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Confederate prisoners, destined for the hospitals and prisons in the north, were transported once again to the base at Belle Plains. A large prison holding area along the south side of
Potomac Creek became known as the "Punch Bowl". Thousands of southern soldiers were held there while they awaited transportation north. Across the creek, on the Crow's Nest peninsula, wartime maps show that the captors set up artillery positions to cover the prisoners. As the war shifted south, once again Stafford County was left to its inhabitants. They felt the intrusion of the Union army only once more, when in June 1865 the victorious forces of the United States marched through the county on their way home to Washington, D.C.
1055:. Hospitals grew up around these landings, as battle casualties and sickness took its toll on the Union army. Throughout southern Stafford County, winter camps sprang up, and the occupation of the area changed its appearance. Wood lots fell to the soldiers' axes, and small huts covered once-farmed fields. Almost certainly, the area known as Crow's Nest felt the intrusion of war, given its close proximity to Belle Plains and the shipping lanes. It is likely that camps and hospitals were established there, although documentation of these sites remains scant. In June 1863, the military activities shifted elsewhere, and once again the Union army abandoned Stafford County. Their return did not come until May 1864.
1094:, the wagon overturned and all their belongings were lost. Back at Crow's Nest, the Union soldiers ransacked the house, carrying off whatever they wished. Because it offered such a fine vantage point of the creek, the soldiers set fire to the house, thus preventing its use by Confederates. When the family finally returned to Crow's Nest, all that remained was a small table out in the yard. Some soldier had carried it out of the house, perhaps decided it was too large to take with him, and dropped it in the yard. It was the family's only household possession that survived the war. By the 1920s another house had been built on the tract, this one standing in the approximate center of the peninsula."
388:, approximately 230 million years ago, through the rise and fall of the sea. Crow's Nest is approximately 5 miles (8.0 km) in length from east to west, 1.5 miles (2.4 km) across and rises 160 feet (49 m) above the surrounding Accokeek and Potomac creeks. The peninsula is highly dissected on its north and south sides by steep ravines flowing into these two fresh-water tidal creeks. In contrast, most landscapes in the coastal plain of Virginia are relatively flat and/or gently rolling. Crow's Nest's dramatic rise to 160 feet (49 m) above Potomac and Accokeek creeks is startling compared to the adjacent peninsulas in Stafford County, such as
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899:. Additionally, it may not have been popular in the 18th and 19th centuries to claim Indian ancestry due to the racial attitudes that existed then. This may be one of the reasons that state recognition of the Patawomecks as an Indian tribe is difficult to achieve. Nevertheless, in the 1990s, the descendant community of the native peoples of Potomac Creek reorganized as the "Patawomeck Tribe" and conduct regular tribal events and powwows in Stafford County. The Patawomeck received official recognition from the Commonwealth of Virginia in February 2010.
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1023:, and the Confederates abandoned the Potomac River defenses. As fate would have it, Crow's Nest would be in the wake of the northern Armies of the Potomac that would occupy south Stafford. Since 1854, the terminus of the Richmond, Fredericksburg, and Potomac Railroad (RF&P) had been located at Aquia Landing, where travelers transferred to steamships to complete their journey to Washington, D.C. Subsequently, Federal armies arrived en masse in southern Stafford County in 1862. Aquia Landing and
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576:, a sequence of Lower Tertiary (Paleocene-Eocene, 55.8 million years ago) sands and clays that formed in shallow marine environments beneath the western margin of the Atlantic Ocean. The Aquia Formation is composed of marine sediments that are dark green to gray-green, argillaceous, highly glauconitic, well sorted, fine-to medium-grained sand with shell beds up to 100 feet (30 m) in depth.
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Many of the calcareous ravine forests on the east coast of the United States have been logged, and the
Virginia Department of Conservation listed this ecosystem as a conservation priority. The Crow's Nest site is one of Virginia's best remaining examples of this rare habitat and associated vegetation
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Several environmental factors exert important influences on vegetation on the Crow's Nest
Peninsula. First, the steep terrain made most of the site unsuitable for agriculture, so it was never fragmented or plowed. It is one of the largest unfragmented patches of hardwood forests in Virginia's coastal
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Virtually the entire 3,000 acres (12 km) Crow's Nest
Peninsula is forested with mature stands of mixed hardwoods. In the words of Gary Fleming, Natural Heritage Program ecologist, "Overall, Crow's Nest supports one of the finest—if not the finest—upland hardwood forests remaining in the Virginia
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During the Eocene, the
Atlantic Ocean was considerably narrower than it is today, making migration relatively easy for marine animals. The climate of Virginia during this period was considerably warmer than it is today. According to extensive records, the Earth experienced its warmest interval of the
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at the time, was related to the Daniel family, Stafford County was
Confederate territory, and the inhabitants of Crow's Nest were considered southern sympathizers. According to Raleigh Travers Daniel, whose father was born at Crow's Nest, "the northern armies forced the evacuation of the family home
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The spring of 1864 saw a renewed Union offense in
Virginia. In the central part of the state, the Army of the Potomac drove into the heart of Spotsylvania County. The battles of the Wilderness and Spotsylvania Court House produced horrific casualties, as well as prisoners. Wounded Union soldiers and
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While the war played out around
Richmond, Federals in Stafford County acted as a barrier or shield for Washington, D.C. The Potomac River became the lifeline for the Federals in Stafford. Supplies steamed down the river and to Aquia Creek Landing. The Federal occupation lasted through the spring and
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on carbonized wood at this site have established that the town was occupied between 1300 AD and 1550 AD. The latter dates suggest that this particular town was not inhabited by the post-contact period in the 17th century, and that a neighboring village site (44ST1) at Indian Point had replaced it by
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After assisting and conducting field surveys for rare plant species and plant communities, the
Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of Natural Heritage determined in 1999 that "Crow's Nest is considered one of the finest, if not the finest example of mature forests remaining
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Stafford County was devastated by the
Federal occupation. The great conflict left south Stafford County barren and almost completely devoid of trees, food, forage and homes. Many homes were burned, and the population of Stafford County was greatly reduced. The northern troops destroyed hundreds of
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Crow's Nest Peninsula is steeped in important local, state and national history. Important events happened here, and important people lived extraordinary lives at Crow's Nest. Evidence of significant Native American, colonial, Civil War and modern history are found at Crow's Nest and the adjoining
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and beginning the expansion of the modern Atlantic Ocean. It has widened steadily to its present size. This rifting event separated North America from Africa, and the area known today as Virginia became the trailing edge of the newly formed North American continent. The Jurassic Period is found in
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Today, shell-marl/calcareous ravine forests such as those at Crow's Nest are not common anywhere in the mid-Atlantic region. These plant communities are rare to this coastal plain ecosystem. There are two nutrient-rich plant communities associated with lime sands and localized shell concretions at
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ordered the crew to raise all sails and attain maximum speed. Rather than lose his ship to the Union cause, the captain ran her aground on the sand bar off Marlborough Point, crushing the hull. The crew then waded ashore and disappeared into the safety of the Stafford forest. The ribs of the ship
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is named. There are several different spellings for the native people who inhabited this area. ("Patawomeck" will be used in this article.) The original pronunciation may never be known. This area of Potomac Creek and the Potomac River is a boundary between three major Late Woodland Period Indian
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coastal plain due to prevalent forestry practices and fragmentation of natural areas for development and agriculture. The size and continuity of this hardwood stand enhance its viability and its value in providing a large, unfragmented natural area for diverse organisms. Within a relatively short
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campaigns, from November 1862 through June 1863, southern Stafford County was occupied by more than 100,000 troops of the Army of the Potomac. Once again the Potomac River was alive with ships and transports, bringing supplies, food and equipment. More landings opened to handle the steamers and
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In addition to the high-quality forests found at Crow's Nest, there are approximately 700 acres (2.8 km) of freshwater tidal marshes surrounding the peninsula that account for 60% of all marshes in Stafford County. The marshes are in nearly pristine condition and represent some of the best
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sand, shelly clay-silt, and some sandy limestone and calcium-rich sands. These contribute to the development of relatively basic, nutrient-rich soils. Basic or calcareous soil environments are uncommon to rare on the Virginia coastal plain and can support vegetation unusual for the region.
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may not have lived in permanent villages adjacent to the surrounding water, though they definitely hunted and camped there. In October 2005, Cultural Resources Inc. (CRI) conducted a Phase I archaeological resource inventory of Crow's Nest and found archaeological evidence of several
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Coastal Plain." Surveys documented two state-listed species and the potential habitat for two other federal listed species and several state-listed species. Several Stafford County records for plants and two state-listed endangered plant species were found, including
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Because of its location on the Potomac River and its proximity to Fredericksburg, Aquia Landing was destined to play an important role in the Civil War. It was the site of one of the war's earliest military engagements and became a major supply base for the Union's
739:, the factors which contribute to the unique character of this region and its important neotropical migrant populations include its size, large-patch community dynamics, its diversity of habitats, and the known or potential occurrence of rare ecosystems and biota.
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in the Coastal Plain of Virginia." These forest communities on the peninsula consist of several distinct community types. The peninsula supports several regionally and globally rare plants and plant communities, two of which are ranked Globally Imperiled (G2) by
1027:, directly across from Crow's Nest, immediately became critical junctions for moving men and material southward. Potomac Creek became a major off-loading and depot for tens of thousands of men engaged in fighting the major campaigns in the Fredericksburg area.
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from the Union in April 1861, Stafford County quickly became part of the frontier between the warring sections of the country. The nearness of the Potomac River caused immense concern among Confederate authorities, as the idea of large flotillas of Union
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After the death of John Moncure Daniel III in 1865, the remarkable history of Crow's Nest seems to have come to an abrupt end as the Daniel family was forcefully evicted from the property in the 1860s and the inhabitants of the peninsula were gone.
892:, believed that a small group of families, whose names are mostly Newton and Green, represent what may be the residue of the Indians who are recorded to have inhabited Potomac Creek. Speck estimates their number back in the 1920s to be about 150.
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plant communities at Crow's Nest are found that are not common in the Piedmont and coastal plain of Virginia, as these areas generally have lower pH soils. These rare or "disjunct" plants and plant communities include small-flower baby-blue-eyes
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By the 1670s English homesteads dotted the Potomac River shores far past Potomac Creek. There was a gradual abandonment of the Patawomeck homelands, with the people primarily going to live among other Algonquian-speakers, including the
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types. These communities are rare in the coastal plain ecosystem. The principal rich forest associated with ravines down-cutting into lime sands and localized shell concretions is currently classified as the Northern Coastal Plain/
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domestic occupations associated with hamlets or villages. In one area of Crow's Nest, a large number of unfinished stone points were found, indicating that Indians had once used the property as a stone-tool-making workshop.
477:(Mg) create conditions in the soil that raise the pH of the soil and increase nutrient availability for plants. This results in the establishment of more robust and diverse vegetation at Crow's Nest. Additionally,
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moved into Stafford County and erected batteries along the Potomac shore. The idea was to create a blockade of the river that would neither allow warships to descend the river, nor allow supply ships up to
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plain. The steepness also limited logging to a substantial degree. Secondly, the mix of freshwater tidal wetlands, ravine bottoms, steep slopes of various aspect, and high ridge crests has led to a high
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According to Jerrilynn Eby: "As the marauding Union soldiers streamed onto the tract in 1862, the family loaded a wagon with what they could carry and fled towards Fredericksburg. While crossing the
423:) sands and clays that formed in shallow marine environments beneath the western margin of the Atlantic Ocean. The Aquia Formation is composed of marine sediments that are dark green to gray-green,
384:. This is especially true in the eastern half of the peninsula and the northern slopes facing Accokeek Creek. The coastal plain landscape in this region of Virginia was formed beginning in the late
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and her crew in Potomac Creek. Had they captured the ship, the Crow would have been confiscated for use by the invading forces. Realizing that the situation was hopeless, the captain of the
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except for the burning of the Daniel homes and their eviction from Crow's Nest. Due to its close proximity to well-documented military sites and activities, Crow's Nest undoubtedly harbored
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homes, and those that remained were severely damaged. The countryside was denuded of vegetation, and agricultural fields were trampled and reduced to over-ground patches of wild shrubbery.
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Indian community was found next to Indian Point, nationally catalogued as 44ST2. Today, small pieces of cord-impressed Potomac Creek Ware pottery continue to be found along the shoreline.
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listed the state's few remaining calcareous ravine forests to be conservation priorities. The Crow's Nest site is perhaps Virginia's best remaining example of this rare forest community.
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against the English in March 1622. By the summer of 1622 documentation exists that a Captain Madyson tragically turned on the Patawomeck tribe, killing 30–40 and burning a village.
542:(55.8 million years ago) the Coastal Plain of Virginia was completely underwater. Sediment accumulating beneath this sea eventually would become the Crow's Nest of today. The
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forced the evacuation of Stafford in September 1862. Prior to their withdrawal, Union forces destroyed the railroad tracks and burned down the depot buildings at Aquia Landing.
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sailed into Potomac Creek and gained nearly 400 bushels of corn, peas and beans and many furs in 1610. It is believed that trade with the Patawomecks increased the chances of
349:. Funding for the original two tracts came from a number of sources including DCR, Stafford County, Virginia Department of environmental Quality and a number other sources.
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Crow's Nest is surrounded on three sides by a freshwater-tidal estuary, and a multitude of resident and spawning fish thrive in these waters. Local fishermen captured the
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Crow's Nest has been referred to as a "biological gem". There have been few formal surveys for rare plant and animal species, however, mostly conducted by the
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and coastal plain of Virginia are not calcareous or limey and thus tend to be acidic. This calcareous soil strata within Potomac Creek is referred to as the
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Directly across the mouth of Accokeek Creek from Crow's Nest Point there are the archaeological remains of a Patawomeck Indian town at Indian Point on the
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past 66 million years during the early Eocene, and Virginia was probably much warmer than central and southern Florida today. The remains of large
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439:(G2, globally imperiled). Another rare community found at Crow's Nest that is typically associated with the shell-marl/calcareous environments is the
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The Daniel family of Crows Nest did not fare well during the Civil War period. As previously stated, going back to March 1857, Supreme Court Justice
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in 1613. Relatively peaceful relations between the English and Patawomecks continued from 1608 to 1619. Captain Samuel Argall with his ship
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in Stafford, a brigade of Union troops held ground at Crow's Nest. Stafford County is situated halfway between the capitals of the
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443:(G2, globally imperiled). These are found on two very steep slopes facing Potomac Creek and represent this plant community.
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More study is required for a better understanding of the environment and ecology at Crow's Nest. In the larger context of
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Era, or the age of the mammals. The Cenozoic Era spanned a length of time from 66 million years ago to the present.
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The archaeological record reveals that native peoples have been in this area of the coastal plain of Virginia since the
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The entire Crow's Nest Peninsula is undeveloped and is primarily forested with mature stands of hardwood trees such as
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Gary Fleming, Virginia Department of Conservation & Recreation, Division of Natural Heritage Report, October 1999.
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have been found on the shores of Crow's Nest. These include Paleocene-epoch shark teeth, as well as ancient parts of
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with inestimable scientific, biological, and aesthetic values. Currently, trees greater than two feet (60 cm)
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surviving the first ten years. The Patawomecks did not fight against the English in the first Indian war led by
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One of the most endangered archaeological sites in Virginia, the remains of a large 13th-century and 13-ringed
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The peninsula is forested with huge trees, some over 4 feet (1.2 m) in diameter, including chinkapin oak (
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in three separate campaigns. On May 31, 1861, there was the first engagement of the Civil War between the
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Virginia Department of Conservation & Recreation, Division of Natural Heritage Report, October 1999
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was used for blockade running, much to the dismay of the Union. Northern gunboats finally cornered the
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is iconic to the region and has a wide distribution, found hundreds of miles from its place of origin.
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The records of the people who were descendants to the Patawomecks were largely destroyed during the
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Final Environmental Assessment for Proposed Accokeek Creek National Wildlife Refuge, December 2000
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can be found in these waters and are especially plentiful at nearby Bull Bluff on Potomac Creek.
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Virtually the entire Crow's Nest Peninsula is forested with an impressive, mature stand of mixed
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970:, interprets the following events surrounding Crow's Nest in south Stafford: "With Virginia's
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have since been heavily logged. In assessing natural communities in need of protection, the
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1000:. The Potomac batteries harassed Yankee shipping throughout the winter of 1861 and 1862."
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U.S. troops returned to Stafford County in November 1862. During the Fredericksburg and
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in 1651. The last chief of the Patawomecks, Wahanganoche, was alleged to be murdered in
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barges. Aquia Creek Landing was rebuilt and again became very busy, as were wharves at
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has an elongated, highly coiled corkscrew shape. The internal molds and casts of these
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Landing. Artillery positions were established at the mouth of Aquia Creek and even on
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and Washington, D.C. The defenses also helped to protect the northern terminus of the
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Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation: Crow's Nest Natural Area Preserve
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356:. Hardwood forests of this extent are becoming increasingly rare in the Virginia and
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608:) in adjacent tidal marshes. Suitable habitat was found for small whorled pogonia (
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descending the Potomac resulted in panic among Virginia residents. In May 1861,
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time (50–100 years), this forest will also comprise a substantial occurrence of
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during the Civil War and thus became a large depot for important campaigns in
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Much of the shell-marl/calcareous ravine forests that do still exist on the
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were fought within a 20-mile (32 km) radius all south of Crow's Nest.
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encountered the Patawomecks in 1608. Indian Point is believed to be where
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http://www.indiancountrytoday.com/national/southeast/86633287.html?m=y
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Not much is known about Crow's Nest's direct involvement during the
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of 1857. He served on the Court until his death in 1860. Although
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and is found on two dry, very steep slopes facing Potomac Creek.
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was a part of an overwhelming majority of the Court who decided
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Chapters on the Ethnology of the Powhatan Tribes of Virgini
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and turtles have been found at this latitude in Virginia.
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National Register of Historic Places listings in Virginia
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remained near the shoreline well into the 20th century."
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name may mean "trading place". It is certainly true that
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lands within the estuary of Potomac and Accokeek creeks.
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781:" was a community of the Patawomeck tribe for which the
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underlying most of the peninsula, the unusual soils are
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Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania National Military Park
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The calcareous soil strata within Potomac Creek, the
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In the spring of 1862, the war shifted south toward
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A view of Crow's Nest from across the Potomac River
2860:Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation
586:Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation
452:Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation
373:tree specimens are scattered throughout the site.
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990:Richmond, Fredericksburg & Potomac Railroad
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469:within the range 6.3 to 6.8. Elements such as
435:Crow's Nest. One can be broadly classified as
399:A large portion of Crow's Nest is composed of
1275:
1177:Virginia Land Conservation Assistance Network
2901:Protected areas of Stafford County, Virginia
1203:
1201:
798:-speaking people on Potomac Creek. The name
1282:
1268:
629:). Other trees include bitternut hickory (
2875:Virginia Department of Wildlife Resources
2870:Virginia Department of Historic Resources
1198:
457:Due to the unusual subsurface calcareous
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
16:Protected area in Virginia, United States
1244:, King George, Virginia: Black Cat Press
509:
1128:List of Virginia Natural Area Preserves
325:area located on the southern border of
2888:
1097:Additionally, Eby states, "During the
919:of Stafford County and curator of the
1742:Mount Rogers National Recreation Area
1263:
830:'s daughter, was captured by Captain
602:) in rich ravines and river bulrush (
347:Virginia Natural Area Preserve System
1775:Wolf Trap NP for the Performing Arts
1402:Battlefields & Battlefield Parks
726:Piedmont Basic Mesic Hardwood Forest
614:), although it does not grow there.
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
1760:Assateague Island National Seashore
1410:Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania NMP
1173:"Crow's Nest Natural Area Preserve"
1148:"Crow's Nest Natural Area Preserve"
1031:summer, before developments around
742:
505:
135:Crow's Nest Point looking northeast
58:"Crow's Nest Natural Area Preserve"
13:
1578:George Washington Memorial Parkway
1234:
1082:, one of the most famous Southern
14:
2912:
1601:Captain John Smith Chesapeake NHT
1248:
915:forces at the time. According to
369:(dbh) are common, and very large
319:Crow's Nest Natural Area Preserve
124:Crow's Nest Natural Area Preserve
2657:Goshen and Little North Mountain
415:, a sequence of Lower Tertiary (
203:
196:
178:
171:
153:
146:
129:
23:
2896:Virginia Natural Area Preserves
2865:Virginia Department of Forestry
1765:Chesapeake Bay Gateways Network
1724:George Washington and Jefferson
1380:George Washington Birthplace NM
1355:Cedar Creek and Belle Grove NHP
1087:and the house was fired upon."
790:-speaking people to the north,
735:protection in Virginia and the
665:, including sites important in
448:east coast of the United States
34:needs additional citations for
1734:USFS National Recreation Areas
1332:Historic Sites & Monuments
1219:
1210:
1189:
1165:
1140:
966:Eric Mink, historian with the
1:
1133:
657:examples found in the state.
522:started to form in the early
396:, which are relatively flat.
212:Show map of the United States
162:Show map of Northern Virginia
2317:Cape Charles Coastal Habitat
1242:A Field Guild to Crow's Nest
902:
752:Native peoples in the region
7:
2843:National Historic Landmarks
2828:Virginia Landmarks Register
1121:
775:Marlborough Point Peninsula
287:3,115 acres (12.61 km)
10:
2917:
2767:Smith Mountain Cooperative
2557:William B. Trower Bayshore
2074:Staunton River Battlefield
2034:Sailor's Creek Battlefield
1770:Prince William Forest Park
1572:Rocky Knob Recreation Area
1360:Claude Moore Colonial Farm
1340:Appomattox Court House NHP
1330:National Historical Parks,
579:
2855:
2809:
2570:
2260:
2117:
2064:Southwest Virginia Museum
1874:
1865:
1841:
1783:
1750:
1732:
1714:
1701:Rappahannock River Valley
1646:Eastern Shore of Virginia
1624:
1586:
1541:
1433:
1398:
1328:
1310:
1301:
876:Caroline County, Virginia
367:diameter at breast height
329:, United States, between
327:Stafford County, Virginia
306:
291:
283:
246:
236:
221:
140:
128:
123:
2472:Mark's and Jack's Island
1616:Star-Spangled Banner NHT
1606:Overmountain Victory NHT
1400:National Military Parks,
702:, turtles, and numerous
441:Basic Oak-Hickory Forest
2342:Chestnut Creek Wetlands
1557:Blue Ridge Music Center
1350:Booker T. Washington NM
961:Spotsylvania Courthouse
626:Liriodendron tulipifera
1611:Potomac Heritage Trail
1099:War Between the States
686:Acipenser brevirostrum
515:
2527:Piney Grove Flatwoods
2422:Folly Mills Creek Fen
2232:Prince Edward-Gallion
2127:Appomattox-Buckingham
1919:Culpeper Battlefields
1240:Wiggins, Hal (2008),
1080:Moncure Daniel Conway
945:National Park Service
866:area was patented to
647:), and black locust (
513:
2312:Camp Branch Wetlands
1390:Maggie L. Walker NHS
1152:www.dcr.virginia.gov
758:Early Archaic period
650:Robinia pseudoacacia
623:) and tulip poplar (
620:Quercus muhlenbergii
491:Athyrium pycnocarpon
187:Show map of Virginia
43:improve this article
2818:Registered Historic
2647:G. Richard Thompson
2522:Pedlar Hills Glades
2497:North Landing River
2059:Smith Mountain Lake
1435:National Cemeteries
1076:Dred Scott Decision
1068:Peter Vivian Daniel
1006:Army of the Potomac
943:. According to the
937:Spotsylvania County
880:Pocahontas’s People
737:mid-Atlantic region
635:), pignut hickory (
611:Isotria medeoloides
605:Scirpus fluviatilis
599:Panax quinquefolius
588:in the late 1990s.
437:Basic Mesic Forests
394:Widewater Peninsula
264: /
2820:Places in Virginia
2797:White Oak Mountain
2337:Cherry Orchard Bog
2302:Bull Run Mountains
1843:National Estuarine
1671:Great Dismal Swamp
1551:Blue Ridge Parkway
1370:Cumberland Gap NHP
1092:Rappahannock River
981:Confederate forces
909:American Civil War
862:to the south. The
860:Rappahannock River
804:Potomac Creek Ware
682:shortnose sturgeon
520:mid-Atlantic Ridge
516:
488:) and glade fern (
2883:
2882:
2851:
2850:
2805:
2804:
2602:Chester F. Phelps
2547:Savage Neck Dunes
2492:New Point Comfort
2412:Elklick Woodlands
2362:Cleveland Barrens
1949:High Bridge Trail
1944:Grayson Highlands
1894:Breaks Interstate
1861:
1860:
1845:Research Reserves
1596:Appalachian Trail
1543:National Parkways
1385:Harpers Ferry NHP
1053:Marlborough Point
998:Marlborough Point
815:Radiocarbon dates
777:'s western tip. "
641:), black walnut (
632:Carya cordiformis
553:are found in the
485:Nemophila aphylla
390:Marlborough Point
363:old-growth forest
316:
315:
268:38.367°N 77.333°W
237:Nearest city
119:
118:
111:
93:
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2814:
2813:
2752:Robert W. Duncan
2707:Mattaponi Bluffs
2637:Fairystone Farms
2574:Management Areas
2542:Redrock Mountain
2517:Parramore Island
2387:Cumberland Marsh
2307:Bush Mill Stream
2297:Buffalo Mountain
2182:Devil's Backbone
2049:Shenandoah River
1999:Middle Peninsula
1872:
1871:
1798:James River Face
1785:Wilderness Areas
1716:National Forests
1691:Plum Tree Island
1661:Fisherman Island
1628:Wildlife Refuges
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1040:Chancellorsville
957:Chancellorsville
921:White Oak Museum
840:Jamestown Colony
743:Native Americans
506:Geologic history
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32:This April 2023
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2777:T. M. Gathright
2717:Mockhorn Island
2652:Game Farm Marsh
2617:Clinch Mountain
2573:
2566:
2502:Northwest River
2482:Mutton Hunk Fen
2462:Lyndhurst Ponds
2407:Difficult Creek
2377:Crawford's Knob
2372:Cowbane Prairie
2263:
2256:
2167:Conway Robinson
2113:
2104:Wilderness Road
2014:New River Trail
1884:Bear Creek Lake
1857:
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1752:Other NPS Areas
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1588:National Trails
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1345:Arlington House
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1291:Protected areas
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1235:Further reading
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779:Patawomeke Town
754:
745:
582:
570:Aquia Formation
524:Jurassic period
508:
459:soil formations
409:Aquia Formation
386:Triassic period
311:Stafford County
298:
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273:38.367; -77.333
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2487:Naked Mountain
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2477:Mount Joy Pond
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2457:Johnsons Creek
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2452:Hughlett Point
2449:
2447:Hickory Hollow
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2442:Grayson Glades
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2397:Deep Run Ponds
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2347:Chestnut Ridge
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2287:Big Spring Bog
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2192:First Mountain
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2069:Staunton River
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2009:Natural Tunnel
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1823:Rough Mountain
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1813:Ramsey's Draft
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1793:Barbours Creek
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1483:Fredericksburg
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1375:Fort Monroe NM
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949:Fredericksburg
933:Fredericksburg
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844:Opchanacanough
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744:
741:
670:bird migration
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574:Pamunkey Group
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413:Pamunkey Group
358:Chesapeake Bay
335:Accokeek Creek
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2742:Ragged Island
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2737:Princess Anne
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2722:Oakley Forest
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2712:Merrimac Farm
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2552:Unthanks Cave
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2537:Poor Mountain
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1803:Mountain Lake
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1420:Petersburg NB
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1084:abolitionists
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1017:
1015:
1014:Aquia Landing
1011:
1007:
1001:
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992:, located at
991:
987:
982:
978:
973:
969:
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942:
941:Orange County
938:
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870:and later to
869:
868:John Rookwood
865:
861:
857:
856:Portobago Bay
853:
847:
845:
841:
837:
833:
832:Samuel Argall
829:
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821:
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805:
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797:
793:
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783:Potomac River
780:
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767:Late Woodland
763:
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691:A variety of
689:
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644:Juglans nigra
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538:In the early
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339:coastal plain
336:
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331:Potomac Creek
328:
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60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
30:
26:
21:
20:
2612:Chickahominy
2597:Briery Creek
2562:Wreck Island
2381:
2332:The Channels
2282:Bethel Beach
2262:Natural Area
2157:Chesterfield
2094:Westmoreland
1914:Clinch River
1909:Claytor Lake
1833:Three Ridges
1828:Saint Mary's
1686:Occoquan Bay
1666:Glenn Martin
1656:Featherstone
1641:Chincoteague
1503:Poplar Grove
1498:Hampton VAMC
1425:Richmond NBP
1415:Manassas NBP
1365:Colonial NHP
1241:
1221:
1212:
1191:
1180:. Retrieved
1176:
1167:
1157:February 18,
1155:. Retrieved
1151:
1142:
1116:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1089:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1049:Hope Landing
1045:Belle Plains
1037:
1029:
1025:Belle Plains
1018:
1002:
965:
906:
894:
889:
888:, author of
884:
879:
864:Potomac Neck
848:
835:
808:
799:
772:
755:
746:
733:biodiversity
730:
722:
713:
707:
690:
685:
679:
663:biodiversity
659:
655:
648:
642:
638:Carya glabra
636:
630:
624:
618:
616:
609:
603:
597:
590:
583:
567:
559:
540:Eocene Epoch
537:
533:Mesozoic Era
517:
496:
489:
483:
456:
445:
433:
425:argillaceous
398:
375:
351:
318:
317:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2762:Short Hills
2692:James River
2507:Ogdens Cave
2467:Magothy Bay
2437:Grassy Hill
2427:Goshen Pass
2382:Crow's Nest
2237:Sandy Point
2217:Niday Place
2054:Sky Meadows
2039:Seven Bends
2019:Occoneechee
1984:Machicomoco
1979:Leesylvania
1964:James River
1929:Fairy Stone
1876:State parks
1676:James River
1518:Seven Pines
1463:Cold Harbor
1453:Balls Bluff
994:Aquia Creek
929:Confederacy
917:D.P. Newton
886:Frank Speck
872:Giles Brent
762:Patawomecks
674:glauconitic
667:neotropical
500:NatureServe
429:glauconitic
321:is a large
292:Established
271: /
247:Coordinates
2890:Categories
2787:Ware Creek
2782:Turkeycock
2697:Land's End
2682:Hog Island
2642:Featherfin
2627:Dick Cross
2587:Big Survey
2417:False Cape
2327:The Cedars
2292:Blackwater
2242:South Quay
2187:Dragon Run
2177:Cumberland
2109:York River
2089:Twin Lakes
2044:Shot Tower
2024:Pocahontas
1994:Mayo River
1989:Mason Neck
1934:False Cape
1889:Belle Isle
1651:Mason Neck
1562:Mabry Mill
1528:Winchester
1458:City Point
1443:Alexandria
1320:Shenandoah
1182:2024-06-02
1134:References
1072:Dred Scott
986:Alexandria
953:Wilderness
824:Pocahontas
820:John Smith
800:Patawomeck
796:Algonquian
718:gastropods
714:Turritella
709:Turritella
563:alligators
401:calcareous
323:wilderness
99:April 2023
69:newspapers
2727:Pettigrew
2702:Mattaponi
2632:Doe Creek
2592:Big Woods
2322:Cave Hill
2277:Bald Knob
2264:Preserves
2172:Crawfords
2152:Charlotte
2132:Big Woods
2099:Widewater
2079:Sweet Run
1974:Lake Anna
1969:Kiptopeke
1904:Chippokes
1818:Rich Hole
1696:Presquile
1681:Nansemond
1448:Arlington
1010:U.S. Navy
972:secession
903:Civil War
897:Civil War
852:Potopacos
836:Discovery
811:palisaded
788:Iroquoian
706:of genus
544:Paleocene
475:magnesium
473:(Ca) and
427:, highly
417:Paleocene
382:hickories
354:hardwoods
2732:Powhatan
2677:Highland
2607:Cavalier
2572:Wildlife
2532:Pinnacle
2222:Old Flat
2207:Matthews
2147:Channels
2137:Bourassa
2029:Powhatan
1636:Back Bay
1626:National
1533:Yorktown
1523:Staunton
1513:Richmond
1508:Quantico
1488:Glendale
1473:Danville
1468:Culpeper
1295:Virginia
1122:See also
1033:Manassas
1021:Richmond
977:gunboats
828:Powhatan
786:groups,
704:mollusks
555:Cenozoic
546:and the
479:disjunct
405:Piedmont
343:Virginia
230:Virginia
222:Location
2838:Bridges
2747:Rapidan
2247:Whitney
2202:Lesesne
1924:Douthat
1899:Caledon
1493:Hampton
1303:Federal
858:on the
696:fossils
594:ginseng
580:Biology
528:Pangaea
471:calcium
297: (
259:77°20′W
256:38°22′N
83:scholar
2792:Weston
2667:Havens
2582:Amelia
2142:Browne
1808:Priest
1101:, the
959:, and
939:, and
818:then.
792:Siouan
693:marine
551:epochs
548:Eocene
421:Eocene
371:relict
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2810:Other
2757:Saxis
2197:Hawks
1867:State
925:Union
913:Union
463:basic
307:Owner
90:JSTOR
76:books
2252:Zoar
2227:Paul
1159:2024
1111:Crow
1107:Crow
1103:Crow
1051:and
927:and
700:rays
531:the
518:The
392:and
380:and
378:oaks
333:and
299:2009
295:2009
284:Area
232:, US
62:news
1293:of
653:).
494:).
341:of
45:by
2892::
1200:^
1175:.
1150:.
1047:,
1016:.
955:,
951:,
935:,
826:,
712:.
502:.
467:pH
228:,
1574:)
1555:(
1283:e
1276:t
1269:v
1185:.
1161:.
854:(
684:(
596:(
482:(
419:-
301:)
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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