908:. For instance, when discussing the supposed "universality" of male sexuality as more potent and aggressive than female's, he quotes "Starting from assumptions generated by an evolutionary perspective, Symons (1979) and Daly and Wilson (1983 ) explain and document a complex of universal or near-universal differences between the sexes. Among them are the following: Sex is seen as a service given by females to males (females being the limiting resource); male sexual jealousy is more violent (confidence of paternity being a problem without a female counterpart); men are more quickly aroused, and more by visual stimuli (females being more choosy, and the signs of reproductive potential being more visibly discernible in the female); and the average husband is older than his wife (because a male’s reproductive potential—linked as it is to his ability to invest in child care—typically peaks later than a female’s)". Brown's major source for this is
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897:), often deliberately neglecting to mention the copious ethnographic evidence against these being universal traits. By the time of the publication of his 1991 book "Human Universals", it was common knowledge among anthropologists that many societies had egalitarian gender relations and did not police women's sexuality, but Brown chose to ignore this data and instead cobble together a narrative which seems to fit with his sociobiological presuppositions, selectively citing authors who agreed with him and ignoring those (such as Gwen J. Broude) who did not.
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literature, all of which stands as a testimony to the impossibility of Symons' evidence-free assertion. The similar "universal" claim of women being the "choosers" while men compete is easily debunked by the large number of societies where women court men, not the other way around (examples include
916:). One does not need to look very far into the ethnographic record, for instance, to find very copious refutation of the claims that "sex is seen as a service given by females to males"; some of the most eminent ethnographies of the last century argue the exact opposite, such as Pelto's on the
321:(1991), Donald Brown defines human universals as comprising "those features of culture, society, language, behavior, and psyche for which there are no known exception", providing a list of hundreds of items he suggests as universal. Among the cultural universals listed by Donald Brown are:
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The observation of the same or similar behavior in different cultures does not prove that they are the results of a common underlying psychological mechanism. One possibility is that they may have been invented independently due to a common practical problem.
786:
Based on experiments and studies of accidental and utopian societies, sociologist and evolutionary biologist
Nicholas Christakis proposes that humans have evolved to genetically favor societies that have eight universal attributes, including:
983:'s so-called "refutation" of Mead; Freeman's work is now mostly regarded by anthropologists as being itself problematic and unreliable, more so than Mead's original research. He also makes copious reference to the universality of the
912:, himself an armchair anthropologist who did not perform any actual fieldwork but rather selectively interpreted certain ethnographies while ignoring those which disputed his assumptions (i.e.
960:). Even the claim of consistently higher male age at marriage struggles to conform itself to the widely known pattern among social historians of higher female age at marriage in some parts of
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hold that behaviors or traits that occur universally in all cultures are good candidates for evolutionary adaptations. Some anthropological and sociological theorists that take a
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perspective may deny the existence of cultural universals: the extent to which these universals are "cultural" in the narrow sense, or in fact biologically inherited
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Anderson, Cameron; Hildreth, John Angus D.; Howland, Laura (May 2015). "Is the desire for status a fundamental human motive? A review of the empirical literature".
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Donald Brown's perspective echoes a common belief held by many anthropologists of his time and earlier (increasingly those who have transitioned into the fields of
904:" which is based almost entirely on speculative work and catalogues the research of others, mostly those whom Brown himself had already decided were correct
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928:. Similarly, many ancient and medieval texts argue the opposite: sex is seen as a service which men provide to women. This perspective is found in the
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Classification of: age, behavioral propensities, body parts, colors, fauna, flora, inner states, kin, gender, space, tools, weather conditions
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Brief news report of
Psychological Bulletin article, Anderson, Hildreth, Howland (2015): Berkeley Haas School of Business. (May 6, 2015)
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Dentan, R. K. (2008). Overwhelming terror: Love, Fear, Peace, and
Violence among Semai of Malaysia. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
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Farber, C. (1982). Female Power and Male
Dominance: On the Origins of Sexual Inequality. Peggy Reeves Sanday. Atlantis, 7(2), 154–157.
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Anderson, C.; Kraus, M. W.; Galinsky, A. D.; Keltner, D. (2012). "The Local-Ladder Effect: Social Status and
Subjective Well-Being".
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Outside influence could be an explanation for some cultural universals. This does not preclude multiple independent inventions of
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Orans, M. (1996). Not even wrong: Margaret Mead, Derek
Freeman, and the Samoans. Chandler & Sharp Publishers, Incorporated.
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Brown attempted to respond to criticism by citing highly questionable authorities and ideas now considered discredited or
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979:. For instance, in order to "disprove" Margaret Mead's work on Samoa, he gave an uncompromisingly positive appraisal of
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Shankman, P. (2009). The trashing of
Margaret Mead: Anatomy of an Anthropological Controversy. Univ of Wisconsin Press.
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Cultures and
Globalization: Cultural Expression, Creativity and Innovation, Helmut K Anheier, Yudhishthir Raj Isar 2010
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1339:"A Woman's Right to Orgasm: Feminism in the Bedroom & Sexual Liberation Through Islam Not Despite It"
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1281:"Human Sexual Behavior: Variations in the Ethnographic Spectrum. Donald S. Marshall , Robert C. Suggs"
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for the last century. He attempted to find evidence for the universality of western concepts such as
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Kennedy, J. G., & Porter, F. W. (1990). The
Tarahumara. Chelsea House Publications.
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Brown, D. (1991). Human universals. McGraw-Hill
Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages.
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worldwide. Taken together, the whole body of cultural universals is known as the
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Equal Recognition: The Moral Foundations of Minority Rights, Alan Patten 2014
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prevention or avoidance, incest between mother and son unthinkable or tabooed
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of "and", "not", "opposite", "equivalent", "part/whole", "general/particular"
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Matriarchal societies : studies on indigenous cultures across the globe
264:) is an element, pattern, trait, or institution that is common to all known
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19:"Human universals" redirects here. For the 1991 anthropology book, see
1211:
https://journals.msvu.ca/index.php/atlantis/article/download/4611/3849
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Actions under self-control distinguished from those not under control
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In fact, one major problem with Brown's work is that it is classic "
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1635:"Epistemic universals: A contribution to cognitive anthropology"
781:
2008:
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https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/belief/articles/daf-yomi-123
1224:"Cross-Cultural Codes on Twenty Sexual Attitudes and Practices"
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1663:. Berkeley: University of California. Retrieved 24 March 2021
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Anthropological concept, element common to all human cultures
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Schacter, Daniel L, Daniel Wegner and Daniel Gilbert. 2007.
841:; it merely means that cultural universals are not proof of
578:
Mood- or consciousness-altering techniques and/or substances
1568:, Ralph Linton (ed.). New York: Columbia University Press.
791:
775:
750:
1666:
1396:
Rački, F., Jagić, V., & Torbar, J. (1866). Književnik.
307:
1450:
1361:
Briggs, L. C. (1967). Tribes of the Sahara. Ardent Media.
1269:
Pelto, P. J. (1960). Individualism in Skolt Lapp society.
727:
470:
1182:
Language: The cultural tool DL Everett - 2012 - Vintage
1124:
537:
Males on average travel greater distances over lifetime
1639:
Universalism Versus Relativism in Language and Thought
412:
Prestige from proficient use of language (e.g. poetry)
1170:
Blueprint: The Evolutionary Origins of a Good Society
1451:Bourguignon, Erika; Greenbaum Ucko, Lenora (1973).
1167:
945:the Sami and Cayapa mentioned above as well as the
1613:The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature
848:
1379:
1118:
379:Discrepancies between speech, thought, and action
4391:
1564:(1945), "The Common Denominator of Culture", in
1591:Cross-Cultural Universals of Affective Meaning
207:needs attention from an expert in anthropology
3036:
1682:
1637:(PART II: Chapter 7). In Pinxten, Rik (ed.).
782:Nicholas Christakis' innate social universals
473:: rights and obligations, rules of membership
1453:Diversity and Homogeneity in World Societies
1221:
824:
481:Distinguishing right and wrong, good and bad
3050:
881:school which has dominated much of western
288:". Prominent scholars on the topic include
62:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3043:
3029:
1689:
1675:
1222:Broude, Gwen J.; Greene, Sarah J. (1976).
699:, and to some degree associations between
638:Use of magic to increase life and win love
98:. Please do not remove this message until
1037:
424:Language employed to misinform or mislead
324:
240:Learn how and when to remove this message
180:Learn how and when to remove this message
118:Learn how and when to remove this message
4207:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
550:Copulation normally conducted in privacy
376:Continua (ordering as cognitive pattern)
143:This article includes a list of general
94:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1550:; London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson Ltd.
1529:. New York: Columbia University Press.
837:and is therefore not the same thing as
4392:
1566:The Science of Man in the World Crisis
1455:. New Haven, Connecticut: HRAF Press.
972:region during the nineteenth century.
421:Language employed to manipulate others
217:may be able to help recruit an expert.
3699:Psychological effects of Internet use
3024:
1670:
1469:
1056:
2984:
2585:Role of Christianity in civilization
1278:
889:, male domination, and control over
647:Beliefs about fortune and misfortune
409:Special speech for special occasions
191:
129:
68:
27:
3679:Digital media use and mental health
2996:
13:
3310:Automatic and controlled processes
546:Husband older than wife on average
149:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
4421:
3719:Smartphones and pedestrian safety
1380:Göttner-Abendroth, Heide (2012).
607:Some forms of proscribed violence
43:This article has multiple issues.
4370:
4357:
4345:
4344:
3744:Mobile phones and driving safety
2995:
2983:
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1657:"We all want high social status"
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134:
73:
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3647:Computer-mediated communication
2797:Culture and positive psychology
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849:Criticism of Brown's universals
575:Generosity admired, gift giving
51:or discuss these issues on the
3924:Empathising–systemising theory
3227:female intrasexual competition
3164:Evolutionarily stable strategy
2236:High- and low-context cultures
1203:
1194:
1185:
1176:
1161:
1075:
1050:
1:
4284:Standard social science model
3337:Cognitive tradeoff hypothesis
1407:"Mordvins | Encyclopedia.com"
1285:American Journal of Sociology
1061:. Template University Press.
1047:. Worth Publishers. pp. 26–27
1031:
991:even within western society.
734:
506:(dominance of men in society)
364:Binary cognitive distinctions
4132:Missing heritability problem
3724:Social aspects of television
3347:Evolution of nervous systems
3315:Computational theory of mind
2802:Culture and social cognition
1787:Cross-cultural communication
1595:University of Illinois Press
1502:Universals of Human Language
1168:Nicholas Christakis (2019).
581:Redress of wrongs, sanctions
458:Affection expressed and felt
7:
4378:Evolutionary biology portal
2884:Intercultural communication
1696:
1548:University of Chicago Press
994:
869:) who were critical of the
655:Attempts to control weather
211:add citations or discredit.
209:. The specific problem is:
100:conditions to do so are met
10:
4426:
4339:Evolutionary psychologists
4212:Trivers–Willard hypothesis
4127:Human–animal communication
3839:Ovulatory shift hypothesis
3689:Imprinted brain hypothesis
3657:Human–computer interaction
2327:Cross cultural sensitivity
1994:Resistance through culture
1386:(in Japanese). Peter Lang.
624:
620:
560:Collective decision making
429:
328:
274:Evolutionary psychologists
18:
4333:
4259:Environmental determinism
4230:Cultural selection theory
4222:
4117:Evolutionary epistemology
4104:
4031:evolutionary neuroscience
3993:
3986:
3884:
3759:
3704:Rank theory of depression
3627:
3551:
3453:
3259:
3252:
3206:Parent–offspring conflict
3115:
3058:
2967:
2939:Transformation of culture
2632:
2552:
2372:Cultural environmentalism
2309:
2049:
1912:
1802:Cross-cultural psychology
1797:Cross-cultural psychiatry
1792:Cross-cultural leadership
1769:
1718:
1704:
1506:Stanford University Press
989:rejected as pseudoscience
859:evolutionary anthropology
825:Non-nativist explanations
258:anthropological universal
4152:Cultural group selection
4036:Biocultural anthropology
3729:Societal impacts of cars
3662:Media naturalness theory
3352:Fight-or-flight response
2899:Living things in culture
2889:Intercultural competence
2792:Culture and menstruation
2291:Trans-cultural diffusion
1527:Biogenetic Structuralism
1096:10.1177/0956797611434537
1011:Biocultural anthropology
867:human behavioral ecology
215:WikiProject Anthropology
4405:Evolutionary psychology
4352:Evolutionary psychology
4316:Sociocultural evolution
4157:Dual inheritance theory
3614:Personality development
3075:Theoretical foundations
3052:Evolutionary psychology
2710:Cultural homogenization
1940:Individualistic culture
1874:Popular culture studies
1859:Intercultural relations
1481:Temple University Press
855:evolutionary psychology
711:Death rituals, mourning
308:Donald Brown's list in
164:more precise citations.
4274:Social constructionism
4269:Psychological nativism
4244:Biological determinism
4192:Recent human evolution
4187:Punctuated equilibrium
4010:Behavioral epigenetics
4005:evolutionary economics
3974:Variability hypothesis
3919:Emotional intelligence
3652:Engineering psychology
3342:Evolution of the brain
2645:Archaeological culture
2392:Cultural globalization
2261:Organizational culture
2109:Cultural communication
2067:Cultural appropriation
1854:Intercultural learning
1782:Cross-cultural studies
1172:. Little, Brown Spark.
1127:Psychological Bulletin
1057:Brown, Donald (1991).
920:, Altschuler's on the
661:Beliefs and narratives
325:Language and cognition
4410:Society-related lists
4301:Multilineal evolution
4264:Nature versus nurture
4223:Theoretical positions
4071:Functional psychology
4066:Evolutionary medicine
4041:Biological psychiatry
3749:Texting while driving
3739:Lead–crime hypothesis
3599:Cognitive development
3584:Caregiver deprivation
3095:Gene selection theory
2914:Participatory culture
2705:Cultural evolutionism
2529:Multiracial democracy
2407:Cultural intelligence
2352:Cultural conservatism
2342:Cultural backwardness
2332:Cultural assimilation
2206:Cultural reproduction
2062:Cultural appreciation
2014:Far-right subcultures
1904:Transcultural nursing
1869:Philosophy of culture
1746:Cultural neuroscience
1726:Cultural anthropology
1645:: De Gruyter Mouton.
1084:Psychological Science
924:, or Dentan's on the
902:armchair anthropology
883:cultural anthropology
644:Beliefs about disease
625:Further information:
523:Collective identities
346:in speech and thought
286:nature versus nurture
4254:Cultural determinism
4061:Evolutionary biology
4046:Cognitive psychology
3994:Academic disciplines
3642:Cognitive ergonomics
3609:Language acquisition
3589:Childhood attachment
3402:Wason selection task
3296:Behavioral modernity
3085:Cognitive revolution
3068:Evolutionary thought
2909:Oppositional culture
2879:Emotions and culture
2787:Cultural sensibility
2777:Cultural translation
2715:Cultural institution
2695:Cultural determinism
2417:Cultural nationalism
2402:Cultural imperialism
2362:Cultural deprivation
2256:Non-material culture
1889:Sociology of culture
1884:Semiotics of culture
1411:www.encyclopedia.com
1279:Goethals, George W.
893:(such as the sexual
658:Dream interpretation
502:Inclination towards
331:Linguistic universal
4321:Unilineal evolution
4086:Population genetics
3871:Sexy son hypothesis
3809:Hormonal motivation
3789:Concealed ovulation
3330:Dual process theory
3201:Parental investment
2760:Culture speculation
2755:Cultural relativism
2685:Cultural competence
2575:Cultural Christians
2447:Cultural Revolution
2437:Cultural radicalism
2412:Cultural liberalism
2347:Cultural Bolshevism
2322:Consumer capitalism
2276:Relational mobility
2216:Cultural technology
2124:Cultural dissonance
2041:Culture by location
2004:Alternative culture
1920:Constructed culture
1899:Theology of culture
1839:Cultural psychology
1819:Cultural entomology
1540:Claude LĂ©vi-Strauss
1519:Charles D. Laughlin
1498:Joseph H. Greenberg
968:and especially the
871:cultural relativism
819:In-group favoritism
679:practices, medicine
641:Beliefs about death
452:not based on family
441:Family or household
298:Claude LĂ©vi-Strauss
278:cultural relativist
87:of this article is
4279:Social determinism
4162:Fisher's principle
4122:Great ape language
4112:Cultural evolution
4081:Philosophy of mind
3914:Division of labour
3876:Westermarck effect
3824:Mating preferences
3734:Distracted driving
3468:Literary criticism
3325:Domain specificity
3305:modularity of mind
2919:Permission culture
2852:Disability culture
2832:Children's culture
2700:Cultural diversity
2660:Circuit of culture
2442:Cultural retention
2422:Cultural pessimism
2377:Cultural exception
2367:Cultural diplomacy
2357:Cultural contracts
2317:Colonial mentality
2246:Manuscript culture
2221:Cultural universal
2191:Cultural pluralism
2171:Cultural landscape
2166:Cultural invention
2134:Cultural framework
2036:Vernacular culture
1834:Cultural mediation
1814:Cultural economics
1809:Cultural analytics
1741:Cultural geography
1731:Cultural astronomy
1523:Eugene G. d'Aquili
800:Love for offspring
682:Childbirth customs
254:cultural universal
4387:
4386:
4365:Psychology portal
4329:
4328:
4172:Hologenome theory
4142:Unit of selection
4137:Primate cognition
4051:Cognitive science
3982:
3981:
3853:Sexual attraction
3829:Mating strategies
3594:Cinderella effect
3524:Moral foundations
3428:Visual perception
3320:Domain generality
3289:Facial expression
3237:Sexual dimorphism
3196:Natural selection
3142:Hamiltonian spite
3018:
3017:
2847:Death and culture
2740:Cultural movement
2730:Cultural literacy
2590:Eastern Orthodoxy
2502:Dominator culture
2497:Deculturalization
2397:Cultural hegemony
2387:Cultural genocide
2382:Cultural feminism
2201:Cultural property
2196:Cultural practice
2181:Cultural leveling
2176:Cultural learning
2161:Cultural industry
2156:Cultural identity
2139:Cultural heritage
2129:Cultural emphasis
2114:Cultural conflict
2087:Cultural behavior
2077:Cultural artifact
1989:Primitive culture
1965:Political culture
1579:Charles E. Osgood
1562:George P. Murdock
839:hyperdiffusionism
796:romantic partners
701:music and emotion
529:Cooperative labor
383:Figurative speech
250:
249:
242:
232:
231:
190:
189:
182:
128:
127:
120:
66:
4417:
4374:
4361:
4348:
4347:
3991:
3990:
3987:Related subjects
3774:Adult attachment
3301:Cognitive module
3257:
3256:
3244:Social selection
3218:Costly signaling
3213:Sexual selection
3100:Modern synthesis
3045:
3038:
3031:
3022:
3021:
2999:
2998:
2987:
2986:
2975:
2974:
2864:Drinking culture
2817:Culture industry
2765:Cultural tourism
2745:Cultural mulatto
2720:Cultural jet lag
2655:Cannabis culture
2612:Cultural Muslims
2534:Pluriculturalism
2517:Multiculturalism
2507:Interculturalism
2482:Culture minister
2472:Cultural Zionism
2467:Cultural subsidy
2462:Cultural silence
2337:Cultural attaché
2296:Transculturation
2251:Material culture
2241:Interculturality
2097:Cultural capital
2082:Cultural baggage
2019:Youth subculture
1960:Official culture
1925:Dominant culture
1864:Internet culture
1829:Cultural mapping
1824:Cultural history
1751:Cultural studies
1736:Cultural ecology
1710:
1709:
1691:
1684:
1677:
1668:
1667:
1500:, et al. (1978)
1494:
1479:. Philadelphia:
1476:Human Universals
1466:
1439:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1417:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1388:
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1309:
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1251:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1139:10.1037/a0038781
1122:
1116:
1115:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1059:Human Universals
1054:
1048:
1041:
977:pseudoscientific
891:female sexuality
708:Toys, playthings
685:Rites of passage
634:Magical thinking
477:Moral sentiments
318:Human Universals
310:Human Universals
284:is an issue of "
256:(also called an
245:
238:
227:
224:
218:
200:
199:
192:
185:
178:
174:
171:
165:
160:this article by
151:inline citations
138:
137:
130:
123:
116:
112:
109:
103:
77:
76:
69:
58:
36:
35:
28:
22:Human Universals
4425:
4424:
4420:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4383:
4325:
4311:Neoevolutionism
4218:
4202:Species complex
4167:Group selection
4105:Research topics
4100:
4076:Neuropsychology
3978:
3964:Substance abuse
3886:Sex differences
3880:
3794:Coolidge effect
3755:
3667:Neuroergonomics
3632:
3623:
3547:
3449:
3383:Folk psychology
3264:
3248:
3118:
3111:
3054:
3049:
3019:
3014:
2963:
2954:Western culture
2949:Welfare culture
2874:Eastern culture
2735:Cultural mosaic
2690:Cultural critic
2680:Cultural center
2628:
2602:Cultural Hindus
2548:
2539:Polyculturalism
2512:Monoculturalism
2487:Culture of fear
2457:Cultural safety
2452:Cultural rights
2432:Cultural racism
2427:Cultural policy
2305:
2211:Cultural system
2186:Cultural memory
2119:Cultural cringe
2045:
1977:Popular culture
1908:
1844:Cultural values
1765:
1714:
1700:
1695:
1593:Champaign, IL:
1546:. Chicago: The
1544:The Savage Mind
1491:
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1240:10.2307/3773308
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1195:
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1177:
1166:
1162:
1123:
1119:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1055:
1051:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1021:Social learning
997:
987:, which is now
985:Oedipus complex
895:double standard
851:
827:
809:Social networks
784:
746:Control of fire
737:
732:
629:
627:Myth and ritual
623:
618:
590:Sexual violence
585:Sexual jealousy
432:
427:
393:symbolic speech
359:Logical notions
333:
327:
313:
270:human condition
262:human universal
246:
235:
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186:
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166:
156:Please help to
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3753:
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3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3694:Mind-blindness
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3638:
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3601:
3596:
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3555:
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3528:
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3516:
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3514:
3509:
3504:
3494:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3459:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3389:
3387:theory of mind
3380:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3298:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3270:
3268:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3220:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3154:Baldwin effect
3151:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3129:
3123:
3121:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3048:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3025:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3005:
2993:
2981:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
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2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2750:Cultural probe
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2675:Cross-cultural
2672:
2670:Coffee culture
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2640:Animal culture
2636:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2604:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2562:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2544:Transculturism
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2477:Culture change
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2301:Visual culture
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2281:Safety culture
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2102:Cross-cultural
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
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1916:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1779:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1761:Culture theory
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1694:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1653:
1628:
1618:Penguin Putnam
1605:
1603:978-0252004261
1587:Murray S Miron
1576:
1559:
1537:
1516:
1495:
1490:978-0070082090
1489:
1467:
1462:978-0875363301
1461:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1431:
1422:
1398:
1389:
1372:
1363:
1354:
1330:
1319:
1310:
1297:10.1086/225221
1291:(4): 806–808.
1271:
1262:
1253:
1234:(4): 409–429.
1214:
1202:
1193:
1184:
1175:
1160:
1133:(3): 574–601.
1117:
1074:
1068:978-0070082090
1067:
1049:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
1001:Animal culture
996:
993:
914:cherry picking
850:
847:
826:
823:
822:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
798:
783:
780:
779:
778:
773:
768:
763:
760:
754:
748:
743:
736:
733:
731:
730:
725:
722:
720:Body adornment
717:
712:
709:
706:
703:
686:
683:
680:
674:
668:
662:
659:
656:
653:
648:
645:
642:
639:
636:
630:
622:
619:
617:
616:
611:
608:
605:
602:
600:Territoriality
597:
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582:
579:
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548:
543:
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491:
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479:
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468:
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447:
442:
439:
437:Personal names
433:
431:
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407:
401:
395:
389:
380:
377:
374:
371:
370:: black, white
365:
362:
356:
347:
341:
334:
329:Main article:
326:
323:
312:
306:
294:George Murdock
290:Emile Durkheim
266:human cultures
248:
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230:
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204:
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142:
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133:
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125:
81:
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41:
40:
38:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4422:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4380:
4379:
4373:
4369:
4367:
4366:
4360:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4336:
4335:
4332:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4306:Neo-Darwinism
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4291:Functionalism
4289:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4249:Connectionism
4247:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4240:
4239:indeterminism
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4221:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
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4200:
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4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4103:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3989:
3985:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3959:Schizophrenia
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3944:Mental health
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3883:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3819:Mate guarding
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3779:Age disparity
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3709:Schizophrenia
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3634:Mental health
3630:
3629:Human factors
3626:
3620:
3619:Socialization
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3579:paternal bond
3576:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3550:
3544:
3541:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3517:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3444:
3443:NaĂŻve physics
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3409:Motor control
3407:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3372:
3368:
3367:Ophidiophobia
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3357:Arachnophobia
3355:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3284:Display rules
3282:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3262:
3258:
3255:
3251:
3245:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3186:Kin selection
3184:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3114:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3080:Adaptationism
3078:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3053:
3046:
3041:
3039:
3034:
3032:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3011:
3010:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2960:
2959:Youth culture
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2944:Urban culture
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2929:Remix culture
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2904:Media culture
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2894:Languaculture
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2822:Culture shock
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2782:Cultural turn
2780:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2650:Bennett scale
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2580:Protestantism
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2522:Biculturalism
2520:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2286:Technoculture
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2266:Print culture
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2231:Enculturation
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2151:Cultural icon
2149:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2092:Cultural bias
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2072:Cultural area
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2057:Acculturation
2055:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2031:Super culture
2029:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1945:Legal culture
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1894:Sound culture
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
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1827:
1825:
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1817:
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1807:
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1798:
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1790:
1788:
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1774:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
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1749:
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1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1687:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1652:
1651:9783110805826
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1626:9780142003343
1623:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1608:Steven Pinker
1606:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1583:William S May
1580:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1535:9780231038171
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1471:Brown, Donald
1468:
1464:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1448:
1435:
1426:
1412:
1408:
1402:
1393:
1385:
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1197:
1188:
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1171:
1164:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1121:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1090:(7): 764–71.
1089:
1085:
1078:
1070:
1064:
1060:
1053:
1046:
1040:
1036:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
998:
992:
990:
986:
982:
981:Derek Freeman
978:
973:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
952:
948:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
910:Donald Symons
907:
903:
898:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
846:
844:
840:
836:
831:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
799:
797:
793:
790:
789:
788:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
753:, tool making
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
738:
729:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
710:
707:
704:
702:
698:
694:
690:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
673:
669:
666:
663:
660:
657:
654:
652:
649:
646:
643:
640:
637:
635:
632:
631:
628:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
580:
577:
574:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
555:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
536:
534:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
508:
505:
501:
498:
495:
492:
490:
486:
483:
480:
478:
475:
472:
469:
466:
463:
460:
457:
454:
451:
448:
446:
443:
440:
438:
435:
434:
423:
420:
418:Units of time
417:
414:
411:
408:
405:
402:
399:
396:
394:
390:
388:
384:
381:
378:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
355:
351:
348:
345:
342:
340:
336:
335:
332:
322:
320:
319:
311:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
244:
241:
226:
216:
212:
208:
205:This article
203:
194:
193:
184:
181:
173:
163:
159:
153:
152:
146:
141:
132:
131:
122:
119:
111:
101:
97:
91:
90:
86:
80:
71:
70:
65:
63:
56:
55:
50:
49:
44:
39:
30:
29:
24:
23:
4376:
4363:
4350:
4337:
4096:Sociobiology
3954:Neuroscience
3934:Intelligence
3542:
3480:Anthropology
3433:Color vision
3418:Multitasking
3397:Flynn effect
3392:Intelligence
3374:Folk biology
3117:Evolutionary
3007:
3000:
2988:
2976:
2924:Rape culture
2869:Drug culture
2857:Deaf culture
2842:Cyberculture
2812:Culture hero
2725:Cultural lag
2665:Civilization
2565:Christianity
2271:Protoculture
2220:
1955:Microculture
1935:High culture
1930:Folk culture
1879:Postcritique
1661:ScienceDaily
1660:
1638:
1616:, New York:
1612:
1590:
1565:
1543:
1526:
1501:
1475:
1452:
1445:Bibliography
1434:
1425:
1414:. Retrieved
1410:
1401:
1392:
1382:
1375:
1366:
1357:
1346:. Retrieved
1342:
1333:
1322:
1313:
1288:
1284:
1274:
1265:
1256:
1231:
1227:
1217:
1205:
1196:
1187:
1178:
1169:
1163:
1130:
1126:
1120:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1058:
1052:
1044:
1039:
974:
899:
863:sociobiology
852:
835:civilization
832:
828:
785:
533:Gender roles
489:inequalities
484:Promise/oath
464:Age statuses
339:translatable
337:Language is
316:
315:In his book
314:
309:
302:Donald Brown
261:
257:
253:
251:
236:
223:January 2022
220:
210:
206:
176:
167:
148:
114:
105:
83:
59:
52:
46:
45:Please help
42:
21:
4235:Determinism
4147:Coevolution
4091:Primatology
3929:Gender role
3834:Orientation
3714:Screen time
3571:Affectional
3553:Development
3232:Mate choice
3159:By-products
3127:Adaptations
3090:Cognitivism
3002:WikiProject
2934:Tea culture
2837:Culturalism
2807:Culture gap
2770:Pop-culture
2570:Catholicism
2492:Culture war
1950:Low culture
1849:Culturomics
1756:Culturology
1631:Rik Pinxten
1026:Social norm
940:, and some
814:Cooperation
570:Inheritance
450:Peer groups
398:Synesthetic
391:Symbolism,
368:Color terms
344:Abstraction
162:introducing
4394:Categories
4182:Population
4177:Lamarckism
4023:behavioral
4001:Behavioral
3949:Narcissism
3894:Aggression
3684:Hypophobia
3674:Depression
3561:Attachment
3543:Universals
3507:Psychology
3485:Biological
3473:Musicology
3463:Aesthetics
3362:Basophobia
3169:Exaptation
3147:Reciprocal
1999:Subculture
1777:Bioculture
1574:4871872386
1556:0226474844
1514:0804709653
1504:, 4 vols.
1416:2024-09-12
1348:2024-09-12
1045:Psychology
1032:References
951:Tarahumara
887:patriarchy
843:innateness
804:Friendship
762:Containers
735:Technology
724:Hairstyles
651:Divination
520:Coalitions
504:patriarchy
461:Age grades
445:Kin groups
406:utterances
145:references
85:neutrality
48:improve it
4027:cognitive
4019:Affective
3904:Cognition
3858:Sexuality
3844:Pair bond
3604:Education
3261:Cognition
3179:Inclusive
3119:processes
3107:Criticism
2827:Culturgen
2595:Mormonism
2553:Religions
2226:Cultureme
2144:Destroyed
1770:Subfields
1643:The Hague
1305:0002-9602
1248:0014-1828
1228:Ethnology
1006:Archetype
672:rhetorics
667:, sayings
565:Etiquette
511:oligarchy
509:De facto
496:and roles
487:Prestige
467:Age terms
400:metaphors
387:metaphors
108:July 2018
96:talk page
54:talk page
4296:Memetics
4056:Ethology
4014:genetics
3849:Physical
3814:Jealousy
3769:Activity
3575:maternal
3531:Religion
3519:Morality
3497:Language
3378:taxonomy
3191:Mismatch
3137:Cheating
3132:Altruism
2978:Category
2560:Buddhism
2310:Politics
1719:Sciences
1633:(1976).
1610:(2002),
1473:(1991).
1155:17129083
1147:25774679
1104:22653798
995:See also
962:Bulgaria
906:a priori
715:Feasting
665:Proverbs
610:Visiting
541:Marriage
526:Conflict
516:Property
494:Statuses
415:Planning
354:synonyms
350:Antonyms
282:behavior
170:May 2014
89:disputed
4400:Culture
4197:Species
3969:Suicide
3804:Fantasy
3784:Arousal
3566:Bonding
3455:Culture
3279:Display
3266:Emotion
3174:Fitness
3063:History
3009:Changes
2990:Commons
2633:Related
2624:Sikhism
2619:Judaism
2050:Aspects
1712:Outline
1698:Culture
1589:(1975)
1542:(1966)
1525:(1974)
1343:Amaliah
1112:8406753
1016:Culture
873:of the
766:Cooking
759:, spear
757:Weapons
741:Shelter
677:Healing
670:Poetry/
621:Beliefs
499:Leaders
430:Society
404:Tabooed
158:improve
4375:
4362:
4349:
3939:Memory
3899:Autism
3866:female
3799:Desire
3536:Origin
3512:Speech
3502:Origin
3274:Affect
2009:Fandom
1649:
1624:
1601:
1585:, and
1572:
1554:
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1512:
1487:
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1102:
1065:
966:Russia
947:Tuareg
938:tafsir
932:, the
930:Talmud
922:Cayapa
693:rhythm
554:Incest
300:, and
147:, but
3909:Crime
3492:Crime
3423:Sleep
3413:skill
3253:Areas
2607:Islam
1982:Urban
1970:Civic
1913:Types
1151:S2CID
1108:S2CID
970:Volga
942:Hindu
934:Quran
926:Semai
879:Sapir
771:Lever
751:Tools
697:dance
689:Music
614:Trade
595:Shame
572:rules
3862:male
3223:Male
2024:list
1647:ISBN
1622:ISBN
1599:ISBN
1570:ISBN
1552:ISBN
1531:ISBN
1521:and
1510:ISBN
1485:ISBN
1457:ISBN
1301:ISSN
1244:ISSN
1143:PMID
1100:PMID
1063:ISBN
958:Hopi
956:and
954:Garo
936:and
918:Sami
875:Boas
865:and
794:for
792:Love
776:Rope
705:Play
82:The
3761:Sex
3438:Eye
1293:doi
1236:doi
1135:doi
1131:141
1092:doi
728:Art
471:Law
260:or
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