángtiānyuán 3141:hángtiānyuán 3017:Alan Shepard 2971:Yuri Gagarin 2958: 2939:(1922–1991) 2894: 2885: 2843: 2824: 2806: 2799: 2788: 2745: 2725: 2722: 2701: 2660:SpaceShipTwo 2636:Soviet Union 2610: 2566: 2556: 2494: 2467: 2453: 2444:Jessica Meir 2410:25 July 1984 2401:2 April 1984 2384:2 March 1978 2375:16 June 1963 2358: 2355:Alan Shepard 2342:Yuri Gagarin 2291:pericynthion 2285:The crew of 2268:20 July 1969 2241:Frank Borman 2191:Tom Stafford 2157:space border 2135:Yuri Gagarin 2107: 2103:Jessica Meir 2090:Soviet Union 2079: 2063: 2055: 2036: 1997:SpaceShipTwo 1974: 1963:Falcon Heavy 1952: 1933: 1898: 1886:SpaceshipTwo 1880: 1854: 1850:Inspiration4 1828: 1801: 1785:SpaceShipOne 1761: 1753: 1726:Flight VP-03 1723:SpaceShipTwo 1719:Dream Chaser 1701:. Under the 1680: 1672:Flight VP-03 1667: 1625: 1600: 1585: 1569: 1542: 1532: 1530: 1517: 1512: 1509: 1504: 1503:docked with 1498: 1494: 1490: 1484: 1478: 1472: 1470: 1463: 1457: 1453: 1447: 1437: 1433:Zhai Zhigang 1431: 1425: 1411: 1400: 1394: 1388: 1374: 1343: 1311: 1308:Bill Clinton 1305: 1300: 1296: 1285: 1262: 1254: 1248: 1242: 1234: 1212: 1206: 1200: 1194: 1188: 1182: 1178: 1176: 1167: 1161: 1151: 1149: 1141:Apollo–Soyuz 1122: 1107:main engines 1059: 1016: 986:Jack Swigert 946:James Lovell 942:Frank Borman 935: 908: 881: 836:Friendship 7 834: 816: 813:Alan Shepard 797:Yuri Gagarin 786: 763: 702:Cold War era 669:SpaceShipOne 646: 607:Alan Shepard 591:Yuri Gagarin 584: 579: 571: 567: 560:autonomously 543: 539: 535: 534: 505:space selfie 363:Space forces 335:Interstellar 268:Space launch 214: 110:Applications 87:Space probes 29: 18308:Spaceflight 18237:Local Sheet 18231:Local Group 18014:Rubble pile 18002:Roche limit 17997:Ring system 17948:Outer space 17923:Kuiper belt 17893:Hill sphere 17888:Hills cloud 17836:Debris disk 17831:Cosmic dust 17615:Exploration 17570:Planet Nine 17555:Fifth giant 17529:Hills cloud 17490:Kuiper belt 17461:exceptional 17377:Trojan camp 16314:H-II and H3 16257:Delta DM-19 16247:Black Brant 15960:exploration 15735:Expeditions 15675:Expeditions 15625:Expeditions 15580:Expeditions 15348:Spaceflight 15097:Exploration 15035:Advertising 14979:Environment 14954:Astrobotany 14917:Fruit flies 14440:(2011–2019) 14429:Fobos-Grunt 14419:(2006-2016) 14404:(1990-1992) 14398:(1989-1998) 14392:(1988-1989) 14383:(1984-1987) 14377:(1983-1991) 14371:(1964–1970) 14365:(1961–1985) 14359:(1958–1976) 14353:(1972–1996) 14347:(1961–1982) 14187:Shuttle–Mir 14062:Dombarovsky 13805:Deep fields 13733:and artwork 13731:NASA images 13303:Opportunity 12772:NASA Social 12598:and history 12404:Sub-orbital 12339:Space probe 12205:New Shepard 12183:Shuttle–Mir 11942:Archaeology 11895:Space force 11878:Moon Treaty 11750:Spaceflight 11707:Interkosmos 11681:Interkosmos 10787:Eurocontrol 10437:Antrix Corp 9793:Pan-African 9553:New Shepard 9543:Crew Dragon 9434:Soyuz MS-26 9396:(mid 2020s) 9339:(2031–2032) 9294:(2029–2031) 9183:Superbird-9 9170:(September) 9121:(2026–2027) 9036:Space Rider 8978:Gaganyaan-3 8973:Gaganyaan-2 8920:(September) 8899:Hakuto-R M2 8884:Gaganyaan-1 8863:(September) 8861:Bion-M No.2 8809:Gaganyaan-5 8803:Artemis III 8797:Soyuz MS-29 8781:Gaganyaan-4 8776:Shenzhou 21 8767:(September) 8761:(September) 8759:Soyuz MS-28 8742:Shenzhou 20 8736:Soyuz MS-27 8713:(late 2024) 8705:Shenzhou 19 8589:Pyle, Rod. 8454:|work= 8222:. Future US 8095:Radiat. Res 7922:12 February 7692:14 February 7669:21 November 7643:20 November 7551:EurekAlert! 7476:25 November 7470:EurekAlert! 6650:18 November 6470:15 November 6217:Sia Magazin 6190:www.esa.int 5969:"About CMS" 5551:from crash 5467:Failure of 5313:asphyxiated 5258:David Scott 5234:Reliability 5220:Gus Grissom 5039:Soyuz T-10a 5032:Soyuz MS-10 5011:spaceplanes 4853:cabin fever 4851:, anxiety, 4811:cosmic rays 4762:(2011–2013) 4615:MRI studies 4602:related to 4063:Suborbital 4054:Tycho Brahe 3993:North Korea 3918:asutoronoto 3903:uchūhikōshi 3855:ARV phase-2 3751:asutoronoto 3736:uchūhikōshi 3693:Kankoh-maru 3688:Kankoh-maru 3676:asutoronoto 3661:uchūhikōshi 3590:tàikōng rén 3583:taikonaut ( 3499:asutoronoto 3484:uchūhikōshi 3408:rāʼid faḍāʼ 3388:rajul faḍāʼ 3340:Soyuz TM-14 3270:(in French) 3267:spationaute 3233:Piloted FSW 3078:Atlas LV-3B 3035:Suborbital 3022:5 May 1961 2966:(in Kazakh) 2916:Spacecraft 2870:North Korea 2858:North Korea 2831:test flight 2692:New Shepard 2678:Crew Dragon 2521:Phabricator 2503:companies. 2396:Interkosmos 2326:Soyuz TM-29 2273:Buzz Aldrin 2258:26 May 1969 2220:David Scott 2048:imperialist 2001:New Shepard 1993:development 1989:Blue Origin 1948:test flight 1908:New Shepard 1900:Blue Origin 1834:Crew Dragon 1816:Blue Origin 1796:Crew Dragon 1615:Kankoh-maru 1486:Shenzhou 11 1068:based on a 1062:Spiro Agnew 966:Buzz Aldrin 873:Kármán line 580:spacefarers 548:spaceflight 524:crewmember 438:Buzz Aldrin 320:Sub-orbital 244:Spaceplanes 193:Space probe 127:Exploration 45:Spaceflight 18292:Categories 18256:Local Hole 18203:Gould Belt 17943:Oort cloud 17779:Formation, 17769:Deep space 17605:Vulcanoids 17522:Oort cloud 17446:first 1000 17382:Greek camp 17280:Meteoroids 17275:Damocloids 17221:Charikloan 16458:comparison 16384:Thor DM-18 16369:Thor-Agena 16324:Long March 16242:Atlas LV3C 16237:Atlas LV3B 16157:Spacecraft 16145:Comparison 16074:PocketQube 16056:satellites 15834:Cosmonauts 15789:Astronauts 15745:Spacewalks 15707:Spacewalks 15652:Spacewalks 15600:Spacewalks 15560:Suborbital 15443:by program 15403:Space Race 15393:Spacecraft 15279:Telescopes 15164:Technology 15017:Weathering 14864:Psychology 14849:Locomotion 14767:See also: 14621:Mars-Grunt 14583:Sputnik 99 14578:Sputnik 41 14234:(moonbase) 14055:Kazakhstan 13893:Moon rocks 13653:Astronauts 13646:NASA lists 13503:OSIRIS-REx 13337:helicopter 13205:Pioneer 11 13198:Pioneer 10 13001:Hitchhiker 12876:suborbital 12713:Space Race 12473:Launch pad 12464:Expendable 12414:Geocentric 12381:Solar sail 12324:Spaceplane 12284:Spacecraft 12078:Space suit 12056:commercial 11984:Television 11779:Space Race 11693:See also: 10406:South Asia 10010:USSPACECOM 9422:Türksat 6A 9056:SSC Demo-1 9052:(February) 9000:(February) 8926:(November) 8867:Blue Ghost 8814:Artemis IV 8765:Artemis II 8732:(February) 8707:(November) 8483:20 October 8392:ESA Portal 8324:1 February 8226:20 October 7819:9 February 7688:. ABC News 7505:(1): 175. 7448:3 November 7369:29 October 7330:30 October 7166:27 January 7138:5 February 6782:23 January 6615:The Nation 6510:15 October 6444:29 October 6405:Space News 6222:17 October 6196:26 October 5744:9 February 5715:References 5540:feathering 5532:Enterprise 5462:Challenger 5378:poisoning 5293:fuel cells 5281:Fred Haise 5238:See also: 5093:See also: 5075:space suit 5048:Challenger 4960:Challenger 4941:See also: 4849:Depression 4744:See also: 4676:See also: 4644:astronauts 4636:pathogenic 4585:astronauts 4546:See also: 4535:See also: 4496:See also: 4044:astronaut 3841:astronaut 3795:Vyomanaut 3597:Yang Liwei 3559:yǔhángyuán 3414:ملاح فضائي 3324:cosmonaut 3273:astronaut 3201:yǔhángyuán 3121:yǔhángyuán 3066:(orbital) 3064:John Glenn 2764:spacecraft 2746:Under the 2696:Corn Ranch 2624:spacecraft 2613:spaceports 2455:Sally Ride 2431:Shenzhou 5 2427:Yang Liwei 2370:John Glenn 2351:5 May 1961 2322:Soyuz TM-8 2263:lightspeed 2245:Jim Lovell 2161:spaceplane 2121:Milestones 2094:Sally Ride 2062:-featured 2019:See also: 1977:spaceplane 1920:Wally Funk 1918:, aviator 1916:Mark Bezos 1912:Jeff Bezos 1890:suborbital 1872:government 1836:flying on 1553:spaceplane 1505:Tiangong 2 1500:Tianzhou 1 1495:Tiangong 2 1491:Tiangong 2 1480:Tiangong 1 1474:Tiangong 2 1459:Shenzhou 9 1454:Tiangong 1 1449:Shenzhou 8 1444:Tiangong 1 1439:Liu Boming 1427:Shenzhou 7 1402:Yang Liwei 1396:Shenzhou 5 1390:Shenzhou 1 1358:Zhou Enlai 1354:Mao Zedong 1346:Space Race 1213:Challenger 1190:Challenger 1051:Apollo CSM 990:Fred Haise 982:Jim Lovell 831:John Glenn 805:Vostok 3KA 708:Space Race 637:since the 631:Shenzhou 5 627:Yang Liwei 603:Space Race 589:cosmonaut 572:taikonauts 568:cosmonauts 564:astronauts 552:spacecraft 499:astronaut 478:astronaut 457:cosmonaut 436:astronaut 285:Expendable 280:Launch pad 170:Spacecraft 152:Telescopes 147:Settlement 142:Navigation 77:Space Race 18217:Milky Way 18210:Orion Arm 17978:Formation 17963:Migration 17958:Disrupted 17826:Coatlicue 17794:Accretion 17781:evolution 17727:Asteroids 17639:astronomy 17634:Discovery 17495:Cubewanos 17416:Asteroids 17246:Quaoarian 17236:Neptunian 17226:Chironean 17211:Saturnian 16987:Enceladus 16404:V-2 tests 16302:2020–2022 16297:2010–2019 16272:Delta III 15924:2000–2014 15919:1965–1999 15773:Rollbacks 15537:Gaganyaan 15480:2011–2020 15475:2001–2010 15470:1991–2000 15465:1981–1990 15460:1971–1980 15455:1961–1970 15260:for Earth 15247:Batteries 15229:Logistics 15181:Accidents 15127:Christmas 14992:Corrosion 14932:Tortoises 14890:Non-human 14626:Mercury-P 14616:Laplace-P 14573:Sputnik 3 14568:Sputnik 2 14563:Sputnik 1 14537:Spektr-UV 14508:Luna-Glob 14492:Spektr-RG 14469:Elektro–L 14208:Cancelled 14080:(defunct) 14034:Roscosmos 13920:Moon tree 13741:Earthrise 13616:Goldstone 13513:Mars 2020 13482:Voyager 2 13475:Voyager 1 13411:Curiosity 13355:operating 13353:Currently 13335:Ingenuity 13272:MESSENGER 13251:Sojourner 13180:Mercury 3 13170:Apollo 11 13117:Discovery 13107:Explorers 12696:Augustine 12660:Augustine 12483:Spaceport 12334:Satellite 12051:Astronaut 11979:Telephone 11932:Astronomy 11853:Space law 11806:Australia 11361:Roscosmos 11349:KazCosmos 11313:ArmCosmos 11014:DTU Space 10976:BIRA-IASB 10923:EU SatCen 10682:KACST-SRI 10579:ArmCosmos 10565:West Asia 10238:East Asia 10205:Roscosmos 10193:KazCosmos 10163:Pan-Asian 9725:Cancelled 9709:Blue Moon 9672:Gaganyaan 9548:Starliner 9313:Spektr-UV 9307:SAOCOM-2B 9286:Tianwen-4 9258:Tianwen-3 9246:SAOCOM-2A 9207:Dragonfly 9201:Chang'e 8 9104:ispace M3 9095:Chang'e 7 9061:Tianwen-2 8983:Garatéa-L 8959:(January) 8914:(October) 8880:(October) 8820:Artemis V 8456:ignored ( 8446:cite book 8319:0029-7712 8292:233972618 8220:Space.com 7875:Radiology 7851:Space.com 7741:0094-5765 7663:Space.com 7422:205102116 7307:7 January 7281:7 January 7036:15 August 7010:15 August 6855:6 January 6733:7 January 6727:Space.com 6620:2 October 6583:SpaceNews 6561:6 October 6504:SpaceNews 6266:Space.com 5873:4 January 5615:2011–2020 5610:2001–2010 5605:1991–2000 5600:1981–1990 5595:1971–1980 5590:1961–1970 5363:plug door 5285:cryogenic 5269:Apollo 13 5216:plug door 5166:In 1960, 5027:Soyuz 18a 4833:Isolation 4826:Radiation 4796:Apollo 17 4792:Apollo 16 4788:Space Age 4740:Radiation 4598:issued a 4570:bone loss 4566:blindness 3810:Gaganyaan 3394:رائد فضاء 3321:kosmonavt 3311:Roscosmos 3058:astronaut 3011:astronaut 2962:cosmonaut 2959:kosmonavt 2919:Launcher 2812:Artemis I 2752:Gaganyaan 2360:Freedom 7 2289:attained 2287:Apollo 13 2277:Apollo 11 2199:Gemini 6A 2109:example: 2040:space law 2021:Space law 1979:or small 1940:transport 1860:Starliner 1350:Apollo 11 1314:into the 1208:Endeavour 1196:Discovery 1082:space tug 1027:N1 rocket 978:Apollo 13 958:Apollo 11 923:Voskhod 2 915:spacewalk 859:flights ( 851:, aboard 818:Freedom 7 809:astronaut 639:Apollo 17 503:taking a 455:Voskhod 2 434:Apollo 11 368:Companies 275:Spaceport 188:Satellite 132:Espionage 18270:Universe 18108:Moonlets 17688:programs 17661:timeline 17649:timeline 17580:Planet X 17575:Planet V 17512:Sednoids 17500:Plutinos 17473:Centaurs 17451:families 17180:Dysnomia 17168:Xiangliu 17163:Gonggong 17151:Makemake 17110:Kerberos 16997:Hyperion 16935:Callisto 16930:Ganymede 16863:Gonggong 16858:Makemake 16713:Gonggong 16706:Makemake 16359:Starship 16329:Minotaur 16287:Delta IV 16267:Delta II 16252:Electron 16213:Launches 16172:heaviest 16162:uncrewed 16133:Vehicles 16069:CubeSats 16010:orbiters 15968:Timeline 15829:European 15768:Missions 15727:Tiangong 15717:Deployed 15712:Visitors 15700:uncrewed 15685:Visiting 15657:Visitors 15645:uncrewed 15605:Visitors 15593:uncrewed 15542:Spacelab 15532:Shenzhou 15438:timeline 15386:timeline 15122:Religion 15112:Military 15048:of Earth 14927:Primates 14854:Medicine 14641:Venera-D 14636:Spektr-M 14604:Concepts 14531:Kazachok 14487:Resurs-P 14482:Meteor-M 14447:(failed) 14438:Spektr-R 14432:(failed) 14411:(failed) 14390:(failed) 14331:programs 14133:programs 13964:Category 13626:Canberra 13538:timeline 13526:timeline 13462:timeline 13418:timeline 13315:observed 13310:timeline 13278:Aquarius 13218:timeline 13191:Magellan 13153:missions 13051:Surveyor 12987:programs 12917:Shuttle– 12858:programs 12690:Aldridge 12609:creation 12535:Category 12200:Tiangong 12195:Shenzhou 12124:Programs 11969:Internet 11774:Timeline 11586:UNCOPUOS 10897:DG DEFIS 10858:EUMETSAT 9910:Americas 9816:National 9697:Starship 9657:Mengzhou 9523:Shenzhou 9505:programs 9424:(8 July) 9415:launched 9413:Recently 9343:LiteBIRD 9325:EnVision 9319:Spektr-M 9292:Venera-D 9135:ULTRASAT 9099:Rashid 2 9012:Series B 9010:MetOp-SG 9006:Series A 9004:MetOp-SG 8948:ESCAPADE 8912:Juventas 8889:GOSAT-GW 8840:Uncrewed 8755:(August) 8749:(Spring) 8528:NASA.gov 8430:00061677 8361:23 March 8259:15943194 8201:19690292 8131:25250687 8123:10825747 8020:23723213 7975:33828760 7896:22416248 7857:14 March 7798:13965518 7790:21849212 7749:11541924 7557:16 March 7531:30466389 7414:29091569 7257:23300905 7216:PLoS ONE 7112:27 March 7107:BBC News 7062:27 March 7057:BBC News 6909:cite web 6640:project" 6533:Archived 6327:NASA.gov 6240:Archived 6164:Archived 5916:Springer 5908:(2004). 5842:1 August 5705:Gulf War 5662:NewSpace 5558:See also 5504:Damaged 5499:Columbia 5447:Asphyxia 5436:Soyuz 11 5357:Apollo 1 5339:Mission 5309:Soyuz 11 5246:Gemini 8 5224:Ed White 5208:Apollo 1 5195:Ariane 5 5183:Columbia 5119:Columbia 4726:eyesight 4021:Orbital 3979:Orbital 3939:Orbital 3896:Japanese 3864:Orbital 3860:Ariane V 3819:Orbital 3772:Orbital 3729:Japanese 3697:Orbital 3654:Japanese 3614:Orbital 3520:Orbital 3477:Japanese 3374:رجل فضاء 3350:Orbital 3346:Soyuz-U2 3292:Orbital 3288:Ariane V 3242:Orbital 3162:Orbital 3153:Shuguang 3082:Orbital 3031:Redstone 2988:Orbital 2964:Ғарышкер 2827:Starship 2682:Falcon 9 2398:program. 2346:Vostok 1 2253:Apollo 8 2228:Gemini 8 2207:Gemini 7 2139:Vostok 1 1959:Falcon 9 1936:airliner 1838:Falcon 9 1826:market. 1640:Gulf War 1557:Ariane 5 1551:shuttle 1533:Tiangong 1518:Tiangong 1513:Tiangong 1465:Liu Yang 1362:Shuguang 1338:Shenzhou 1336:Chinese 1225:Spacelab 1202:Atlantis 1184:Columbia 1145:Soyuz 19 1074:kerosene 1011:Salyut 1 954:Apollo 8 938:Saturn V 853:Vostok 6 845:capsules 801:Vostok 1 766:Cold War 615:the Moon 480:Ed White 476:Gemini 4 289:reusable 137:Military 37:a series 35:Part of 18091:Related 18070:by size 17759:Neptune 17744:Jupiter 17695:Mercury 17620:outline 17565:Phaeton 17560:Nemesis 17547:objects 17399:Neptune 17372:Jupiter 17352:Trojans 17345:Neptune 17330:Jupiter 17310:Mercury 17241:Haumean 17231:Uranian 17213: ( 17127:Hiʻiaka 17061:Proteus 17051:Neptune 17039:Miranda 17029:Umbriel 17019:Titania 17007:all 146 16972:Iapetus 16925:Jupiter 16819:Neptune 16797:Jupiter 16765:Mercury 16747:Planets 16672:Neptune 16657:Jupiter 16630:Mercury 16399:Tsyklon 16262:Delta 1 16227:Antares 15874:by name 15819:Chinese 15814:Mercury 15794:by name 15755:Shuttle 15555:Orbital 15547:Artemis 15512:Mercury 15497:Russian 15426:General 15381:outline 15369:General 15284:Weapons 15252:Nuclear 15213:Writing 15208:Toilets 15191:Farming 15139:Tourism 15134:Selfies 15075:Economy 15040:Alcohol 15028:Society 15012:Weather 14987:Climate 14897:Animals 14844:Hygiene 14823:Biology 14671:Related 14523:Luna 28 14518:Luna 27 14513:Luna 26 14477:(joint) 14474:ExoMars 14444:Luna 25 14408:Mars 96 14351:Prognoz 14328:Robotic 14286:(joint) 14195:Energia 14190:(joint) 14177:(joint) 14152:Voskhod 13976:Commons 13854:Related 13663:by year 13658:by name 13435:GOES 15 13425:GOES 14 13342:flights 13328:InSight 13284:Cassini 13212:Galileo 13137:SIMPLEx 13112:Voyager 13080:Current 13036:Pioneer 13006:Mariner 12985:Robotic 12966:Artemis 12939:Current 12882:Mercury 12874: ( 12767:NASA TV 12706:General 12605:History 12409:Orbital 12210:Artemis 12141:Voskhod 12136:Mercury 12044:General 11784:Records 11769:History 11757:General 11547:ISS MCB 11441:Oceania 11216:PTSPACE 11182:CBK PAN 10844:ESTRACK 10770:CENELEC 10473:SUPARCO 10420:SPARRSO 10257:SASTIND 9974:FAA/AST 9807:Arabsat 9678:Russia 9599:Mercury 9579:Voskhod 9564:Retired 9529:Russia 9394:TEREX-1 9337:DAVINCI 9331:VERITAS 9321:(2030+) 9301:Luna 28 9280:Harmony 9219:Luna 27 9213:JASMINE 9163:Luna 26 9125:Xuntian 9069:(April) 9067:TRACERS 9046:SPHEREx 8998:LOXSAT1 8969:(April) 8967:SWFO-L1 8943:DESTINY 8918:PROBA-3 8894:GSAT-20 8856:Biomass 8828:(~2030) 8738:(March) 8608:excerpt 8606:(2020) 8595:excerpt 8530:. NASA. 8436:12 July 8103:Bibcode 8066:Bibcode 8000:Bibcode 7991:Science 7966:7962687 7721:Bibcode 7522:6251167 7248:3534034 7225:Bibcode 7194:23 July 6965:13 June 6939:21 June 6881:21 June 6830:12 July 6729:. Purch 6528:(2012) 6170:13 July 6137:26 July 6111:26 July 6081:25 July 6053:25 July 6028:25 July 6003:25 July 5978:25 July 5953:25 July 5792:16 June 5697:Tammouz 5494:STS-107 5457:STS-51L 5419:vertigo 5387:Soyuz 1 5345:Deaths 5295:to the 5186:at the 5101:Soyuz 1 5015:Voskhod 4984:Mercury 4880:Hearing 4822:viruses 4758:on the 4703:muscles 4651:viruses 4568:and of 4035:Denmark 3911:アストロノート 3744:アストロノート 3669:アストロノート 3572:Chinese 3552:Chinese 3492:アストロノート 3342:to MIR 3214:Chinese 3194:Chinese 3134:Chinese 3114:Chinese 2856:), and 2523:and on 2320:, from 2147:Either 1981:capsule 1878:funds. 1876:private 1867:Atlas V 1754:updated 1676:STS-135 1655:STS-135 1632:Al-Abid 1570:Japan ( 1422:docking 1312:Freedom 1259:Energia 1153:Freedom 1137:détente 1086:nuclear 931:docking 911:Voskhod 732:Mercury 691:History 673:orbital 507:in 2012 325:Orbital 157:Tourism 65:History 18265: 18258: 18251: 18226: 18219: 18212: 18205: 18198: 18191: 18184: 18113:Syzygy 18035:Comets 17968:System 17953:Planet 17846:EXCEDE 17754:Uranus 17749:Saturn 17739:Comets 17732:mining 17710:mining 17600:Vulcan 17441:active 17436:Hygiea 17431:Pallas 17394:Uranus 17340:Uranus 17335:Saturn 17270:Comets 17262:bodies 17260:System 17206:Jovian 17144:Weywot 17139:Quaoar 17132:Namaka 17122:Haumea 17095:Charon 17071:all 16 17066:Nereid 17056:Triton 17044:all 28 17024:Oberon 17014:Uranus 17002:Phoebe 16982:Tethys 16957:Saturn 16950:all 95 16945:Europa 16918:Deimos 16913:Phobos 16892:Earth 16853:Quaoar 16848:Haumea 16828:Dwarfs 16814:Uranus 16802:Saturn 16787:Giants 16752:dwarfs 16699:Quaoar 16692:Haumea 16667:Uranus 16662:Saturn 16414:Vulcan 16334:Proton 16319:Kosmos 16222:Ariane 16167:crewed 16106:Kosmos 16005:active 16000:Probes 15983:rovers 15844:Muslim 15809:Gemini 15804:Apollo 15782:People 15695:crewed 15640:crewed 15588:crewed 15572:Salyut 15527:Skylab 15522:Apollo 15517:Gemini 15492:Soviet 15256:Solar 15243:Power 15239:Mining 15144:Voting 15092:Ethics 15080:Mining 15065:Burial 14997:Debris 14949:Plants 14464:Bion-M 14457:Active 14449:(2023) 14434:(2011) 14425:(2009) 14413:(1996) 14396:Granat 14375:Astron 14363:Venera 14276:Active 14267:Kliper 14252:Zvezda 14247:Spiral 14231:Zvezda 14157:Salyut 14147:Vostok 14115:Proton 14110:Angara 14019:Soviet 13621:Madrid 13554:Future 13469:NuSTAR 13400:THEMIS 13322:RHESSI 13259:Spirit 13056:Viking 13046:Ranger 12897:Skylab 12892:Apollo 12887:Gemini 12745:Budget 12698:(2009) 12692:(2004) 12686:(2004) 12680:(2003) 12674:(2002) 12672:CFUSAI 12668:(1996) 12662:(1990) 12656:(1989) 12650:(1987) 12644:(1986) 12642:Rogers 12638:(1986) 12632:(1958) 12626:(1958) 12620:(1915) 12596:Policy 12546:Portal 12539: 12528: 12344:Lander 12297:Rocket 12161:Skylab 12156:Apollo 12146:Gemini 12131:Vostok 11836:Russia 11607:Former 11598:UNOOSA 11500:COSPAR 10971:BELSPO 10752:Europe 10544:GISTDA 10520:PhilSA 10385:SaTReC 10287:PLAASF 9955:NESDIS 9885:NASRDA 9802:RASCOM 9786:Africa 9668:India 9662:Lanyue 9653:China 9609:Apollo 9604:Gemini 9574:Vostok 9519:China 9513:Active 9357:(2035) 9351:(2035) 9349:Athena 9345:(2032) 9333:(2031) 9327:(2031) 9315:(2030) 9309:(2030) 9303:(2030) 9288:(2029) 9282:(2029) 9276:(2029) 9266:(2028) 9260:(2028) 9254:(2028) 9248:(2028) 9242:(2028) 9233:(2028) 9227:(2028) 9221:(2028) 9215:(2028) 9209:(2028) 9203:(2028) 9086:ALTIUS 9041:SPARCS 9026:PETREL 8988:HTV-X1 8908:Milani 8822:(2030) 8816:(2028) 8805:(2026) 8771:Vast-1 8688:Crewed 8582: 8567: 8552: 8428: 8418: 8378:, NASA 8317: 8290: 8280: 8257: 8199: 8161: 8129: 8121: 8018: 7973: 7963: 7894: 7796: 7788: 7747: 7739: 7529: 7519: 7442:Quartz 7420: 7412: 7255: 7245: 6808:31 May 6778:. 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