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Statisticians suggest that designs should have four periods, which is more efficient than the two-period design, even if the study must be truncated to three periods. However, the two-period design is often taught in non-statistical textbooks, partly because of its simplicity.
313:, because it is possible that the order in which treatments are administered may affect the outcome. An example might be a drug with many adverse effects given first, making patients taking a second, less harmful medicine, more sensitive to any adverse effect.
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Optimal crossover designs are discussed in the graduate textbook by Jones and
Kenward and in the review article by Stufken. Crossover designs are discussed along with more general repeated-measurements designs in the graduate textbook by Vonesh and Chinchilli.
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Nearly all crossover are designed to have "balance", whereby all subjects receive the same number of treatments and participate for the same number of periods. In most crossover trials each subject receives all treatments, in a random order.
328:. In practice, "carry-over" effects can be avoided with a sufficiently long "wash-out" period between treatments. However, planning for sufficiently long wash-out periods requires expert knowledge of the
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Jones, B., & Kenward, M. G. (2003). Design and analysis of cross-over trials (2nd ed.). Boca Raton, Fla.: Chapman & Hall/CRC.
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158:, the same measures are collected multiple times for each subject. A crossover trial has a repeated measures design in which each
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before the trial can begin. Most clinical trials are analyzed using repeated-measurements ANOVA (
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146:, controlled crossover experiments are especially important in health care. In a randomized
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27:"Crossover experiment" redirects here. For the chemical reaction/mechanism analysis, see
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to different arms of the study which receive different treatments. When the trial has a
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233:" problems. An important method analyzes the data according to the principle of the
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is assigned to a sequence of two or more treatments, of which one may be a
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Vonesh, Edward F.; Chinchilli, Vernon G. (1997). "Crossover
Experiments".
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530:. Handbook of Statistics. Vol. 13. North-Holland. pp. 63â90.
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These studies are often done to improve the symptoms of patients with
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Linear and
Nonlinear Models for the Analysis of Repeated Measurements
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Stufken, J. (1996). "Optimal
Crossover Designs". In Ghosh, S.;
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Second is the issue of "carry-over" between treatments, which
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is reduced because each crossover patient serves as their own
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D. A. Ratkowsky, M. A. Evans, and J. R. Alldredge (1992).
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crossover designs, such imbalances are implausible (unless
495:
Cross-Over
Experiments: Design, Analysis, and Application.
439:
460:
Crossover
Designs: Testing, Estimation, and Sample Size
225:". There are statistical methods for dealing with such
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Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH)
194:, which must have been approved by the appropriate
2411:
245:A crossover study has two advantages over both a
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544:
467:Statistical Questions in Evidence Based Medicine
294:
217:In most longitudinal studies of human subjects,
2497:Multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS)
430:D. E. Johnson (2010). Crossover experiments.
120:(or exposures). While crossover studies can be
549:. London: Chapman and Hall. pp. 111â202.
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481:Repeated Measurements and Cross-Over Designs.
444:(Third ed.). London: Chapman and Hall.
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306:Crossover studies often have two problems:
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440:Jones, Byron; Kenward, Michael G. (2014).
332:of the treatment, which is often unknown.
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593:
84:Learn how and when to remove this message
442:Design and Analysis of Cross-Over Trials
47:This article includes a list of general
509:Cross-Over Trials in Clinical Research,
469:. New York: Oxford University Press.
221:may withdraw from the trial or become "
124:, many important crossover studies are
14:
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3023:KaplanâMeier estimator (product limit)
479:D. Raghavarao and L. Padgett (2014).
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268:on some covariates. In a controlled,
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3033:Accelerated failure time (AFT) model
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2628:Analysis of variance (ANOVA, anova)
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935:Generalized randomized block design
24:
2723:CochranâMantelâHaenszel statistics
1349:Pearson product-moment correlation
528:Design and Analysis of Experiments
276:systematically during the study).
53:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
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986:Sequential probability ratio test
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911:Polynomial and rational modeling
116:receive a sequence of different
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29:crossover experiment (chemistry)
2982:Least-squares spectral analysis
347:Glossary of experimental design
186:The data is analyzed using the
1963:Mean-unbiased minimum-variance
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678:Replication versus subsampling
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388:
385:Vonesh & Chinchilli (1997)
379:
13:
1:
3276:Geographic information system
2492:Simultaneous equations models
410:
295:Limitations and disadvantages
240:
2459:Coefficient of determination
2070:Uniformly most powerful test
905:Response surface methodology
813:Analysis of variance (Anova)
416:M. Bose and A. Dey (2009).
7:
3028:Proportional hazards models
2972:Spectral density estimation
2954:Vector autoregression (VAR)
2388:Maximum posterior estimator
1620:Randomized controlled trial
975:Randomized controlled trial
352:Randomized controlled trial
335:
196:institutional review boards
181:
10:
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2788:Multivariate distributions
1208:Average absolute deviation
394:Jones & Kenward (2003)
253:. First, the influence of
190:that was specified in the
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418:Optimal Crossover Designs
274:covariates were to change
3271:Environmental statistics
2793:Elliptical distributions
2586:Generalized linear model
2515:Simple linear regression
2285:HodgesâLehmann estimator
1742:Probability distribution
1651:Stochastic approximation
1213:Coefficient of variation
961:Repeated measures design
673:Restricted randomization
372:
156:repeated measures design
2931:Cross-correlation (XCF)
2539:Non-standard predictors
1973:LehmannâScheffĂ© theorem
1646:Adaptive clinical trial
511:Second edition. Wiley.
465:Najafi Mehdi, (2004).
285:statistically efficient
192:clinical trial protocol
68:more precise citations.
3327:Mathematics portal
3148:Engineering statistics
3056:NelsonâAalen estimator
2633:Analysis of covariance
2520:Ordinary least squares
2444:Pearson product-moment
1848:Statistical functional
1759:Empirical distribution
1592:Controlled experiments
1321:Frequency distribution
1099:Descriptive statistics
1016:Mathematics portal
778:Ordinary least squares
420:. World Scientific.
309:First is the issue of
283:crossover designs are
138:pharmaceutical science
130:scientific disciplines
126:controlled experiments
3383:Design of experiments
3243:Population statistics
3185:System identification
2919:Autocorrelation (ACF)
2847:Exponential smoothing
2761:Discriminant analysis
2756:Canonical correlation
2620:Partition of variance
2482:Regression validation
2326:(JonckheereâTerpstra)
2225:Likelihood-ratio test
1914:Frequentist inference
1826:Locationâscale family
1747:Sampling distribution
1712:Statistical inference
1679:Cross-sectional study
1666:Observational studies
1625:Randomized experiment
1454:Stem-and-leaf display
1256:Central limit theorem
613:Scientific experiment
595:Design of experiments
367:Single-subject design
342:Design of experiments
122:observational studies
3166:Probabilistic design
2751:Principal components
2594:Exponential families
2546:Nonlinear regression
2525:General linear model
2487:Mixed effects models
2477:Errors and residuals
2454:Confounding variable
2356:Bayesian probability
2334:Van der Waerden test
2324:Ordered alternative
2089:Multiple comparisons
1968:RaoâBlackwellization
1931:Estimating equations
1887:Statistical distance
1605:Factorial experiment
1138:Arithmetic-Geometric
887:Fractional factorial
458:K.-J. Lui, (2016).
249:and a non-crossover
204:analysis of variance
3238:Official statistics
3161:Methods engineering
2842:Seasonal adjustment
2610:Poisson regressions
2530:Bayesian regression
2469:Regression analysis
2449:Partial correlation
2421:Regression analysis
2020:Prediction interval
2015:Likelihood interval
2005:Confidence interval
1997:Interval estimation
1958:Unbiased estimators
1776:Model specification
1656:Up-and-down designs
1344:Partial correlation
1300:Index of dispersion
1218:Interquartile range
1021:Statistical outline
981:Sequential analysis
946:Graeco-Latin square
855:Multiple comparison
802:Hierarchical model:
200:regulatory agencies
150:, the subjects are
3258:Spatial statistics
3138:Medical statistics
3038:First hitting time
2992:Whittle likelihood
2643:Degrees of freedom
2638:Multivariate ANOVA
2571:Heteroscedasticity
2383:Bayesian estimator
2348:Bayesian inference
2197:KolmogorovâSmirnov
2082:Randomization test
2052:Testing hypotheses
2025:Tolerance interval
1936:Maximum likelihood
1831:Exponential family
1764:Density estimation
1724:Statistical theory
1684:Natural experiment
1630:Scientific control
1547:Survey methodology
1233:Standard deviation
1026:Statistical topics
618:Statistical design
507:Senn, S. (2002).
301:chronic conditions
251:longitudinal study
235:intention to treat
188:statistical method
164:standard treatment
110:longitudinal study
3373:Clinical research
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3203:Actuarial science
3195:Social statistics
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2703:Contingency table
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1941:Method of moments
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1771:Statistical model
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1537:Statistical power
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1153:Generalized/power
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921:Central composite
819:Cochran's theorem
773:Linear regression
750:Nuisance variable
663:Random assignment
640:Experimental unit
537:978-0-444-82061-7
517:978-0-471-49653-3
489:978-1-118-70925-2
357:Survival analysis
326:treatment effects
223:lost to follow-up
152:randomly assigned
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18:Crossover studies
16:(Redirected from
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3213:Crime statistics
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2977:Fourier analysis
2964:Frequency domain
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2857:Structural break
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2766:Cluster analysis
2713:Log-linear model
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2576:Homoscedasticity
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2107:Likelihood-ratio
2099:Parametric tests
2077:Permutation test
2060:1- & 2-tails
1951:Minimum distance
1923:Point estimation
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1870:Optimal decision
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140:, and medicine.
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55:inline citations
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3378:Clinical trials
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3175:quality control
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1980:Median unbiased
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432:WIREs Comp Stat
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311:"order" effects
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102:crossover study
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2839:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2821:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2773:
2771:Classification
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2737:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2718:McNemar's test
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2694:
2692:
2682:
2681:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2624:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2596:
2590:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2556:Semiparametric
2553:
2548:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2511:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2473:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2440:
2438:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2412:
2404:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2352:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2330:
2329:
2321:
2313:
2297:
2294:(MannâWhitney)
2289:
2288:
2287:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2261:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2227:
2222:
2219:(ShapiroâWilk)
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2186:
2180:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2160:
2151:
2139:
2133:
2131:Specific tests
2127:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2103:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2062:
2056:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2001:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1927:
1925:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1884:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1728:
1726:
1716:
1715:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1670:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1596:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1582:Standard error
1579:
1574:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1551:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1512:Optimal design
1509:
1504:
1498:
1496:
1486:
1485:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1385:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1351:
1346:
1340:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1312:
1310:
1309:Summary tables
1306:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1296:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1258:
1252:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1204:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1143:Contraharmonic
1140:
1135:
1124:
1122:
1113:
1103:
1102:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1064:
1063:
1056:
1049:
1041:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1006:
1001:
995:
992:
991:
989:
988:
983:
978:
970:
969:
964:
953:
948:
943:
938:
932:
924:
923:
918:
913:
908:
900:
899:
894:
889:
884:
876:
874:
861:
860:
858:
857:
852:
846:
845:
833:
821:
816:
808:
807:
799:
794:
786:
785:
780:
775:
769:
767:
756:
755:
753:
752:
747:
742:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
702:
700:
689:
688:
686:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
653:Optimal design
648:
647:
642:
637:
625:
620:
615:
609:
607:
599:
598:
591:
590:
583:
576:
568:
562:
561:
556:978-0824782481
555:
542:
536:
519:
505:
503:978-0824788926
491:
477:
463:
456:
451:978-0412606403
450:
437:
428:
426:978-9812818423
412:
409:
406:
405:
396:
387:
377:
376:
374:
371:
370:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
337:
334:
296:
293:
247:parallel study
242:
239:
212:random effects
183:
180:
148:clinical trial
132:, for example
92:
91:
46:
44:
37:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3395:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3353:
3352:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3305:
3304:
3301:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3281:Geostatistics
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3249:
3248:Psychometrics
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3111:Biostatistics
3108:
3104:
3100:
3095:
3091:
3073:
3072:Log-rank test
3070:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2943:(BoxâJenkins)
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2896:DurbinâWatson
2894:
2892:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2878:DickeyâFuller
2876:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2852:Cointegration
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2827:Decomposition
2825:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2698:Cohen's kappa
2696:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2551:Nonparametric
2549:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2335:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2320:
2314:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2300:Nonparametric
2298:
2296:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2275:
2271:
2270:Sample median
2268:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2152:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1875:loss function
1873:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1577:Questionnaire
1575:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1404:Control chart
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
996:
993:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
976:
972:
971:
968:
965:
963:
962:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
936:
933:
931:
930:
926:
925:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
906:
902:
901:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
882:
878:
877:
875:
873:
866:
862:
856:
853:
851:
850:Compare means
848:
847:
844:
842:
838:
834:
832:
830:
826:
822:
820:
817:
815:
814:
810:
809:
806:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
792:
791:Random effect
788:
787:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
770:
768:
766:
761:
757:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
740:
736:
734:
733:Orthogonality
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
708:
704:
703:
701:
699:
694:
690:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
668:Randomization
666:
664:
661:
659:
655:
654:
650:
649:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
610:
608:
606:
600:
596:
589:
584:
582:
577:
575:
570:
569:
566:
558:
552:
548:
543:
539:
533:
529:
525:
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
490:
486:
482:
478:
476:
475:0-19-262992-1
472:
468:
464:
461:
457:
453:
447:
443:
438:
436:
433:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
414:
400:
391:
382:
378:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
339:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
314:
312:
307:
304:
302:
292:
288:
286:
282:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
256:
252:
248:
238:
236:
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3223:Econometrics
3173: /
3156:Chemometrics
3133:Epidemiology
3126: /
3099:Applications
2941:ARIMA model
2888:Q-statistic
2837:Stationarity
2733:Multivariate
2676: /
2672: /
2670:Multivariate
2668: /
2608: /
2604: /
2378:Bayes factor
2277:Signed rank
2189:
2163:
2155:
2143:
1838:Completeness
1674:Cohort study
1572:Opinion poll
1507:Missing data
1494:Study design
1449:Scatter plot
1371:Scatter plot
1364:Spearman's Ï
1326:Grouped data
973:
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941:Latin square
927:
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362:N of 1 trial
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216:
208:mixed models
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105:
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52:
3351:WikiProject
3266:Cartography
3228:Jurimetrics
3180:Reliability
2911:Time domain
2890:(LjungâBox)
2812:Time-series
2690:Categorical
2674:Time-series
2666:Categorical
2601:(Bernoulli)
2436:Correlation
2416:Correlation
2212:JarqueâBera
2184:Chi-squared
1946:M-estimator
1899:Asymptotics
1843:Sufficiency
1610:Interaction
1522:Replication
1502:Effect size
1459:Violin plot
1439:Radar chart
1419:Forest plot
1409:Correlogram
1359:Kendall's Ï
916:BoxâBehnken
797:Mixed model
728:Confounding
723:Interaction
713:Effect size
683:Sample size
255:confounding
66:introducing
3367:Categories
3218:Demography
2936:ARMA model
2741:Regression
2318:(Friedman)
2279:(Wilcoxon)
2217:Normality
2207:Lilliefors
2154:Student's
2030:Resampling
1904:Robustness
1892:divergence
1882:Efficiency
1820:(monotone)
1815:Likelihood
1732:Population
1565:Stratified
1517:Population
1336:Dependence
1292:Count data
1223:Percentile
1200:Dispersion
1133:Arithmetic
1068:Statistics
872:randomized
870:Completely
841:covariance
603:Scientific
524:Rao, C. R.
411:References
270:randomized
266:unbalanced
258:covariates
241:Advantages
144:Randomized
134:psychology
118:treatments
74:April 2013
49:references
2599:Logistic
2366:posterior
2292:Rank sum
2040:Jackknife
2035:Bootstrap
1853:Bootstrap
1788:Parameter
1737:Statistic
1532:Statistic
1444:Run chart
1429:Pie chart
1424:Histogram
1414:Fan chart
1389:Bar chart
1271:L-moments
1158:Geometric
881:Factorial
765:inference
745:Covariate
707:Treatment
693:Treatment
322:estimates
318:confounds
231:censoring
112:in which
3313:Category
3006:Survival
2883:Johansen
2606:Binomial
2561:Isotonic
2148:(normal)
1793:location
1600:Blocking
1555:Sampling
1434:QâQ plot
1399:Box plot
1381:Graphics
1276:Skewness
1266:Kurtosis
1238:Variance
1168:Heronian
1163:Harmonic
1004:Category
999:Glossary
805:Bayesian
783:Bayesian
739:Blocking
718:Contrast
698:blocking
658:Bayesian
645:Blinding
635:validity
632:external
628:Internal
526:(eds.).
483:Wiley.
462:. Wiley.
336:See also
330:dynamics
279:Second,
219:patients
182:Analysis
114:subjects
98:medicine
3339:Commons
3286:Kriging
3171:Process
3128:studies
2987:Wavelet
2820:General
1987:Plug-in
1781:L space
1560:Cluster
1261:Moments
1079:Outline
897:Taguchi
865:Designs
623:Control
324:of the
281:optimal
262:control
168:placebo
160:patient
62:improve
3208:Census
2798:Normal
2746:Manova
2566:Robust
2316:2-way
2308:1-way
2146:-test
1817:
1394:Biplot
1185:Median
1178:Lehmer
1120:Center
937:(GRBD)
837:Ancova
825:Manova
760:Models
605:method
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51:, but
2832:Trend
2361:prior
2303:anova
2192:-test
2166:-test
2158:-test
2065:Power
2010:Pivot
1803:shape
1798:scale
1248:Shape
1228:Range
1173:Heinz
1148:Cubic
1084:Index
929:Block
373:Notes
229:and "
206:) or
166:or a
108:is a
3065:Test
2265:Sign
2117:Wald
1190:Mode
1128:Mean
763:and
696:and
630:and
551:ISBN
532:ISBN
513:ISBN
499:ISBN
485:ISBN
471:ISBN
446:ISBN
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320:the
198:and
100:, a
2245:BIC
2240:AIC
104:or
96:In
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