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out the height when the plane reached 100 feet above DA (decision altitude – the altitude at which an immediate decision to land or initiate a missed approach must be made). However, Flight 3597 was behind schedule and would not reach Zürich until after 22:00 CET, necessitating a change to its landing plan. Zürich ATC, in order to comply with a new Swiss law designed to reduce airport noise from approaching aircraft over southern
Germany in the late evening hours, redirected all flights on final approach to switch from the ILS-equipped runway 14 to the less-accurate VOR/DME-equipped runway 28. This runway change forced Lutz to abandon his planned ILS approach and required Löhrer to consult the
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he made in the cockpit, but did not record any readout of the DME after a check, verified by Löhrer, at 6 nautical miles (11 km; 6.9 mi) from runway 28. Moments before the crash, Lutz's running commentary indicated to investigators that he thought he was at or near 2.2 nautical miles (4.1 km; 2.5 mi) from runway 28 because he said, "Someone said he saw the runway late here". Instead, Lutz was over 4 nautical miles (7.4 km; 4.6 mi) from the runway, and could not possibly have seen the runway due to the presence of a hill below the MDA of 2,400 feet (730 m), which obscured his view. Just before the crash, the synthetic voice of the
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100 feet above MDA, the CVR records Lutz asking Löhrer, "Do we have ground contact?" Löhrer hesitated before replying, "Yes". However, flight simulators programmed with the time of day, terrain, and weather Lutz was facing at that time allowed investigators to determine that the only ground Lutz or Löhrer could see was the ground of the hilly terrain over which the plane was flying. Upon reaching MDA of 2,400 feet (730 m), Lutz declared that he had "ground contact" and would continue on, then deliberately descended the plane below the MDA without having the required visual contact with either the approach lights or the runway, a major
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maintain MDA until the pilot reports that the runway is in sight, allowing the landing to safely be completed visually. In contrast to the ILS approach, which displays lateral and vertical position, the VOR/DME approach only shows the lateral position of the aircraft and its range to the runway. Due to increased azimuth error associated with the use of VORs and lack of vertical guidance (glide slope), the MDA is therefore often higher than a DA (Decision
Altitude) for an ILS.
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finally realized that his inability to see the runway meant he needed to initiate a missed approach maneuver (called a "go-around"), his call for the go-around came too late; the plane's engines were not able to spool up fast enough to generate sufficient thrust to climb above the hill that had been obstructing his view, and the plane crashed into the hilltop at 22:06 CET.
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that ultimately led to the crash. The fact that Löhrer made no attempt to prevent the continuation of the flight below the MDA also contributed to the crash. Lutz made an additional error by not monitoring the DME as he made his approach; the CVR recorded Lutz's running narrative on nearly every move
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Although both pilots were based in Zürich and the CVR picks up Lutz's query to Löhrer about Löhrer's familiarity with "the 28 approach", which Löhrer confirmed he had, Lutz put the plane into an overly-steep descent that brought Flight 3597 to MDA far too soon. When Löhrer reported the plane reaching
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The AAIB report determined that Lutz had failed to perform correct navigation and landing procedures on previous occasions, but no action had been taken by
Crossair to remove him from transporting passengers. Lutz had twice failed to upgrade his flight certifications to the more complex MD-83 due to
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reading 500 feet above ground. Lutz exclaimed, "Shit, two miles he said, he sees the runway!" A few seconds later Lutz said, "Two thousand" and then one second later the synthetic voice gave the "minimums" GPWS message, which was triggered by the radio altimeter reading at 300 feet. Even though Lutz
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Flight 3597 had originally been scheduled to land on runway 14, the main landing runway at Zürich, which was equipped with an ILS system that provides vertical and lateral guidance to the runway. The CVR records Lutz and Löhrer discussing "the 14 approach" as well as Lutz's request that Löhrer call
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The MDA states the minimum altitude in MSL to safely fly above any obstructions or terrain in the final approach flight-path before visual contact with the runway is made. Unlike a DA in a precision approach, an MDA requires that after crossing the Final
Approach Fix, the pilot should descend and
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In spite of those demonstrated deficiencies, however, Crossair continued to allow Lutz to fly passengers (reportedly due to a shortage of qualified pilots), and he continued to demonstrate his overall deficiencies as a line pilot. These included a near-miss incident on final approach to
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On 28 November 2021 the crash was featured in a German news report for the 20th anniversary of
Melanie Thornton's death and it featured an interview from Debby St. Maarten about how she survived and that she knew that her group mates were dead during the events of the accident.
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mistakes that led the plane off-course. This course deviation caused the plane to crash into a hilltop, 4.05 kilometres (2.52 mi; 2.19 nmi) short of and 150 metres (490 ft) north of its assigned landing strip, runway 28.
660:. In this particular incident, Lutz missed his approach into Sion and circled over what he thought was Sion's airport for several minutes before passengers spotted road signs in Italian; the navigational error had taken them over the
925:"Final Report No. 1793 by the Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau concerning the accident to the aircraft AVRO 146-RJ100, HB-IXM, operated by Crossair under flight number CRX 3597, on 24 November 2001 near Bassersdorf/ZH"
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crew consisting of
Captain Hans Ulrich Lutz (57) and First Officer Stefan Löhrer (25). Lutz was a highly experienced pilot with more than 19,500 flight hours, approximately 19,300 of which were as
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An inexperienced air traffic controller was alone in the control tower. A more experienced controller might have allowed the flight to land on runway 14 because of the poor weather conditions.
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346:(ATC) that they could not see the runway until 2.2 nautical miles (4.1 km; 2.5 mi) away. At 22:07 CET, Flight 3597 crashed into a wooded range of hills near the small town of
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on 16 August, and logged more than 13,000 hours and 11,500 cycles in total before the crash. The airplane was delivered to
Crossair on 23 August 1996. The aircraft was powered by four
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charts for runway 28. The charts included a new set of approach parameters, of which the higher minimum descent altitude (MDA) was the most crucial piece of information.
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insufficient comprehension of its computerized navigational systems. The report also documented Lutz's role in causing the total loss of a
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during a dangerous 4,000 feet (1,200 m)-per-minute descent and a navigational error during a sightseeing tour over the
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Captain Lutz was an experienced pilot, his competence soon came under close scrutiny by investigators from the Swiss
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The visual minimums at the time of the accident were actually inappropriate for using the standard approach to runway 28.
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The range of hills the plane crashed into was not marked in the
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Media release November 26, 2001 Passenger list published for flight LX 3597 Monday, November 26, 17:00
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Flight 3597 was carrying a total of 33 occupants; 5 crew members and 28 passengers were on board.
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in 2011 and featured an interview of Peter Hoegenkamp, one of the survivors of the crash.
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The final report of the AAIB states that other factors also contributed to the accident:
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Schweiz aktuell - Crossair-Absturz vor 10 Jahren bei Bassersdorf - Play SRF
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where Lutz came within 300 feet (91 m) of colliding with the shore of
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and her colleague Peter Hoegenkamp were among the survivors of the crash.
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Airliner accidents and incidents involving controlled flight into terrain
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Among the 24 people that lost their lives in the accident were
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330:(ILS) approach to runway 14, but were switched to a VOR/DME (
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Accidents and incidents involving the British Aerospace 146
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by retracting its landing gear while it was still on the
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and caught fire. Out of the 33 occupants, nine survived.
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HB-IXM, the aircraft involved, 7 months before the crash.
580:(AAIB). The AAIB would conclude that the accident was a
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Airliner accidents and incidents caused by pilot error
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and manager were among the nine people that survived.
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with 28 passengers, three flight attendants, and the
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as HB-IXM, crashed into a wooded range of hills near
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Passenger had Germany-United States dual Citizenship
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Passenger had Sweden-United Kingdom dual Citizenship
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714:featured the crash in a Season 10 episode titled
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1812:Aviation accidents and incidents in Switzerland
1644:Aviation accidents and incidents in Switzerland
946:"HB-IXM Crossair British Aerospace Avro RJ100"
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1167:Crossair Status of the Accident Investigation
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997:(in German). 27 November 2001. Archived from
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1717:Invicta International Airlines Flight 435
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578:Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau
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1307:Thai Airways International Flight 114
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777:Thai Airways International Flight 311
16:2001 aviation accident in Switzerland
1267:Oklahoma State basketball team crash
1666:Gauli Glacier C-53 Skytrooper crash
1547:Fishtail Air Eurocopter AS350 crash
991:[List of fatally injured].
804:, another CFIT accident near Zurich
548:Swiss businesswoman and politician
537:of the German-Dutch Eurodance trio
65:due to navigational and pilot error
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872:"Swiss Aircraft Registry (HB-IXM)"
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1367:Faraz Qeshm Airlines Yak-40 crash
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989:"Liste der tödlich Verunglückten"
1832:Crossair accidents and incidents
1213:Aviation accidents and incidents
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1752:Lake Constance Cessna 425 crash
1407:Binter Mediterráneo Flight 8261
1277:Japan Airlines mid-air incident
823:2020 Calabasas helicopter crash
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616:ground proximity warning system
1837:November 2001 events in Europe
1658:San Giacomo Douglas DC-2 crash
1397:Marsh Harbour Cessna 402 crash
1049:"Cockpit Failure", episode of
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63:Controlled flight into terrain
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1776:Ethiopian Airlines Flight 702
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680:Minimum Safe Altitude Warning
584:(CFIT) caused by a series of
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1537:American Airlines Flight 587
1507:Siberia Airlines Flight 1812
1317:Vnukovo Airlines Flight 2806
808:American Airlines Flight 965
797:TransAsia Airways Flight 222
336:Distance Measuring Equipment
249:was a scheduled flight from
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1587:American Airlines Flight 63
1457:Delta Air Lines Flight 1989
1437:American Airlines Flight 77
1417:American Airlines Flight 11
1083:National Geographic Channel
787:Turkish Airlines Flight 634
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362:American singer and former
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1784:Ju-Air Junkers Ju 52 crash
1427:United Airlines Flight 175
1377:Vladivostok Air Flight 352
1337:Avjet Gulfstream III crash
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792:Henan Airlines Flight 8387
767:Asiana Airlines Flight 733
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1129:24 September 2015 at the
1100:Final report on the crash
572:Memorial for those killed
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1477:TAM Airlines Flight 9755
1327:Air Caraïbes Flight 1501
1079:Discovery Channel Canada
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702:Discovery Channel Canada
1701:El Al Flight 432 attack
1557:IRS Aero Flight 9601/02
1517:Linate Airport disaster
1176:Aviation Safety Network
1725:Air Afrique Flight 056
1387:Air Transat Flight 236
1347:Hainan Island incident
1150:26 August 2014 at the
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1527:Flightline Flight 101
1467:Korean Air Flight 085
950:www.planespotters.net
762:Korean Air Flight 801
662:Great St Bernard Pass
618:(GPWS) announced the
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564:The site of the crash
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535:Maria Serrano Serrano
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303:Flight 3597 departed
1768:Crossair Flight 3597
1567:Crossair Flight 3597
1297:Loganair Flight 670A
1172:Accident Description
1105:4 March 2016 at the
1057:Season 10, episode 1
994:Neue Zürcher Zeitung
818:Air Inter Flight 148
772:Air China Flight 129
666:Aosta Valley Airport
531:Nathaly van het Ende
305:Berlin Tegel Airport
251:Berlin Tegel Airport
247:Crossair Flight 3597
179:Berlin Tegel Airport
100:47.45389°N 8.62333°E
22:Crossair Flight 3597
1760:Crossair Flight 498
1744:Alitalia Flight 404
1709:Swissair Flight 330
1693:Swissair Flight 306
1605:► 2002
1599:2000 ◄
1497:Aeroflot Flight 521
1077:. Season 10. 2011.
1071:"Cockpit Failure".
802:Alitalia Flight 404
706:National Geographic
344:air traffic control
295:turbofan engines.
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1287:Iberia Flight 1456
1237:Yemenia Flight 448
1001:on 15 January 2013
813:Prinair Flight 277
740:Switzerland portal
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1487:Grozny Mi-8 crash
952:. 7 December 2021
550:Jacqueline Badran
543:Debby St. Maarten
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784:
774:
769:
764:
758:
757:
743:
727:
724:
697:
694:
693:
692:
689:
686:
683:
676:
646:Lugano Airport
628:
625:
611:piloting error
557:
554:
529:, and singers
514:
513:
510:
507:
504:
500:
499:
496:
493:
490:
486:
485:
482:
479:
476:
472:
471:
468:
465:
462:
458:
457:
454:
451:
448:
444:
443:
440:
437:
434:
430:
429:
426:
423:
420:
416:
415:
412:
409:
406:
402:
401:
398:
395:
392:
388:
387:
384:
381:
378:
355:
352:
300:
297:
282:Avro 146-RJ100
277:
274:
255:Zürich Airport
253:, Germany, to
242:
241:
238:
234:
233:
230:
226:
225:
222:
218:
217:
214:
210:
209:
206:
202:
201:
198:
194:
193:
190:Zürich Airport
187:
183:
182:
176:
172:
171:
168:
162:
161:
158:
154:
153:
150:
146:
145:
142:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
122:
118:
117:
113:
112:
80:, Switzerland
78:Zürich Airport
71:
67:
66:
60:
56:
55:
45:
41:
40:
36:
35:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1854:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1786:(August 2018)
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1639:
1634:
1632:
1627:
1625:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1606:
1600:
1595:
1588:
1578:
1568:
1558:
1548:
1538:
1528:
1518:
1508:
1498:
1488:
1478:
1468:
1458:
1448:
1438:
1428:
1418:
1408:
1398:
1388:
1378:
1368:
1358:
1348:
1338:
1328:
1318:
1308:
1298:
1288:
1278:
1268:
1258:
1248:
1238:
1227:
1214:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1067:
1065:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1024:
1023:
1016:
1000:
996:
995:
990:
984:
977:
973:
967:
951:
947:
941:
933:
926:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
890:
888:
886:
877:
873:
867:
863:
847:
838:
834:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
782:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
759:
755:
744:
741:
730:
723:
719:
717:
713:
712:
707:
703:
700:The hourlong
696:Dramatization
690:
687:
684:
681:
677:
674:
673:
672:
669:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
641:
639:
635:
624:
621:
617:
612:
606:
602:
600:
594:
591:
587:
583:
579:
570:
562:
556:Investigation
553:
551:
546:
544:
540:
539:Passion Fruit
536:
532:
528:
524:
519:
511:
508:
505:
502:
501:
497:
494:
491:
489:United States
487:
483:
480:
477:
473:
469:
466:
463:
459:
455:
452:
449:
445:
441:
438:
435:
431:
427:
424:
421:
417:
413:
410:
407:
403:
399:
396:
393:
389:
386:Total (dead)
375:
369:
365:
360:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
296:
294:
291:
287:
286:Maiden flight
283:
273:
271:
267:
263:
260:
256:
252:
248:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
192:, Switzerland
191:
188:
184:
180:
177:
175:Flight origin
173:
169:
167:
163:
160:CROSSAIR 3597
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
136:
133:
129:
126:
123:
119:
114:
109:
79:
75:
72:
68:
64:
61:
57:
46:
42:
37:
30:
25:
19:
1767:
1719:(April 1973)
1566:
1072:
1050:
1027:, retrieved
1021:
1015:
1003:. Retrieved
999:the original
992:
983:
966:
954:. Retrieved
949:
940:
875:
866:
846:
837:
720:
715:
709:
699:
670:
642:
630:
627:Final report
607:
603:
595:
586:pilot errors
575:
547:
520:
517:
503:Total (dead)
383:Crew (dead)
377:Nationality
321:
302:
279:
246:
245:
166:Registration
18:
1736:1990s-2010s
1727:(July 1987)
1685:1960s-1980s
1660:(July 1935)
1650:1930s-1950s
1160:(in French)
1139:(in German)
1111:Alternative
1025:(in German)
1005:11 December
650:Lake Lugano
461:Switzerland
447:Netherlands
348:Bassersdorf
270:Bassersdorf
186:Destination
103: /
74:Bassersdorf
1801:Categories
1141:(Original)
1029:2 February
956:16 January
858:References
708:TV series
668:in Italy.
590:navigation
354:Passengers
266:registered
262:Avro RJ100
221:Fatalities
205:Passengers
125:Avro RJ100
88:47°27′14″N
51:2001-11-24
783:accident.
527:La Bouche
364:La Bouche
307:at 21:01
237:Survivors
197:Occupants
181:, Germany
157:Call sign
91:8°37′24″E
1148:Archived
1127:Archived
1103:Archived
976:Crossair
726:See also
634:Saab 340
599:Jeppesen
299:Accident
293:LF507-1F
290:Lycoming
276:Aircraft
259:Crossair
229:Injuries
135:Crossair
131:Operator
116:Aircraft
39:Accident
1217: (
1215:in 2001
1174:at the
1156:Archive
1135:Archive
1115:Archive
405:Germany
366:member
313:cockpit
152:CRX3597
76:, near
59:Summary
49: (
1583:Dec 22
1563:Nov 24
1553:Nov 19
1543:Nov 12
1533:Nov 12
1523:Oct 10
1493:Sep 21
1483:Sep 17
1473:Sep 15
1463:Sep 11
1453:Sep 11
1443:Sep 11
1433:Sep 11
1423:Sep 11
1413:Sep 11
1403:Aug 29
1393:Aug 25
1383:Aug 24
1363:May 17
1353:Apr 20
1333:Mar 29
1323:Mar 24
1313:Mar 15
1293:Feb 27
1273:Jan 31
1263:Jan 27
1253:Jan 27
1243:Jan 25
1233:Jan 23
1145:Report
1124:Report
1074:Mayday
1052:Mayday
711:Mayday
475:Sweden
433:Israel
391:Canada
324:Zürich
170:HB-IXM
144:LX3597
1573:Dec 2
1513:Oct 8
1503:Oct 4
1373:Jul 4
1343:Apr 1
1303:Mar 3
1283:Feb 7
928:(PDF)
829:Notes
638:apron
419:Ghana
1219:2001
1117:) –
1031:2021
1007:2009
958:2024
781:CFIT
779:, a
658:Sion
654:Alps
588:and
533:and
213:Crew
70:Site
44:Date
1113:) (
974:."
512:24
414:11
309:CET
1803::
1158:)
1137:)
1081:/
1063:^
1055:,
1038:^
948:.
930:.
884:^
874:.
704:/
506:21
498:1
484:1
470:5
456:1
442:3
428:2
408:11
400:1
224:24
208:28
200:33
1637:e
1630:t
1623:v
1221:)
1204:e
1197:t
1190:v
1154:(
1133:(
1109:(
1085:.
1009:.
978:.
970:"
960:.
934:.
878:.
509:3
495:0
492:1
481:0
478:1
467:3
464:2
453:0
450:1
439:0
436:3
425:0
422:2
411:0
397:0
394:1
334:/
240:9
232:9
216:5
53:)
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