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Cultural universal

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908:. For instance, when discussing the supposed "universality" of male sexuality as more potent and aggressive than female's, he quotes "Starting from assumptions generated by an evolutionary perspective, Symons (1979) and Daly and Wilson (1983 ) explain and document a complex of universal or near-universal differences between the sexes. Among them are the following: Sex is seen as a service given by females to males (females being the limiting resource); male sexual jealousy is more violent (confidence of paternity being a problem without a female counterpart); men are more quickly aroused, and more by visual stimuli (females being more choosy, and the signs of reproductive potential being more visibly discernible in the female); and the average husband is older than his wife (because a male’s reproductive potential—linked as it is to his ability to invest in child care—typically peaks later than a female’s)". Brown's major source for this is 136: 897:), often deliberately neglecting to mention the copious ethnographic evidence against these being universal traits. By the time of the publication of his 1991 book "Human Universals", it was common knowledge among anthropologists that many societies had egalitarian gender relations and did not police women's sexuality, but Brown chose to ignore this data and instead cobble together a narrative which seems to fit with his sociobiological presuppositions, selectively citing authors who agreed with him and ignoring those (such as Gwen J. Broude) who did not. 4346: 2973: 4372: 4359: 75: 95: 1708: 198: 34: 2997: 2985: 944:
literature, all of which stands as a testimony to the impossibility of Symons' evidence-free assertion. The similar "universal" claim of women being the "choosers" while men compete is easily debunked by the large number of societies where women court men, not the other way around (examples include
916:). One does not need to look very far into the ethnographic record, for instance, to find very copious refutation of the claims that "sex is seen as a service given by females to males"; some of the most eminent ethnographies of the last century argue the exact opposite, such as Pelto's on the 321:(1991), Donald Brown defines human universals as comprising "those features of culture, society, language, behavior, and psyche for which there are no known exception", providing a list of hundreds of items he suggests as universal. Among the cultural universals listed by Donald Brown are: 829:
The observation of the same or similar behavior in different cultures does not prove that they are the results of a common underlying psychological mechanism. One possibility is that they may have been invented independently due to a common practical problem.
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Based on experiments and studies of accidental and utopian societies, sociologist and evolutionary biologist Nicholas Christakis proposes that humans have evolved to genetically favor societies that have eight universal attributes, including:
983:'s so-called "refutation" of Mead; Freeman's work is now mostly regarded by anthropologists as being itself problematic and unreliable, more so than Mead's original research. He also makes copious reference to the universality of the 912:, himself an armchair anthropologist who did not perform any actual fieldwork but rather selectively interpreted certain ethnographies while ignoring those which disputed his assumptions (i.e. 960:). Even the claim of consistently higher male age at marriage struggles to conform itself to the widely known pattern among social historians of higher female age at marriage in some parts of 276:
hold that behaviors or traits that occur universally in all cultures are good candidates for evolutionary adaptations. Some anthropological and sociological theorists that take a
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perspective may deny the existence of cultural universals: the extent to which these universals are "cultural" in the narrow sense, or in fact biologically inherited
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Anderson, Cameron; Hildreth, John Angus D.; Howland, Laura (May 2015). "Is the desire for status a fundamental human motive? A review of the empirical literature".
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Donald Brown's perspective echoes a common belief held by many anthropologists of his time and earlier (increasingly those who have transitioned into the fields of
904:" which is based almost entirely on speculative work and catalogues the research of others, mostly those whom Brown himself had already decided were correct 3217: 3074: 928:. Similarly, many ancient and medieval texts argue the opposite: sex is seen as a service which men provide to women. This perspective is found in the 3042: 1586: 1582: 373:
Classification of: age, behavioral propensities, body parts, colors, fauna, flora, inner states, kin, gender, space, tools, weather conditions
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Brief news report of Psychological Bulletin article, Anderson, Hildreth, Howland (2015): Berkeley Haas School of Business. (May 6, 2015)
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Dentan, R. K. (2008). Overwhelming terror: Love, Fear, Peace, and Violence among Semai of Malaysia. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
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Farber, C. (1982). Female Power and Male Dominance: On the Origins of Sexual Inequality. Peggy Reeves Sanday. Atlantis, 7(2), 154–157.
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Anderson, C.; Kraus, M. W.; Galinsky, A. D.; Keltner, D. (2012). "The Local-Ladder Effect: Social Status and Subjective Well-Being".
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Outside influence could be an explanation for some cultural universals. This does not preclude multiple independent inventions of
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Orans, M. (1996). Not even wrong: Margaret Mead, Derek Freeman, and the Samoans. Chandler & Sharp Publishers, Incorporated.
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Brown attempted to respond to criticism by citing highly questionable authorities and ideas now considered discredited or
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Shankman, P. (2009). The trashing of Margaret Mead: Anatomy of an Anthropological Controversy. Univ of Wisconsin Press.
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Cultures and Globalization: Cultural Expression, Creativity and Innovation, Helmut K Anheier, Yudhishthir Raj Isar 2010
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for the last century. He attempted to find evidence for the universality of western concepts such as
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Kennedy, J. G., & Porter, F. W. (1990). The Tarahumara. Chelsea House Publications.
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Brown, D. (1991). Human universals. McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages.
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Triangular awareness (assessing relationships among the self and two other people)
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worldwide. Taken together, the whole body of cultural universals is known as the
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Equal Recognition: The Moral Foundations of Minority Rights, Alan Patten 2014
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prevention or avoidance, incest between mother and son unthinkable or tabooed
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of "and", "not", "opposite", "equivalent", "part/whole", "general/particular"
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Matriarchal societies : studies on indigenous cultures across the globe
264:) is an element, pattern, trait, or institution that is common to all known 4095: 3396: 3373: 2923: 2868: 2856: 2841: 2811: 2724: 2664: 2270: 1954: 1934: 1929: 1878: 1381: 1146: 1103: 925: 878: 862: 834: 3020: 4234: 4146: 4090: 3928: 3713: 3412: 3231: 2933: 2836: 2806: 2491: 1949: 1848: 1755: 1630: 1025: 957: 953: 917: 813: 569: 532: 343: 338: 4181: 4176: 3893: 3628: 3168: 1998: 1776: 886: 874: 803: 650: 503: 449: 436: 367: 19:"Human universals" redirects here. For the 1991 anthropology book, see 1211:
https://journals.msvu.ca/index.php/atlantis/article/download/4611/3849
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Actions under self-control distinguished from those not under control
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In fact, one major problem with Brown's work is that it is classic "
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https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/belief/articles/daf-yomi-123
1224:"Cross-Cultural Codes on Twenty Sexual Attitudes and Practices" 965: 937: 929: 756: 692: 553: 1663:. Berkeley: University of California. Retrieved 24 March 2021 969: 941: 933: 770: 696: 688: 613: 594: 403: 16:
Anthropological concept, element common to all human cultures
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Schacter, Daniel L, Daniel Wegner and Daniel Gilbert. 2007.
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Mood- or consciousness-altering techniques and/or substances
1568:, Ralph Linton (ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. 791: 775: 750: 1666: 1396:
Rački, F., Jagić, V., & Torbar, J. (1866). Književnik.
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Briggs, L. C. (1967). Tribes of the Sahara. Ardent Media.
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Pelto, P. J. (1960). Individualism in Skolt Lapp society.
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Language: The cultural tool DL Everett - 2012 - Vintage
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Males on average travel greater distances over lifetime
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Universalism Versus Relativism in Language and Thought
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Prestige from proficient use of language (e.g. poetry)
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Blueprint: The Evolutionary Origins of a Good Society
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(1978) 1494: 1479:. Philadelphia: 1476:Human Universals 1466: 1439: 1436: 1430: 1427: 1421: 1420: 1418: 1417: 1403: 1397: 1394: 1388: 1387: 1377: 1371: 1368: 1362: 1359: 1353: 1352: 1350: 1349: 1335: 1329: 1324: 1318: 1315: 1309: 1308: 1276: 1270: 1267: 1261: 1258: 1252: 1251: 1219: 1213: 1207: 1201: 1198: 1192: 1189: 1183: 1180: 1174: 1173: 1165: 1159: 1158: 1139:10.1037/a0038781 1122: 1116: 1115: 1079: 1073: 1072: 1059:Human Universals 1054: 1048: 1041: 977:pseudoscientific 891:female sexuality 708:Toys, playthings 685:Rites of passage 634:Magical thinking 477:Moral sentiments 318:Human Universals 310:Human Universals 284:is an issue of " 256:(also called an 245: 238: 227: 224: 218: 200: 199: 192: 185: 178: 174: 171: 165: 160:this article by 151:inline citations 138: 137: 130: 123: 116: 112: 109: 103: 77: 76: 69: 58: 36: 35: 28: 22:Human Universals 4425: 4424: 4420: 4419: 4418: 4416: 4415: 4414: 4390: 4389: 4388: 4383: 4325: 4311:Neoevolutionism 4218: 4202:Species complex 4167:Group selection 4105:Research topics 4100: 4076:Neuropsychology 3978: 3964:Substance abuse 3886:Sex differences 3880: 3794:Coolidge effect 3755: 3667:Neuroergonomics 3632: 3623: 3547: 3449: 3383:Folk psychology 3264: 3248: 3118: 3111: 3054: 3049: 3019: 3014: 2963: 2954:Western culture 2949:Welfare culture 2874:Eastern culture 2735:Cultural mosaic 2690:Cultural critic 2680:Cultural center 2628: 2602:Cultural Hindus 2548: 2539:Polyculturalism 2512:Monoculturalism 2487:Culture of fear 2457:Cultural safety 2452:Cultural rights 2432:Cultural racism 2427:Cultural policy 2305: 2211:Cultural system 2186:Cultural memory 2119:Cultural cringe 2045: 1977:Popular culture 1908: 1844:Cultural values 1765: 1714: 1700: 1695: 1593:Champaign, IL: 1546:. Chicago: The 1544:The Savage Mind 1491: 1463: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1433: 1428: 1424: 1415: 1413: 1405: 1404: 1400: 1395: 1391: 1378: 1374: 1369: 1365: 1360: 1356: 1347: 1345: 1337: 1336: 1332: 1325: 1321: 1316: 1312: 1277: 1273: 1268: 1264: 1259: 1255: 1240:10.2307/3773308 1220: 1216: 1208: 1204: 1199: 1195: 1190: 1186: 1181: 1177: 1166: 1162: 1123: 1119: 1080: 1076: 1069: 1055: 1051: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1021:Social learning 997: 987:, which is now 985:Oedipus complex 895:double standard 851: 827: 809:Social networks 784: 746:Control of fire 737: 732: 629: 627:Myth and ritual 623: 618: 590:Sexual violence 585:Sexual jealousy 432: 427: 393:symbolic speech 359:Logical notions 333: 327: 313: 270:human condition 262:human universal 246: 235: 234: 233: 228: 222: 219: 213: 201: 197: 186: 175: 169: 166: 156:Please help to 155: 139: 135: 124: 113: 107: 104: 93: 78: 74: 37: 33: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4423: 4413: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4385: 4384: 4382: 4381: 4368: 4355: 4342: 4334: 4331: 4330: 4327: 4326: 4324: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4287: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4232: 4226: 4224: 4220: 4219: 4217: 4216: 4215: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4108: 4106: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4016: 4007: 3997: 3995: 3988: 3984: 3983: 3980: 3979: 3977: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3890: 3888: 3882: 3881: 3879: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3855: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3765: 3763: 3757: 3756: 3754: 3753: 3752: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3694:Mind-blindness 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3670: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3638: 3636: 3625: 3624: 3622: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3581: 3568: 3563: 3557: 3555: 3549: 3548: 3546: 3545: 3540: 3539: 3538: 3528: 3527: 3526: 3516: 3515: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3494: 3489: 3488: 3487: 3477: 3476: 3475: 3470: 3459: 3457: 3451: 3450: 3448: 3447: 3446: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3406: 3405: 3404: 3399: 3389: 3387:theory of mind 3380: 3371: 3370: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3333: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3298: 3293: 3292: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3270: 3268: 3254: 3250: 3249: 3247: 3246: 3241: 3240: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3220: 3210: 3209: 3208: 3198: 3193: 3188: 3183: 3182: 3181: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3154:Baldwin effect 3151: 3150: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3129: 3123: 3121: 3113: 3112: 3110: 3109: 3104: 3103: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3072: 3071: 3070: 3059: 3056: 3055: 3048: 3047: 3040: 3033: 3025: 3016: 3015: 3013: 3012: 3005: 2993: 2981: 2968: 2965: 2964: 2962: 2961: 2956: 2951: 2946: 2941: 2936: 2931: 2926: 2921: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2901: 2896: 2891: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2871: 2866: 2861: 2860: 2859: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2824: 2819: 2814: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2779: 2774: 2773: 2772: 2762: 2757: 2752: 2750:Cultural probe 2747: 2742: 2737: 2732: 2727: 2722: 2717: 2712: 2707: 2702: 2697: 2692: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2675:Cross-cultural 2672: 2670:Coffee culture 2667: 2662: 2657: 2652: 2647: 2642: 2640:Animal culture 2636: 2634: 2630: 2629: 2627: 2626: 2621: 2616: 2615: 2614: 2604: 2599: 2598: 2597: 2592: 2587: 2582: 2577: 2572: 2562: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2549: 2547: 2546: 2544:Transculturism 2541: 2536: 2531: 2526: 2525: 2524: 2514: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2477:Culture change 2474: 2469: 2464: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2319: 2313: 2311: 2307: 2306: 2304: 2303: 2301:Visual culture 2298: 2293: 2288: 2283: 2281:Safety culture 2278: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2208: 2203: 2198: 2193: 2188: 2183: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2153: 2148: 2147: 2146: 2136: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2116: 2111: 2106: 2105: 2104: 2102:Cross-cultural 2094: 2089: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2046: 2044: 2043: 2038: 2033: 2028: 2027: 2026: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2006: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1985: 1984: 1974: 1973: 1972: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1916: 1914: 1910: 1909: 1907: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1805: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1779: 1773: 1771: 1767: 1766: 1764: 1763: 1761:Culture theory 1758: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1715: 1705: 1702: 1701: 1694: 1693: 1686: 1679: 1671: 1665: 1664: 1653: 1628: 1618:Penguin Putnam 1605: 1603:978-0252004261 1587:Murray S Miron 1576: 1559: 1537: 1516: 1495: 1490:978-0070082090 1489: 1467: 1462:978-0875363301 1461: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1440: 1431: 1422: 1398: 1389: 1372: 1363: 1354: 1330: 1319: 1310: 1297:10.1086/225221 1291:(4): 806–808. 1271: 1262: 1253: 1234:(4): 409–429. 1214: 1202: 1193: 1184: 1175: 1160: 1133:(3): 574–601. 1117: 1074: 1068:978-0070082090 1067: 1049: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1003: 1001:Animal culture 996: 993: 914:cherry picking 850: 847: 826: 823: 822: 821: 816: 811: 806: 801: 798: 783: 780: 779: 778: 773: 768: 763: 760: 754: 748: 743: 736: 733: 731: 730: 725: 722: 720:Body adornment 717: 712: 709: 706: 703: 686: 683: 680: 674: 668: 662: 659: 656: 653: 648: 645: 642: 639: 636: 630: 622: 619: 617: 616: 611: 608: 605: 602: 600:Territoriality 597: 592: 587: 582: 579: 576: 573: 567: 562: 557: 551: 548: 543: 538: 535: 530: 527: 524: 521: 518: 513: 507: 500: 497: 491: 485: 482: 479: 474: 468: 465: 462: 459: 456: 453: 447: 442: 439: 437:Personal names 433: 431: 428: 426: 425: 422: 419: 416: 413: 410: 407: 401: 395: 389: 380: 377: 374: 371: 370:: black, white 365: 362: 356: 347: 341: 334: 329:Main article: 326: 323: 312: 306: 294:George Murdock 290:Emile Durkheim 266:human cultures 248: 247: 230: 229: 204: 202: 195: 188: 187: 142: 140: 133: 126: 125: 81: 79: 72: 67: 41: 40: 38: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4422: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4397: 4395: 4380: 4379: 4373: 4369: 4367: 4366: 4360: 4356: 4354: 4353: 4343: 4341: 4340: 4336: 4335: 4332: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4306:Neo-Darwinism 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4291:Functionalism 4289: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4249:Connectionism 4247: 4245: 4242: 4241: 4240: 4239:indeterminism 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4227: 4225: 4221: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4144: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4109: 4107: 4103: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4002: 3999: 3998: 3996: 3992: 3989: 3985: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3959:Schizophrenia 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3944:Mental health 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3883: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3819:Mate guarding 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3779:Age disparity 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3758: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3731: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3709:Schizophrenia 3707: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3644: 3643: 3640: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3634:Mental health 3630: 3629:Human factors 3626: 3620: 3619:Socialization 3617: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3579:paternal bond 3576: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3550: 3544: 3541: 3537: 3534: 3533: 3532: 3529: 3525: 3522: 3521: 3520: 3517: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3499: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3486: 3483: 3482: 3481: 3478: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3465: 3464: 3461: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3452: 3444: 3443:NaĂŻve physics 3441: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3430: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3410: 3409:Motor control 3407: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3394: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3375: 3372: 3368: 3367:Ophidiophobia 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3357:Arachnophobia 3355: 3354: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3331: 3328: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3307: 3306: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3284:Display rules 3282: 3280: 3277: 3276: 3275: 3272: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3262: 3258: 3255: 3251: 3245: 3242: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3224: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3215: 3214: 3211: 3207: 3204: 3203: 3202: 3199: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3186:Kin selection 3184: 3180: 3177: 3176: 3175: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3134: 3133: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3114: 3108: 3105: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3080:Adaptationism 3078: 3077: 3076: 3073: 3069: 3066: 3065: 3064: 3061: 3060: 3057: 3053: 3046: 3041: 3039: 3034: 3032: 3027: 3026: 3023: 3011: 3010: 3006: 3004: 3003: 2994: 2992: 2991: 2982: 2980: 2979: 2970: 2969: 2966: 2960: 2959:Youth culture 2957: 2955: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2944:Urban culture 2942: 2940: 2937: 2935: 2932: 2930: 2929:Remix culture 2927: 2925: 2922: 2920: 2917: 2915: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2904:Media culture 2902: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2894:Languaculture 2892: 2890: 2887: 2885: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2858: 2855: 2854: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2823: 2822:Culture shock 2820: 2818: 2815: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2782:Cultural turn 2780: 2778: 2775: 2771: 2768: 2767: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2736: 2733: 2731: 2728: 2726: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2711: 2708: 2706: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2651: 2650:Bennett scale 2648: 2646: 2643: 2641: 2638: 2637: 2635: 2631: 2625: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2613: 2610: 2609: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2596: 2593: 2591: 2588: 2586: 2583: 2581: 2580:Protestantism 2578: 2576: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2567: 2566: 2563: 2561: 2558: 2557: 2555: 2551: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2523: 2522:Biculturalism 2520: 2519: 2518: 2515: 2513: 2510: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2353: 2350: 2348: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2314: 2312: 2308: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2294: 2292: 2289: 2287: 2286:Technoculture 2284: 2282: 2279: 2277: 2274: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2266:Print culture 2264: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2252: 2249: 2247: 2244: 2242: 2239: 2237: 2234: 2232: 2231:Enculturation 2229: 2227: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2187: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2152: 2151:Cultural icon 2149: 2145: 2142: 2141: 2140: 2137: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2103: 2100: 2099: 2098: 2095: 2093: 2092:Cultural bias 2090: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2072:Cultural area 2070: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2057:Acculturation 2055: 2054: 2052: 2048: 2042: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2032: 2031:Super culture 2029: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2001: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1983: 1980: 1979: 1978: 1975: 1971: 1968: 1967: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1945:Legal culture 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1917: 1915: 1911: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1894:Sound culture 1892: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1784: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1703: 1699: 1692: 1687: 1685: 1680: 1678: 1673: 1672: 1669: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1652: 1651:9783110805826 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1626:9780142003343 1623: 1619: 1615: 1614: 1609: 1608:Steven Pinker 1606: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1583:William S May 1580: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1535:9780231038171 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1496: 1492: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1477: 1472: 1471:Brown, Donald 1468: 1464: 1458: 1454: 1449: 1448: 1435: 1426: 1412: 1408: 1402: 1393: 1385: 1384: 1376: 1367: 1358: 1344: 1340: 1334: 1328: 1323: 1314: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1275: 1266: 1257: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1218: 1212: 1206: 1197: 1188: 1179: 1171: 1164: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1121: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1090:(7): 764–71. 1089: 1085: 1078: 1070: 1064: 1060: 1053: 1046: 1040: 1036: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 998: 992: 990: 986: 982: 981:Derek Freeman 978: 973: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 952: 948: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 910:Donald Symons 907: 903: 898: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 846: 844: 840: 836: 831: 820: 817: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 799: 797: 793: 790: 789: 788: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 761: 758: 755: 753:, tool making 752: 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 738: 729: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 710: 707: 704: 702: 698: 694: 690: 687: 684: 681: 678: 675: 673: 669: 666: 663: 660: 657: 654: 652: 649: 646: 643: 640: 637: 635: 632: 631: 628: 615: 612: 609: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 580: 577: 574: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 555: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 536: 534: 531: 528: 525: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 508: 505: 501: 498: 495: 492: 490: 486: 483: 480: 478: 475: 472: 469: 466: 463: 460: 457: 454: 451: 448: 446: 443: 440: 438: 435: 434: 423: 420: 418:Units of time 417: 414: 411: 408: 405: 402: 399: 396: 394: 390: 388: 384: 381: 378: 375: 372: 369: 366: 363: 360: 357: 355: 351: 348: 345: 342: 340: 336: 335: 332: 322: 320: 319: 311: 305: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 244: 241: 226: 216: 212: 208: 205:This article 203: 194: 193: 184: 181: 173: 163: 159: 153: 152: 146: 141: 132: 131: 122: 119: 111: 101: 97: 91: 90: 86: 80: 71: 70: 65: 63: 56: 55: 50: 49: 44: 39: 30: 29: 24: 23: 4376: 4363: 4350: 4337: 4096:Sociobiology 3954:Neuroscience 3934:Intelligence 3542: 3480:Anthropology 3433:Color vision 3418:Multitasking 3397:Flynn effect 3392:Intelligence 3374:Folk biology 3117:Evolutionary 3007: 3000: 2988: 2976: 2924:Rape culture 2869:Drug culture 2857:Deaf culture 2842:Cyberculture 2812:Culture hero 2725:Cultural lag 2665:Civilization 2565:Christianity 2271:Protoculture 2220: 1955:Microculture 1935:High culture 1930:Folk culture 1879:Postcritique 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Index

Human Universals
improve it
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neutrality
disputed
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conditions to do so are met
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references
inline citations
improve
introducing
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WikiProject Anthropology
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human cultures
human condition
Evolutionary psychologists
cultural relativist
behavior
nature versus nurture
Emile Durkheim
George Murdock
Claude LĂ©vi-Strauss
Donald Brown
Human Universals
Linguistic universal
translatable
Abstraction

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