309:
294:
339:
279:
196:
mutilation—I am sorry to be so blunt, but that is what cropping is—is banned in its country of origin, and in most other FCI countries. North
America remains the only significant region in the world where ear and tail amputations are still routinely performed. There is no medical or work-related justification for these procedures to be performed on pet dogs. Many dedicated, dog-loving veterinarians will no longer carry out these alterations.
40:
29:
324:
166:, well sharpened. The ears were cut either to a point like those of a fox, or rounded like those of a bear. The removed auricles were first grilled, then given to the puppy to eat, in the belief that it would make him more "sour". An alternative method was to remove the ears from newborn puppies by twisting them off; however, this left almost no external ear on the dog. Both ear-cropping and the use of
379:
both permit the practice. The AKC position is that ear cropping and tail docking are "acceptable practices integral to defining and preserving breed character and/or enhancing good health." While some individual states have attempted to ban ear-cropping, there is strong opposition from some dog breed
223:
of the ear flap is removed in a cropping operation, and the wound edges are closed with stitches. The ears are then bandaged. Long crops are taped until they heal into the proper shape. The procedure is recommended to be undertaken under general anaesthesia; opponents' primary concerns revolve around
54:
is the removal of part or all of the external flaps of an animal's ear. The procedure sometimes involves bracing and taping the remainder of the ears to train them to point upright. Almost exclusively performed on dogs, it is an old practice that was once done for perceived health, practical or
178:
Similar to guardian breeds, in sport fighting, cropping is used to minimize the risk of ears being bitten and held. The ears were an easy target for an opposing animal to grab or tear. Dogs may have their ears cropped, legally or not, for participation in dogfights, themselves illegal in many
195:
ogs have their ears partly amputated—'cropped' is the benign word people like to use—for no other reason than to make them look fierce. This is primarily a German tradition, born out of the military origins and uses of breeds like Great Danes, Boxers, Doberman
Pinschers, and Schnauzers. This
1035:
for identification, i.e. ear-notching or ear-tipping, is still used. The practice of cropping for cosmetic purposes is rare in non-canines, although some selectively bred animals have naturally small ears which can be mistaken for cropping.
1089:, have ears which are naturally small as the result of selective breeding, and some people mistakenly believe their ears to be cropped. In other animals, small ears may result from a genetic mutation or the emergence of a
108:. Crops were also performed on dogs that might need to fight, either while hunting animals that might fight back or while defending livestock herds from predators, or because they were used for pit-fighting sports such as
59:
over performing unnecessary surgery on animals. In modern times, cropping is banned in many nations, but is still legal in a limited number of countries. Where permitted, it is seen only in certain breeds of dog, such as
397:
It has been suggested the cropping may interfere with a dog's ability to communicate using ear signals, however there has been no scientific comparative study of ear communication in cropped and uncropped dogs.
258:
procedures remain common, ear-cropping is declining, except within the dog show industry. Some show ring competitors state they would discontinue the practice altogether if they could still "win in the ring."
498:
opposes all cosmetic alterations. Two provinces have provincial legislation prohibiting ear cropping, tail docking, and most cosmetic surgeries: Prince Edward Island (☨1) and
Newfoundland and Labrador (☨2).
238:
In the last 100 years or so, ear cropping has been performed more often for cosmetic purposes. In nations and states where it remains legal, it is usually practiced because it is required as part of a
213:, the external flap of the ear. Cropping is usually performed on puppies at 7 to 12 weeks of age. After 16 weeks, the procedure is more painful and the animal has greater pain memory. Usually up to
162:
According to one description, cropping was carried out when puppies were weaned, at about six weeks. It was performed by an older or expert shepherd, using the ordinary blade shears used for
371:
Ear-cropping is still widely practiced in the United States and parts of Canada, with approximately 130,000 puppies in the United States thought to have their ears cropped each year. The
2309:
387:"opposes ear cropping and tail docking of dogs when done solely for cosmetic purposes" and "encourages the elimination of ear cropping and tail docking from breed standards".
1831:
1057:
501:
Three provinces' veterinary associations ban all veterinarians from performing cosmetic surgeries on pets: New
Brunswick (☨3), Nova Scotia (☨4), and Quebec (☨5)
2065:
2331:
1608:
361:
2166:
231:), and thus veterinarians who perform the practice have to learn on the job. There are also problems with amateurs performing ear-cropping, particularly at
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1738:
1668:
1307:
1229:
1016:
Cropping of large portions of the pinnae of other animals is rare, although the clipping of identifying shapes in the pinnae of livestock, called
2034:
1644:
The
Canadian Federation of Humane Societies/Fédération des sociétés canadiennes d'assistance aux animaux (CFHS/FSCAA). Accessed September 2011.
1253:
55:
cosmetic reasons. Veterinary science states there is no medical or physical advantage to the animal from the procedure, leading to concerns of
2476:
308:
1196:
2096:
504:
Three provincial veterinary associations have bans on ear cropping alone: Manitoba (☨6), British
Columbia (☨7), and Saskatchewan (☨8).
365:
2398:
2317:
1789:
1573:
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1875:
1637:
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495:
384:
338:
1758:
1715:"Cropping and Docking: A Discussion of the Controversy and the Role of Law in Preventing Unnecessary Cosmetic Surgery on Dogs"
1609:"Cropping and Docking: A Discussion of the Controversy and the Role of Law in Preventing Unnecessary Cosmetic Surgery on Dogs"
1855:
1493:
1164:
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293:
1821:
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1520:
1291:
2291:"Sous-section 2 : Dispositions relatives aux animaux de compagnie (Articles R214-19-1 à R214-34) - Légifrance"
2140:
2233:
For those who cannot speak: a history of the
Canadian Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, 1869-1969
2173:
1983:
2360:
1698:
1552:
315:
2017:"Chart of signatures and ratifications of Treaty 125 - European Convention for the Protection of Pet Animals"
1233:
1204:
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1143:
278:
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156:
2593:
1658:
159:—were traditionally cropped to reduce the possibility of wolves or opponent-dogs getting a grip on them.
2198:
2042:
323:
1245:
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1097:, where the appearance of small ears, appearing to have their pinnae cropped, is viewed as a defect.
2473:
2377:
1440:
2603:
345:
144:
19:
This article is about the partial removal of the ears of animals. For removal of human ears, see
1086:
1076:
Some states, including New York and
Vermont, have considered bills to make the practice illegal
456:
152:
1468:. Translated by Wright, Elizur (English ed.). London, UK: Miller. Book X p 74.
360:
The practice is illegal across most of Europe, including all countries that have ratified the
2350:"A review of the scientific aspects and veterinary opinions relating to tail docking in dogs"
1714:
1017:
391:
239:
20:
2273:"FINLEX - Säädökset alkuperäisinä: Eläinsuojelulaki 91/1971 (Finnish Animal Protection Law)"
1125:
3rd edition. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders (imprint of
Elsevier Health Sciences), 2896 pages,
2449:
1762:
1334:
1090:
376:
372:
127:
practices were to crop dogs’ ears to avoid damage and injury in fighting and hunting, with
2402:
47:
puppy with its ears taped to train them into the desired shape and carriage after cropping
8:
2598:
1456:
2253:
1570:
1463:
1338:
394:
announced they would no longer do tail docking, ear cropping or devocalization on dogs.
1690:
1544:
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1029:
330:
1879:
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1851:
1694:
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1126:
243:
44:
2272:
1796:
1766:
2016:
1360:
1342:
781:
148:
65:
2332:"Minister McConalogue announces new legislation to protect dogs from ear cropping"
1172:
2570:
2480:
2231:
1966:"Υπουργείο Αγροτικής Ανάπτυξης και Τροφίμων | Δικτυακός Τόπος Διαβουλεύσεων"
1845:
1742:
1641:
1577:
1510:
1393:
1347:
1321:
Mills, Katelyn E.; Robbins, Jesse; von
Keyserlingk, Marina A. G. (27 June 2016).
1281:
1120:
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210:
984:
555:
170:
were described more than three hundred years ago, as a defense against wolves.
163:
101:
100:
as it was believed it would decrease the risk of health complications, such as
56:
2483:(in French) Manade Devaux. "Lexicon of Camargue terms" Accessed September 2011
2588:
2582:
2203:
1356:
1045:
247:
228:
1903:"World Small Animal Veterinary Association World Congress Proceedings, 2001"
1483:
1392:. Fédération Cynologique Internationale. FCI-Standard nr.328. Archived from
2563:
1374:
128:
124:
113:
109:
1682:
1536:
1051:
947:
757:
188:
167:
97:
81:
32:
2035:"CVMA | Documents | Cosmetic Alteration – Position Statement"
1032:
744:
285:
232:
85:
77:
1965:
1323:"Tail Docking and Ear Cropping Dogs: Public Awareness and Perceptions"
1902:
1663:
1445:. Atkinson, Amy (illustrator). New York, NY: F.A. Stokes. p. 18.
927:
923:
732:
255:
206:
73:
69:
2525:
1591:"Literature Review on the Welfare Implications of Ear Cropping-Dogs"
1428:] (in Italian) (2nd ed.). Olimpia: Firenze. pp. 98–99.
368:. It is illegal in regions of Spain and in some Canadian provinces.
2546:
1795:. American Kennel Club Gazette, American Boxer Club. Archived from
1240:
possibly an equivalent page, and better-documented topic-authority
1171:(blog). Glenwood City, WI: Briar Lea Bouvier Kennel. Archived from
895:
882:
856:
820:
478:
300:
105:
61:
2399:"Zakon o zaščiti živali (Uradno prečiščeno besedilo) (ZZZiv-UPB1)"
39:
2066:"Animal Welfare Act outlaws animal ear cropping and tail docking"
1021:
833:
665:
653:
605:
592:
568:
529:
443:
430:
251:
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American veterinary schools do not generally teach cropping (or
1659:"Banfield pet hospitals ban tail docking, ear cropping on dogs"
960:
869:
807:
794:
720:
640:
542:
132:
1847:
How to speak dog: mastering the art of dog-human communication
1420:
Breber, Paolo (1983). "The Maremmano-Abruzzese shepherd dog".
28:
997:
494:
Canada has no federal law banning pet cosmetic surgery. The
2167:"Bylaws Of the Saskatchewan Veterinary Medical Association"
2097:"Quebec's order of veterinarians bans pet cosmetic surgery"
1745:
American Kennel Club Canine Legislation Position Statements
1320:
1217:
Today, ear-cropping is a cosmetic surgery, pure and simple.
2147:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC). 28 October 2015
1244:
Pagán, Camille Noe (3 February 2014). Flowers, Amy (ed.).
1878:. Canadian Federation of Humane Societies. Archived from
1596:. American Veterinary Medical Association. 13 March 2013.
1759:"New Call to Action for Amended NY State Crop/Dock Bill"
1515:(3rd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 590.
1058:
Overview of discretionary invasive procedures on animals
1203:. Flat Rock, NC: Brevard Animal Hospital (W.M. Martin,
380:
organizations, who cite health concerns and tradition.
1970:
Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Athens, Greece
1485:
City Dog: Choosing and living well with a dog in town
1020:, was common prior to the introduction of compulsory
362:
European Convention for the Protection of Pet Animals
2141:"Cosmetic ear cropping banned by B.C. veterinarians"
1286:. New Delhi, IN: New Age International. p. 46.
2573:Cruachan Highland Cattle. Accessed September 2011.
1509:Robert, Thayer Sataloff; Sataloff, Joseph (2006).
1207:). Archived from the original on 30 September 2020
2580:
2517:
1390:"Caucasian Shepherd Dog (Kavkazskaïa Ovtcharka)"
209:", and involves the removal of a portion of the
681:Previously restricted, currently unrestricted
205:The veterinary procedure is known as "cosmetic
2236:City of Laval, P.Q.: Dev-Sco Publications p.13
1736:Ear Cropping, Tail Docking and Dewclaw Removal
1508:
1455:
262:
151:. The ears of these guardian dogs—such as the
1306:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1228:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2226:
2224:
2222:
1787:
1652:
1650:
1615:. Michigan State University College of Law.
1488:. New York, NY: Lantern Books. p. 37.
147:was, and may still be, traditional in some
2415:Slovene Animal Protection Act (in Slovene)
1580:Doggie's Paradise. Accessed September 2011
1566:
1564:
401:
2518:Woods, Dale L.; Hendrickson, Pat (1978),
2307:
2123:"Ear cropping of dogs banned in Manitoba"
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1606:
1600:
1438:
1387:
1364:
1346:
1144:"Ear Cropping: Is it right for your dog?"
1115:
1113:
355:
2450:"5199 Animal Protection Law - Article 8"
2219:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1934:
1932:
1930:
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1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1647:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1275:
1273:
96:Historically, cropping was performed on
38:
27:
2063:
1984:"Zakon o zaštiti i dobrobiti životinja"
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1827:American Veterinary Medical Association
1822:"Ear cropping and tail docking of dogs"
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1561:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1079:
496:Canadian Veterinary Medical Association
385:American Veterinary Medical Association
131:practiced to avoid the transmission of
91:
16:Removal of portions of an animal's ears
2581:
2467:
2264:
1529:
1481:
1475:
1422:Il Cane da Pastore Maremmano-Abruzzese
1419:
1279:
1110:
2511:
2391:
2342:
2283:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2242:
1998:
1913:
1838:
1781:
1753:
1751:
1681:
1675:
1671:from the original on 26 October 2012.
1656:
1535:
1426:The Maremmano-Abruzzese Shepherd Dogs
1408:
1270:
1256:from the original on 15 February 2014
1243:
1011:
415:Ban/restriction date (if applicable)
366:Fédération Cynologique Internationale
2524:, Dairy Goat Journal, archived from
2301:
2076:
1900:
1861:
1814:
1619:
1613:Animal Legal & Historical Center
1150:
1136:
1024:. Removal of portions of the ear of
2521:The American Lamancha, and its Ears
2172:. 17 September 2015. Archived from
2115:
1470:translated in verse from the French
1432:
1388:Samsonova, Anna (2 February 2011).
1381:
364:, and most member countries of the
182:
13:
2239:
2084:N.S veterinarians ban tail docking
2064:Cormier, Mitch (4 November 2015).
1748:
1190:
138:
35:, showing natural and cropped ears
14:
2615:
2564:Crop Ear. what does it look like?
1834:from the original on 20 May 2020.
1657:Weise, Elizabeth (30 July 2011).
1197:"Ear cropping: Correct or cruel?"
1165:"Ear cropping: Correct or cruel?"
1968:[Website consultation].
1122:Textbook of small animal surgery
337:
322:
307:
292:
277:
200:
119:
2557:
2539:
2486:
2442:
2426:"Djurskyddsbestämmelser - Hund"
2418:
2370:
2324:
2191:
2159:
2133:
2089:
2057:
2027:
1976:
1894:
1876:"Ear cropping and tail docking"
1850:New York: Simon & Schuster
1729:
1707:
1687:KISS Guide to Living with a Dog
1583:
1541:KISS Guide to Living with a Dog
1502:
1246:"Ear cropping and tail docking"
1070:
2547:"What did you do to its ears?"
2310:"Now, you can dock dogs' tail"
2270:
2207:(in Croatian). 11 January 2008
1449:
1314:
316:American Staffordshire Terrier
1:
2378:"Zakon o Dobrobiti Životinja"
2230:Johnston, Beatrice L. (1970)
2039:www.canadianveterinarians.net
1765:. 9 June 2006. Archived from
1635:Ear cropping and tail docking
1571:Practice of Dogs Ear cropping
1104:
471:Banned for cosmetic purposes
2454:Laws , Regulations in Turkey
1901:Wynn, Susan (11 June 2014).
1348:10.1371/journal.pone.0158131
1280:Murgai, R.P., Major (1996).
157:Maremmano-Abruzzese Sheepdog
7:
2308:Ajay Sura (14 April 2013).
2199:"Rep sa sretnim završetkom"
2086:Accessed February 10, 2012.
1119:Slatter, Douglas H. (2002)
1091:genetically recessive trait
1039:
269:Examples of cropping styles
263:Examples of cropping styles
173:
10:
2620:
2145:CBC New - British Columbia
1607:Broughton, Amy L. (2003).
1085:Some animals, such as the
390:In 2009, veterinary chain
18:
2254:"Animal Welfare Act 2006"
2082:CBC News (March 25, 2010)
1512:Occupational Hearing Loss
1482:Curtis, Patricia (2002).
1465:The Fables of la Fontaine
1462:(1862) . "Fable 9".
1986:(in Bosnian). Article 12
1439:MacDonell, Anne (1907).
1232:) CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1187:possible duplicate page
1063:
922:Banned in autonomies of
1972:(in Greek). April 2011.
402:Legal status by country
346:Saint Miguel Cattle Dog
145:livestock guardian dogs
2359:. 2005. Archived from
2295:www.legifrance.gouv.fr
2271:Oy, Edita Publishing.
1844:Coren, Stanley (2001)
457:Bosnia and Herzegovina
356:Animal welfare and law
246:. In the US, although
198:
187:In 2000, veterinarian
153:Caucasian Shepherd Dog
48:
36:
392:Banfield Pet Hospital
224:post-operative pain.
193:
143:Cropping the ears of
42:
31:
21:Cropping (punishment)
2528:on 24 September 2010
1790:"Sad lesson learned"
1788:Abraham, S. (1993).
1763:American Kennel Club
1191:Martin, William M.,
377:Canadian Kennel Club
373:American Kennel Club
92:History and purposes
2129:. 10 February 2012.
1882:on 9 September 2011
1339:2016PLoSO..1158131M
519:☨6: 3 February 2012
513:☨3: 15 October 2008
299:Long ear crop on a
284:Long ear crop on a
2594:Cruelty to animals
2569:2011-08-16 at the
2479:2011-10-15 at the
2474:Lexique Camarguais
2405:on 9 February 2010
2314:The Times of India
2260:. 8 November 2006.
2258:legislation.gov.uk
2023:. 14 October 2020.
1741:2011-09-03 at the
1691:Dorling-Kindersley
1640:2011-09-09 at the
1576:2011-09-25 at the
1545:Dorling-Kindersley
1175:on 30 October 2020
1012:Non-canine animals
517:☨5: 1 January 2017
344:Rounded crop on a
331:Neapolitan Mastiff
314:Medium crop on an
242:for exhibition at
49:
37:
2498:Neighborhood Cats
2338:. 25 August 2023.
2179:on 6 October 2016
2103:. 6 February 2016
2045:on 19 August 2020
1856:978-0-7432-0297-8
1495:978-1-59056-000-6
1169:Briar Lea Bouvier
1131:978-0-7216-8607-3
1009:
1008:
765:1 September 2001
648:27 February 1992
613:15 February 1971
149:pastoral cultures
70:Doberman Pinscher
68:type breeds, the
45:Doberman Pinscher
2611:
2574:
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2410:
2401:. Archived from
2395:
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2384:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2366:on 26 June 2007.
2365:
2354:
2346:
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2316:. Archived from
2305:
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2041:. Archived from
2031:
2025:
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2013:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1980:
1974:
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1962:
1911:
1910:
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1717:. Animallaw.info
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1446:
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1417:
1406:
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1403:
1401:
1396:on 26 April 2012
1385:
1379:
1378:
1368:
1350:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1305:
1297:
1283:Handbook on Dogs
1277:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1237:
1227:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1201:Ears by Dr. Bill
1184:
1182:
1180:
1159:
1148:
1147:
1140:
1134:
1117:
1098:
1083:
1077:
1074:
782:Northern Ireland
715:1 November 2011
515:☨4: 1 April 2010
509:☨1: 10 July 2015
486:1 February 2005
406:
405:
341:
329:Short crop on a
326:
311:
296:
281:
222:
221:
217:
183:Modern practices
2619:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2571:Wayback Machine
2562:
2558:
2551:www.goats4h.com
2545:
2544:
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2500:
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2481:Wayback Machine
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2352:
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2347:
2343:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2320:on 15 May 2013.
2306:
2302:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2269:
2265:
2252:
2251:
2240:
2229:
2220:
2210:
2208:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2150:
2148:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2106:
2104:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2081:
2077:
2062:
2058:
2048:
2046:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2015:
2014:
1999:
1989:
1987:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1964:
1963:
1914:
1899:
1895:
1885:
1883:
1874:
1873:
1862:
1843:
1839:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1805:
1803:
1802:on 6 April 2012
1799:
1792:
1786:
1782:
1772:
1770:
1769:on 18 June 2006
1757:
1756:
1749:
1743:Wayback Machine
1734:
1730:
1720:
1718:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1701:
1680:
1676:
1655:
1648:
1642:Wayback Machine
1633:
1620:
1605:
1601:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1578:Wayback Machine
1569:
1562:
1555:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1507:
1503:
1496:
1480:
1476:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1437:
1433:
1418:
1409:
1399:
1397:
1386:
1382:
1333:(6): e0158131.
1319:
1315:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1278:
1271:
1259:
1257:
1221:
1220:
1210:
1208:
1178:
1176:
1163:
1160:
1151:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1118:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1101:
1095:Highland cattle
1084:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1042:
1026:laboratory mice
1014:
890:1 January 2003
828:1 January 1994
624:1 January 2010
522:
520:
518:
516:
514:
512:
510:
451:1 January 2006
438:1 January 2005
404:
358:
353:
352:
351:
348:
342:
333:
327:
318:
312:
303:
297:
288:
282:
271:
270:
265:
252:dewclaw removal
219:
215:
214:
203:
185:
179:jurisdictions.
176:
141:
139:Guardian breeds
122:
94:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2617:
2607:
2606:
2604:Animal welfare
2601:
2596:
2591:
2576:
2575:
2556:
2538:
2510:
2485:
2466:
2441:
2417:
2390:
2369:
2341:
2323:
2300:
2282:
2263:
2238:
2218:
2190:
2158:
2132:
2114:
2088:
2075:
2056:
2026:
1997:
1975:
1912:
1893:
1860:
1837:
1813:
1780:
1747:
1728:
1706:
1699:
1693:. p. 66.
1674:
1646:
1618:
1599:
1582:
1560:
1553:
1547:. p. 66.
1528:
1521:
1501:
1494:
1474:
1458:de la Fontaine
1448:
1442:In the Abruzzi
1431:
1407:
1380:
1313:
1292:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1239:
1238:
1186:
1185:
1149:
1135:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1078:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1049:
1041:
1038:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1000:
994:
993:
990:
987:
985:Virgin Islands
981:
980:
977:
974:
973:United States
970:
969:
966:
963:
957:
956:
953:
950:
944:
943:
940:
937:
933:
932:
930:
920:
916:
915:
912:
909:
905:
904:
901:
898:
892:
891:
888:
885:
879:
878:
875:
872:
866:
865:
862:
859:
853:
852:
850:
847:
843:
842:
839:
836:
830:
829:
826:
823:
817:
816:
813:
810:
804:
803:
800:
797:
791:
790:
787:
784:
778:
777:
774:
771:
767:
766:
763:
760:
754:
753:
750:
747:
741:
740:
738:
735:
729:
728:
726:
723:
717:
716:
713:
710:
706:
705:
702:
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695:
694:
692:
689:
685:
684:
682:
679:
675:
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671:
668:
662:
661:
659:
656:
650:
649:
646:
643:
637:
636:
633:
630:
626:
625:
622:
619:
615:
614:
611:
608:
602:
601:
598:
595:
589:
588:
585:
582:
578:
577:
574:
571:
565:
564:
561:
558:
556:Czech Republic
552:
551:
548:
545:
539:
538:
535:
532:
526:
525:
506:
492:
488:
487:
484:
481:
475:
474:
472:
469:
465:
464:
462:
459:
453:
452:
449:
446:
440:
439:
436:
433:
427:
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417:
416:
413:
410:
403:
400:
357:
354:
350:
349:
343:
336:
334:
328:
321:
319:
313:
306:
304:
298:
291:
289:
283:
276:
273:
272:
268:
267:
266:
264:
261:
240:breed standard
202:
199:
184:
181:
175:
172:
168:spiked collars
140:
137:
121:
118:
102:ear infections
93:
90:
57:animal cruelty
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2616:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2586:
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2572:
2568:
2565:
2560:
2552:
2548:
2542:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2514:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2482:
2478:
2475:
2470:
2455:
2451:
2445:
2427:
2421:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2379:
2373:
2362:
2358:
2351:
2345:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2304:
2296:
2292:
2286:
2279:(in Finnish).
2278:
2274:
2267:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2235:
2234:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2206:
2205:
2204:Jutarnji list
2200:
2194:
2175:
2168:
2162:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2128:
2124:
2118:
2102:
2098:
2092:
2085:
2079:
2071:
2067:
2060:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2022:
2021:Treaty Office
2018:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1985:
1979:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1908:
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1897:
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1877:
1871:
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1853:
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1833:
1829:
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1817:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1754:
1752:
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1740:
1737:
1732:
1716:
1710:
1702:
1696:
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1665:
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1643:
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1627:
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1614:
1610:
1603:
1592:
1586:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1567:
1565:
1556:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1532:
1524:
1522:9781420015478
1518:
1514:
1513:
1505:
1497:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1478:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1452:
1444:
1443:
1435:
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1414:
1412:
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1367:
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1349:
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1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1317:
1309:
1303:
1295:
1293:9788122408935
1289:
1285:
1284:
1276:
1274:
1255:
1251:
1250:Web MD (pets)
1247:
1242:
1241:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1218:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1188:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1145:
1139:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1116:
1114:
1109:
1096:
1093:, such as in
1092:
1088:
1087:Lamancha goat
1082:
1073:
1069:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
995:
991:
988:
986:
983:
982:
978:
976:Unrestricted
975:
972:
971:
967:
964:
962:
959:
958:
954:
951:
949:
946:
945:
941:
938:
935:
934:
931:
929:
925:
921:
918:
917:
913:
910:
908:South Africa
907:
906:
902:
899:
897:
894:
893:
889:
886:
884:
881:
880:
876:
873:
871:
868:
867:
863:
860:
858:
855:
854:
851:
848:
845:
844:
840:
837:
835:
832:
831:
827:
824:
822:
819:
818:
814:
811:
809:
806:
805:
801:
798:
796:
793:
792:
788:
785:
783:
780:
779:
775:
772:
769:
768:
764:
761:
759:
756:
755:
751:
748:
746:
743:
742:
739:
736:
734:
731:
730:
727:
724:
722:
719:
718:
714:
711:
708:
707:
703:
700:
697:
696:
693:
690:
687:
686:
683:
680:
677:
676:
672:
669:
667:
664:
663:
660:
657:
655:
652:
651:
647:
644:
642:
639:
638:
634:
631:
628:
627:
623:
620:
617:
616:
612:
609:
607:
604:
603:
599:
596:
594:
591:
590:
586:
583:
580:
579:
575:
572:
570:
567:
566:
563:1 April 1999
562:
559:
557:
554:
553:
549:
546:
544:
541:
540:
536:
533:
531:
528:
527:
524:
507:
505:
502:
497:
493:
490:
489:
485:
482:
480:
477:
476:
473:
470:
467:
466:
463:
460:
458:
455:
454:
450:
447:
445:
442:
441:
437:
434:
432:
429:
428:
425:
422:
419:
418:
414:
411:
408:
407:
399:
395:
393:
388:
386:
381:
378:
374:
369:
367:
363:
347:
340:
335:
332:
325:
320:
317:
310:
305:
302:
295:
290:
287:
280:
275:
274:
260:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
236:
234:
230:
225:
212:
208:
201:The procedure
197:
192:
190:
180:
171:
169:
165:
160:
158:
154:
150:
146:
136:
134:
130:
126:
120:Early history
117:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
89:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
58:
53:
46:
41:
34:
30:
26:
22:
2559:
2550:
2541:
2532:20 September
2530:, retrieved
2526:the original
2520:
2513:
2501:. Retrieved
2497:
2494:"Eartipping"
2488:
2469:
2457:. Retrieved
2453:
2444:
2432:. Retrieved
2420:
2407:. Retrieved
2403:the original
2393:
2381:. Retrieved
2372:
2361:the original
2357:defra.gov.uk
2356:
2344:
2335:
2326:
2318:the original
2313:
2303:
2297:(in French).
2294:
2285:
2276:
2266:
2257:
2232:
2209:. Retrieved
2202:
2193:
2181:. Retrieved
2174:the original
2161:
2149:. Retrieved
2144:
2135:
2126:
2117:
2105:. Retrieved
2100:
2091:
2078:
2069:
2059:
2047:. Retrieved
2043:the original
2038:
2029:
2020:
1988:. Retrieved
1978:
1969:
1906:
1896:
1886:13 September
1884:. Retrieved
1880:the original
1846:
1840:
1825:
1816:
1804:. Retrieved
1797:the original
1783:
1771:. Retrieved
1767:the original
1731:
1719:. Retrieved
1709:
1686:
1683:Fogle, Bruce
1677:
1662:
1612:
1602:
1585:
1540:
1537:Fogle, Bruce
1531:
1511:
1504:
1484:
1477:
1469:
1464:
1451:
1441:
1434:
1425:
1421:
1400:15 September
1398:. Retrieved
1394:the original
1383:
1330:
1326:
1316:
1282:
1260:19 September
1258:. Retrieved
1249:
1216:
1211:19 September
1209:. Retrieved
1200:
1179:19 September
1177:. Retrieved
1173:the original
1168:
1138:
1121:
1081:
1072:
1054:(human ears)
1015:
770:New Zealand
576:1 June 1996
508:
503:
500:
396:
389:
382:
370:
359:
248:tail-docking
237:
226:
204:
194:
186:
177:
161:
142:
129:tail docking
123:
114:bear-baiting
110:dog fighting
98:working dogs
95:
66:bull terrier
51:
50:
25:
2459:12 November
2409:9 September
1773:31 December
1052:Ear shaping
1048:(dog tails)
948:Switzerland
903:April 2007
849:Restricted
758:Netherlands
752:1 May 1992
635:1 May 1992
233:puppy mills
189:Bruce Fogle
2599:Dog health
2583:Categories
2434:25 January
2336:www.gov.ie
1806:18 January
1700:0789459760
1554:0789459760
1105:References
1033:feral cats
914:June 2008
745:Luxembourg
420:Australia
375:(AKC) and
286:Great Dane
86:Cane Corso
78:Great Dane
2383:1 January
2277:finlex.fi
1664:USA Today
1357:1932-6203
1302:cite book
1146:. Pet MD.
928:Andalucia
924:Catalonia
733:Lithuania
523:☨8: 2013
256:neutering
244:dog shows
207:otoplasty
106:hematomas
74:Schnauzer
2567:Archived
2503:24 March
2477:Archived
2211:26 March
2183:20 March
2151:20 March
2127:CBC News
2107:20 March
2101:CBC News
2070:CBC News
2049:20 March
1990:26 March
1858:chap. 9
1832:Archived
1739:Archived
1721:17 April
1685:(2000).
1669:Archived
1638:Archived
1574:Archived
1539:(2000).
1375:27348817
1327:PLOS ONE
1254:Archived
1224:cite web
1133:, p.1746
1040:See also
1030:neutered
1022:ear tags
1018:earmarks
896:Slovenia
883:Slovakia
857:Scotland
821:Portugal
688:Ireland
629:Germany
581:England
521:☨7: 2015
511:☨2: 1978
479:Bulgaria
423:Banned
409:Country
301:Doberman
174:Fighting
164:shearing
155:and the
62:pit bull
52:Cropping
1907:VIN.com
1366:4922641
1335:Bibcode
1046:Docking
1002:Banned
989:Banned
965:Banned
952:Banned
939:Banned
936:Sweden
911:Banned
900:Banned
887:Banned
874:Banned
861:Banned
846:Russia
838:Banned
834:Romania
825:Banned
812:Banned
799:Banned
786:Banned
773:Banned
762:Banned
749:Banned
737:Banned
725:Banned
712:Banned
701:Banned
698:Israel
691:Banned
670:Banned
666:Iceland
658:Banned
654:Hungary
645:Banned
632:Banned
621:Banned
618:France
610:Banned
606:Finland
597:Banned
593:Estonia
584:Banned
573:Banned
569:Denmark
560:Banned
547:Banned
534:Banned
530:Croatia
491:Canada
483:Banned
468:Brazil
461:Banned
448:Banned
444:Belgium
435:Banned
431:Austria
412:Status
229:docking
218:⁄
1854:
1697:
1551:
1519:
1492:
1460:, Jean
1373:
1363:
1355:
1290:
1129:
961:Turkey
919:Spain
870:Serbia
808:Poland
795:Norway
721:Latvia
709:Italy
678:India
641:Greece
543:Cyprus
254:, and
211:pinnae
191:wrote:
133:rabies
33:Boxers
2429:(PDF)
2364:(PDF)
2353:(PDF)
2177:(PDF)
2170:(PDF)
1800:(PDF)
1793:(PDF)
1594:(PDF)
1424:[
1064:Notes
1005:1899
998:Wales
992:2005
979:2003
968:2004
955:1997
942:1989
877:2019
864:1899
841:2008
815:1997
802:1954
789:2011
776:2004
704:2000
673:2001
600:2001
587:1899
550:1993
537:2007
125:Roman
82:Boxer
2589:Dogs
2534:2011
2505:2022
2461:2017
2436:2021
2411:2009
2385:2019
2213:2021
2185:2016
2153:2016
2109:2016
2051:2016
1992:2021
1888:2011
1852:ISBN
1808:2016
1775:2007
1723:2013
1695:ISBN
1549:ISBN
1517:ISBN
1490:ISBN
1402:2011
1371:PMID
1353:ISSN
1308:link
1288:ISBN
1262:2021
1234:link
1230:link
1213:2021
1181:2021
1127:ISBN
926:and
383:The
84:and
64:and
1361:PMC
1343:doi
1205:DVM
1193:DVM
1028:or
112:or
104:or
2585::
2549:.
2496:.
2452:.
2355:.
2334:.
2312:.
2293:.
2275:.
2256:.
2241:^
2221:^
2201:.
2143:.
2125:.
2099:.
2068:.
2037:.
2019:.
2000:^
1915:^
1905:.
1863:^
1830:.
1824:.
1761:.
1750:^
1689:.
1667:.
1661:.
1649:^
1621:^
1611:.
1563:^
1543:.
1410:^
1369:.
1359:.
1351:.
1341:.
1331:11
1329:.
1325:.
1304:}}
1300:{{
1272:^
1252:.
1248:.
1226:}}
1222:{{
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