2576:
34:
1108:
2226:
25:
1348:
1470:
2216:
1276:
1708:
2158:
1418:
1543:
1740:
192:. There is a case for describing this as the reverse side, as some sources do, as it may have been carried that way in processions, with the plain engraved crucifixion facing forward, and the gem-encrusted face facing the emperor who followed the cross. The enamel is on the bands of the terminals that are interrupted by the points of the triangular sections. The gems in the centre rows are mounted in raised drum-like platforms, their sides decorated with arcades in filigree. The flat surface of the arms is decorated all over with filigree
1828:
2278:
1908:
1818:
1798:
1638:
1563:
1460:
2488:
2150:
1226:
1898:
1778:
1948:
1760:
1513:
2708:
1138:
2140:
2090:
2596:
2006:
2288:
2744:
2308:
2206:
1720:
1148:
1483:
2648:
1553:
1493:
1388:
1888:
2688:
2246:
1128:
2556:
1808:
1618:
1338:
1308:
1296:
1256:
1398:
1216:
2196:
2032:
1938:
1788:
1440:
1246:
1198:
2698:
2298:
2678:
2328:
1750:
1730:
1628:
1430:
1380:
1286:
1118:
1770:
2060:
1688:
2100:
1678:
1573:
1503:
1408:
1168:
2268:
2668:
2498:
2120:
2508:
1698:
2658:
2628:
2236:
1978:
1968:
1988:
2256:
1838:
1878:
1858:
327:
2478:
2638:
2042:
1958:
2468:
2052:
1668:
1648:
1450:
1583:
2616:
2546:
2176:
2022:
1918:
2732:
2070:
2536:
1360:
1868:
2080:
1848:
1523:
1370:
1236:
2318:
2186:
1593:
1188:
162:
1533:
2166:
2110:
1928:
1658:
1608:
1318:
1328:
1266:
1178:
2130:
2606:
2566:
1158:
1208:
527:
2586:
412:; for example, most rich crosses of similar date made more use of enamel. The two sides can be taken to represent Church and state, fittingly for an imperial donation that was carried in front of the Holy Roman Emperors as they processed into the church. The broad form of the design matches that of the small cross at the front of the
349:
in
Cologne, which was a crucial work in developing the Western image of the dead crucified Christ, whose head is slumped to his shoulder, and whose sagging body forms a S shape, showing the marks of his suffering, here with blood spurting from the spear-wound in his side. Engraved backs are found in
215:
On the assumption that the
Ottonians were aware that the cameo was a portrait of Augustus (some coins of that era showed Charlemagne and his successors as Roman Emperors with short hair and laurel wreaths), it served to link the Ottonian dynasty with the original Roman emperors, and assert them as
357:
This style of gem-studded gold decoration, re-using material from antiquity, was usual for the richest objects at the time. In particular, the motif of the glorified jewelled cross, a "transformation of the crude gibbet on which Christ died", goes back to
259:
The second largest gem, below
Augustus, was probably Lothair's seal and has his portrait with the inscription "+XPE ADIVVA HLOTARIVM REG" ("O Christ, help King Lothar"). This served a similar function, linking the Ottonians with the
438:
Calkins, p. 115; agreement on the approximate date is unanimous among the works cited, except for Lasko p. 101, who sees no need to date it later than the 980s, and also describes it as an "altar cross"
68:
562:
The Three Graces are the central purple gem two down from
Augustus, and the lion is black, on the left of the top section of the main shaft. See the close-ups in the external links section.
1019:
2575:
885:
256:
in Paris. It is now impossible to know the degrees of awareness of this iconographic recycling among the different categories of people creating and seeing these objects.
553:
Lasko, 49 points out that the inscription is not reversed, and so would not have read correctly on a wax impression, making it unlikely it was actually used as a seal
362:, when pagan opponents of Christianity often mocked the mean nature of the primary Christian symbol. Until about the 6th century, crosses rarely showed the figure of
540:(BnF) detached from their original settings, which were destroyed during the French Revolution. The BnF now identifies the Julia as the daughter of the emperor
408:
The
Lothair Cross is in this respect a somewhat conservative object, leaving the front free for imperial symbolism, and also perhaps as a deliberate revival of
1050:
1024:
366:, but by 1000 other grand jewelled crosses had already moved the crucifixion, usually in gilded cast bronze, to the front face of the cross, to make them
932:
845:
149:
The cross is still used in processions today. On high feast days it is carried into Aachen
Cathedral where it is placed next to the main altar during
33:
2711:
910:
Form of cross typical of Early
Christian and Early Medieval art, where the cross, or at least its front side, is principally decorated with jewels.
760:
and John
Fleming, A World History of Art,1st edn. 1982 & later editions, Macmillan, London, page refs to 1984 Macmillan 1st edn. paperback.
531:
184:. The front of the cross (in the terms used here) is made of gold and silver plate and is richly decorated with precious stones, pearls, gold
590:
2841:
493:
1083:
526:
Henderson, pp. 110–111 for the "Escrin", or Lasko 24-6 and figs. 23 & 24 for the 1790s drawing – he uses "Escrain". The Julia gem is
2762:
95:. It is an outstanding example of medieval goldsmith's work, and "an important monument of imperial ideology", forming part of the
413:
299:'s acceptance of Christ's sacrifice. This is the earliest known appearance of the dove in this motif, which introduces the whole
892:
2846:
705:
2716:
580:
Swartzenski, p. 42 and figs. The clearest photo illustration is in
Schiller, II, fig. 395, and Lasko, p. 100 has a drawing.
593:
536:
2811:
782:
745:
824:
806:
765:
742:
728:
713:
709:
697:
311:
of the sun and moon with heads bowed and surmounted by their symbols. The Hand with the wreath was a common motif in
2831:
2826:
1076:
1004:
2801:
91:
dating from about 1000 AD, though its base dates from the 14th century. It was made in
Germany, probably at
2821:
2816:
2143:
1931:
842:
143:
1279:
634:
405:, see left), which uses a virtually identical design for the terminals of the arms to the Lothair Cross.
103:. The measurements of the original portion are 50 cm height, 38.5 cm width, 2.3 cm depth.
1891:
1566:
1069:
973:
865:
1711:
398:
127:
96:
649:
All covered and illustrated in Lasko, or see Beckwith, pp. 138–143, and Swartzenski, p. 42 and figs.
1995:
1791:
1401:
1092:
2225:
456:
Calkins, 115, and most scholars except Lasko 101, who sees no need to date it later than the 980s.
2281:
2259:
1861:
1141:
855:
337:
has many similarities, but has a sculpted Christ on the front, above a figurative enamel plaque.
2620:
2549:
2271:
1951:
1801:
497:
371:
320:
24:
1107:
370:, which would remain the most common Catholic form of cross. Some examples are the crosses of
176:
The oak core of the Lothair Cross is encased in gold and silver and encrusted with jewels and
2836:
2806:
2661:
2291:
1921:
1671:
1351:
947:
878:
860:
303:
into a crucifixion, an iconography that was to have a long future. The Serpent, representing
1347:
836:
2093:
1981:
1971:
1901:
1871:
1516:
1151:
382:
342:
284:
237:
2215:
8:
2736:
2360:
1961:
1881:
1841:
1831:
1275:
1249:
942:
927:
261:
2301:
2239:
1469:
983:
189:
2422:
2355:
2113:
1911:
1131:
1014:
937:
922:
316:
265:
88:
2157:
1417:
2641:
2631:
2579:
2209:
2199:
2073:
2063:
1723:
1707:
1651:
1546:
1542:
1259:
1229:
1045:
999:
820:
802:
778:
761:
738:
724:
701:
693:
423:/83?), which also has a jewelled front side and an engraved crucifixion on the rear.
386:
307:, is twined round the bottom of the cross. In medallions at the ends of the arms are
288:
1827:
2707:
2487:
2311:
2149:
1586:
1269:
1111:
794:
135:
1947:
1759:
138:. The cross was actually made over a century after Lothair's death for one of the
2417:
2229:
2133:
1739:
1601:
1556:
1496:
1463:
1391:
1239:
1219:
849:
816:
409:
402:
394:
308:
253:
221:
201:
110:, and the engraved crucifixion on the reverse looks forward to the later period.
72:
2277:
2139:
1907:
1817:
1797:
1701:
1637:
1562:
1459:
813:
Monuments of Romanesque Art; The Art of Church Treasures in North-Western Europe
350:
many jewelled crosses of the period. The cross is now mounted on a 14th-century
2743:
2595:
2427:
2407:
2402:
2392:
2350:
2345:
2287:
2219:
2025:
1897:
1811:
1763:
1621:
1526:
1373:
1341:
1225:
1161:
1121:
1009:
952:
638:
359:
296:
153:. For the rest of the time, it is on display in the Cathedral Treasury Museum.
150:
107:
2671:
1512:
2795:
2777:
2764:
2444:
2397:
2321:
2249:
2189:
1941:
1777:
1743:
1691:
1661:
1596:
1486:
1443:
1331:
1201:
1191:
1137:
1040:
968:
2687:
2089:
1887:
1127:
2501:
2439:
2412:
2387:
2382:
2365:
2307:
2205:
2179:
2103:
1781:
1753:
1719:
1641:
1631:
1611:
1433:
1421:
1411:
1397:
1321:
1299:
1289:
1215:
1147:
901:
225:
217:
177:
146:. It appears to have been donated to the cathedral as soon as it was made.
119:
100:
82:
2697:
2297:
1482:
2748:
2647:
2481:
2454:
2370:
2059:
1851:
1769:
1733:
1687:
1681:
1576:
1552:
1506:
1492:
1387:
1181:
1171:
770:
757:
249:
241:
233:
131:
123:
2667:
2555:
2497:
2267:
2245:
2119:
1807:
1617:
1337:
1311:
1307:
1295:
1255:
268:. Other gems on the cross have classical carvings on them, including an
2701:
2657:
2627:
2609:
2511:
2377:
2235:
2195:
2035:
2031:
1977:
1967:
1937:
1787:
1536:
1473:
1439:
1245:
1197:
791:
Catalogue of an exhibition in the Schnütgen Museum, Köln, 1985. 3 vols.
390:
354:
stand, itself decorated with two small crucifixions and other figures.
351:
346:
326:
292:
2677:
2599:
2327:
2255:
1877:
1857:
1837:
1749:
1729:
1627:
1429:
1379:
1285:
1117:
283:
The reverse side of the Cross is a plain gold plate engraved with the
2681:
2637:
2615:
2169:
2099:
2041:
1991:
1957:
1677:
1572:
1502:
1407:
1167:
245:
2507:
2051:
1697:
1667:
1647:
106:
The cross comes from the period when Ottonian art was evolving into
2691:
2651:
2569:
2545:
2175:
2123:
2045:
2021:
1987:
1917:
1582:
1363:
367:
273:
269:
205:
197:
185:
166:
139:
2477:
2069:
1359:
604:
See for example those illustrated in Legner, III, H28, H29 and H31
2731:
2589:
2559:
2491:
2471:
2467:
2458:
2079:
1927:
1867:
1847:
1821:
1522:
1369:
1235:
300:
209:
193:
161:
142:
dynasty, the successors of the Carolingian dynasty; possibly for
92:
2317:
2185:
1592:
1449:
1327:
1187:
323:
portraits of themselves, to emphasize their authority from God.
2165:
2109:
2083:
1657:
1607:
1532:
1453:
1317:
870:
363:
312:
2535:
1265:
1177:
2605:
2129:
541:
304:
280:, both of which are mounted with the images placed sideways.
229:
181:
801:, 1972 (English trans from German), Lund Humphries, London,
2565:
2539:
2434:
1207:
1157:
345:, closely related to the slightly earlier life-size wooden
277:
2585:
1061:
118:
The cross takes its name from the large engraved greenish
2518:
2515:
196:. At the meeting point of the arms is a first-century AD
315:
in Rome, and also used in art associated with the early
122:
seal near its base bearing the portrait and name of the
534:. Both now survive in the French national library, the
341:
The cross is an outstanding and moving example of the
216:
God's representatives on Earth. On the other hand, an
99:, which includes several other masterpieces of sacral
721:
Early Medieval Art: Carolingian, Ottonian, Romanesque
291:
holding a victor's wreath containing the dove of the
52:
Back of the cross, with engraved crucifixion (right).
789:
Ornamenta Ecclesiae, Kunst und KĂĽnstler der Romanik.
240:
by Charles the Bald, was treated as an image of the
676:Both sides illustrated in Lasko, plates 81 and 82
156:
2793:
2712:Descriptions in antiquity of the execution cross
690:The language of art: studies in interpretation
1077:
886:
843:General view and close-up of the central part
252:added to it before use in metalwork for the
244:. Another gem portrait of the Roman Emperor
635:Commons photo of Cross of Gisela of Hungary
80:
1084:
1070:
893:
879:
517:Calkins, p. 115. He makes this assumption.
777:, Yale University Press, 1995 (2nd edn.)
723:, Thames & Hudson, 1964 (rev. 1969),
839:on the Aachen Cathedral Treasury website
474:See the close-up photo in external links
325:
160:
414:Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire
2794:
236:", an elaborate treasure given to the
1065:
874:
799:Iconography of Christian Art, Vol. II
625:Henderson, 202–209, quotation, p. 208
2717:List of tallest crosses in the world
264:who had established the position of
2842:Augustus in ancient Roman sculpture
16:Jewelled cross dating from c.1000AD
13:
14:
2858:
830:
212:, also mounted on a raised drum.
2742:
2730:
2706:
2696:
2686:
2676:
2666:
2656:
2646:
2636:
2626:
2614:
2604:
2594:
2584:
2574:
2564:
2554:
2544:
2534:
2506:
2496:
2486:
2476:
2466:
2326:
2316:
2306:
2296:
2286:
2276:
2266:
2254:
2244:
2234:
2224:
2214:
2204:
2194:
2184:
2174:
2164:
2156:
2148:
2138:
2128:
2118:
2108:
2098:
2088:
2078:
2068:
2058:
2050:
2040:
2030:
2020:
2004:
1986:
1976:
1966:
1956:
1946:
1936:
1926:
1916:
1906:
1896:
1886:
1876:
1866:
1856:
1846:
1836:
1826:
1816:
1806:
1796:
1786:
1776:
1768:
1758:
1748:
1738:
1728:
1718:
1706:
1696:
1686:
1676:
1666:
1656:
1646:
1636:
1626:
1616:
1606:
1591:
1581:
1571:
1561:
1551:
1541:
1531:
1521:
1511:
1501:
1491:
1481:
1468:
1458:
1448:
1438:
1428:
1416:
1406:
1396:
1386:
1378:
1368:
1358:
1346:
1336:
1326:
1316:
1306:
1294:
1284:
1274:
1264:
1254:
1244:
1234:
1224:
1214:
1206:
1196:
1186:
1176:
1166:
1156:
1146:
1136:
1126:
1116:
1106:
1020:Cross of San Salvador de Fuentes
900:
537:Bibliothèque nationale de France
232:) at the top of the "Escrain de
220:portrait of Augustus's daughter
32:
23:
670:
661:
652:
643:
628:
619:
613:Calkins, 115, Lasko 99–106 and
607:
598:
583:
574:
565:
556:
547:
1005:Essen cross with large enamels
520:
511:
486:
477:
468:
459:
450:
441:
432:
157:Description and interpretation
1:
856:Central part of the back side
682:
417:
375:
331:
180:– a total of 102 gems and 35
2847:Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor
248:had a cross and the name of
144:Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor
7:
1091:
754:, 1972, rev. 1977, Penguin.
589:Schiller, p. 142. See also
530:, and the Caracalla gem is
169:cameo at the center of the
134:(835–869), and a nephew of
10:
2863:
974:Cross of Otto and Mathilde
465:Henderson, p. 261, n. 135.
228:, daughter of the emperor
113:
46:, "imperial side") of the
2812:Aachen Cathedral Treasury
2725:
2527:
2453:
2338:
2013:
2002:
1099:
1033:
992:
961:
915:
908:
735:Monuments of Medieval Art
97:Aachen Cathedral Treasury
2512:Staurogram/Monogrammatic
639:German Knowledge article
426:
2832:11th-century sculptures
2827:10th-century sculptures
2737:Christianity portal
852:(at the bottom section)
667:Honour and Fleming, 273
295:; here this represents
2550:Armenian eternity sign
1122:Anchored/Saint Clement
571:Schiller, pp. 108, 122
372:Bernward of Hildesheim
338:
330:The Mathilda Cross of
321:illuminated manuscript
173:
81:
76:
2662:Shield of the Trinity
1744:Portate/Saint Gilbert
948:Treasure of Guarrazar
329:
204:of the Roman Emperor
164:
2802:Processional crosses
2435:Rood/Triumphal cross
1872:Saint James/Santiago
1822:Saltire/Saint Andrew
1497:Grapevine/Saint Nino
1051:Cross of Chersonesus
1025:Cross of Stift Enger
787:Legner, Anton (ed).
733:Calkins, Robert G.;
383:Hildesheim Cathedral
343:Crucifixion of Jesus
287:, with above it the
285:Crucifixion of Jesus
238:Abbey of Saint-Denis
2822:Roman Empire cameos
2817:Ottonian sculptures
2774: /
2702:Triskelion/Triskele
2144:Cuthbert's pectoral
1567:Jerusalem (Kingdom)
1557:Jerusalem/Crusaders
943:Cross of Desiderius
928:Cross of the Angels
811:Swarzenski, Hanns.
775:Ars Sacra, 800-1200
750:Henderson, George.
692:, NYU Press, 1997,
317:Holy Roman Emperors
262:Carolingian dynasty
2778:50.7751°N 6.0828°E
1015:Cross of Theophanu
923:Cross of Justin II
861:Lothair's seal gem
848:2018-08-03 at the
752:Early Medieval Art
339:
266:Holy Roman Emperor
174:
89:processional cross
2757:
2756:
2672:Sunwheel swastika
2055:Blanc croix rouge
1059:
1058:
1046:Cross of Adelheid
1000:Cross of Mathilde
795:Schiller, Gertrud
706:978-0-8147-1255-9
410:Carolingian style
399:Mathilda of Essen
387:Gisela of Hungary
208:holding an eagle
87:(jewelled cross)
2854:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2747:
2746:
2735:
2734:
2710:
2700:
2690:
2680:
2670:
2660:
2650:
2640:
2630:
2618:
2608:
2598:
2588:
2578:
2568:
2558:
2548:
2538:
2510:
2500:
2490:
2480:
2470:
2330:
2320:
2310:
2300:
2290:
2280:
2270:
2258:
2248:
2238:
2228:
2218:
2208:
2198:
2188:
2178:
2168:
2160:
2152:
2142:
2132:
2124:Cross cramponnée
2122:
2112:
2102:
2092:
2082:
2072:
2062:
2054:
2044:
2034:
2024:
2008:
2007:
1990:
1982:Syriac (Western)
1980:
1972:Syriac (Eastern)
1970:
1960:
1952:Serbian Orthodox
1950:
1940:
1930:
1920:
1910:
1900:
1890:
1880:
1870:
1860:
1850:
1840:
1830:
1820:
1810:
1802:Russian Orthodox
1800:
1790:
1780:
1772:
1762:
1752:
1742:
1732:
1722:
1710:
1700:
1690:
1680:
1670:
1660:
1650:
1640:
1630:
1620:
1610:
1595:
1585:
1575:
1565:
1555:
1545:
1535:
1525:
1515:
1505:
1495:
1485:
1472:
1462:
1452:
1442:
1432:
1420:
1410:
1400:
1390:
1382:
1372:
1362:
1350:
1340:
1330:
1320:
1310:
1298:
1288:
1278:
1268:
1258:
1248:
1238:
1228:
1218:
1210:
1200:
1190:
1180:
1170:
1160:
1150:
1140:
1130:
1120:
1110:
1086:
1079:
1072:
1063:
1062:
984:Cross of Peñalba
979:Cross of Lothair
933:Cross of Agilulf
895:
888:
881:
872:
871:
837:Cross of Lothair
737:, Dutton, 1979,
719:Beckwith, John.
688:Barasch, Moshe,
677:
674:
668:
665:
659:
656:
650:
647:
641:
632:
626:
623:
617:
611:
605:
602:
596:
587:
581:
578:
572:
569:
563:
560:
554:
551:
545:
524:
518:
515:
509:
508:
506:
505:
496:. Archived from
494:"Close-up photo"
490:
484:
481:
475:
472:
466:
463:
457:
454:
448:
445:
439:
436:
422:
419:
380:
377:
336:
333:
309:personifications
190:cloisonné enamel
171:Cross of Lothair
136:Charles the Bald
86:
71:
60:Cross of Lothair
48:Cross of Lothair
42:The front side (
36:
27:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2792:
2791:
2783:50.7751; 6.0828
2782:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2753:
2749:Arts portal
2741:
2729:
2721:
2523:
2449:
2334:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1672:Order of Christ
1464:Globus cruciger
1280:Catherine wheel
1095:
1090:
1060:
1055:
1029:
988:
957:
938:Cross of Gisulf
916:6th–9th century
911:
904:
899:
850:Wayback Machine
833:
817:Faber and Faber
685:
680:
675:
671:
666:
662:
657:
653:
648:
644:
633:
629:
624:
620:
612:
608:
603:
599:
591:Richard Herries
588:
584:
579:
575:
570:
566:
561:
557:
552:
548:
525:
521:
516:
512:
503:
501:
492:
491:
487:
482:
478:
473:
469:
464:
460:
455:
451:
446:
442:
437:
433:
429:
420:
403:Essen Cathedral
395:Munich Residenz
378:
334:
319:, including in
254:Sainte-Chapelle
159:
116:
67:
56:
55:
54:
53:
51:
39:
38:
37:
29:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2860:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2739:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2704:
2694:
2684:
2674:
2664:
2654:
2644:
2634:
2632:Solomon's knot
2624:
2612:
2602:
2592:
2582:
2572:
2562:
2552:
2542:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2504:
2494:
2484:
2474:
2463:
2461:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2324:
2314:
2304:
2302:Teutonic Order
2294:
2284:
2274:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2242:
2232:
2222:
2212:
2202:
2192:
2182:
2172:
2162:
2154:
2146:
2136:
2126:
2116:
2114:Coptic (Early)
2106:
2096:
2086:
2076:
2066:
2056:
2048:
2038:
2028:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1984:
1974:
1964:
1954:
1944:
1934:
1924:
1914:
1904:
1894:
1884:
1874:
1864:
1854:
1844:
1834:
1824:
1814:
1804:
1794:
1784:
1774:
1766:
1756:
1746:
1736:
1726:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1694:
1684:
1674:
1664:
1654:
1644:
1634:
1624:
1614:
1604:
1599:
1589:
1579:
1569:
1559:
1549:
1539:
1529:
1519:
1517:Greek Orthodox
1509:
1499:
1489:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1456:
1446:
1436:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1404:
1394:
1384:
1376:
1374:Cruciform halo
1366:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1334:
1324:
1314:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1282:
1272:
1262:
1252:
1242:
1232:
1222:
1212:
1204:
1194:
1184:
1174:
1164:
1154:
1152:Archiepiscopal
1144:
1134:
1124:
1114:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1089:
1088:
1081:
1074:
1066:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1010:Imperial Cross
1007:
1002:
996:
994:
990:
989:
987:
986:
981:
976:
971:
965:
963:
959:
958:
956:
955:
953:Ardennes Cross
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
919:
917:
913:
912:
909:
906:
905:
898:
897:
890:
883:
875:
869:
868:
863:
858:
853:
840:
832:
831:External links
829:
828:
827:
809:
792:
785:
783:978-0300060485
768:
755:
748:
731:
717:
684:
681:
679:
678:
669:
660:
651:
642:
627:
618:
606:
597:
582:
573:
564:
555:
546:
519:
510:
485:
476:
467:
458:
449:
447:Barasch, p. 30
440:
430:
428:
425:
360:Late Antiquity
297:God the Father
276:and a lion in
200:three-layered
158:
155:
115:
112:
108:Romanesque art
41:
40:
31:
30:
22:
21:
20:
19:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2859:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2790:
2787:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2329:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2012:
1997:
1996:Saint Anthony
1993:
1989:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1893:
1892:Saint Patrick
1889:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1853:
1852:Saint Florian
1849:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1100:In modern use
1098:
1094:
1087:
1082:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1041:Cross of Cong
1039:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
997:
995:
991:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
969:Victory Cross
967:
966:
964:
960:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
920:
918:
914:
907:
903:
896:
891:
889:
884:
882:
877:
876:
873:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
851:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
834:
826:
825:0-571-10588-2
822:
818:
814:
810:
808:
807:0-85331-324-5
804:
800:
796:
793:
790:
786:
784:
780:
776:
772:
769:
767:
766:0-333-37185-2
763:
759:
756:
753:
749:
747:
744:
743:0-525-47561-3
740:
736:
732:
730:
729:0-500-20019-X
726:
722:
718:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
698:0-8147-1255-X
695:
691:
687:
686:
673:
664:
655:
646:
640:
636:
631:
622:
616:
610:
601:
595:
592:
586:
577:
568:
559:
550:
543:
539:
538:
533:
529:
523:
514:
500:on 2011-07-18
499:
495:
489:
480:
471:
462:
453:
444:
435:
431:
424:
415:
411:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
373:
369:
365:
361:
355:
353:
348:
344:
328:
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
281:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
213:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
178:engraved gems
172:
168:
163:
154:
152:
147:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
111:
109:
104:
102:
98:
94:
90:
85:
84:
78:
74:
70:
65:
64:Lothair Cross
61:
49:
45:
35:
26:
2837:Gold objects
2807:Crux gemmata
2759:
2619:
2502:Signum manus
2455:Christograms
2423:Processional
2356:Conciliation
2282:Saint Julian
2094:Consecration
1932:Saint Thomas
1912:Saint Philip
1862:Saint George
1132:Anuradhapura
1034:12th century
993:11th century
978:
962:10th century
902:Crux gemmata
866:Three Graces
812:
798:
788:
774:
771:Lasko, Peter
751:
746:Google books
734:
720:
710:Google books
689:
672:
663:
654:
645:
630:
621:
614:
609:
600:
585:
576:
567:
558:
549:
535:
522:
513:
502:. Retrieved
498:the original
488:
483:Calkins, 115
479:
470:
461:
452:
443:
434:
407:
393:, 1006, now
356:
340:
282:
274:Three Graces
258:
226:Julia Flavia
218:engraved gem
214:
175:
170:
148:
120:rock crystal
117:
105:
101:Ottonian art
83:crux gemmata
63:
59:
57:
47:
43:
2781: /
2642:Scientology
2482:IX monogram
2339:By function
2272:Saint Alban
2074:Carolingian
1962:Short Sword
1922:Saint Piran
1902:Saint Peter
1842:Saint David
1724:Patriarchal
1577:Latin/Roman
1402:Evangelists
1182:Balkenkreuz
1172:Arrow/Barby
758:Hugh Honour
379: 1000
289:Hand of God
250:Saint Peter
242:Virgin Mary
234:Charlemagne
132:Lotharingia
124:Carolingian
77:Lotharkreuz
44:Kaiserseite
2796:Categories
2766:50°46′30″N
2312:Two-barred
2014:Historical
1882:Saint John
1832:Saint Chad
1773:Resistance
1587:Macedonian
1476:'s variant
1474:Archbishop
1270:Canterbury
1142:Archangels
712:(See also
683:References
658:Lasko, 100
504:2009-12-29
421: 973
391:Regensburg
368:crucifixes
347:Gero Cross
335: 973
293:Holy Ghost
130:, King of
128:Lothair II
2769:6°04′58″E
2459:Chrismons
2418:Preaching
2260:Quarterly
2230:Nestorian
2170:Gammadion
2153:Engrailed
1392:Ethiopian
1240:Byzantine
1220:Bulgarian
272:with the
246:Caracalla
69:‹See Tfd›
2692:Swastika
2652:Shamrock
2580:Kolovrat
2570:Irminsul
2528:See also
2428:Lalibela
2408:Pectoral
2403:Necklace
2393:Memorial
2361:Heraldry
2351:Blessing
2210:Lorraine
2180:Jewelled
2026:Avellane
1764:Quadrate
1652:Novgorod
1622:Maronite
1547:Jeremiah
1527:Huguenot
1364:Crucifix
1342:Crosslet
1312:Cercelée
1260:Camargue
1230:Burgundy
1162:Armenian
846:Archived
819:, 1974,
270:amethyst
206:Augustus
198:sardonyx
194:tendrils
186:filigree
167:Augustus
140:Ottonian
2600:Mjölnir
2590:Lauburu
2560:Ichthys
2492:Labarum
2472:Chi Rho
2445:Wayside
2398:Mission
2322:Victory
2292:Templar
2250:Pierced
2240:Peñalba
2200:Lazarus
2190:Katanga
2161:Erminée
1942:Serbian
1792:Russian
1712:Fitchée
1692:Patonce
1662:Occitan
1597:Maltese
1487:Gnostic
1444:Fourchy
1332:Cossack
1300:Variant
1250:Calvary
1202:Bottony
1192:Bolnisi
1112:Alcoraz
1093:Crosses
397:), and
313:mosaics
301:Trinity
210:sceptre
114:History
93:Cologne
79:) is a
50:(left).
2440:Summit
2413:Plague
2388:Mercat
2383:Market
2366:Nordic
2331:Voided
2104:Coptic
2084:Chouan
2064:Brigid
1782:Ringed
1754:Potent
1702:Pattée
1642:Nordic
1632:Moline
1612:Marian
1602:Marada
1454:Fylfot
1434:Forked
1422:Fitchy
1412:Fleury
1383:Double
1352:Fitchy
1322:Coptic
1290:Celtic
1211:Branch
823:
805:
781:
764:
741:
727:
704:
696:
615:passim
401:(973,
364:Christ
352:Gothic
182:pearls
126:ruler
73:German
2371:Pisan
2346:Altar
2220:Neith
2134:Crown
2046:Black
1812:Salem
1734:Pommy
1682:Papal
1507:Greek
542:Titus
427:Notes
305:Satan
230:Titus
222:Julia
202:cameo
2621:Rota
2610:Rose
2540:Ankh
2378:High
2036:Aviz
1537:Iron
821:ISBN
803:ISBN
779:ISBN
762:ISBN
739:ISBN
725:ISBN
714:here
702:ISBN
694:ISBN
637:and
594:here
532:here
528:here
278:onyx
224:(or
188:and
165:The
151:mass
58:The
2682:Sun
2519:Rho
2516:Tau
1992:Tau
385:),
62:or
2798::
2457:,
815:,
797:,
773:,
708:,
700:,
418:c.
381:,
376:c.
332:c.
75::
2514:/
1994:/
1085:e
1078:t
1071:v
894:e
887:t
880:v
716:)
544:.
507:.
416:(
389:(
374:(
66:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
,_retro_01.jpg)
