698:
515:(with equal representation for the nationalities) is supposed to ensure that the interests of Croats, Serbs and national minorities are fairly represented during government creation and in the legislative process. However, ever since 2001–02 and foreign-imposed amendments to the constitution and electoral laws, Croats have claimed that the election system for the deputies in the House of Peoples is unfair, depriving them of their rights to representation and in fact enabling Bosniaks to control the majority in the upper house as well. Namely, after 2002 each nation's deputies to the House of Peoples are elected by 10
1160:
124:
1172:
497:
670:
751:
710:
1185:
76:
196:
400:
35:
292:
577:. Namely, every citizen in the Federation can decide whether to vote for a Bosniak or a Croat representative. However, since Bosniaks make up 70% of Federation's population and Croats only 22%, a candidate running to represent Croats in the Presidency can be effectively elected even without a majority among the Croat community - if enough Bosniak voters decide to vote on a Croat ballot. This happened in
278:, as one of the three theoretically equal constitutive nations, have proposed dividing the Federation into Bosniak and Croat federative entities. Advocates for a Croat federal unit argue it would ensure Croat equality and render unnecessary complex ethnic quota systems at both the Federation and state level. Opponents have argued that it would further entrench ethnic division and engender separatism.
1133:
equality of constituent peoples, arising out of designation of
Bosniaks, Croats and Serbs as constituent peoples, prohibits any special privileges for one or two constituent peoples, any domination in governmental structures and any ethnic homogenization by segregation based on territorial separation espite the territorial division of BiH by establishment of
436:, unveiled a map that would organise Bosnia and Herzegovina into three ethnic mini-states. Bosnian Serb forces would be given 52% of Bosnia-Herzegovina's territory, Muslims would be allotted 30 percent and Bosnia Croats would receive 18 percent. Sarajevo and Mostar would be districts belonging to none of the three states. On 29 August 1993 the
508:(OHR) in the country imposed amendments to the Federation's constitution and its electoral law, complicating its structure and impairing the parity between Bosniaks and Croats that was up until then in force in the Federation. Since Bosniaks compose roughly 70.4% of FBiH's population, Croats 22.4% and Serbs just around 2%, the
1045:
There is nothing inherently wrong with a Croat entity. It would solve many problems: there would be no further need for cantons, and relations between state and entity, and between entity and municipality, could be consistent throughout Bosnia. Instead of a tangled federation of entities and peoples,
1388:
municipality is included in the entity, this would reduce the number of
Bosniaks in the Croat entity by roughly 45,000 and increase Croat majority to 83%. If Gornji Vakuf-Uskoplje municipality would be divided into Croat- and Bosniak-majority municipalities to be added to two entities, respectively,
1370:, published a proposal for a Croat entity that would include all of the Croat-majority or plurality municipalities (24 in total). Out of 497.883 Croats that live in FBiH, 372.276 or 75% would live in the Croat federal unit. It would have a population of 496.385, with the ethnic breakdown as follows:
817:
Since 2001, various
Croatian politicians and parties in different electoral cycles have proposed creating a federal unit with a Croatian majority. Sometimes, it is proposed as a federal unit within the Croat-Bosniak Federation, while others have proposed dismantling the Federation into two separate
1106:
argued that the U.S. foreign policy should accept "the Croats' demand for a third entity in Bosnia and
Herzegovina. In the medium term, the United States should allow to form close political and economic links with , such as allowing dual citizenship and establishing shared institutions" as this
1029:
as a separate district. Croatian politicians must be the initiators of a new constitution which would guarantee Croats the same rights as to other constituent peoples. Every federal unit would have its legislative, executive and judiciary organs". He claimed the two-entity system is untenable and
1289:
Some academic proposals, as well as partially CRP's 2014 proposal (with respect to
Fojnica) and somewhat the proclaimed area of Croatian Self-Government in 2001 envisage changing borders of municipalities in mixed Bosniak-Croat areas (Mostar, Central Bosnia) in order to encompass larger share of
741:
stated that "if Bosnia and
Herzegovina wants to become self-sustainable, then it is necessary to have an administrative-territorial reorganization, which would include a federal unit with a Croatian majority. It remains the permanent aspiration of the Croatian people of Bosnia and Herzegovina."
1132:
Territorial delimitation must not serve as an instrument of ethnic segregation – on the contrary – it must accommodate ethnic groups by preserving linguistic pluralism and peace in order to contribute to the integration of the state and society as such
Constitutional principle of collective
427:
sketched a proposal in which he stated that the three constituent units would be "based on national principles and taking into account economic, geographic, and other criteria". In late July 1993, representatives of Bosnia and
Herzegovina's three warring factions entered into a new round of
625:
consider him to be an illegitimate representative and generally treat him as a second
Bosniak member of the presidency. This raised frustration among Croats, undermined their trust in federal institutions and empowered claims for their own entity or a federal unit. In addition to that, two
1208:
It is unclear what territory Croat federal unit would encompass. It is generally assumed it would comprise Croat-majority municipalities in the country, but the criteria haven't been clearly defined (whether two-thirds majority, absolute majority, or plurality would be required). In some
621:, while not being able to gain not even 10% in a number of others. Furthermore, total Croat population in whole of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina was then estimated around 495,000; Komšić received 336,961 votes alone, while all other Croat candidates won 230,000 votes altogether.
473:
were supposed to guarantee power-sharing and equal representation to the less numerous Croats. Some dissatisfaction with this situation was displayed by Croats already in 1999 together with the calls for an establishment of a Croat-majority federal unit, but the
2754:
Bosna i
Hercegovina - federalizam, ravnopravnost, održivost: studija preustroja BiH u cilju osiguravanja institucionalne jednakopravnosti konstitutivnih naroda. (Bosnia and Herzegovina: a study of BIH redesign to secure institutional equality of constituent
789:
in the country imposed amendments to the Federation's constitution and its electoral law, which complicated its structure and impaired the parity between Bosniaks and Croats that had been in force. Dissatisfied Croat politicians set up a separate
2454:
535:
appointed without the consent of Croat deputies in the House of Peoples, receiving just 5 votes of confidence out of 17. In March 2011 country's Central Electoral Commission declared HoP's composition and decisions to be illegal, but the
1124:
2370:
1092:
today. Croat entity would also "look out for the well-being and protection of Croats in other entities," while introducing "strong legal protection" and "guarantees of rights of other nationalities" in Croat-majority entity.
1046:
the country would be a normal federation of territorial units, a design with many successful European examples. Ethnic quotas could be replaced by regional representation and protection of fundamental human rights.
464:
that ended the war left the country divided into two political entities, the Serb-dominated and controlled Republika Srpska and the Bosniak-Croat Federation. FBiH was further divided into 10 autonomous
2451:
1849:
48:
2593:
1111:
and a former senior intelligence analyst for the CIA, pointed out in February 2017 that Bosniak politicians' unilateral policy "justifies the Croats' demand for their own entity."
842:
deputies would be elected in canton and district assemblies by assembly members from respective nations, proportionate to their share in the cantons' population. HRS's proposal:
1594:
726:, focused on the Croatian community, as well as about unequal funding their cultural and education institutions receive in the Federation. The largest town with Croat majority,
2987:
2790:
1949:
805:
Croatian Self-Rule was supposed to be a temporary solution until the controversial amendments and election rules are overturned. The attempt ended shortly after a crackdown by
2025:
703:
Komšić's 2010 election results as a share of total votes cast in each municipality. Note that Komšić did not win more than 15% of votes in a single Croat-majority municipality
528:
3017:
1927:
839:
512:
1835:
1703:
1384:
This would make the Croat entity virtually a symmetric version of the current Federation (70% Bosniak, 22% Croat, 2% Serb). If only the western, Croat-inhabited part of
1737:
2295:
733:
Dissatisfied with the representation of Croats in the Federation, Croat political parties insist on creating a Croat-majority federal unit instead of several cantons.
98:
54:
419:
During the Bosnian War, international mediators and envoys proposed several peace plans that included forming three federal units in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In 1992,
2130:
601:
areas and he fared quite poorly in Croat municipalities, supported by less than 2,5% of the electorate in a number of municipalities in Western Herzegovina, such as
769:
1264:
659:
574:
475:
1997:
1069:
1145:
in the Preamble of the Constitution of BiH must be understood as an all-inclusive principle of the Constitution of BiH to which the Entities must fully adhere...
593:, won the elections with very few Croat votes. In 2010 he didn't win in a single municipality that had Croat-majority or plurality; nearly all of these went to
2562:
835:
520:
509:
470:
414:
259:, which includes the electoral representatives of Bosnian Croats. However, a detailed plan for its partition, including its borders, has yet to be finalized.
17:
532:
519:
assemblies, the majority of which (6) is controlled by Bosniak politicians. This dismantled checks and balances the Federation's Croats and Serbs had on the
1137:, this territorial division cannot serve as a constitutional legitimacy for ethnic domination, national homogenization or the right to maintain results of
2485:
1335:
2672:
1022:
831:
730:, with a sizeable Bosniak minority, has been in a gridlock since 2008 since the two communities cannot agree on the electoral rules for local elections.
516:
466:
2057:
2406:
1815:
802:). The Federation was declared obsolete and Croat soldiers in Federation's Army and Croat customs and police officers were asked to pledge allegiance.
2738:
2267:
1633:
834:. Federation would continue to exist as a federation of a Croat-majority and a Bosniak-majority canton, together with few mutually shared districts.
822:). One of the few worked-out reform proposals calling for an establishment of a Croat federal unit within the Federation was sketched out before the
1853:
1892:
1331:
1254:
1201:
1107:
would enable the population to "satisfy their most basic political interests." David B. Kanin, an adjunct professor of international relations at
2590:
1589:
1080:
currently holds to new Croat and Bosniak entities, possibly changing borders of municipalities to better reflect ethnic composition and turning
2195:
1257:
results had been published. Contrary to the previously held assumptions, these showed that Jajce and Novi Travnik did not have Croat majority.
1119:
1103:
548:
537:
818:
entities, Croat- and Bosniak-majority ones, respectively, and thus ending up with three entities on a national level (the third being current
3037:
2473:
1142:
487:
200:
2524:
2390:
2371:"PLAN BISKUPA O PREUREĐENJU BiH DOVEO BI DO RATA! Njihov prijedlog je iznimno opasan i prava je sreća da je njihova politička moć - nikakva"
2221:
2169:
2143:
1401:
Share of Croatian or overall population that believes creating a third, Croat entity would be the best solution for Bosnia and Herzegovina:
640:
3012:
2439:
3022:
2975:
2775:
2029:
1966:
1301:
1924:
1660:
760:
1599:
1343:
318:
146:
94:
2694:
86:
3027:
2944:
2922:
2879:
2853:
2763:
2732:
2549:
2537:
2261:
1693:
1196:", roughly corresponding with the area of Herzeg-Bosnia political and institutional control in 1995–97, has been proposed by
2286:
1726:
1579:
1565:
892:
795:
676:
631:
491:
457:
388:
271:
248:
2621:
551:
found the election system of the deputies in the House of Peoples unconstitutional and abrogated the controversial rules.
2828:
1875:
1189:
2511:
2418:
1771:
1339:
1134:
1025:, said that "all Croatian parties will propose that Bosnia and Herzegovina be divided into three ethnic entities, with
798:
and proclaimed Croatian federal unit in Croat-majority areas in the Federation (Croatian Self-Government or Self-Rule,
453:
437:
376:
372:
263:
232:
1925:
U BiH ima 48,4 posto Bošnjaka, 32,7 posto Srba i 14, 6 posto Hrvata (Article on the preliminary report of 2013 census)
1066:
1017:), assembled together in Croatian National Assembly, have so far failed to deliver anything more than a mere concept.
2899:
786:
715:
relative distribution of Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina (share of municipalities' Croats in total Croat population)
505:
327:
182:
164:
62:
2550:
Public opinion poll results - Analitical report for Office of the UN Resident Coordinator in Bosnia and Herzegovina
2229:(in Croatian). Bosnia and Herzegovina: HRS Hrvatska Republikanska Stranka. September 2014. p. 8. Archived from
2177:(in Croatian). Bosnia and Herzegovina: HRS Hrvatska Republikanska Stranka. September 2014. p. 8. Archived from
2078:
1245:
together with the eastern, Croat-majority part of Fojnica municipality would become part of the Croat canton, while
478:
dismissed it and called for strengthening of the principle of equality of three communities and of canton autonomy.
1346:. As far as the Herzeg-Bosnia's tentative territory, Karamatić proposed the area served by the electricity utility
622:
275:
240:
570:, opposed this, but some Bosnian Croat politicians advocated for the establishment of a third (Croatian) entity.
2609:
1085:
559:
2498:
1584:
1030:
that Croats have been subject to assimilation and deprived of basic rights in the federation with the Bosniaks.
830:(HRS). According to HRS, Croat-majority federal unit would assume the powers and competencies currently held by
2343:
823:
627:
582:
578:
524:
2669:
2591:
Bertelsmann Stiftung, BTI 2012 — Bosnia and Herzegovina Country Report. Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Stiftung, 2012.
3042:
3032:
1913:
1529:
1514:
1446:
2356:
Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina, U-5/98 (Partial Decision Part 3), para. 26, 54, 57, 60, 61,
1812:
2719:
2248:
2054:
2634:
2151:(in Croatian). Bosnia and Herzegovina: HRS Hrvatska Republikanska Stranka. September 2014. Archived from
2095:
1900:
1286:
stated that he believed Croat entity would have to include parts of Republika Srpska territory as well.
2891:
1945:
1297:
pointed out that the vestiges of Croat territorial autonomy in the Federation exist in the form of the
1294:
1197:
1098:
1034:
791:
738:
734:
256:
2452:"Beljak u Mostaru: Hrvati Herceg-Bosne bili su na braniku Hrvatske, a ona ih je ignorirala 100 godina"
2065:
827:
252:
2199:
1041:, among others, proposing establishing Croat entity and reorganizing the country in three entities:
697:
2993:
2817:
1485:
1327:
1108:
778:
634:
due to their ethnic background (being neither of the three constitutive nations) and won the case.
380:
1315:
452:, Croats joined their territory, Herzeg-Bosnia, with the Bosniak-government controlled areas (the
2387:
2230:
2178:
2152:
1165:
Ethnic composition of municipalities. Croat-majority/plurality municipalities in shades of orange
563:
224:
2956:
856:
236:
204:
2654:
2574:
1348:
1310:
1276:
1246:
1210:
1193:
1062:
2886:
1661:"Der serbischstämmige Präsident von Bosnien-Herzegowina lehnt den Staat ab, dem er vorsteht"
655:
586:
567:
1459:
1159:
449:
429:
244:
1393:
claims that as much as 83% of Federation's Croats would end up in the Croat federal unit.
379:. It possessed its own institutions and state administration, including armed forces (the
8:
2512:
Findings from the National Survey of Citizens’ Perceptions in Bosnia and Herzegovina 2015
2499:
Findings from the National Survey of Citizens’ Perceptions in Bosnia and Herzegovina 2016
2486:"JOŠ STATISTIKE: Donosimo nacionalnu strukturu većinski hrvatskog i bošnjačkog entiteta"
1974:
1298:
722:
Croat political parties also complain about the lack of a public broadcasting system in
2914:
2693:
Bevanda, Slađan; Bevanda, Slaven; Merdžo, Josip; Vidović, Danijel (17 September 2012).
2337:
2318:
1058:
496:
420:
2988:
EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT RESOLUTION on the 2016 Commission Report on Bosnia and Herzegovina
1171:
2940:
2918:
2895:
2875:
2867:
2849:
2759:
2728:
2257:
1767:
1668:
1361:
1280:
1260:
1018:
723:
302:
2697:
Memorandum on Croats Position in Mostar to Spanish Embassy in Bosnia and Herzegovina
2635:
Bosnia-Herzegovina ten years after Dayton: Constitutional change and public opinion.
1089:
651:
594:
562:, but if they have a Serb republic, then we should also create a Croat republic and
555:
424:
2837:
2705:
1998:"Nije točno da Hrvati nisu glasali za Željka Komšića, u Grudama je dobio 124 glasa"
1698:
1604:
1498:
1138:
1077:
1065:, Valentino Grbavac, proposed the establishment of a Croat entity in his 2016 book
885:
819:
544:
461:
384:
267:
1627:
1625:
1366:
602:
2936:
2676:
2597:
2458:
2394:
2061:
1931:
1819:
1609:
1305:
1268:
1073:
383:), a president, prime minister, and legislative assembly. However, following the
2563:"ŠTO HRVATI, BOŠNJACI I SRBI MISLE JEDNI O DRUGIMA A ŠTO O BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI?"
1283:
658:
won very few Croat votes, thanks to Bosniak votes, Komšić was still elected the
2525:"Hrvati bi htjeli treći entitet, Bošnjaci ukidanje entiteta, a Srbi status quo"
1622:
669:
540:
360:
134:
770:
Bosnia Herzegovina 2001: the international community versus the Bosnian Croats
3006:
2980:
2721:
Unequal Democracy: The Political Position of Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina
2474:"Evo koliko bi Hrvata živjelo u većinski hrvatskoj federalnoj jedinici u BiH"
2407:"Čović: Treći entitet će činiti Hercegovina, Posavina, srednja Bosna i Žepče"
2250:
Unequal Democracy: The Political Position of Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina
2002:
1970:
1823:
1672:
1323:
750:
364:
350:
644:, which would require changing electoral laws and perhaps the constitution.
2871:
1242:
618:
312:
97:
by adding information on neglected viewpoints, or discuss the issue on the
1230:
2962:
2256:. Mostar: Institute for social and political research. pp. 166–168.
709:
368:
356:
346:
308:
138:
2653:
Mabry, T. J., McGarry, J., Moore, M., & O'Leary, B. (Eds.). (2013).
2575:
Mabry, T. J., McGarry, J., Moore, M., & O'Leary, B. (Eds.). (2013).
2196:"BOSNIA: 'Sanctions if no progress on reform', warns top envoy's deputy"
1222:
606:
2440:"HSS will demand re-establishment of HR- HB in case of secession of RS"
2287:"Dysfunction in the Balkans. Can the Post-Yugoslav Settlement Survive?"
1787:
1272:
1184:
433:
2752:
1238:
614:
2864:
Hrvati u BiH: ustavni položaj, kulturni razvoj i nacionalni identitet
1319:
1267:, claimed in 2017 that the Croat entity will encompass "Herzegovina,
2976:"Je li Bosna i Hercegovina sada spremna za treći, hrvatski entitet?"
2758:(in Croatian). Mostar: Institute for social and political research.
1893:"News Analysis: Few surprises expected in Bosnian general elections"
1634:"HDZ-OV PUCANJ U PRAZNO: Mirno spavajte, trećeg entiteta neće biti!"
610:
195:
2357:
1234:
1225:
49.5%). CRP's 2014 proposal assumed that in Central Bosnia, Vitez,
1026:
1010:
675:
Relative majority by municipality for presidential election in the
399:
2622:"Public opinion poll in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) October 2009"
779:
Office of the High Representative: Chronology/Monthly Tracker 2001
305:, speculative material, or accounts of events that might not occur
2933:
Ustavni položaj Hrvata u BiH od Washingtonskog sporazuma do danas
2910:
2845:
1014:
737:
and other Bosniak parties strongly oppose this. In January 2017,
598:
590:
1764:
The Hour of Europe: Western Powers and the Breakup of Yugoslavia
1076:
as the optimal solution. He proposed assigning same powers that
1595:
Constitutional-law position of Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina
1385:
1218:
727:
566:". The Croat representative in the federal Bosnian Presidency,
523:
as well as the executive, particularly government-building. In
2610:"Public Opinion Poll Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) August 2010"
1914:
Central Electorate Commission, results in municipalities, 2010
754:
Croat- and Bosniak- controlled parts of the Federation in 1997
2887:
Nedovršena država : politički sistem Bosne i Hercegovine
1226:
1214:
1081:
638:
asked Bosnia and Herzegovina to implement the ruling, named
597:. Bulk of the votes Komšić received came from predominantly
554:
In 2005 Croat member of the country's tripartite Presidency
229:
Hrvatska federalna jedinica, Hrvatski entitet, Treći entitet
2692:
2419:"Cardinal: Croat entity would have to include RS territory"
806:
2842:
Bosnia-Herzegovina since Dayton: civic and uncivic values'
2818:"Croat Self-Government in Bosnia: A Challenge for Dayton?"
1249:, Travnik, and Mostar would be districts in Bosniak-Croat
2965:, The Princeton Encyclopedia of Self-Determination (2010)
2633:
Tuathail, G. Ó., O'Loughlin, J., & Djipa, D. (2006).
1021:, president of one of the main Croatian party in Bosnia,
761:
Croat self-government in Bosnia – a challenge for Dayton?
543:
suspended CEC's decision. After Bosnian Croat politician
469:
to ensure equality. The FBiH government and a bicameral
2727:. Mostar: Institute for social and political research.
2026:"Reforma Federacije uvod je u reformu izbornog procesa"
635:
2968:
2510:
Ye Zhang and Naida Carsimamovic Vukotic (April, 2016)
1836:"Bosnian Court Ruling Lends Weight to Croat Agitation"
1813:"Bosnia and Herzegovina, Freedom in the World in 2012"
415:
Peace plans proposed before and during the Bosnian War
3018:
Politics of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
2704:. Bljesak.info - Bh. Internet portal. Archived from
654:
won majority of Croat votes in 2010 elections while
2131:"Bosniaks Slap Down Calls for Bosnian Croat Entity"
1967:"Bosnia: From the Killing Fields to the Ballot Box"
1694:"May 2017 Monthly Forecast: Bosnia and Herzegovina"
1023:
Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina
2907:Multinational Federalism in Bosnia and Herzegovina
2285:
2028:(in Croatian). Dnevno. 13 May 2013. Archived from
2049:
2047:
1314:, "which covers most areas of Croat habitation",
500:Administrative division of Bosnia and Herzegovina
262:Since Bosnia and Herzegovina is divided into two
3004:
2670:Nations in Transit - Bosnia and Herzegovina 2005
1631:
1322:etc. These are areas that were under control of
340:
1590:Constitutional reform in Bosnia and Herzegovina
573:Another issue Croats raised is the election of
2750:
2538:"Bosnian Croats Want Entity and TV, Poll Says"
2044:
1766:. London: Yale University Press. p. 294.
1120:Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina
1009:The most prominent Croatian parties (HDZ BiH,
428:negotiations. On 20 August, the UN mediators,
2870:School of Law, Center for democracy and law "
2835:
1141:Designation of Bosniaks, Croats and Serbs as
488:Political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina
2789:. International Crisis Group. 10 July 2014.
2469:
2467:
2421:, tanjug, b92.net, FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 11, 2016
2096:"U Strazbur po TV-kanal na hrvatskom jeziku"
1332:Croatian Peasant Party of Bosnia-Herzegovina
1114:
626:minorities' representatives appealed to the
2959:of Bosnia and Herzegovina, official website
1850:"Bosnia: Regionalization proposal on table"
1727:"Bosnia and Herzegovina: Political parties"
363:founded their own sub-national entity, the
63:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2497:Carsimamovic Vukotic et al. (March, 2017)
2198:. ADN Kronos International. Archived from
1338:said HSS will demand a reestablishment of
321:by removing unsourced speculative content.
2464:
1724:
1253:. However, this proposal came before the
1188:Operation area of the utility company of
460:(FBiH) with joint institutions. The 1995
443:
328:Learn how and when to remove this message
183:Learn how and when to remove this message
165:Learn how and when to remove this message
2994:"Bosnia: The problem that won't go away"
2656:Divided nations and European integration
2577:Divided nations and European integration
1761:
1183:
1049:— International Crisis Group,
749:
575:Croat member of the country's Presidency
495:
398:
194:
2717:
2246:
1734:European Parliamentary Research Service
1125:Decision on the constituency of peoples
14:
3005:
2904:
2815:
2751:Sitarski, Milan; Vukoja, Ivan (2016).
2388:Ustavne promjene u Bosni i Hercegovini
2223:Ustavne promjene u Bosni i Hercegovini
2171:Ustavne promjene u Bosni i Hercegovini
2145:Ustavne promjene u Bosni i Hercegovini
1941:
1939:
1600:Proposed secession of Republika Srpska
1330:(HVO) in late 1995. In February 2017,
1204:as the tentative area of Croat entity.
547:filed an appeal, in December 2016 the
456:) to create a subnational entity, the
18:Croat entity in Bosnia and Herzegovina
2316:
1995:
1964:
1958:
1868:
1658:
997:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
980:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
951:
942:
940:
906:
904:
902:
891:
889:
884:
874:
868:
866:
860:
855:
853:
851:
745:
3038:Separatism in Bosnia and Herzegovina
2424:
2317:Kanin, David B. (28 February 2017).
2283:
1632:Danijal Hadžović (9 February 2017).
1580:German-speaking Community of Belgium
1265:Croat member of the state Presidency
794:, held a referendum parallel to the
492:Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
476:Croat member of the state presidency
458:Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
389:Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
285:
249:Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
117:
69:
28:
2829:European Centre for Minority Issues
2658:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
2579:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
2079:"Hrvati insistiraju na svom kanalu"
1936:
1885:
1190:Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia
255:. The proposal is supported by the
24:
3013:Politics of Bosnia and Herzegovina
2809:
2540:, Balkan Insight, 19 December 2013
2461:, RADIO LJUBUŠKI, 22 February 2017
2409:, Nezavisne novine, 7 January 2017
2284:Less, Timothy (20 December 2016).
1996:Pavić, Snježana (8 October 2010).
1340:Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia
1308:served by the electricity utility
1096:In his December 2016 essay in the
454:Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
377:Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
365:Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia
25:
3054:
2950:
2796:from the original on 22 July 2014
2552:, Prism Research, 2013, pp. 41–42
2133:, Balkan Insight, 30 January 2017
1847:
1659:Pabst, Volker (3 December 2018).
1177:Share of Croats in municipalities
836:Federation's bicameral Parliament
787:Office of the High Representative
506:Office of the High Representative
44:This article has multiple issues.
3023:Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina
2744:from the original on 2 May 2024.
2638:Eurasian Geography and Economics
2273:from the original on 2 May 2024.
1899:. 3 October 2010. Archived from
1743:from the original on 5 June 2023
1706:from the original on 4 June 2023
1396:
1213:, Croats have a small majority (
1170:
1158:
708:
696:
668:
623:Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina
290:
239:encompassing areas populated by
122:
74:
33:
2663:
2647:
2627:
2615:
2603:
2584:
2568:
2555:
2543:
2530:
2527:, Večernji list, 7 August 2014.
2517:
2504:
2491:
2479:
2445:
2433:
2412:
2400:
2380:
2363:
2350:
2310:
2298:from the original on 2 May 2024
2277:
2240:
2214:
2188:
2162:
2136:
2123:
2114:
2105:
2088:
2071:
2018:
1989:
1965:Vogel, T. K. (9 October 2006).
1918:
1907:
1792:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
1788:"Balkan Report: March 17, 1999"
1355:
844:
558:said "I don't mean to reproach
147:check for citation inaccuracies
52:or discuss these issues on the
2476:, vecernji.ba, 6 February 2017
1841:
1828:
1806:
1780:
1755:
1718:
1686:
1652:
1209:municipalities, especially in
660:Croat member of the Presidency
628:European Court of Human Rights
403:War-time Owen–Stoltenberg plan
394:
13:
1:
1615:
1530:National Democratic Institute
1515:National Democratic Institute
1447:National Democratic Institute
812:
481:
341:Bosnian War and Herzeg-Bosnia
281:
3028:Proposed political divisions
2442:, fena.ba, 22 February 2017.
1876:"Dayton Ain’t Going Nowhere"
1585:Székely autonomy initiatives
1279:." At the end of 2016 Croat
1149:
387:, it was dissolved into the
301:possibly contains unsourced
7:
2718:Grbavac, Valentino (2016).
2247:Grbavac, Valentino (2016).
2055:"Doing Away with Et Cetera"
1838:, Balkan Insight, 15 Dec 16
1573:
809:and judiciary proceedings.
228:
10:
3059:
2957:Croatian National Assembly
2884:Neškoviċ, Radomir (2013).
2686:
2342:: CS1 maint: url-status (
1946:International Crisis Group
1725:Lilyanova, Velina (2015).
1553:Prism Research (Sarajevo)
1542:Prism Research (Sarajevo)
1474:Prism Research (Sarajevo)
1295:International Crisis Group
1217:, 55%) or just plurality (
1198:International Crisis Group
1035:International Crisis Group
792:Croatian National Assembly
739:Croatian National Assembly
630:since they cannot run for
485:
412:
344:
313:reliable published sources
257:Croatian National Assembly
2862:Markešić, Ivan (2010.):
2488:, hms.ba, 6 February 2017
2120:Bosnia's Future, pp. 37-8
1342:in its 1995 shape if the
1115:Constitutional principles
1057:Political scientist from
978:
976:
962:
956:
949:
947:
945:
934:
932:
930:
922:
918:
912:
878:
876:
872:
870:
832:cantons in the Federation
828:Croatian Republican Party
564:Bosniak (Muslim) republic
270:and the Bosniak-majority
89:toward certain viewpoints
2892:Friedrich‐Ebert Stiftung
2816:Bieber, Florian (2001).
2565:, Ekstra, 18 April 2011.
2457:23 February 2017 at the
1762:Glaurdić, Josip (2011).
1667:(in Swiss High German).
1486:Friedrich Ebert Stiftung
1377:111.821 Bosniaks (22.5%)
1344:Republika Srpska secedes
1328:Croatian Defence Council
1109:Johns Hopkins University
1072:15 December 2020 at the
826:by a minor Croat party,
589:, backed by multiethnic
585:, when an ethnic Croat,
527:Federation's Government
381:Croatian Defence Council
367:, which functioned as a
2675:6 December 2017 at the
2596:7 December 2018 at the
1699:Security Council Report
838:would be retained; the
243:, to be created by the
2430:Bosnia's Future, p. 37
2060:9 October 2014 at the
1564:Early Warning Report,
1205:
1202:Croatian Peasant Party
1147:
1055:
857:Bosnia and Herzegovina
824:2014 general elections
782:
773:
764:
755:
501:
444:(Con)federal structure
410:
371:, notionally being an
307:. Information must be
237:Bosnia and Herzegovina
208:
205:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2931:Tadić, Mato (2013.):
2905:Soeren, Keil (2013).
1852:. B92. Archived from
1364:newspaper in Bosnia,
1349:Elektroprivreda HZ HB
1311:Elektroprivreda HZ HB
1304:25 March 2017 at the
1247:Gornji Vakuf-Uskoplje
1194:Elektroprivreda HZ HB
1187:
1130:
1084:into a Croat-Bosniak
1063:Georgetown University
1043:
776:
767:
758:
753:
591:Social-Democrat Party
499:
402:
266:, the Serb-dominated
198:
3043:Croatian nationalism
3033:Partition (politics)
2393:2 April 2015 at the
1953:Europe, Report N°232
1930:31 July 2014 at the
1818:6 April 2019 at the
1665:Neue Zürcher Zeitung
1460:University of Mostar
1435:IMPAQ International
1424:IMPAQ International
1374:372.276 Croats (75%)
1316:Croatian Post Mostar
893:Federation of Bosnia
549:Constitutional Court
450:Washington Agreement
430:Thorvald Stoltenberg
2984:, 14. veljače 2014.
2711:on 21 October 2012.
2377:, 24 February 2017.
2369:Mirjana Kasapović:
1882:, 12 December 2015.
1856:on 22 February 2014
1640:(in Serbo-Croatian)
1143:constituent peoples
1067:"Unequal democracy"
1037:published a report
800:Hrvatska samouprava
538:High Representative
521:Federal legislature
448:In 1994, under the
440:rejected the plan.
95:improve the article
2915:Ashgate Publishing
2094:Samir Huseinović:
2032:on 4 December 2013
1977:on 10 October 2009
1903:on 6 October 2010.
1874:Andrew MacDowall:
1794:. 11 November 2008
1380:9.200 Serbs (1.9%)
1360:In February 2017,
1206:
1059:Macalester College
1033:In July 2014, the
756:
746:Croatian Self-Rule
502:
411:
408: Croat entity
213:Croat federal unit
209:
207:in 2001 (in blue).
2990:, 6 February 2017
2945:978-9958-9790-2-6
2924:978-1-409-45700-8
2880:978-953-270-044-2
2868:Zagreb University
2855:978-88-8063-739-4
2848:: Longo Editore.
2838:Ramet, Sabrina P.
2776:"Bosnia's Future"
2765:978-9958-9185-6-8
2734:978-9958-0379-1-7
2644:(1), 61–75, p. 68
2263:978-9958-0379-1-7
2068:. 30 October 2013
1702:. 28 April 2017.
1638:slobodna-bosna.ba
1571:
1570:
1362:Croatian-language
1281:Catholic cardinal
1007:
1006:
1003:
1002:
531:and Federation's
373:autonomous region
338:
337:
330:
231:), is a proposed
193:
192:
185:
175:
174:
167:
116:
115:
67:
16:(Redirected from
3050:
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2890:Sarajevo :
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2289:
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2255:
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2238:
2237:
2236:on 2 April 2015.
2235:
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2211:
2209:
2207:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2184:on 2 April 2015.
2183:
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2166:
2160:
2159:
2158:on 2 April 2015.
2157:
2150:
2140:
2134:
2127:
2121:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2103:
2092:
2086:
2083:Nezavisne novine
2075:
2069:
2053:Luka Oreskovic:
2051:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2011:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1973:. Archived from
1962:
1956:
1943:
1934:
1922:
1916:
1911:
1905:
1904:
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1650:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1629:
1605:Bosniak Republic
1404:
1403:
1174:
1162:
1139:ethnic cleansing
1122:in its landmark
1078:Republika Srpska
1053:
886:Republika Srpska
849:
848:
845:
840:House of Peoples
820:Republika Srpska
712:
700:
689:
683:
672:
632:state presidency
513:House of Peoples
462:Dayton Agreement
407:
385:Dayton Agreement
333:
326:
322:
294:
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286:
268:Republika Srpska
253:Bosniak entities
188:
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78:
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70:
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37:
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29:
21:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3003:
3002:
2963:Croats (Bosnia)
2953:
2937:Matica hrvatska
2925:
2856:
2836:Listhaug, Ola;
2820:
2812:
2810:Further reading
2799:
2797:
2793:
2778:
2774:
2766:
2741:
2735:
2724:
2708:
2701:
2689:
2684:
2683:
2679:, Freedom House
2677:Wayback Machine
2668:
2664:
2652:
2648:
2632:
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2620:
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2608:
2604:
2598:Wayback Machine
2589:
2585:
2573:
2569:
2560:
2556:
2548:
2544:
2536:Jukić, Elvira:
2535:
2531:
2523:Jazvić, Dejan.
2522:
2518:
2509:
2505:
2496:
2492:
2484:
2480:
2472:
2465:
2459:Wayback Machine
2450:
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2395:Wayback Machine
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2315:
2311:
2301:
2299:
2292:Foreign Affairs
2282:
2278:
2270:
2264:
2253:
2245:
2241:
2233:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2205:
2203:
2202:on 4 March 2016
2194:
2193:
2189:
2181:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2155:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2129:Rose, Eleanor:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2102:, 11 June 2008.
2093:
2089:
2077:Rubina Čengić:
2076:
2072:
2062:Wayback Machine
2052:
2045:
2035:
2033:
2024:
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2019:
2009:
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1951:Bosnia’s Future
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1932:Wayback Machine
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1610:Greater Croatia
1576:
1525:
1510:
1501:Balkan Monitor
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1399:
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1336:Mario Karamatić
1306:Wayback Machine
1182:
1181:
1180:
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1178:
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1167:
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1152:
1117:
1099:Foreign Affairs
1074:Wayback Machine
1054:
1051:Bosnia's Future
1048:
1047:
1039:Bosnia's Future
895:and Herzegovina
894:
815:
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251:into Croat and
233:federative unit
199:Proposed Croat
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2991:
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2974:Bekić, Janko.
2972:
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2952:
2951:External links
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2111:Bevanda, 2012.
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425:José Cutileiro
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2783:Europe Report
2777:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2749:
2748:
2740:
2736:
2730:
2723:
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2716:
2715:
2707:
2700:
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2618:
2611:
2606:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2587:
2580:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2561:Skoko, Božo.
2558:
2551:
2546:
2539:
2533:
2526:
2520:
2513:
2507:
2500:
2494:
2487:
2482:
2475:
2470:
2468:
2460:
2456:
2453:
2448:
2441:
2436:
2427:
2420:
2415:
2408:
2403:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2383:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2360:, 1 July 2000
2359:
2353:
2345:
2339:
2324:
2323:Transconflict
2320:
2313:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2280:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2252:
2251:
2243:
2232:
2225:
2224:
2217:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2180:
2173:
2172:
2165:
2154:
2147:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2126:
2117:
2108:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2050:
2048:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2006:(in Croatian)
2005:
2004:
2003:Jutarnji list
1999:
1992:
1976:
1972:
1971:The Globalist
1968:
1961:
1954:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1940:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1921:
1915:
1910:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1855:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1824:Freedom House
1821:
1817:
1814:
1809:
1793:
1789:
1783:
1775:
1769:
1765:
1758:
1739:
1736:. p. 2.
1735:
1728:
1721:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1689:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
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1528:
1523:
1520:
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1513:
1508:
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1500:
1497:
1494:
1492:November 2010
1491:
1490:
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1461:
1458:
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1442:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1429:November 2015
1428:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1418:November 2016
1417:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1397:Opinion polls
1394:
1392:
1391:Večernji list
1387:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1367:Večernji list
1363:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1324:Herzeg-Bosnia
1321:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1275:and parts of
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
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1199:
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1146:
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1136:
1129:
1127:
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1112:
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1101:
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1094:
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1087:
1083:
1079:
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1071:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1052:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1000:
985:
983:
965:
960:
958:
955:
939:
936:
928:
926:
925:
920:
916:
914:
910:
908:
901:
899:
896:
887:
883:
881:
865:
863:
858:
850:
847:
846:
843:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
810:
808:
803:
801:
797:
793:
788:
785:In 2000, the
781:
780:
772:
771:
763:
762:
752:
743:
740:
736:
731:
729:
725:
711:
699:
678:
671:
661:
657:
653:
645:
643:
642:
637:
633:
629:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
603:Široki Brijeg
600:
596:
592:
588:
587:Željko Komšić
584:
580:
576:
571:
569:
568:Željko Komšić
565:
561:
560:Bosnian Serbs
557:
552:
550:
546:
542:
539:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
511:
507:
504:In 2001, the
498:
493:
489:
479:
477:
472:
468:
463:
459:
455:
451:
441:
439:
435:
431:
426:
422:
416:
401:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
352:
351:Herzeg-Bosnia
348:
332:
329:
320:
314:
311:and based on
310:
306:
304:
299:This section
297:
288:
287:
279:
277:
273:
269:
265:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
206:
202:
197:
187:
184:
169:
166:
158:
148:
142:
140:
136:
131:This article
129:
120:
119:
110:
100:
96:
90:
88:
83:This article
81:
72:
71:
66:
64:
57:
56:
51:
50:
45:
40:
31:
30:
27:
19:
2997:
2979:
2932:
2906:
2885:
2872:Miko Tripalo
2863:
2841:
2824:
2798:. Retrieved
2786:
2782:
2753:
2720:
2706:the original
2696:
2665:
2655:
2649:
2641:
2637:
2629:
2617:
2605:
2586:
2576:
2570:
2557:
2545:
2532:
2519:
2506:
2493:
2481:
2447:
2435:
2426:
2414:
2402:
2397:, p. 9 (map)
2382:
2374:
2365:
2352:
2326:. Retrieved
2322:
2319:"Doing harm"
2312:
2300:. Retrieved
2291:
2279:
2249:
2242:
2231:the original
2222:
2216:
2204:. Retrieved
2200:the original
2190:
2179:the original
2170:
2164:
2153:the original
2144:
2138:
2125:
2116:
2107:
2099:
2090:
2082:
2073:
2034:. Retrieved
2030:the original
2020:
2008:. Retrieved
2001:
1991:
1979:. Retrieved
1975:the original
1960:
1950:
1920:
1909:
1901:the original
1896:
1887:
1879:
1870:
1858:. Retrieved
1854:the original
1843:
1830:
1808:
1796:. Retrieved
1791:
1782:
1763:
1757:
1745:. Retrieved
1733:
1720:
1708:. Retrieved
1697:
1688:
1676:. Retrieved
1664:
1654:
1642:. Retrieved
1637:
1521:October 2009
1469:37.7% Croats
1453:October 2013
1400:
1390:
1383:
1365:
1359:
1356:Demographics
1347:
1309:
1292:
1288:
1284:Vinko Puljić
1261:Dragan Čović
1259:
1250:
1243:Novi Travnik
1229:, Busovača,
1207:
1135:two Entities
1131:
1128:ruled that:
1123:
1118:
1104:Timothy Less
1097:
1095:
1056:
1050:
1038:
1032:
1019:Dragan Čović
1008:
943:Croat Canton
816:
804:
799:
784:
777:
768:
759:
732:
721:
690: Krišto
684: Komšić
641:Sejdić-Finci
639:
619:Tomislavgrad
572:
553:
510:Parliament's
503:
447:
438:Bosniak side
418:
354:
324:
317:Please help
300:
261:
221:third entity
220:
217:Croat entity
216:
212:
210:
179:
161:
152:
137:that do not
133:may contain
132:
104:
84:
60:
53:
47:
46:Please help
43:
26:
1798:18 December
1678:21 February
1524:36% Croats
1506:August 2010
1255:2013 census
545:Božo Ljubić
395:Peace plans
375:within the
369:quasi-state
359:(1992–95),
357:Bosnian War
355:During the
347:Bosnian War
303:predictions
201:subdivision
155:August 2019
107:August 2019
3007:Categories
2935:, Mostar:
2866:, Zagreb:
2825:ECMI Brief
1616:References
1561:40% Croats
1558:Early 2004
1550:29% Croats
1539:22% Croats
1526:8% overall
1511:9% overall
1509:53% Croats
1495:43% Croats
1482:39% Croats
1479:Early 2011
1456:53% Croats
1443:51% Croats
1334:president
1251:condominia
813:Since 2001
677:Federation
529:was formed
486:See also:
482:Federation
471:Parliament
434:David Owen
345:See also:
319:improve it
309:verifiable
282:Background
272:Federation
87:unbalanced
49:improve it
2971:institute
2338:cite news
2206:13 August
1673:0376-6829
1644:22 August
1471:7.7% FBiH
1440:June 2014
1413:Pollster
1320:HT Mostar
1231:Dobretići
1150:Territory
995:Districts
796:elections
650:Although
533:president
423:diplomat
391:in 1996.
245:partition
135:citations
99:talk page
55:talk page
2840:(2013).
2791:Archived
2755:peoples)
2739:Archived
2673:Archived
2594:Archived
2514:, p. 26.
2501:, p. 25.
2455:Archived
2391:Archived
2358:Sarajevo
2296:Archived
2268:Archived
2058:Archived
1928:Archived
1860:27 April
1816:Archived
1738:Archived
1704:Archived
1574:See also
1547:May 2004
1466:May 2013
1302:Archived
1269:Posavina
1235:Kiseljak
1223:Busovača
1086:district
1070:Archived
1027:Sarajevo
1011:HDZ 1990
724:Croatian
609:(0,8%),
607:Ljubuški
517:Cantonal
264:entities
141:the text
2911:Farnham
2846:Ravenna
2687:Sources
2624:, p. 37
2612:, p. 42
2010:6 April
1981:30 July
1848:Staff.
1432:9% FBiH
1421:5% FBiH
1410:Support
1239:Kreševo
1221:48.4%,
1088:, like
615:Posušje
599:Bosniak
581:and in
525:2010-14
467:cantons
247:of the
145:Please
93:Please
85:may be
2943:
2921:
2898:
2878:
2852:
2762:
2731:
2600:, p. 6
2375:Globus
2260:
2036:13 May
1897:Xinhua
1770:
1710:4 June
1671:
1499:Gallup
1386:Mostar
1219:Mostar
728:Mostar
688:
682:
656:Komšić
652:Krišto
611:Čitluk
406:
276:Croats
241:Croats
139:verify
2821:(PDF)
2800:2 May
2794:(PDF)
2779:(PDF)
2742:(PDF)
2725:(PDF)
2709:(PDF)
2702:(PDF)
2386:CRP:
2328:2 May
2302:2 May
2271:(PDF)
2254:(PDF)
2234:(PDF)
2227:(PDF)
2182:(PDF)
2175:(PDF)
2156:(PDF)
2149:(PDF)
1747:3 May
1741:(PDF)
1730:(PDF)
1273:Žepče
1227:Jajce
1215:Vitez
1090:Brčko
1082:Jajce
219:, or
2969:IDPI
2941:ISBN
2919:ISBN
2896:ISBN
2876:ISBN
2850:ISBN
2802:2024
2760:ISBN
2729:ISBN
2344:link
2330:2024
2304:2024
2258:ISBN
2208:2015
2038:2013
2012:2013
1983:2012
1862:2015
1800:2018
1768:ISBN
1749:2024
1712:2023
1680:2019
1669:ISSN
1646:2019
1566:UNDP
1407:Date
1326:and
1299:area
1293:The
1241:and
1200:and
1061:and
1013:and
807:SFOR
617:and
583:2010
579:2006
490:and
432:and
349:and
211:The
2894:,
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2787:232
1192:, "
1015:HSS
735:SDA
235:in
203:of
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