944:
877:
865:
814:
917:
771:
1315:
organizing
Hungarian courses outside school, they gave up the humiliating process of writing requests without results. The MCSMSZ maintains its standpoint according to which the community should claim their legal rights, but the population is not so determined. Leaders of the school inspectorate in Bacău County, as well as the authorities and church, declared at a meeting that they were opposed to the official instruction of Hungarian in Csángó villages. In their opinion the Csángós are of Romanian origin, and sporadic requests for teaching Hungarian at schools reflect not a real parental demand, but Hungarian nationalist ambitions.
889:
1084:
council also mentioned that (although not everybody agrees on this number) it is thought that between 60,000 and 70,000 people speak the Csángó Hungarian dialect. It has also expressed concerns that despite the provisions of the
Romanian law on education, and repeated requests from parents there is no teaching of the Csángó language in the Csángó villages, and, as a consequence, very few Csángós are able to write in their mother tongue. The document also discussed that the Csángós make no political demands, but merely want to be recognized as a distinct culture and demand education and church services in the Csángó dialect.
908:
124:
800:
830:
849:
786:
1054:
926:
987:(Zeplak = Széplak) finally on the 12th to the fortress of Roman (Románváros)" Despot Vodă ordered me to write these: Alexandru Moldoveanul forced all the nations, with no exceptions, to be baptized again and to follow the religion of the Moldavians, taking them away from their own religion, he appointed a bishop of the Saxons and the Hungarians, to rebuild the confiscated churches and to strengthen their souls in their beliefs, and his name is Ian Lusenius, and is Polish."
1249:
207:
25:
66:
1230:
1215:
1200:
1185:
1378:
archaic version of Csángó language, the
Northern Csángó was known and regularly used by only some 4,000 people, exclusively the older generation above the age of 50. It can be said, therefore, that the Csángó Hungarian dialect is at high risk of extinction. In fact, when applying the UNESCO Framework to measure language vitality, this dialect fits the category of "Severely Endangered".
696:
995:"Despot was unyielding in punishment, especially against the ones who don't respect the sanctity of marriage, -according to the habit of those people-: this habit was copied by the Hungarians and Saxons living here, in this country (Moldavia). He started to build a school in Cotnari, which is mostly inhabited by
1377:
According to the most recent research executed between 2008 and 2010 by Vilmos Tánczos, famous
Hungarian folklorist, there has been a sharp decline in the total number of Csángó-speaking people in Eastern Romania. Tánczos set their number to roughly 43,000 people. Moreover, he found out that the most
1083:
The
Council of Europe has expressed its concerns about the situation of the Csángó minority culture, and discussed that the Csángós speak an early form of Hungarian and are associated with ancient traditions, and a great diversity of folk art and culture, which is of exceptional value for Europe. The
1370:
and 796 declared themselves Csángó in Bacău County, reaching a total of 5,794 out of the county's total population of 706,623. The report of the
Council of Europe estimates a Csángó population ranging from 20,000 to as many as 260,000, based in the total Catholic population in the area, which may be
472:
believed that probably the name of ceangău (csángó) did not come from a certain
Hungarian tribe, but they were called those Transylvanian Szeklers who moved away from their comrades and settled in areas inhabited by Romanians, where they were, both materially and ideologically influenced by them and
1318:
In the village of Arini (Magyarfalu in
Hungarian) the village mayor and the Romanian-only teachers of the state school, filed a complaint with the local police about the "unlawful teaching activities" of Gergely Csoma. Csoma teaches Hungarian as an extracurricular activity to the children of Arini.
745:
The Csángós had historically been a rural and agricultural people, raising stock like sheep and cows and farmed crops such as corn, potatoes, and hemp. They were also often called for military service, protecting the
Eastern borders of the Kingdom of Hungary in the Middle Ages. Before the Communist
1350:
in 2006, the policy of assimilation of the communist regime had serious consequences on the situation of the Csángós in
Moldavia. The report noted that the first attempts at forced assimilation of the Csángós date back to the interwar period, with the Catholic Church taking on an important role in
1154:
The Csángós did not take part in the language reforms of the Age of Enlightenment, or the bourgeois transformation that created the modern consciousness of nationhood (cf. Halász 1992, Kósa 1998). They did not have a noble stratum or intelligentsia (cf. Kósa 1981) that could have fashioned their
1130:
those concentrated in the county of Bacău (the southern group) and in the area surrounding the city of Roman (the northern group). We know for certain that these people are not Szeklers. They are Romanian in appearance, and the majority of them speak a Transylvanian dialect of Romanian and live
1314:
requested several times that their children have the opportunity of learning the Hungarian language at school, either as an optional language, or as their native language, in 1-4 lessons a week. At best their petition was registered, but in most cases it was ignored. Seeing the possibility of
1351:
this process. Facilitating the loss of the linguistic identity of the Csángós allowed the Catholic Church to stop their assimilation into the Orthodox Church, and as a result of these policies, the Csángós did not benefit from religious services and education in their mother tongue.
2089:
1062:
For centuries, the self-identity of the Csángós was based on the Roman Catholic religion and the Hungarian language spoken in the family. It is generally accepted by serious scholars (Hungarian but also Romanian) that the Csángós have a
1075:" could persist in using a "foreign" language after centuries of living in Romania surrounded by Romanians speaking Romanian. Whatever can be argued about the language of the Csángós there is no doubt that this is a form of Hungarian.–
1155:
consciousness as Hungarians (Halász 1992: 11). They were "saved" (Kósa 1998: 339) from "assimilation" with the Romanians by virtue of their Roman Catholic religion, which distinguished them from the majority Greek Orthodox society.
1658:
1134:
those of Szekler origin, most of whom settled in the valleys of the Trotuş and the Tazlău and, to a lesser extent, of the Siret. Their mother tongue is the same as that spoken by the Szeklers, and they live side by side with
1330:
regarding the obstruction of Hungarian language education and the alleged intimidation of Csángó-Hungarian pupils in Valea Mare (Nagypatak). The leader of the High Commission on Minority Affairs responded to the petition of
2100:
1319:
Following the complaint, the local police started what Csángó activists have described as an intimidation campaign among the mothers of those children who are studying their maternal language with the said teacher.
1347:
2090:"Comments of the government of Romania on the second opinion of the Advisory Committee on the implementation of the framework convention for the protection of national minorities in Romania"
1958:
1131:
according to Romanian traditions and customs. These characteristics suggest that they are Romanians from Transylvania who have joined the Romanian Catholic population of Moldavia.
1177:
1371:
an exaggeration as there also are Catholic ethnic Romanians. One plausible explanation for this discrepancy is that many Csángó hide or disguise their true ethnicity.
1359:
It is difficult to estimate the exact number of the Csángós because of the elusive nature and multiple factors (ethnicity, religion and language) of Csángó identity.
2245:""Once it shall be but not yet" – Contributions to the complex reality of the identity of the Csángós of Moldavia reflected by a cultural anthropological case study"
525:
1659:"Fascinanta poveste a ceangăilor care au ridicat un sat în pustiul dobrogean stăpânit de șerpi: "Veneau coloniști și ne furau tot, până și lanțul de la fântână""
1119:
in Bacău County (119.618 persons according to 2002 census) as Csángó. This identification is rejected by most of them, who did identify themselves as Romanians.
1222:
1207:
1192:
1104:
664:
2474:
1257:
972:
bishopric – as we were informed – is living a people called Vallah and others, Hungarians and Germans as well, who came here from the Hungarian Kingdom."
750:. Village elders were well respected and could be pointed out by their traditionally long hair and beards. Notably, some Csángós also participated in the
1045:
Hungarian edition (text original Old Hungarian with modernized script, foreword, introduction in modern Hungarian, dictionary in German and Hungarian).
2763:
876:
1126:
appeared relatively recently, being used for the first time, in 1780 by Péter Zöld. The name Csángó is used to describe two different ethnic groups:
1011:"These Franciscans are very few and they speak neither German, nor Hungarian, so they can't take spiritual care of these catholics, 15000 in number.
1869:
864:
2693:
1067:
origin, and that they arrived in Moldavia from the west. Some Romanian authors claim that the Csángós are in fact "Magyarised" Romanians from
3137:
2453:
1582:
1502:
991:
After 1562: Notes of the Humanist Johann Sommer about Saxons in Moldavia, from his work about the Life of Jacob-Despot, the Ruler of Moldavia
2506:
1490:
473:
even Romanized to a certain level. Ion Podea in the "Monograph of Brașov County" of 1938 mentioned that the ethnonym derives from the verb
1605:
1468:"Center for Documentation and Information on Minorities in Europe – Southeast Europe (CEDIMSE-SE) : Minorities in Southeast Europe"
888:
2428:
2002:
1808:
3540:
2458:
1262:
143:
Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.
3589:
2683:
2673:
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770:
1985:
1864:
1718:
3106:* = Subgroups of officially recognized ethnicities that are not treated by the Romanian authorities as separate minorities.
2448:
1374:
The Council of Europe had in 2001 estimates that put the total number of Csángó-speaking people between 60,000 and 70,000.
2270:
813:
943:
2338:
2073:
1431:
1338:
in a written notice that they would warn Romania to secure education in the mother tongue for the Csángós of Moldavia.
3579:
3130:
2749:
2309:
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2227:
2029:
1335:
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era and the collectivization efforts, the Csángós were structured in a traditional society until the introduction of
176:
158:
105:
52:
2479:
2793:
2637:
2499:
1298:
In 2001 the Romanian authorities banned the teaching of the Hungarian language in private houses in the village of
916:
2019:
2549:
1098:
848:
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1739:, Asociația Cultural-Sportivă „Izvorul” Săcele, Anul XXVII (Serie nouă), Trimestrul III, 2014, Nr. 81, pag. 6
2433:
707:
origin, but there are also small assimilated elements of Romanian, German, Polish, Italian and Gypsy origin.
38:
3123:
2219:
2161:
791:
3545:
2492:
2363:
1611:(in Hungarian). Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences of the University of Pécs: 1–28. Archived from
703:
The Hungarian and the international literature in this subject unanimously agree that the Csángós are of
1491:
https://bacau.insse.ro/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/RPL_2011_Structura_demografica_etnica_confesionala.pdf
1103:
The situation of the Csángó community may be understood by taking into consideration the results of the
530:
349:
137:
87:
76:
1847:("Hungarian National Minorities in East-Central Europe"), Magyar Kisebbség, No. 1-2, 1997. (III), p. 1
799:
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2127:
1552:
132:
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1590:
1506:
3092:
2709:
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2610:
2598:
2128:"Appendix 2 — Dissenting opinion presented by Mr Prisăcaru on behalf of the Romanian delegation"
1467:
829:
663:, which refers to a shepherd who walks with the bludgeon after the herds. Another hypothesis of
3018:
3001:
2911:
2617:
1948:("Hungarian National Minorities in East-Central Europe"), Magyar Kisebbség, No. 1-2, 1997 (III)
1856:
1332:
979:, 13 April 1562: Report of the Habsburg Agent, John Belsius, to the Emperor Ferdinand the First
2391:
1612:
1099:
Comments of the government of Romania, dissenting opinion on behalf of the Romanian delegation
380:
83:
3155:
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2801:
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1630:
1112:
948:
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747:
1734:
907:
495:. This was used by the Szeklers in the case of other Romanized Szeklers from the Ciuc area.
3569:
3026:
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2905:
2704:
2658:
2653:
2627:
2605:
2580:
2565:
2071:
1682:
1145:
231:
223:
3290:
2000:
1940:
1839:
388:
8:
3074:
2887:
2688:
2668:
2663:
2622:
1695:
1327:
1323:
1269:
499:
3044:
2857:
2819:
2678:
2515:
2364:"The issue of Hungarian Education in Moldavia, Romania in front of European Parliament"
2173:
1921:
1900:
1883:
1711:
Hungarian Language Contact Outside Hungary: Studies on Hungarian as a Minority Language
369:
329:
283:
123:
2454:
Council of Europe Recommendation 1521 (2001) on the Csango minority culture in Romania
645:
3501:
2960:
2923:
2899:
2875:
2869:
2837:
2697:
2223:
2191:
2050:
2025:
1981:
1913:
1905:
1804:
1714:
1393:
1273:
805:
337:
275:
44:
3115:
1925:
1801:„Vreau să fiu român!” Identitatea lingvistică și religioasă a ceangăilor din Moldova
1525:"National feeling or responsibility: The case of the Csángó language revitalization"
1524:
1091:
expressed hope that the Csángós would be able to celebrate Catholic masses in their
3147:
3080:
3032:
2893:
2851:
2825:
2165:
1895:
1803:, Editura Institutului pentru Studierea Problemelor Minorităților Naționale, 2018,
1406:
1064:
392:
365:
357:
254:
3320:
3305:
1148:
and the words of their songs are mostly Hungarian, with some dialect differences.
1015:
Roman 1588: The First Jesuit Mission in Moldavia: Written by Stanislaw Warszewicki
469:
3519:
3038:
2529:
2077:
2006:
1072:
957:
719:
490:
to leave someone or something, to alienate someone or something that has left you
3282:
1449:
1108:
1019:"In the whole region in 15 towns and in all the neighborhood villages there are
984:
361:
3268:
3225:
2841:
2274:
976:
711:
384:
295:
3295:
2396:
Presidential Commission for the Study of the Communist Dictatorship in Romania
2021:
A Müncheni Kódex négy evangéliuma (1466): A négy evangélium szövege és szótára
1980:(1st ed.). Wisconsin, USA: The University of Wisconsin Press. p. 6.
1348:
Presidential Commission for the Study of the Communist Dictatorship in Romania
1027:, but most of them don't know how to read, don't even recognize the letters."
372:
dialect, is currently used by only a minority of the Csángó population group.
3563:
3524:
3509:
3198:
3062:
3050:
2984:
1909:
1387:
1367:
1302:, despite the recommendation of the Council of Europe. From 1990, parents in
1038:
1030:
777:
609:
925:
3514:
3463:
3421:
3208:
3193:
2741:
2295:
2213:
1917:
1068:
557:
376:
262:
3310:
3300:
3007:
1071:. This theory has also to be dismissed; it is not conceivable that these "
1053:
3348:
3340:
3203:
2438:
2346:
1761:Új Magyar Tájszótár – Noul Dicționar de Regionalisme – articolul „csángó”
674:
279:
3486:
3330:
3325:
2966:
2590:
1822:
Originea catolicilor din Moldova și Franciscanii păstorii lor de veacuri
1663:
1411:
1268:
Please help rewrite or integrate negative information to other sections
731:
312:
3473:
3450:
3426:
3068:
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1790:, Librăriile Socec & Comp. și C. Sfetea București, 1915, pag. 3/247
1020:
996:
855:
704:
424:
345:
308:
2317:
2248:
2177:
1884:"Probable ancestors of Hungarian ethnic groups: an admixture analysis"
1151:
The anthem of the Csángós refers to Csángó Hungarians multiple times.
961:
3491:
3438:
3401:
3393:
3233:
3220:
3215:
3171:
3164:
3056:
2784:
2484:
1116:
1007:
Iași, 14 January 1587: Bartolomeo Brutti's letter to Annibal de Capua
983:"On the day of the 10th of April, Despot Vodă left Hîrlău (Horlo) to
727:
562:
316:
2408:
2371:
524:. In connection with this etymological interpretation, the linguist
3529:
3413:
3369:
3250:
3239:
3086:
2978:
2831:
2169:
1606:"A Kárpát-medence magyar vonatkozású etnikai-történeti tájegységei"
1307:
1088:
1042:
551:
250:
236:
60,000–70,000 Csángó speakers (2001 estimate) 72,215-82,215 (total)
3181:
206:
3433:
3385:
3379:
3244:
2948:
1752:, Vol. I, Institutul de Arte Grafice "Astra", Brașov, 1938, p. 50
1583:"Recommendation 1521 (2001) — Csango minority culture in Romania"
1450:"Populația stabilă după etnie – județe, municipii, orașe, comune"
1311:
1107:. 1,370 persons declared themselves Csángó. Most of them live in
1092:
1034:
735:
723:
641:
540:
535:
made an analogy between the verb "to wander" with the ethnonyms "
353:
258:
246:
573:, Hungarian Academy Publishing House, Budapest, 1979, the terms
3534:
3458:
3374:
3315:
2845:
1366:
is concerned, in the census of 2002, 4,317 declared themselves
1163:
Official Romanian censuses in Moldavia indicate the following:
1024:
1000:
969:
715:
546:
According to the "Dictionary of the Hungarian Language", 1862;
536:
16:
Hungarian ethnographic group in the Romanian region of Moldavia
3188:
3176:
1959:"The Csángós: A Unique Hungarian Community Living in Romania"
1303:
1299:
819:
739:
2045:
364:. The region where the Csángós live in Moldavia is known as
3260:
1432:"New flag and coat of arms fuels Csango national identity"
695:
1881:
2409:"Situation of the Csángó Dialect of Moldavia in Romania"
1882:
Guglielmino, C. R.; Silvestri, A. De; Beres, J. (2000).
1693:
Erdmann D. Beynon, "Isolated Racial Groups of Hungary",
1518:
1516:
1115:. During the last years, some statements identified all
651:
A theory of the historian Antal Horger relates that the
556:
The historical dictionary of the Hungarian lexicon from
1048:
427:, in the pronunciation of some Hungarian consonants by
569:, Hungarian Academy Publishing House, Budapest, 1972;
548:
The etymological dictionary of the Hungarian language
3145:
1513:
567:
The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language
86:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are
2368:
The Association of the Csango Hungarians of Moldavia
754:
and fought on behalf of Romania in both world wars.
434:
Alternative explanations include the Hungarian word
2152:Palma Szirmai (1967). "A Csángó-Hungarian lament".
2459:Song of the Csangos — National Geographic Magazine
2339:"Rumanian Atrocities Against the Csango Minority"
2199:Székely Útkereső (cultural and literary magazine)
1144:Their music shows the characteristic features of
3561:
2480:Romanians Roman-Catholics Museum (csángó museum)
1946:Magyar nemzeti kisebbségek Kelet-Közép-Európában
1870:UCL School of Slavonic and East European Studies
1845:Magyar nemzeti kisebbségek Kelet-Közép-Európában
1681:, Universidad de la Laguna, Tenerife, 1958–1966
933:
2310:"The Moldavian Csángós want to learn Hungarian"
899:
668:
658:
652:
625:
624:, with the variants derived from the Hungarian
613:
580:
574:
509:
503:
480:
474:
451:
435:
408:
3004:(approximately 10,000 in the mid-19th century)
2184:
2017:
619:
407:is the present participle of a Hungarian verb
3131:
2757:
2500:
2439:"Dumitru Mărtinaș" Roman-Catholic Association
2151:
1708:
2771:
2444:Association of Csángó-Hungarians in Moldavia
2205:
1522:
840:
282:Romanian speakers) and Csángó, a dialect of
1774:in A Hét. X, 1979. No. 24, June 15, pag. 10
1557:Committee on Culture, Science and Education
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
667:explains that the term comes from the verb
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3138:
3124:
2764:
2750:
2507:
2493:
2449:Ceangaii, the Roman Catholic from Moldavia
2429:Situation of the Csángó dialect in Romania
2268:
2122:
2120:
1603:
1087:At the time of this report's release, the
1041:to Hungarian dated in the text in 1466 in
947:Map showing the Hungarian minority in the
205:
2242:
1899:
1782:
1780:
1577:
1575:
1573:
498:In some Hungarian dialects (the one from
177:Learn how and when to remove this message
159:Learn how and when to remove this message
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
2212:Horváth, Dezső (1999). "Eleven csángó".
2082:
1872:, University College London, pp. 658-680
1538:
1052:
942:
762:
694:
368:. Their traditional language, Csángó, a
82:Relevant discussion may be found on the
2211:
2117:
2018:Király, László; Szabó T., Ádám (1985).
1861:On the Origin of the Moldavian Csángós,
1788:Privilegiile șangăilor de la Târgu Ocna
1772:Amit még nem mondtak el a csángó névről
1429:
757:
710:Hungarian origins include a mixture of
3562:
2514:
2065:
1777:
1699:, Vol. 17, No. 4 (Oct., 1927), pp. 604
1570:
1423:
1293:
3119:
2745:
2488:
2358:
2356:
2145:
1975:
1865:The Slavonic and East European Review
1656:
1346:According to the final report of the
1341:
938:
1814:
1604:Antal, Aubert; János, Csapó (2006).
1553:"Csango minority culture in Romania"
1503:"Csango minority culture in Romania"
1258:"criticism" or "controversy" section
1242:
1139:
1049:2001 Report of the Council of Europe
403:It has been suggested that the name
241:Regions with significant populations
117:
59:
18:
3027:Citizens of the Republic of Moldova
2296:"Betiltották a csángók magyaróráit"
1589:. Council of Europe. Archived from
1505:. December 17, 2005. Archived from
1158:
571:The new dictionary of regionalisms
13:
2353:
1901:10.1046/j.1469-1809.2000.6420145.x
1077:Csango minority culture in Romania
699:Migration of the Hungarian Csángós
211:Flag adopted by the Csángó Council
14:
3601:
2475:Comunitatile catolice din Moldova
2434:Homepage of the Hungarian Csángós
2422:
2343:Homepage of the Hungarian Csángós
2314:Homepage of the Hungarian Csángós
2298:(in Hungarian). 20 November 2001.
2271:"A moldvai csángók lélekszámáról"
1978:Hungarian Religion Romanian Blood
1713:. J. Benjamins Pub. p. 174.
1454:Institutul Național de Statistică
1381:
34:This article has multiple issues.
2794:Officially recognised minorities
1657:Iancu, Mariana (25 April 2018).
1430:Székely, Blanka (25 July 2019).
1247:
1229:
1228:
1214:
1213:
1199:
1198:
1183:
924:
915:
906:
887:
875:
863:
847:
828:
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798:
784:
769:
612:stated that the term comes from
122:
64:
23:
2401:
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2236:
2134:. Council of Europe. 2001-05-04
2038:
2011:
1994:
1969:
1951:
1932:
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1793:
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1742:
1727:
1702:
1687:
1671:
1650:
1559:. Council of Europe. 2001-05-04
543:", which means the same thing.
42:or discuss these issues on the
3590:Hungarian minorities in Europe
1828:Săbăoani, Roman, 1941, pag. 96
1597:
1495:
1484:
1460:
1442:
1238:
1184:
752:1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt
600:a person who changes his place
1:
1523:Klára Sándor (January 2000).
1417:
1354:
1261:may compromise the article's
1111:, Romania, and belong to the
934:History, culture and identity
423:; purportedly a reference to
2370:. 2008-03-06. Archived from
2220:Hungarian Electronic Library
2162:University of Illinois Press
1679:Dicţionarul etimologic român
900:Csángós from Ghimeș (Gyimes)
398:
228:6,471 Hungarians in Moldavia
7:
2046:"Csángó anyanyelvű oktatás"
2034:– via Antikvarium.hu.
1750:Monografia județului Brașov
1400:
1079:, Doc. 9078 from 4 May 2001
1057:Coat of arms of the Csángós
956:Perugia, 14 November 1234:
352:faith living mostly in the
10:
3606:
2215:Mivé lettél, csángómagyar?
2054:(in Hungarian). 2001-11-14
1963:Hungarianconservative.com/
690:
375:Some Csángós also live in
3500:
3472:
3449:
3412:
3339:
3281:
3154:
3102:
3017:
2994:
2935:Non-recognized minorities
2933:
2792:
2779:
2718:
2646:
2538:
2522:
2005:October 30, 2010, at the
882:Csángó family from Săcele
841:Csángós from Transylvania
307:
302:
294:
289:
278:(most ethnic Csángós are
274:
269:
245:
240:
221:
216:
204:
197:
3580:Ethnic groups in Romania
2995:Historical ethnic groups
2957:* (self-declared, 1,536)
2951:* (self-declared, 3,890)
2773:Ethnic groups in Romania
2467:Fundaţia culturală Siret
2273:. Kia.hu. Archived from
1976:Davis, R. Chris (2019).
1888:Annals of Human Genetics
1868:, vol. 75, no. 4, 1997,
870:Csángó group from Săcele
418:wander, as if going away
387:) and in the village of
230:(4,208 in Bacău county,
198:
2132:Delegation from Romania
1326:sent a petition to the
1322:In 2008 members of the
1172:Hungarians in Moldavia
734:), original Hungarian,
468:The Finnish researcher
131:Some of this article's
2975:* (self-declared, 207)
2969:* (self-declared, 532)
2591:Transylvanian Székelys
2076:March 2, 2009, at the
1709:Anna Fenyvesi (2005).
1677:Alexandru Ciorănescu,
1638:Cite journal requires
1587:Parliamentary Assembly
1081:
1058:
952:
700:
669:
659:
653:
626:
620:
614:
581:
575:
510:
504:
481:
475:
452:
436:
409:
341:
333:
222:1,536 (self-declared,
3585:Hungarians in Romania
2097:Government of Romania
2024:. Európa Könyvkiadó.
1364:ethnic identification
1113:Roman Catholic Church
1060:
1056:
949:United Principalities
946:
854:Csángós from Săcele (
763:Csángós from Moldavia
698:
640:), name given to the
502:and the Upper Tisza)
385:Seven Csángó Villages
383:and in the so-called
303:Related ethnic groups
1770:Sándor N. Szilágyi;
758:Population structure
453:csángatta a harangot
75:factual accuracy is
2611:Bukovinian Székelys
2599:Bukovinian Székelys
2392:Vladimir Tismăneanu
1941:Csángós in Moldavia
1840:Csángós in Moldavia
1696:Geographical Review
1328:European Commission
1324:European Parliament
1037:translation of the
894:Csángós from Săcele
500:Transylvanian Plain
381:Ghimeș-Palanca Pass
194:
2516:Hungarian diaspora
2394:, "Raport final",
2201:. 1998. p. 6.
1820:Iosf Petru M Pal;
1270:through discussion
1095:language, Csángó.
1059:
953:
939:Middle Age sources
701:
585:are translated in
526:Szilágyi N. Sándor
192:
3557:
3556:
3360:Northwestern Mari
3146:Peoples speaking
3113:
3112:
2961:Megleno-Romanians
2739:
2738:
2701:
2614:
2602:
1987:978-0-299-31640-2
1809:978 606 8377 55 1
1720:978-1-58811-630-7
1294:Hungarian sources
1291:
1290:
1236:
1235:
1140:Hungarian sources
964:, king of Hungary
822:
346:ethnic Hungarians
322:
321:
187:
186:
179:
169:
168:
161:
116:
115:
108:
57:
3597:
3549:
3148:Uralic languages
3140:
3133:
3126:
3117:
3116:
3019:Immigrant groups
2766:
2759:
2752:
2743:
2742:
2691:
2608:
2588:
2509:
2502:
2495:
2486:
2485:
2473:
2465:
2417:
2416:
2413:www.academia.edu
2405:
2399:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2360:
2351:
2350:
2349:on July 6, 2007.
2345:. Archived from
2335:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2316:. Archived from
2306:
2300:
2299:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2269:Tánczos Vilmos.
2266:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2247:. Archived from
2240:
2234:
2233:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2196:
2192:"Csángó Himnusz"
2188:
2182:
2181:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2124:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2106:on March 5, 2009
2105:
2099:. Archived from
2094:
2086:
2080:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2015:
2009:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1955:
1949:
1938:Vilmos Tánczos,
1936:
1930:
1929:
1903:
1879:
1873:
1854:
1848:
1837:Vilmos Tánczos,
1835:
1829:
1818:
1812:
1799:Vilmos Tánczos,
1797:
1791:
1784:
1775:
1768:
1762:
1759:
1753:
1746:
1740:
1736:Plaiuri Săcelene
1731:
1725:
1724:
1706:
1700:
1691:
1685:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1641:
1636:
1634:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1617:
1610:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1579:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1549:
1536:
1535:
1529:
1520:
1511:
1510:
1499:
1493:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1472:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1436:Transylvania Now
1427:
1390:, Romanian actor
1342:Romanian sources
1286:
1283:
1277:
1251:
1250:
1243:
1232:
1231:
1217:
1216:
1202:
1201:
1187:
1186:
1166:
1165:
1159:Romanian sources
928:
919:
910:
891:
879:
867:
851:
832:
820:
816:
802:
788:
773:
686:
683:
680:
672:
662:
656:
639:
636:
633:
629:
623:
617:
604:
601:
598:
594:
591:
588:
584:
578:
534:
523:
520:
517:
513:
507:
494:
491:
488:
484:
478:
464:
461:
458:
455:
450:, or the phrase
449:
446:
443:
439:
422:
419:
416:
412:
393:Northern Dobruja
360:, especially in
217:Total population
209:
195:
191:
182:
175:
164:
157:
153:
150:
144:
126:
118:
111:
104:
100:
97:
91:
88:reliably sourced
68:
67:
60:
49:
27:
26:
19:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3543:
3496:
3468:
3445:
3408:
3335:
3277:
3150:
3144:
3114:
3109:
3098:
3013:
2990:
2929:
2788:
2775:
2770:
2740:
2735:
2714:
2642:
2534:
2518:
2513:
2471:
2463:
2425:
2420:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2390:
2386:
2377:
2375:
2362:
2361:
2354:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2323:
2321:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2280:
2278:
2267:
2263:
2254:
2252:
2243:Balázs Soross.
2241:
2237:
2230:
2210:
2206:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2154:Ethnomusicology
2150:
2146:
2137:
2135:
2126:
2125:
2118:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2078:Wayback Machine
2070:
2066:
2057:
2055:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2032:
2016:
2012:
2007:Wayback Machine
1999:
1995:
1988:
1974:
1970:
1965:. 11 June 2023.
1957:
1956:
1952:
1944:, published in
1937:
1933:
1880:
1876:
1855:
1851:
1843:, published in
1836:
1832:
1819:
1815:
1798:
1794:
1786:Nicolae Iorga;
1785:
1778:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1747:
1743:
1733:Ștefan Casapu;
1732:
1728:
1721:
1707:
1703:
1692:
1688:
1676:
1672:
1655:
1651:
1639:
1637:
1628:
1627:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1602:
1598:
1581:
1580:
1571:
1562:
1560:
1551:
1550:
1539:
1527:
1521:
1514:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1485:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1403:
1384:
1357:
1344:
1296:
1287:
1281:
1278:
1267:
1256:This article's
1252:
1248:
1241:
1161:
1146:Hungarian music
1142:
1101:
1051:
958:Pope Gregory IX
941:
936:
929:
920:
911:
902:
895:
892:
883:
880:
871:
868:
859:
852:
843:
836:
833:
824:
817:
808:
803:
794:
789:
780:
774:
765:
760:
720:Pannonian Avars
693:
684:
681:
678:
665:Bernát Munkácsi
646:Târgu Ocna mine
637:
634:
631:
602:
599:
596:
592:
589:
586:
528:
521:
518:
515:
492:
489:
486:
462:
459:
456:
447:
444:
441:
420:
417:
414:
401:
235:
229:
227:
212:
200:
190:
183:
172:
171:
170:
165:
154:
148:
145:
142:
127:
112:
101:
95:
92:
81:
73:This article's
69:
65:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3603:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3538:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3506:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3478:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3455:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3418:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3398:
3390:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3357:
3354:
3345:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3287:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3269:Volkhov Chudes
3257:
3256:
3255:
3242:
3237:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3226:Tver Karelians
3218:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3169:
3160:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3143:
3142:
3135:
3128:
3120:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3090:
3084:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3060:
3054:
3048:
3042:
3036:
3030:
3023:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3008:Dobrujan Arabs
3005:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2982:
2976:
2970:
2964:
2958:
2952:
2946:
2939:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2921:
2915:
2909:
2903:
2897:
2891:
2885:
2879:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2842:Crimean Tatars
2840:(divided into
2835:
2829:
2823:
2817:
2811:
2805:
2798:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2783:
2781:
2780:Dominant group
2777:
2776:
2769:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2746:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2638:United Kingdom
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2603:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2512:
2511:
2504:
2497:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2469:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2424:
2423:External links
2421:
2419:
2418:
2400:
2384:
2352:
2330:
2301:
2287:
2261:
2235:
2228:
2204:
2183:
2170:10.2307/850268
2144:
2116:
2081:
2064:
2037:
2030:
2010:
1993:
1986:
1968:
1950:
1931:
1894:(2): 145–159.
1874:
1849:
1830:
1813:
1792:
1776:
1763:
1754:
1741:
1726:
1719:
1701:
1686:
1670:
1667:(in Romanian).
1649:
1640:|journal=
1596:
1593:on 2005-12-17.
1569:
1537:
1512:
1509:on 2005-12-17.
1494:
1483:
1459:
1441:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1391:
1383:
1382:Notable people
1380:
1356:
1353:
1343:
1340:
1295:
1292:
1289:
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869:
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853:
846:
842:
839:
838:
837:
834:
827:
825:
818:
811:
809:
804:
797:
795:
792:Galbeni, Bacău
790:
783:
781:
775:
768:
764:
761:
759:
756:
692:
689:
608:The historian
400:
397:
350:Roman Catholic
320:
319:
305:
304:
300:
299:
296:Roman Catholic
292:
291:
287:
286:
272:
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266:
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242:
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218:
214:
213:
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185:
184:
167:
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133:listed sources
130:
128:
121:
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113:
72:
70:
63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
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3511:
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3505:
3503:
3499:
3493:
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3465:
3462:
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3457:
3456:
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3452:
3448:
3440:
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3436:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3321:Southern Sámi
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3306:Northern Sámi
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3271:
3270:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3199:Ingrian Finns
3197:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3141:
3136:
3134:
3129:
3127:
3122:
3121:
3118:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3010:(145 in 1850)
3009:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2963:(1,200–2,000)
2962:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2862:
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2689:United States
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2031:9789630735346
2027:
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2014:
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1989:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1935:
1927:
1923:
1919:
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1911:
1907:
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1897:
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1039:New Testament
1036:
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1012:
1009:
1008:
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1002:
998:
993:
992:
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985:Tîrgul Frumos
981:
980:
978:
973:
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965:
963:
959:
950:
945:
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807:
801:
796:
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749:
743:
742:populations.
741:
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733:
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706:
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688:
676:
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666:
661:
655:
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643:
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622:
616:
611:
610:Nicolae Iorga
606:
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577:
572:
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564:
560:
559:
553:
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542:
538:
532:
527:
512:
506:
501:
496:
483:
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471:
470:Yrjö Wichmann
466:
460:ring the bell
454:
445:wandered away
438:
432:
430:
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411:
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3481:
3400:
3392:
3384:
3364:Eastern Mari
3267:
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3232:
3209:Tornedalians
3194:Forest Finns
3163:
3156:Baltic Finns
3093:Bangladeshis
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2787:(16,792,868)
2594:
2412:
2403:
2395:
2387:
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2372:the original
2367:
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2318:the original
2313:
2304:
2290:
2279:. Retrieved
2275:the original
2264:
2253:. Retrieved
2249:the original
2238:
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2207:
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2186:
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2131:
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2101:the original
2096:
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2067:
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2051:Népszabadság
2049:
2040:
2020:
2013:
1996:
1977:
1971:
1962:
1953:
1945:
1939:
1934:
1891:
1887:
1877:
1863:
1860:
1852:
1844:
1838:
1833:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1800:
1795:
1787:
1771:
1766:
1757:
1749:
1744:
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1729:
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1678:
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1652:
1631:cite journal
1620:. Retrieved
1613:the original
1599:
1591:the original
1586:
1561:. Retrieved
1556:
1531:
1507:the original
1497:
1486:
1475:. Retrieved
1462:
1453:
1444:
1435:
1425:
1394:Ștefan Foriș
1376:
1373:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1345:
1333:László Tőkés
1321:
1317:
1297:
1279:
1260:
1162:
1153:
1150:
1143:
1123:
1121:
1109:Bacău County
1102:
1086:
1082:
1076:
1069:Transylvania
1061:
1031:Munich Codex
1029:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1005:
994:
990:
989:
982:
975:
974:
967:
955:
954:
806:Târgu Trotuș
776:Family from
744:
709:
702:
650:
607:
570:
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558:Transylvania
555:
547:
545:
497:
467:
433:
428:
404:
402:
379:(around the
377:Transylvania
374:
362:Bacău County
325:
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189:Ethnic group
173:
155:
146:
135:
102:
96:October 2008
93:
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37:
36:Please help
33:
3544: [
3353:Meadow Mari
3341:Volga Finns
3296:Kildin Sámi
3002:Circassians
2912:Macedonians
2804:(1,227,623)
2731:New Zealand
2164:: 310–325.
1857:Robin Baker
1748:Ion Podea;
1532:Multilingua
1407:Csángó Land
1239:Controversy
1105:2002 census
675:Ciuc County
657:comes from
644:workers at
635:salt cutter
529: [
366:Csángó Land
280:monolingual
255:Csángó Land
232:2011 census
224:2011 census
136:may not be
3564:Categories
3474:Hungarians
3451:Ob-Ugrians
3427:Izhma Komi
3316:Skolt Sámi
3291:Inari Sámi
3069:Pakistanis
2973:Krashovani
2943:Aromanians
2864:Bulgarians
2848:) (20,282)
2814:Ukrainians
2802:Hungarians
2378:2008-09-29
2324:2008-10-06
2281:2013-12-06
2255:2008-10-06
2138:2008-09-29
2110:2008-10-11
2058:2008-10-08
1622:2021-09-15
1563:2008-09-29
1477:2013-12-06
1418:References
1368:Hungarians
1362:As far as
1355:Population
1282:April 2014
1263:neutrality
1135:Romanians.
1093:liturgical
1021:Hungarians
997:Hungarians
856:Burzenland
748:civil code
485:and means
482:ecsángodni
440:, meaning
437:elcsángált
425:sibilation
356:region of
309:Hungarians
298:(majority)
149:April 2014
39:improve it
3520:Nganasans
3492:Magyarabs
3439:Besermans
3394:Meshchera
3356:Hill Mari
3311:Pite Sámi
3301:Lule Sámi
3234:Livonians
3221:Karelians
3216:Izhorians
3172:Estonians
3165:Bjarmians
3057:Filipinos
3029:(177,000)
2918:Albanians
2906:Armenians
2810:(621,573)
2785:Romanians
2726:Australia
2710:Venezuela
2654:Argentina
1910:1469-1809
1473:. Edrc.ro
1274:talk page
1122:The name
1117:Catholics
1073:Romanians
1065:Hungarian
728:Pechenegs
705:Hungarian
673:which in
563:Bucharest
476:csángodni
399:Etymology
370:Hungarian
330:Hungarian
317:Romanians
284:Hungarian
270:Languages
84:talk page
45:talk page
3530:Kamasins
3502:Samoyeds
3487:Székelys
3414:Permians
3370:Mordvins
3331:Ume Sámi
3326:Ter Sámi
3251:Kreevins
3240:Vepsians
3087:Mexicans
3075:Iranians
3063:Africans
2979:Slovenes
2967:Székelys
2945:(26,500)
2888:Italians
2860:(13,654)
2854:(18,076)
2834:(23,487)
2832:Lipovans
2828:(27,698)
2822:(36,042)
2816:(50,920)
2684:Paraguay
2674:Colombia
2647:Americas
2618:Slovakia
2530:Magyarab
2398:, p. 537
2074:Archived
2003:Archived
1926:23742103
1918:11246468
1826:Serafica
1811:, p. 138
1664:Adevărul
1412:Székelys
1401:See also
1308:Pustiana
1043:Moldavia
968:"In the
835:Săbăoani
778:Săbăoani
732:Székelys
670:csángani
630:meaning
565:, 1978;
552:Budapest
519:wanderer
431:people.
413:meaning
358:Moldavia
354:Romanian
338:Romanian
313:Székelys
290:Religion
276:Romanian
251:Moldavia
249:(mostly
138:reliable
77:disputed
3525:Selkups
3482:Csángós
3434:Udmurts
3386:Meryans
3380:Mokshas
3053:(1,000)
3051:Indians
3047:(2,243)
3045:Chinese
3041:(2,384)
3039:Afghans
3035:(5,000)
2955:Csángós
2949:Hutsuls
2914:(1,264)
2908:(1,361)
2902:(2,477)
2896:(2,543)
2890:(3,203)
2884:(3,271)
2878:(3,668)
2872:(5,408)
2866:(7,336)
2858:Slovaks
2820:Germans
2719:Oceania
2705:Uruguay
2694:Detroit
2633:Ukraine
2609:(incl.
2595:Csángós
2589:(incl.
2586:Romania
2576:Ireland
2571:Germany
2561:Finland
2556:Croatia
2546:Austria
1683:ceangău
1312:Lespezi
1272:on the
1212:23,894
1197:24,276
1182:37,825
1089:Vatican
1035:Hussite
962:Béla IV
951:in 1861
821:Somușca
724:Khazars
691:Origins
660:czammog
654:ceangău
642:Szekler
541:khazars
539:" and "
410:csángál
342:Ceangăi
334:Csángók
326:Csángós
259:Hungary
247:Romania
199:Csángók
193:Csángós
3570:Csángó
3541:Mators
3535:Yurats
3510:Nenets
3459:Khanty
3402:Muroma
3375:Erzyas
2985:Gagauz
2924:Rusyns
2900:Czechs
2876:Greeks
2870:Croats
2846:Nogais
2838:Tatars
2808:Romani
2679:Mexico
2664:Canada
2659:Brazil
2628:Sweden
2606:Serbia
2581:Poland
2566:France
2550:Vienna
2539:Europe
2523:Africa
2226:
2178:850268
2176:
2028:
1984:
1924:
1916:
1908:
1807:
1717:
1227:3,098
1124:Csángó
1025:Saxons
1001:Saxons
736:German
716:Cumans
712:Turkic
682:to mix
677:means
627:sóvágó
615:șalgăi
590:walker
582:csángó
576:csangó
554:1967;
537:kabars
514:means
505:csángó
429:Csángó
405:Csángó
344:) are
3548:]
3515:Enets
3464:Mansi
3261:Chuds
3245:Votes
3204:Kvens
3189:Finns
3182:Võros
3177:Setos
3095:(100)
3089:(224)
3083:(500)
3081:Kurds
3077:(610)
3071:(700)
3065:(700)
3059:(800)
3033:Arabs
2981:(175)
2926:(262)
2920:(520)
2894:Poles
2852:Serbs
2826:Turks
2669:Chile
2623:Spain
2195:(PDF)
2174:JSTOR
2160:(3).
2104:(PDF)
2093:(PDF)
1922:S2CID
1616:(PDF)
1609:(PDF)
1528:(PDF)
1471:(PDF)
1304:Cleja
1300:Cleja
1169:Year
977:Roman
970:Cuman
621:șálgó
533:]
511:cángó
389:Oituz
263:Tolna
3422:Komi
3349:Mari
3283:Sámi
2882:Jews
2844:and
2698:Ohio
2597:and
2224:ISBN
2026:ISBN
1982:ISBN
1914:PMID
1906:ISSN
1805:ISBN
1715:ISBN
1644:help
1310:and
1223:1992
1208:1930
1193:1899
1178:1859
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