928:. These bonches can be considered the seeds of today's Cuban rap community. Only the most dedicated fans would be in attendance and they would receive an understanding of raps evolvement and fame outside of Cuba. Eventually, the gatherings attracted too many people and they were forced out of private homes. In 1994, rap entrepreneur, Adalberto Jímenez was able to get a public space for these amazing hip hop gatherings. This public space was known as, el local de la Moña. This place would be a spot to find beautiful women, great drinks, and innovative Cuban hip hop. Moñas were so popular that it became the Cuban word for rap and Moñeros for rappers or rap enthusiasts. This is not a place for tourists, but mostly for young, black Cubans. La Moña moved around a great deal and became a sort of traveling party in Old Havana. La Moña charged a 5-peso admission charge, which would have translated to about 20 cents. In January 1999, La Moña moved to a tiny club called La Pampa and they had raised the price of admission to 20 pesos. This price is too high for a lot of the destitute Cubans in Havana. La Moña still remains the only place for moñeros to hear the latest underground rap in Cuba.
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nationalist perspective plays such a large role in the production and promotion of Cuban hip hop, artists must make careful decisions about how much criticism they really want to offer of the regime. When they rap about the realities of race or the sense that poverty and economic hardship are not being alleviated by the state, they risk breaking the close ties they have to the government and thus put their success on the line. Some groups have gone too far and faced sanctions or censorship
However, many Cuban artists seem to have reached a consensus with the state's involvement in rap, accepting that the government's role may lead to better production, more support, and more commercial exposure. On the other hand, the government seems to accept and respect the revolutionary nature of hip hop and embrace that it is a means for the marginalized or downtrodden to speak up. In fact, many Cuban rap groups openly criticize the government, and many others openly assimilate to the government's nationalist ideals. The relationship can be characterized as encompassing both censorship and assimilation
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some artists have toned down their political or socially conscious content, and instead have focused on tropes common in commercial rap. Many of the grass roots artists do not understand the recent change of rapping about partying, cars, and women. "Hip-hop in the United States started out as a voice of protest, an alternative voice for urban, inner-city youth to voice their grievances, to talk about their living conditions, their hopes and aspirations," said
Abiodun, a member of the Black Liberation Party before fleeing to Cuba 14 years ago as a U.S. fugitive facing racketeering charges. "But now what we see in terms of rap in the United States, for the most part, it's really not talking about anything." Also many criticize the objectification of females in the dancing and in videos. Some see it as dominant if the women dance in front of the men in a "doggy style" position, but critics see it as a way of letting the male take initial control over the female. Also many argue that the females in those music videos are objectifying themselves to seem lower than men.
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created. The Black August Hip Hop
Collective Statement of Purpose offers that "Our goal is to bring culture and politics together and allow them to naturally evolve into a unique hip hop consciousness that informs our collective struggle for a more just, equitable and human world". Despite the movement's association with an identity other than Cuban, the government supported The Black August Collective and allowed the rappers to perform as they were supportive of the revolution. The youth of Cuba were fascinated not only by this style of music, but also by the Black Pride of the performers. This consciousness of struggle and achieving the goals of revolution are a key characteristic of a majority of Cuban hip hop today.
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openly accepted in the midst of a polarized socio-political shift from
Communism to Market Capitalism. Secondly, young Havana artists realize that their government provides free health care and education, as well as a generally more equitable distribution of resources. In contrast to US rap, rap Cubano's economic, and socio-political support elucidates a stark discrepancy in the motivation and ethos of the genres. While the foundation of gangsta rap is rooted in histories of state abandonment and discrimination, rap Cubano formulates a less polarized musical expression that lyrically portrays the realities of a new generation of Cuban artists searching for identity.
812:(waist auction). These moves define a solo female dance style which involves fast movement and turning/swirling of the area from below shoulders and chest to pelvis (as if one was hula hoop-ing or belly dancing). Often accompanied by hand and body gestures mimicking self-pleasuring, it constituted a noticeable change in dance style, of women dancing to be 'looked at' both by their partners, by other prospective partners, and by other spectators, using their body as a major asset. This was in contrast to traditional dancing such as normative couple dancing.
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1110:'s dissemination is raised when contextualized within the nationalistic Cuban hip hop scene. Socially conscious hip hop was nationalized into Cuba "as a process of engagement between artists and audiences mediated by the state, rather than by the music industry or by recording technology." This stark contrast between the sources of support and means of dissemination is just one of several reasons of conflict between the two genres in Cuban popular music.
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Agencia Cubana de Rap (The Cuban Rap Agency) that provides state-run record label and hip hop magazine, and began supporting the annual Cuban Hip Hop festival. Cuban rappers injected a renovating energy into Cuban music that was taken from hip hop culture. Rap in Cuba began to emerge precisely during the gangsta rap period in the United States which included artists like 2Pac, Notorious B.I.G, Ice-T, Snoop Dogg and many more influential gangster rappers.
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be useful to the listeners in Cuba, many people speak against the governments use of music to influence people. Politics is so deeply rooted in the hip hop scene in Cuba that the revolutionary image of Che
Guevara is frequently seen, as the late figure represents the early stage in the Revolution and embodies youthful idealism. According to Geoffrey Baker, the history and legend of Che allows artists to practice “safe radicalism.”
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popularity of the CRA. Getting artists and bands radio time and fame, came at a slight price; there were limits as to how artists could express themselves. Thus, the CRA would only endorse groups that were willing to change their lyrics and music styles to those that were accepted by the government and community. As a result, not many groups or artists were willing to give into the CRA expectations.
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1159:, hip hop has acted as tool for youth in Cuba to speak out. Here, Ramirez pinpoints the importance of hip hop in Cuban culture—even more so than other native musical styles: “In Cuba, where teenagers and young adults see their world torn by social ills including street hustling and racism, there are worse things to worry about than power outages. And it's hip-hop - not salsa or rumba or the
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tourists and the wealthy Cuban elite. Under these divisive socio-economic conditions, hip hop and rap concerts have now come to represent a space of open debate and social and political discussion for many young Cubans. Topics such as racism, tourism and police harassment are often addressed openly in these spaces through music and performance as well as through participatory discussion.
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through similarity between Cuban and US hip hop beats; and the differences between lyrical content performed over the US songs and Cuban songs. Additionally, the distinct (Cuban) Spanish dialect used to deliver the lyrics contributes to the nationalistic value of Cuban hip hop, and is viewed as characteristic which sets it apart from other
Spanish-speaking countries and the US alike.
1003:, the AHS disbanded the "Festival Cubano de Rap." This inspired a renewed interest in independent concerts and festivals and a revival of the underground scene at events like Project Almendares in the Vedado district of Havana, hosted by prominent local DJ Alexis “D’Boys” Rodriguez and financed by international backers.
1408:. Starting off under the name "Amenaza" or "Threat," the group was the first to deal with issues of race and challenge Castro's idea of colorless, or "color-blind," society. However, the Orishas relocated to Paris in 1998. There, they produced rap and hip hop with the classic Cuban sounds of salsa and rumba.
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as the "enemy" due to its focus on mindless dancing rather than community reflection. Furthermore, its critics condemn the genre as lyrically and musically deficient, morally questionable, and too commercially oriented. Nehanda
Abiodun, an American living in Cuba to avoid charges of racketeering, who
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Sexually charged dancing (like grinding and "doggy style") often associated with hip hop, are not the only things criticized. In recent years, Hip-hop has merged with Cuban culture to the point it can be heard in parades, school dances, and clubs. This has given rise to the problem of children, 16 or
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began to express their own reality and make use of traditional Cuban culture. One sentiment expressed involved how Cuban politics were not keeping pace with social reality. All Cubans are discouraged from visiting government-designated 'tourist zones,' such as the fancy restaurants and night clubs in
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In the underground scene of Cuba, freestyle becomes a manifestation of a communal establishment (usually the community of rappers and audience come to form a cycle) where those who are not rapping provide vocalized "backing track", opened for anyone to jump it for a freestyle. Cuban scholar
Geoffrey
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In addition to musical instrumentation, language also plays a large part in the shaping and nationalization of Cuban hip hop. Language barriers between the US and Cuba allowed for Cuban hip hoppers to embrace the musical aesthetic of the music, but leave behind the lyrical content. This can be seen
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or "social themes." By involving these social and political themes, they try to make their music constructive and influential to their listeners. Two important themes that are manifested in many of the songs involves the global issue of AIDS and the destructiveness of war. Although these themes may
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Music videos are becoming more explicit. To gain a following of their music, Cuban hip hop artists are continuously using provocatively dressed females. This sexual image in their videos is taking away from the audiences ability to actually listen to the lyrics and understand them. The lyrics being
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Many have criticized the new movement of Cuban
Reggaeton and hip hop artists for their recent change in meaning of the music. Cuban rappers attack social and political issues concerning Cuba such as racism, class struggles and police harassment etc. But as pressure for commercial success increases,
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in the late 2000s and early 2010s who rejected a conciliatory tone towards the Cuban government. Facing censorship for more aggressive anti-state rhetoric, the group was controversial within Cuba. In recent years, it has been discovered that the group was in part financed by a
Serbian contractor.
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There are many ways in which Cuban hip hop artists achieve a sense of nationalism through their music. Many Cuban hip hop artists attempt through the musical backing track arrangements and sounds. Rhythms borrowing from traditional Cuban music style have been incorporated in hip hop music. Native
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were able to establish their own "underground" hip hop scene. The financial constraints of tourist geared night clubs that only accept dollars or venues that cost up to the equivalent of a standard monthly Cuban salary for entry also aided in the significance of house parties in the Cuban hip hop
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Without widespread commercialization of music throughout Cuba, female hip-hop groups depend on public performances to express their identity and struggles. As Afro-Cuban men attempt to re-insert race into public conversations, their female counterparts simultaneously advocate racial and feminist
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inspires merely dancing. The article quotes Cuban rapper Cabera, aka Papa Humbertico explaining that rap talks “about the reality of a Cuban's life in our songs, what happens to us in the street.” In contrast Cabera believes “"All reggaeton does is make people stupid.” The author of the article
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Although rap Cubano clearly adopted many musical techniques and stylistics characterized by rap in the US, the artists do not take such an adversarial role against the Cuban government for several reasons. First, the state supports hip hop culture as a vehicle of progressive revolution which is
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Cuban hip hop that addresses political issues, however, are not widely commercialized. These types of music that can be listen to by all Cubans of any age, tend to stay underground and are suppressed by the government, leaving a majority of Cubans no choice but to listen to salsa, reggaeton, or
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Hip hop and rap clubs, while scarce today in Cuba, emerged as an open and affordable gathering space for lower and middle-class Cubans who are increasingly excluded from other forms of Havana nightlife due to rising prices, dollarization of popular clubs and increasing segregation on behalf of
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and rock music (another marginalized musical genre in Cuba) was declared "an authentic expression of Cuban culture" by Abel Prieto, Cuba's Minister of Culture. Fidel Castro deemed hip hop music to be at the "vanguard of the Revolution" because of its revolutionary message. This resulted in the
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like rock was perceived as a foreign import and while it was never forbidden, neither was it promoted or encouraged” The Cuban government changed its perceptions about hip hop during 1999 when they declared it as an authentic expression of Cuban culture. In addition the government formed the
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The Black August Collective that was formed, and the concerts these progressive US artists gave in Cuba, played a key role in expanding and raising the profile of conscious, politicized rap within Cuba. Many Cuban rappers felt an affinity to the revolutionary aspects of the work these artists
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to help promote the art form on the island. Weekly radio and TV shows were launched. With the creation of the Cuban Rap Agency by the Cuban government, this group encouraged and endorsed various rappers and created their albums. However, there was a down-side to this agency that affected the
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At the same time that Cuban rappers have used the genre to speak out about the realities of their daily lives and issues that are often politely overlooked in Cuban culture, they also walk a fine line since so much of the hip hop scene is supported by the government. When the state and its
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released her innovative album "Nomad" mixing her Cuban roots with elements of hip hop, house and R&B. In her 2012 released 3rd album "Addys", which was mainly produced in a singer/songwriter atmosphere, Addys Mercedes in the song "Alma Latina" was rapping about immigration from Cuba.
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addressed recently by Cuban hip hop artists stand as a rebellion against the many downfalls, such as poverty and racism, that their nation is currently fighting. It would benefit all of Cuba to take the time to understand the lyrics and not just watch the images of the videos.
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song which incorporates rhetoric first used by Fidel Castro to inspire community, pride, and a revolutionary spirit within the Cuban people. In a 21st-century context, this defines a struggle for gender equality as well as the persistence of other social inequities that Cuban
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identify many flaws within Cuba that reflect failures of the Revolution to achieve equality. On the other, they assert that their brand of hip-hop is as Cuban, and therefore revolutionary, as any cultural production on the island. This is seen in "Vamos a Vence," a
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Still, state control of the industry has limited their popularity and success. Concerts organized by the Cuban Agency of Rap often fail to pay female performers. In one instance, eleven performances combined to feature one woman, Magía Lopez of the husband-wife duo
1049:–whose lyrics emphasize sensuality, individualism and sex, in graphic and sexually explicit terms– stands in sharp contrast to the tradition of Cuban underground rap, the content of which is more often characterized by social commentary on inequality and injustice.
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emerged as a distinct genre when Amenaza (now known internationally as the Orishas) incorporated Afro-Cuban bata percussion into their performance at the 1996 festival, winning them first place in the competition. The same year, Cuba's first all-female rap group,
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with its homespun production value, bicycle taxi advertising and the informal mass distribution in urban areas has led to its accessibility to the Cuban community at large. This rings familiar with US music industry marketing strategies. The peculiarity of
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In the early stages of Cuban hip hop there was minimal technology to record their beloved hip hop. This made it virtually impossible to duplicate the exotic sounds in Cuba. This lack of technology led to the private gatherings of very devoted fans called,
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As the Internet became widely used worldwide, Cubans were left out of an explosion of cultural production and transmission. By the turn of the 21st century, international travel had become less restrictive for artists and more and more CDs came back.
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Wunderlich, Annelise. “Cuban Hip-hop: Making Space for New Voices of Dissent.” In The Vinyl Ain’t Final: Hip Hop and the Globalization of Black Popular Culture, ed. by Dipannita Basu and Sidney J. Lemelle, 167-79. London; Ann Arbor, MI: Pluto Press,
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left for the United States, Europe, or other countries in Latin America. They constitute a Cuban hip-hop voluntary exile community that utilizes more widely available Internet resources and exposure to voice socially-conscious messages.
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The importation of Cuban rap is debated, but many argue that it was brought from Miami. Rap hit Cuba approximately a quarter century ago, gaining popularity in the 1990s after the fall of the Soviet Union. However it existed among young
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Wunderlich, Annelise: “Cuban Hip-hop: Making Space for New Voices of Dissent,” ‘The Vinyl Ain’t Final: Hip Hop and the Globalization of Black Popular Culture,’ Basu, Dipannita and Lemelle, Sidney ed., London: Pluto Press, 2006, page
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Wunderlich, Annelise: “Cuban Hip-hop: Making Space for New Voices of Dissent,” ‘The Vinyl Ain’t Final: Hip Hop and the Globalization of Black Popular Culture,’ Basu, Dipannita and Lemelle, Sidney ed., London: Pluto Press, 2006, page
1062:“There is an element of commercialism that’s creeping in…You cannot blame these young people for wanting to see the fruits of their labor, but will they be able to maintain that responsible, intellectual rap and still get paid?"
1163:- that sustains the disillusioned” (Ramirez). Additionally, political and historical events are resonant in the music making, it a unique expression of Cuban culture. For instance, the group Instisto incorporates texts about the
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A search for identity is characteristic of the genre. The challenge of situating themselves within the Revolution, which in its early days professed to eliminate racial and class distinctions, defines the artistry of most
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In the mid-1990s, the music scene was one of the most promising for Cubans to meet tourists and gain possible access to much needed hard currency. Hip-hop developed new dance moves involving the 'solo' female body: the
1271:, have received a lot of attention in numerous documentaries and dissertations for their open homosexual identity. Las Krudas went on to form Omega Kilay (a female rap collective) in 1999 with fellow female rappers (
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From the 1980s onward, Cubans have shared their love of music in private circles. The first sounds of American hip-hop came from Miami through radio waves in homes throughout Havana and elsewhere on the island. As
1123:. Many Cuban rappers use their music as an opportunity to speak out against problems within Cuba or on global issues including war, racism, and pollution. Many Cuban rappers refer to the subjects of their rap as
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As of 2016, there were over 500 signed hip-hop artists in Cuba. However, whilst there has been much academic and media interest in Cuban hip hop, few Cuban groups have managed to be heard outside of the island.
2462:"Pacini-Hernandez, Deborah and Reebee Garofalo. "The emergence of rap Cubano: An historical perspective." In Music, Space, and Place, ed. Whitely, Bennett, and Hawkins, 89–107. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2004."
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Pacini-Hernandez, Deborah and Reebee Garofalo. "The emergence of rap Cubano: An historical perspective." In Music, Space, and Place, ed. Whitely, Bennett, and Hawkins, 89-107. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2004.
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Pacini-Hernandez, Deborah and Reebee Garofalo. "The emergence of rap Cubano: An historical perspective." In Music, Space, and Place, ed. Whitely, Bennett, and Hawkins, 91-93. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2004.
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Pacini-Hernandez, Deborah and Reebee Garofalo."The emergence of Rap Cubano: An historical perspective." In music space, and place, ed. Whitely, Bennett, and Hawkins, 89-107.BurlingtonVt. Ashgate, 2004
1275:), I-n-I, DJ Leidis, DJ Yary. The majority of these women have left Cuba, however, along with many other male rappers due to ongoing censorship and lack of performance opportunities. The female group
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because only a single unchanging beat may be heard throughout a whole track. An article from a major Cuban social change news source, “Cubanet,” reinforces the opinion that rap motivates change while
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Saunders, Tanya L. : Black Thoughts, Black Activism: Cuban Underground Hip-hop and Afro-Latino Countercultures of Modernity in Latin American Perspectives, first published on December 1, 2011
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toured internationally during the 1990s, they brought back new records and mixtapes on CDs which exposed them to a greater diversity of music. Very few albums were actually sold in Cuba, however.
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live in the United States, where they continue to advocate for gender and sexual equality through North American tours, Internet campaigns, and trips to Cuba to support up and coming artists.
1256:, a form of prostitution for tourists, affords poor Cuban women access to American dollars that they cannot earn working for the state. Despite the sacrifice of their bodies to earn money,
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The change in both attitude towards hip hop and the move towards home grown expression was in part facilitated by the involvement of New Afrikan Revoluationay Nehanda Abiodun, a U.S.
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Tanya L. Saunders: Black Thoughts, Black Activism: Cuban Underground Hip-hop and Afro-Latino Countercultures of Modernity in Latin American Perspectives, December 1, 2011
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The movement dwindled in popularity in the mid-2000s. Constrained by the state and seeing better economic opportunities elsewhere, artists like Ariel Fernandez Diaz and
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Baker argues that those music-making circles "enable a community to generate (rather than simply embody) a different social order and a distinct set of moral values."
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see Tanya L. Saunders's 2008 dissertation from University of Michigan Ann Arbor The Cuban Remix: Rethinking Culture and Political Participation in Contemporary Cuba
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1155:. The harsh Cuban reality, in this way, provides a lens into the unique inner-city experience of Cubans suffering from socio-economic hardships. According to
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Cubans use this word only for people from the U.S., but U.S. people are not the only visitors to Cuba. A song was made named "A ti te gustan los yumas."
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all over the island more often than Whites. Many Afrocubans believed government assumes Blacks are more likely to be involved in criminal activity.
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Baker, Geoffrey. 2006. "La Habana que no conoces: Cuban rap and the social construction of urban space." Ethnomusicology Forum 15, no. 2: 215-46.
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Baker, Geoffrey. 2006. "La Habana que no conoces: Cuban rap and the social construction of urban space." Ethnomusicology Forum 15, no. 2: 215-46
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discourses. Contrary to American hip-hop's reputation for outspoken misogyny, Cuban hip-hop has developed spaces for feminist thought due to
1357:, literally “burners,” decided to copy CDs onto USB flash drives to be shared person-to-person. This practice continues today alongside the
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The lyrical content, in and of itself, also speaks to the struggles and hardships experienced by Cubans in impoverished inner city areas of
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have broken out of all-male crews to establish their own voice and talents. Rather than identify as Cuban first and foremost, members of
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formation of the Agencia Cubana de Rap (Cuban Rap Agency), the state's organization that runs a record label and hip hop magazine,
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activist in political exile in Cuba. Upset with what she saw as blind imitation of commercial US rap culture with its depiction of
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younger, hearing and singing the lyrics found in Cuban hip hop and reggaeton, which often make reference to sexual activities.
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places a larger emphasis on movement expression than vocal expression. Furthermore, Baker attributes a lack of originality to
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Most recently, the term "underground" has become more appropriate for rap. The most popular urban music in the country is now
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versus Cuban rap has become a contentious debate in Cuba. It's driven many within the socially conscious rap scene to paint
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There were a couple reasons why this song was made, including the thought that Cuban women prefer foreign men for money.
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Wunderlich, Annelise: "Cuban Hip Hop: Underground revolution" Cubans 2001 Cuban Hip Hop. Accessed February 7, 2007.
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Cuban hip-hop: The rebellion within the revolution. By Simon Umlauf. CNN Headline News. Monday, November 25, 2002
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who felt robbed of their platform to address social problems. In 2006, after ten years of hosting popular Cuban
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2007 - "Guerrilla Radio: The Hip-Hop Struggle Under Castro". Directed by Thomas Nybo, Produced by Simon Umlauf
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Hip-hop arrived in the public eye with the launch of the "Festival de Rap Cubano" in 1995, a joint effort by
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Baker, Geoffrey. 2008. “The Politics of Dancing.” In Reading Reggaeton (forthcoming, Duke University Press).
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Baker, Geoffrey. 2008. "The Politics of Dancing." In Reading Reggaeton (forthcoming, Duke University Press).
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Old Havana, and police will ask most who show up there for ID. But statistics show that the police arrest
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Baker, Geoffrey. 2006. "La Habana que no conoces: Cuban rap and the social construction of urban space."
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exposed to foreign tourists whose wealth highlighted their struggle, turned to rapping to affirm their
2257:"Fear of a Black Nation: Local Rappers, Transnational Crossings, and State Power in Contemporary Cuba"
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Armstead, Ronni (2007). "'Growing the Size of the Black Woman': Feminist Activism in Havana Hip Hop".
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call themselves other things as well: feminists, Afro-Cubans, and poor. The group speaks out against
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worked against the Revolution. Like many other groups, the duo has moved abroad to more freely work.
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Lacey, Marc. “Cuba’s Rap Vanguard Reaches Beyond the Party Line.” Havana Journal, New York Times.
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frequently expresses their love for Cuba through their politically and socially conscious lyrics.
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2019:"Cuba's rebel rap roars for 'revolution within the revolution' / Cuba News - CubaNet News"
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Umlauf, Simon (November 25, 2002). "Cuban hip-hop: the Rebellion Within the Revolution".
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word for foreigners in general. Originally this word meant “Yankee”, a person from the
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Fairley, Jan. "Como hacer el amor con ropa (How to Make Love with your Clothes On)".
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2385:"The State, Cuban Rap, and the State of Cuban Rap | USC Center on Public Diplomacy"
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948:(AHS). Despite poor promotion and the remote location, it became a huge success.
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Additional accusations of support from USAID contribute to a state belief that
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assumes that Cabera's statement derives from the “preoccupation” with dance of
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La Lucha Mujerista: Krudas CUBENSI1 and Black Feminist Sexual Politics in Cuba
1816:"CNN.com - Cuban hip-hop: The rebellion within the revolution - Nov. 25, 2002"
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https://moodle.brandeis.edu/file.php/3404/pdfs/fairley_dancing_reggaeton.pdf
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This exclusion from night life led to the importance of house parties where
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Baker, Geoffrey (2005). "¡Hip hop, Revolución! Nationalizing Rap in Cuba".
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https://moodle.brandeis.edu/file.php/3404/pdfs/baker-hip-hop-revolucion.pdf
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However, that early support waned in the mid 2000s, drawing criticism from
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Baker, Geoffrey. 2005. "¡Hip hop, Revolución! Nationalizing Rap in Cuba."
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Baker, Geoffrey. 2005. " Hip Hop, Revolución! Nationalizing Rap in Cuba".
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Baker, Geoffrey. 2005. " Hip Hop, Revolución! Nationalizing Rap in Cuba".
1707:
Baker, Geoffrey. 2005. " Hip Hop, Revolución! Nationalizing Rap in Cuba".
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http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/10/04/entertainment/main647330.shtml
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http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/10/04/entertainment/main647330.shtml
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artists to Cuba. This led to the Black August benefit concerts held in
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1678:. Durham and London: Duke University Press. pp. 91–134, 199–234.
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assert that equality is impossible without showing them respect, too.
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2304:"The (Latin) American underground: Havana and marginocentric hip hop"
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http://journalism.berkeley.edu/projects/cubans2001/story-hiphop.html
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1086:. In summary, some believe that rap is more easily expressive while
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According to Geoff Baker, rap promotes social awareness better than
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Fairley J; Cambridge University Press, 2006, volume 25/3.pp 447-488
1554:"For Cuba's disillusioned youth, hip-hop offers a way to speak out"
1404:
Probably the most successful rap group to come out of Cuba was the
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2343:
Networked Music Cultures: Contemporary Approaches, Emerging Issues
738:. During the 1980s hip hop culture in Cuba was mainly centered on
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2010 - "Golden Scars" Directed by Alexandrine Boudreault-Fournier
1295:, the dominance of men in Latin American cultures like Cuba. For
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2004:
Associated Press. “Cuban Hip-Hop Reaches Crossroads.” CBS News.
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Associated Press. “Cuban Hip-Hop Reaches Crossroads.” CBS News.
2016:"Cuba's rebel rap roars for 'revolution within the revolution'"
1528:
1152:
846:
223:
2108:"Cuban Rap Music: Is it occupying its rightful place in life?"
1939:"MUSIC-CUBA: Rap Calls for 'Revolution Within the Revolution'"
1849:. Durham and London: Duke University Press. pp. 199–234.
1847:
Negro Soy Yo: Hip-Hop and Raced Citizenship in Neoliberal Cuba
1676:
Negro Soy Yo: Hip-Hop and Raced Citizenship in Neoliberal Cuba
1315:, who was under contract with the Agency. On one hand, female
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2012 - "Coming Home" Directed by Michael Garcia. Produced by
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life, violence, and misogyny, Abiodun began working with the
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with Magia López the singer of hip hop Cuban group Obsesión.
2094:
Music, Space and Place: Popular Music and Cultural Identity
1144:
have been part of the indigenization hip hop music in Cuba.
122:
may be in need of reorganization to comply with Knowledge's
5437:
722:
2567:
1058:
has advocated strongly for Cuban hip hop and rap, said of
1518:". Directed by Jauretsi Saizarbitoria and Emilia Menocal.
2548:
1986:
Published December 15, 2006. Accessed February 6, 2008.
1090:
conveys its message less understandably through dance.
731:
4351:
2531:
Cuban HipHop: Desde el Principio (From the Beginning)
2473:
Video-interview with the National Agency of cuban Rap
2097:
Published October 4, 2004. Accessed February 7, 2008.
2007:
Published October 4, 2004. Accessed February 6, 2008.
1896:"Cuban hip-hop: The rebellion within the revolution"
2374:
Miller T.; Tucson weekly, 2001; “Dreaming in Cuban”
1263:While many female rappers exist, the lesbian trio,
2480:Guerrilla Radio: The Hip Hop Struggle Under Castro
1560:. Archived from the original on February 12, 2008.
2136:
2134:
2041:
2039:
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1792:
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1097:in Cuba is altogether peculiar and familiar. The
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2557:Radio documentary by the National Radio Project.
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758:and advocate for further revolutionary reforms.
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133:to make improvements to the overall structure.
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2146:
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954:
742:. But by the 1990s, with the collapse of the
696:
5481:Hispanic-influenced music in the Philippines
2065:Cubarte, Alberto Faya Montano (2005-04-25).
1657:
1655:
1469:. There might be a discussion about this on
2345:. London: Springer Nature. pp. 13–30.
2302:Diamond Hankin, Charlie (January 9, 2017).
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
4344:
4330:
2590:
2576:
2521:
2503:
2143:
1692:
1211:. Please do not remove this message until
1113:
761:
703:
689:
2254:
1652:
1489:Learn how and when to remove this message
1411:In 2003 Europe based female Cuban singer
1247:
1231:Learn how and when to remove this message
815:
167:Learn how and when to remove this message
149:Learn how and when to remove this message
4553:
2208:
1207:Relevant discussion may be found on the
918:
90:of all important aspects of the article.
1036:
5494:
2420:http://www.last.fm/music/Orishas/+wiki
2340:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1807:
849:, which have featured artists such as
86:Please consider expanding the lead to
5230:
4325:
4284:LGBT representations in hip hop music
2571:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
1844:
1673:
1332:Today, current and former members of
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820:
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2555:The Sound of Change: Hip Hop in Cuba
2534:2006 documentary film (MySpace link)
2211:National Women's Studies Association
1669:
1667:
1441:
1181:
106:
59:
18:
2161:"Cuban Hip Hop Reaches Crossroads"
1924:
1902:. November 22, 2002. Archived from
1833:
1551:
1511:. Directed by Eli Jacobs-Fantauzzi.
13:
2191:
1882:"Cuban Hip-Hop Reaches Crossroads"
975:In 2002 the government formed the
779:Gradually this began to change as
14:
5523:
2466:
1664:
1395:
963:(written by DJ Ariel Fernandez),
509:Nationalistic and patriotic songs
34:This article has multiple issues.
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78:may be too short to adequately
42:or discuss these issues on the
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1608:
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1364:
88:provide an accessible overview
1:
2446:"Addys | Addys Mercedes"
2432:"Nomad | Addys Mercedes"
2320:10.1080/14788810.2016.1233485
2173:Hip-hop and Reggaeton in Cuba
1745:"Cubans 2001 - Cuban Hip-Hop"
1535:
909:, La Bruha, and Imani Uzuri.
835:Malcolm X Grassroots Movement
4289:Feminist activism in hip hop
1171:. Additionally, the rap duo
1006:
552:Aruba and the Dutch Antilles
7:
4279:Partner violence in hip hop
2597:
2255:Fernandes, Sujatha (2003).
1213:conditions to do so are met
946:Asociación de Hermanos Sais
10:
5528:
2549:Hip Hop Underground Cubano
2456:
1942:"The Global Intelligencer"
1929:. University of Liverpool.
1927:Institute of Popular Music
1016:Criticism of Cuban hip hop
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4209:
4168:
4143:
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3743:Bosnian and Herzegovinian
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3471:
3437:
3368:
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3233:
3208:
3118:
3107:
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2764:
2756:Bristol underground scene
2723:
2650:
2607:
2261:Anthropological Quarterly
1971:www.reggaeton-in-cuba.com
1570:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1558:journalismfellowships.org
1307:and other female groups.
804:(all-over-the-place) and
652:St Vincent and Grenadines
1509:Inventos: Hip Hop Cubano
1501:
1430:led a new generation of
808:(shake-shudder) and the
2526:. 2006 documentary film
2508:. 2004 documentary film
2495:Cuban Hip Hop All-Stars
1845:Perry, Marc D. (2016).
1674:Perry, Marc D. (2016).
1598:"CNN.com International"
1161:Buena Vista Social Club
1114:Themes in Cuban Hip-Hop
762:Early days: Importation
2418:“Orisha’s Biography,”
2389:uscpublicdiplomacy.org
2112:www.walterlippmann.com
1248:Women in Cuban Hip-Hop
955:
839:progressive US hip hop
816:Birth of a Cuban scene
3457:Alternative reggaeton
2736:Universal Zulu Nation
2490:2007 documentary film
2273:10.1353/anq.2003.0054
1871:Ethnomusicology Forum
1267:, otherwise known as
1093:The dissemination of
977:Agencia Cubana de Rap
919:The Underground Scene
827:Black Liberation Army
810:subasta de la cintura
746:and the onset of the
484:Media and performance
4352:Music genres in the
4222:Contemporary R&B
4031:Minneapolis/St. Paul
2341:Astley, Tom (2016).
1459:confusing or unclear
1132:instruments such as
1037:Clash with Reggaetón
5315:Afro-Peruvian music
4638:Afro-Peruvian music
2826:Chopped and screwed
2731:Five-Percent Nation
2391:. 27 September 2016
2188:49, no. 3: 368-402.
1967:"Reggaeton History"
1734:49, no. 3: 383, 388
1467:clarify the article
1200:of this article is
837:in the US to bring
662:Trinidad and Tobago
547:Antigua and Barbuda
131:editing the article
5221:Charanga-vallenata
4653:Son de los Diablos
2485:2017-06-12 at the
2291:– via JSTOR.
2242:2008-02-07 at the
1906:on August 27, 2009
1277:Explosion Femenina
1099:guerilla marketing
944:and the state-run
936:Government Support
821:American Influence
642:St Kitts and Nevis
592:Dominican Republic
5489:
5488:
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5302:
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4893:
4591:
4590:
4319:
4318:
4205:
4204:
3467:
3466:
3353:
3352:
3103:
3102:
2683:Feminist activism
2352:978-1-137-58290-4
1873:15, no. 2: 215-46
1856:978-0-8223-5985-2
1810:CNN Headline News
1685:978-0-8223-5985-2
1499:
1498:
1491:
1241:
1240:
1233:
961:Hip Hop Manifesto
713:
712:
529:
528:
504:
503:
479:
478:
444:Traditional music
177:
176:
169:
159:
158:
151:
124:layout guidelines
105:
104:
57:
5519:
5383:Canción melódica
5228:
5227:
4997:Traditional folk
4839:
4838:
4630:Peruvian coastal
4613:Paraguayan polka
4551:
4550:
4346:
4339:
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4009:Washington, D.C.
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3361:
3305:Na mele paleoleo
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2308:Atlantic Studies
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2055:
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2031:
2030:
2021:. Archived from
2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1944:. Archived from
1937:
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1916:
1915:
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1911:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1867:
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1842:
1831:
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1827:
1818:. Archived from
1813:
1805:
1799:
1796:
1781:
1778:
1769:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1747:. Archived from
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1728:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1705:
1699:
1696:
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1450:
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1442:
1236:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1216:
1190:
1189:
1182:
1033:mainstream rap.
981:Cuban Rap Agency
958:
734:broadcasts from
705:
698:
691:
667:Turks and Caicos
515:
514:
490:
489:
395:
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195:Related articles
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5457:
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5340:Afro-Cuban jazz
5325:Bomba del Chota
5299:
5226:
5072:
4992:
4890:
4886:Orquesta típica
4876:Uruguayan tango
4851:Argentine tango
4837:
4801:
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4684:
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4587:
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4293:
4259:Music sequencer
4201:
4170:
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4145:
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4104:Outside the US:
4101:
4097:Native American
3970:
3964:
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3484:
3474:Regional scenes
3473:
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3204:
3175:Psychedelic rap
3120:
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2975:
2936:Progressive rap
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2487:Wayback Machine
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1329:first tackled.
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1187:
1173:Anónimo consejo
1116:
1039:
1018:
1009:
983:) with its own
938:
921:
887:Gil Scott-Heron
823:
818:
764:
709:
518:National anthem
499:Beny Moré Award
398:Religious music
355:guarapachangueo
214:Afro-Cuban jazz
173:
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129:Please help by
128:
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73:This article's
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5362:Tropical music
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4823:Música cebolla
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4458:Rumba flamenca
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4171:South American
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4126:
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4099:
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4087:Asian American
4084:
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3991:
3979:United States:
3977:
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3971:North American
3966:
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3957:
3952:
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3906:Middle Eastern
3901:
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3405:
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3394:
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3392:
3390:Florida breaks
3387:
3385:Baltimore club
3376:
3374:
3363:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3335:Urban Pasifika
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3315:Romany hip hop
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3270:Hip hop galsen
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
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3222:
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3214:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3165:New jack swing
3162:
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3105:
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3087:
3082:
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3048:Brooklyn drill
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3015:
3010:
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2594:
2587:
2580:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2558:
2552:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2527:
2513:East of Havana
2509:
2491:
2476:
2468:
2467:External links
2465:
2464:
2463:
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2451:
2437:
2423:
2411:
2401:
2376:
2367:
2358:
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2333:
2294:
2267:(4): 575–608.
2247:
2228:
2217:(1): 106–117.
2190:
2175:
2166:
2154:
2142:
2130:
2128:49, no. 3: 378
2117:
2099:
2087:
2078:
2057:
2035:
2009:
1997:
1988:
1976:
1958:
1932:
1917:
1887:
1875:
1862:
1855:
1832:
1800:
1782:
1770:
1761:
1736:
1723:
1713:
1711:49, no. 3: 388
1700:
1691:
1684:
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1607:
1589:
1577:
1540:
1539:
1537:
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1522:
1519:
1516:East of Havana
1512:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1454:
1452:
1445:
1413:Addys Mercedes
1397:
1396:Notable Groups
1394:
1366:
1363:
1341:
1338:
1265:Krudas Cubensi
1249:
1246:
1239:
1238:
1194:
1192:
1185:
1125:temas sociales
1115:
1112:
1038:
1035:
1017:
1014:
1008:
1005:
937:
934:
920:
917:
891:Dave Chappelle
822:
819:
817:
814:
763:
760:
748:Special Period
711:
710:
708:
707:
700:
693:
685:
682:
681:
680:
679:
674:
672:Virgin Islands
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
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589:
584:
579:
577:Cayman Islands
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
536:
535:
534:Regional music
531:
530:
527:
526:
520:
519:
511:
510:
506:
505:
502:
501:
495:
494:
486:
485:
481:
480:
477:
476:
475:
474:
472:Tumba francesa
469:
464:
459:
457:Coros de clave
454:
446:
445:
441:
440:
439:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
400:
399:
391:
390:
389:Specific forms
386:
385:
384:
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378:
373:
368:
358:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
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257:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
221:
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191:
190:
189:General topics
186:
185:
175:
174:
157:
156:
119:
117:
110:
103:
102:
82:the key points
72:
70:
63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5524:
5513:
5512:Latin hip hop
5510:
5508:
5507:Music of Cuba
5505:
5503:
5502:Cuban hip hop
5500:
5499:
5497:
5482:
5479:
5475:
5472:
5471:
5470:
5467:
5466:
5464:
5460:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5443:Spanish opera
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5433:Punto guajiro
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
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5379:
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5375:
5373:
5369:
5363:
5360:
5358:
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5350:
5348:
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5218:
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5213:
5210:
5208:
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5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
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5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
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5089:
5087:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5079:
5075:
5067:
5064:
5062:
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5057:
5054:
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5049:
5047:
5044:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5026:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5009:Gaita zuliana
5007:
5005:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4995:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4901:
4897:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4844:
4840:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4806:Southern Cone
4804:
4798:
4795:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4725:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4713:Nueva canción
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4691:
4687:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4659:
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4644:
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4640:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4631:
4627:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4594:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4556:
4552:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4518:
4514:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4482:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4453:Flamenco jazz
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4418:Catalan rumba
4416:
4415:
4413:
4411:
4410:Spaniard folk
4407:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4354:Hispanosphere
4347:
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3340:Vigilante rap
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3310:Nuyorican rap
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2863:Freestyle rap
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2821:Chipmunk soul
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2538:nacla website
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2025:on 2008-02-13
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1822:on 2009-08-27
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1751:on 2008-02-07
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1471:the talk page
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717:Hip hop music
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183:Music of Cuba
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120:This article
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20:
5448:Spanish jazz
5371:Other genres
4973:Puerto Rican
4306:
4254:Hip hop skit
4249:Drum machine
4210:Other topics
4113:
4103:
4004:Philadelphia
3978:
3447:Funk carioca
3397:Ghetto house
3255:Boomba music
3145:Hip hop soul
3058:Sample drill
3053:Jersey drill
2880:Instrumental
2560:
2547:
2529:
2512:
2494:
2478:
2440:
2426:
2414:
2404:
2393:. Retrieved
2388:
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2336:
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2250:
2231:
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2210:
2183:
2178:
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2157:
2125:
2120:
2111:
2102:
2090:
2081:
2070:. Retrieved
2060:
2051:
2047:
2027:. Retrieved
2023:the original
2012:
2000:
1991:
1979:
1970:
1961:
1950:. Retrieved
1946:the original
1935:
1926:
1920:
1908:. Retrieved
1904:the original
1899:
1890:
1878:
1870:
1865:
1846:
1824:. Retrieved
1820:the original
1809:
1803:
1764:
1753:. Retrieved
1749:the original
1739:
1731:
1726:
1716:
1708:
1703:
1694:
1675:
1643:
1634:
1610:
1601:
1592:
1557:
1508:
1485:
1476:
1465:Please help
1456:
1437:Los Aldeanos
1436:
1431:
1428:Los Aldeanos
1427:
1426:
1420:
1418:
1410:
1403:
1399:
1369:
1368:
1358:
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1351:
1346:
1343:
1340:Distribution
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1157:Marc Ramirez
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1019:
1010:
1000:
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987:and hip hop
985:record label
974:
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945:
939:
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925:
922:
913:
855:David Banner
824:
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798:
792:
780:
778:
765:
755:
751:
744:Soviet Union
740:breakdancing
721:
715:
714:
493:Music awards
289:
163:
145:
136:
121:
93:
77:
75:lead section
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
5469:Latin music
5393:Contradanza
5285:Tecnocumbia
5260:New Chilean
5245:Bullerengue
5101:Cha-cha-cha
5034:jalisciense
5024:Mexican Son
4908:Alternative
4871:Nuevo tango
4770:Duranguense
4718:Nueva trova
4563:Alternative
4517:Latin urban
4375:Carnavalito
4274:Video vixen
4269:Synthesizer
4242:Turntablism
4227:Disc jockey
4160:New Zealand
3940:Palestinian
3835:Montenegrin
3626:Bangladeshi
3621:Azerbaijani
3360:Derivatives
3345:Zenji flava
3320:Songo-salsa
3250:Bongo flava
3130:Country rap
3018:Memphis rap
3001:Mafioso rap
2996:Gangsta rap
2971:Underground
2966:Turntablism
2890:Chicano rap
2792:Hipster hop
2787:Alternative
1365:Cuban slang
1254:Jineterismo
907:Talib Kweli
879:Les Nubians
851:Erykah Badu
720:arrived in
637:Puerto Rico
524:La Bayamesa
305:Nueva trova
254:Contradanza
239:Cha-cha-chá
16:Music genre
5496:Categories
5453:Villancico
5335:Latin jazz
5308:Afro-Latin
5265:Panamanian
5195:Son cubano
4988:Venezuelan
4948:Latin rock
4943:Ecuadorian
4603:Chamarrita
4596:Litoraleña
4583:Panamanian
4573:Moombahton
4479:Isa (from
4155:Australian
4134:Salvadoran
4070:West Coast
4016:Midwestern
3994:New Jersey
3984:East Coast
3830:Macedonian
3805:Portuguese
3698:Sri Lankan
3688:Philippine
3653:Indonesian
3596:Zimbabwean
3571:Senegalese
3409:Glitch hop
3402:Ghettotech
3371:Electronic
3260:Cumbia rap
3220:Trap metal
3155:Industrial
3070:Latin trap
3029:Trap music
3013:Horrorcore
2956:Snap music
2940:Religious
2907:Mumble rap
2902:Miami bass
2858:East Coast
2751:Golden age
2746:New school
2741:Old-school
2705:Production
2658:Battle rap
2641:Beatboxing
2395:2020-12-07
2072:2008-02-08
2067:"Cuba Now"
2029:2008-02-08
1952:2008-02-08
1826:2010-04-30
1755:2008-02-08
1536:References
1479:April 2013
1461:to readers
1421:Las Krudas
1355:Quemadores
1334:Las Krudas
1322:Las Krudas
1305:Las Krudas
1297:Las Krudas
1289:Las Krudas
1281:Oye Habana
1269:Las Krudas
1221:April 2013
1198:neutrality
1165:Afro-Cuban
1134:bata drums
970:Movimiento
965:rap cubano
950:Rap cubano
895:Tony Touch
786:Afrocubans
632:Montserrat
627:Martinique
602:Guadeloupe
351:batá-rumba
300:Mozambique
256:(habanera)
139:March 2012
96:March 2012
39:improve it
5474:subgenres
5413:Pasacalle
5388:Christian
5378:Aguinaldo
5250:Colombian
5240:Argentine
5217:Vallenato
5188:romántica
5171:Guaguancó
5051:Zamacueca
5004:Chacarera
4983:Uruguayan
4963:Nueva ola
4938:Dominican
4928:Colombian
4913:Argentine
4881:Bandoneon
4703:Colombian
4690:Latin pop
4680:Zamacueca
4658:Toro Mata
4578:Neoperreo
4555:Reggaeton
4502:Tajaraste
4497:Pasodoble
4492:Malagueña
4217:Auto-Tune
4197:Colombian
4180:Brazilian
4119:Dominican
4075:Northwest
4036:Wisconsin
3989:Baltimore
3895:Ukrainian
3875:Slovenian
3840:Norwegian
3815:Icelandic
3810:Hungarian
3765:Bulgarian
3703:Taiwanese
3693:Singapore
3683:Pakistani
3673:Mongolian
3668:Malaysian
3581:Tanzanian
3539:Mauritian
3452:Reggaeton
3424:Freestyle
3380:Breakbeat
3245:Afroswing
3211:Rap metal
3190:Rap opera
3150:Hip house
3038:Afro trap
2991:Dirty rap
2944:Christian
2929:Conscious
2924:Political
2851:Crunkcore
2836:Cloud rap
2767:Subgenres
2695:Festivals
2328:164895262
2314:: 82–98.
2054:(3): 374.
1910:April 30,
1209:talk page
1142:guaguanco
1108:reggaetón
1103:reggaetón
1095:reggaetón
1088:reggaetón
1084:reggaetón
1079:reggaetón
1075:reggaetón
1071:reggaetón
1067:reggaetón
1060:reggaetón
1055:reggaetón
1051:Reggaetón
1047:Reggaetœn
1043:reggaeton
1007:Nightlife
942:Grupo Uno
875:Jean Grae
871:the Roots
863:dead prez
806:tembleque
802:despelote
756:cubanidad
677:Venezuela
622:Louisiana
339:guaguancó
80:summarize
45:talk page
5330:Candombe
5270:Peruvian
5161:Pachanga
5156:Méringue
5151:Merengue
5141:Guaracha
5126:Cuarteto
5116:Charanga
5106:Champeta
5078:Tropical
5061:Marinera
5029:huasteco
4968:Peruvian
4866:Neotango
4813:Candombe
4790:Ranchera
4780:Mariachi
4743:Conjunto
4728:Regional
4665:Marinera
4608:Guarania
4568:Bachatón
4507:Zarzuela
4448:Cantiñas
4443:Bulerías
4433:Flamenco
4428:Fandango
4390:Morenada
4380:Diablada
4309:Category
4232:DJ mixer
4185:Brasília
4146:Oceanian
4109:Canadian
4048:Southern
3950:Tunisian
3935:Lebanese
3920:Egyptian
3850:Romanian
3770:Croatian
3758:Scottish
3733:Austrian
3728:Albanian
3719:European
3678:Nepalese
3658:Japanese
3616:Armenian
3586:Togolese
3566:Nigerien
3554:Nigerian
3549:Namibian
3544:Moroccan
3534:Malawian
3519:Ghanaian
3509:Botswana
3504:Beninese
3494:Algerian
3419:Illbient
3325:Scam rap
3300:Motswako
3285:Igbo rap
3236:Regional
3225:Nu metal
3200:Trip hop
3195:Rap rock
3180:Punk rap
3160:Jazz rap
3063:UK drill
2982:Hardcore
2961:Southern
2917:Chap hop
2912:Nerdcore
2814:Road rap
2799:Boom bap
2678:Feminism
2673:Activism
2634:Emceeing
2627:Graffiti
2613:Breaking
2483:Archived
2289:13914822
2240:Archived
1566:cite web
1313:Obsesión
1293:machismo
1202:disputed
989:magazine
956:Instinto
752:raperos,
750:, young
657:Suriname
647:St Lucia
587:Dominica
562:Barbados
542:Anguilla
431:Santería
343:columbia
310:Pachanga
285:Guaracha
275:Descarga
244:Charanga
5462:Related
5418:Pasillo
5398:Criolla
5352:Milonga
5295:Cachaca
5290:Villera
5255:Mexican
5200:montuno
5136:Guajira
5111:Changüí
5096:Calypso
5086:Bachata
5039:jarocho
4978:Spanish
4958:Mexican
4923:Chilean
4918:Chicano
4856:Milonga
4828:Milonga
4765:Grupera
4748:Norteño
4738:Corrido
4730:Mexican
4708:Mexican
4670:Tondero
4643:Festejo
4618:Chamamé
4540:R&B
4525:Hip hop
4438:Alboreá
4370:Bambuco
4264:Sampler
4192:Chilean
4129:Mexican
4124:Haitian
4058:Memphis
4053:Atlanta
4026:Detroit
4021:Chicago
3955:Turkish
3930:Israeli
3925:Iranian
3885:Swedish
3880:Spanish
3865:Serbian
3860:Russian
3825:Italian
3785:Finnish
3748:British
3738:Belgian
3636:Chinese
3631:Burmese
3591:Zambian
3524:Ivorian
3514:Gambian
3499:Angolan
3485:African
3330:Stronda
3295:Low bap
3280:Hiplife
3170:Pop rap
3140:Emo rap
3135:Electro
3121:General
3095:UK trap
2873:Jerkin'
2831:Chopper
2809:British
2778:General
2724:History
2710:Theater
2668:Fashion
2651:Culture
2600:Hip hop
2457:Sources
2281:3318281
2223:4317233
1514:2006- "
1507:2003 -
1457:may be
1432:raperos
1406:Orishas
1376:street
1347:raperos
1327:raperos
1317:raperas
1285:Telmary
1273:raperas
1258:raperas
1169:Obatala
1138:maracas
1121:raperos
1001:raperos
997:raperos
926:bonches
903:Mos Def
883:Chuck D
867:Fat Joe
796:scene.
793:raperos
781:raperos
769:moneros
617:Jamaica
597:Grenada
582:Curaçao
572:Bonaire
567:Bermuda
557:Bahamas
452:Changüí
365:montuno
290:Hip hop
280:Guajira
265:Cubatón
260:Criolla
234:Canción
5428:Pregón
5408:Décima
5357:Tambor
5347:Mapalé
5232:Cumbia
5131:Danzón
5091:Bolero
5046:Tonada
5019:Joropo
4797:Trival
4785:Jarabe
4758:Tejano
4753:Nortec
4698:Ballad
4535:Reggae
4385:Huayno
4362:Andean
4080:Alaska
3960:Yemeni
3915:Arabic
3870:Slovak
3855:Romany
3845:Polish
3795:German
3790:French
3753:Celtic
3663:Korean
3641:Indian
3529:Kenyan
3290:Kwaito
3008:G-funk
2949:Jewish
2841:Comedy
2804:Bounce
2715:Genres
2520:
2502:
2349:
2326:
2287:
2279:
2221:
1853:
1682:
1529:DJ EFN
1359:pakete
1167:deity
1153:Havana
1140:, and
859:Common
847:Havana
607:Guyana
467:Nengón
462:Kiribá
421:Makuta
406:Abakuá
320:Pregón
270:Danzón
224:Bolero
219:Bakosó
201:Genres
5423:Plena
5403:Danza
5320:Bomba
5275:Porro
5212:Trova
5207:Timba
5178:Salsa
5166:Rumba
5146:Mambo
5121:Conga
5066:Zamba
5056:Cueca
4953:Metal
4933:Cuban
4843:Tango
4833:Murga
4818:Cueca
4775:Banda
4648:Landó
4530:House
4475:Folia
4468:Soleá
4463:Saeta
4423:Copla
4400:Tinku
4114:Cuban
4092:Latin
4063:Miami
4041:Omaha
3890:Swiss
3820:Irish
3800:Greek
3780:Dutch
3775:Czech
3607:Asian
3439:Other
3429:Wonky
3414:Grime
3275:Hipco
3265:Genge
3185:Ragga
3090:Tread
3080:Plugg
3075:Phonk
3043:Drill
2885:Latin
2868:Hyphy
2846:Crunk
2700:Music
2663:Dance
2620:DJing
2324:S2CID
2285:S2CID
2277:JSTOR
2219:JSTOR
1629:2006.
1502:Films
1378:slang
1374:Cuban
1372:is a
736:Miami
728:radio
612:Haiti
416:Iyesá
411:Arará
381:Trova
376:Timba
371:Songo
347:yambú
335:Rumba
315:Pilón
295:Mambo
249:Conga
228:filin
5438:Seis
5183:dura
5014:Gato
4900:Rock
4861:Vals
4675:Vals
4545:Trap
4487:Jota
4395:Saya
3708:Thai
3646:Desi
3085:Rage
2897:Lofi
2690:LGBT
2518:IMDb
2500:IMDb
2409:168.
2347:ISBN
1912:2010
1851:ISBN
1721:172.
1680:ISBN
1572:link
1370:Yuma
1279:(or
1195:The
845:and
831:thug
730:and
726:via
723:Cuba
436:Yuka
426:Palo
330:Rock
209:Afro
5280:Rap
2516:at
2498:at
2316:doi
2269:doi
1900:CNN
1602:CNN
1101:of
773:rap
361:Son
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