Culture - Knowledge

79: 64: 1897: 993: 230: 1475: 48: 815: 660: 834:, the form of something (though not necessarily its meaning) moves from one culture to another. For example, Western restaurant chains and culinary brands sparked curiosity and fascination to the Chinese as China opened its economy to international trade in the late 20th-century. "Stimulus diffusion" (the sharing of ideas) refers to an element of one culture leading to an invention or propagation in another. "Direct borrowing", on the other hand, tends to refer to technological or tangible diffusion from one culture to another. 1199: 1979: 1302:. Non-material culture refers to the non-physical ideas that individuals have about their culture, including values, belief systems, rules, norms, morals, language, organizations, and institutions, while material culture is the physical evidence of a culture in the objects and architecture they make or have made. The term tends to be relevant only in archeological and anthropological studies, but it specifically means all material evidence which can be attributed to culture, past or present. 874: 6522: 1398:, wherein researchers pioneered ethnographic strategies for describing and analyzing a variety of cultures around the world. Part of the legacy of the early development of the field lingers in the methods (much of cultural, sociological research is qualitative), in the theories (a variety of critical approaches to sociology are central to current research communities), and in the substantive focus of the field. For instance, relationships between 1789:, who defines culture as the sum of resources available to human beings for making sense of their world and proposes a two-tiered approach, combining the study of texts (all reified meanings in circulation) and cultural practices (all repeatable actions that involve the production, dissemination or transmission of purposes), thus making it possible to re-link anthropological and sociological study of culture with the tradition of textual theory. 1965: 5257: 1812: 1272: 608:, it is "that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society." Alternatively, in a contemporary variant, "Culture is defined as a social domain that emphasizes the practices, discourses and material expressions, which, over time, express the continuities and discontinuities of social meaning of a life held in common. 1091: 6546: 921: 1949:, President of Blue Shield International, the destruction of cultural assets is also part of psychological warfare. The target of the attack is the identity of the opponent, which is why symbolic cultural assets become a main target. It is also intended to affect the particularly sensitive cultural memory, the growing cultural diversity and the economic basis (such as tourism) of a state, region or municipality. 6534: 1363: 749: 1850:, and answer whether the human mind is independent from culture. For example, people from collectivistic cultures, such as the Japanese, suppress their positive emotions more than their American counterparts. Culture may affect the way that people experience and express emotions. On the other hand, some researchers try to look for differences between people's 1832: 1351:. As a result, there has been a recent influx of quantitative sociologists to the field. Thus, there is now a growing group of sociologists of culture who are, confusingly, not cultural sociologists. These scholars reject the abstracted postmodern aspects of cultural sociology, and instead, look for a theoretical backing in the more scientific vein of 1138:. Just as some critics have argued that the distinction between high and low cultures is an expression of the conflict between European elites and non-elites, other critics have argued that the distinction between civilized and uncivilized people is an expression of the conflict between European colonial powers and their colonial subjects. 252:, and other foragers of the Central African forests, in the 1200s, which is at least 200 years before polyphony developed in Europe. Note the multiple lines of singers and dancers. The motifs are independent, with theme and variation interweaving. This type of music is thought to be the first expression of polyphony in world music. 961:). According to this school of thought, each ethnic group has a distinct worldview that is incommensurable with the worldviews of other groups. Although more inclusive than earlier views, this approach to culture still allowed for distinctions between "civilized" and "primitive" or "tribal" cultures. 4609:

Coye, N. dir. (2011), Lascaux et la conservation en milieu souterrain: actes du symposium international (Paris, 26-27 fév. 2009) = Lascaux and Preservation Issues in Subterranean Environments: Proceedings of the International Symposium (Paris, February 26 and 27), Éditions de la Maison des sciences

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thought of as culture unless referring to the medium of television itself, which may have been selected culturally; however, schoolchildren watching television after school with their friends to "fit in" certainly qualifies since there is no grounded reason for one's participation in this practice.

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who were being conquered by Europeans from the 16th centuries on were living in a state of nature; this opposition was expressed through the contrast between "civilized" and "uncivilized." According to this way of thinking, one could classify some countries and nations as more civilized than others

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Cultures are externally affected via contact between societies, which may also produce—or inhibit—social shifts and changes in cultural practices. War or competition over resources may impact technological development or social dynamics. Additionally, cultural ideas may transfer from one society to

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has come to mean any innovation that is new and found to be useful to a group of people and expressed in their behavior but which does not exist as a physical object. Humanity is in a global "accelerating culture change period," driven by the expansion of international commerce, the mass media, and

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and UNESCO promote cultural preservation and cultural diversity through declarations and legally-binding conventions or treaties. The aim is not to protect a person's property, but rather to preserve the cultural heritage of humanity, especially in the event of war and armed conflict. According to

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or eating out) in a given culture. It also studies the meanings and uses people attribute to various objects and practices. Specifically, culture involves those meanings and practices held independently of reason. Watching television to view a public perspective on a historical event should not be

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McCrae, Robert R.; Costa, Paul T.; de Lima, Margarida Pedroso; Simões, António; Ostendorf, Fritz; Angleitner, Alois; Marušić, Iris; Bratko, Denis; Caprara, Gian Vittorio; Barbaranelli, Claudio; Chae, Joon-Ho; Piedmont, Ralph L. (1999). "Age differences in personality across the adult life span:

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cultural studies and later American developments of the field, distance themselves from this view. They criticize the Marxist assumption of a single, dominant meaning, shared by all, for any cultural product. The non-Marxist approaches suggest that different ways of consuming cultural artifacts

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posits that culture is a series of activities and worldviews that provide humans with the basis for perceiving themselves as "person of worth within the world of meaning"—raising themselves above the merely physical aspects of existence, in order to deny the animal insignificance and death that

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of young adults in American society. According to Robert Epstein and Jennifer, "American-style teen turmoil is absent in more than 100 cultures around the world, suggesting that such mayhem is not biologically inevitable. Second, the brain itself changes in response to experiences, raising the

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are trained with distinctive reasoning style. Cultural lenses may also make people view the same outcome of events differently. Westerners are more motivated by their successes than their failures, while East Asians are better motivated by the avoidance of failure. Culture is important for

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In the United States, Lindlof and Taylor write, "cultural studies grounded in a pragmatic, liberal-pluralist tradition." The American version of cultural studies initially concerned itself more with understanding the subjective and appropriative side of audience reactions to, and uses of,

1879:, who state that an undeveloped brain is not the main cause of teenagers' turmoils. Some have criticized this understanding of adolescence, classifying it as a relatively recent phenomenon in human history created by modern society, and have been highly critical of what they view as the 968:(1826–1905) argued for "the psychic unity of mankind." He proposed that a scientific comparison of all human societies would reveal that distinct worldviews consisted of the same basic elements. According to Bastian, all human societies share a set of "elementary ideas" ( 1952:

Tourism is having an increasing impact on the various forms of culture. On the one hand, this can be physical impact on individual objects or the destruction caused by increasing environmental pollution and, on the other hand, socio-cultural effects on society.

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Scholars in the United Kingdom and the United States developed somewhat different versions of cultural studies after the late 1970s. The British version of cultural studies had originated in the 1950s and 1960s, mainly under the influence of Richard Hoggart,

641:. However, some other species have demonstrated similar, though much less complicated, abilities for social learning. It is also used to denote the complex networks of practices and accumulated knowledge and ideas that are transmitted through social 1884:

question of whether adolescent brain characteristics are the cause of teen tumult or rather the result of lifestyle and experiences." David Moshman has also stated in regards to adolescence that brain research "is crucial for a full picture, but it

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The second covers the variables that represent the "social orientation" of societies, i.e., the attitudes and lifestyles of their members. These variables include gender egalitarianism, institutional collectivism, in-group collectivism, and human

895:: "Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-incurred immaturity." He argued that this immaturity comes not from a lack of understanding, but from a lack of courage to think independently. Against this intellectual cowardice, Kant urged: " 214:, or repositioning, is the reconstruction of a cultural concept of a society. Cultures are internally affected by both forces encouraging change and forces resisting change. Cultures are externally affected via contact between societies. 802:

involved new practices that produced a shift in gender relations, altering both gender and economic structures. Environmental conditions may also enter as factors. For example, after tropical forests returned at the end of the last

4315:" the application of technology to increase productivity, the affluence generated by it, and the related structural changes in society have contributed to the creation of adolescence in the North American urban-industrial society." 1925: 1929: 1463:, who succeeded Hoggart as Director. Cultural studies in this sense, then, can be viewed as a limited concentration scoped on the intricacies of consumerism, which belongs to a wider culture sometimes referred to as 1845:

Starting in the 1990s, psychological research on culture influence began to grow and challenge the universality assumed in general psychology. Culture psychologists began to try to explore the relationship between

725:, and transformation. In this context, modernization could be viewed as adoption of Enlightenment era beliefs and practices, such as science, rationalism, industry, commerce, democracy, and the notion of progress. 1609:: the texts of cultural studies comprise all the meaningful artifacts of culture. Similarly, the discipline widens the concept of culture. Culture, for a cultural-studies researcher, not only includes traditional 570:, 'A cult, especially a religious one.' To be cultural, to have a culture, is to inhabit a place sufficiently intensely to cultivate it—to be responsible for it, to respond to it, to attend to it caringly." 195:

codifies acceptable conduct in society; it serves as a guideline for behavior, dress, language, and demeanor in a situation, which serves as a template for expectations in a social group. Accepting only a

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values the peaceful coexistence and mutual respect between different cultures inhabiting the same planet. Sometimes "culture" is also used to describe specific practices within a subgroup of a society, a

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deals with cultural heritage in two ways: it gives people the right to participate in cultural life on the one hand and the right to the protection of their contributions to cultural life on the other.

3063: 2707: 1016:(1822–1888) used the word "culture" to refer to an ideal of individual human refinement, of "the best that has been thought and said in the world." This concept of culture is also comparable to the 1149:(as produced by "the folk," i.e., rural, illiterate, peasants) to honestly express a natural way of life, while classical music seemed superficial and decadent. Equally, this view often portrayed 1668:" (i.e. mass culture). This emerges in the writings of early British cultural-studies scholars and their influences: see the work of (for example) Raymond Williams, Stuart Hall, Paul Willis, and 1373:

culture that is celebrated by people in more than 22 countries with different nations and religions, at the 1st day of spring. It has been celebrated by diverse communities for over 7,000 years.

905:(1744–1803) argued that human creativity, which necessarily takes unpredictable and highly diverse forms, is as important as human rationality. Moreover, Herder proposed a collective form of 581:... originally meant the cultivation of the soul or mind, acquires most of its later modern meaning in the writings of the 18th-century German thinkers, who were on various levels developing 544:

took over this metaphor in a modern context, meaning something similar, but no longer assuming that philosophy was man's natural perfection. His use, and that of many writers after him, "

4378:"The idea of adolescence is today one of our most widely held and deeply imbedded assumptions about the process of human development. Indeed, most of us treat it not as an idea but as a 1180:. According to this theory, religion evolves from more polytheistic to more monotheistic forms. In the process, he redefined culture as a diverse set of activities characteristic of all 2335: 463:

holds that human symbolic culture arises from the material conditions of human life, as humans create the conditions for physical survival, and that the basis of culture is found in

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within different cultures and nations. Cognitive tools may not be accessible or they may function differently cross culture. For example, people who are raised in a culture with an

1746:), which seeks to challenge the notion that those who produce commodities control the meanings that people attribute to them. Feminist cultural analyst, theorist, and art historian 1290:(1858–1918), culture referred to "the cultivation of individuals through the agency of external forms which have been objectified in the course of history." As such, culture in the 200:

in a social group can bear risks, just as a single species can wither in the face of environmental change, for lack of functional responses to the change. Thus in military culture,

1225:, and to communicate symbolically encoded experiences socially. American anthropology is organized into four fields, each of which plays an important role in research on culture: 1875:

psychologists to consider when understanding the human mental operation. The notion of the anxious, unstable, and rebellious adolescent has been criticized by experts, such as

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Jaafar, Mastura; Rasoolimanesh, S Mostafa; Ismail, Safura (2017). "Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island".

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field can be defined as the ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects that together shape a people's way of life. Culture can be either of two types,

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focusing on words, artifacts and symbols. Culture has since become an important concept across many branches of sociology, including resolutely scientific fields like

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Although anthropologists worldwide refer to Tylor's definition of culture, in the 20th century "culture" emerged as the central and unifying concept of American

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movements—such as the nationalist struggle to create a "Germany" out of diverse principalities, and the nationalist struggles by ethnic minorities against the

825:, in traditional clothing. Sense of time is dependent on culture. A 1913 photo, but can be difficult to date for a viewer, due to the absence of cultural cues. 503:

hold that cultures cannot easily be objectively ranked or evaluated because any evaluation is necessarily situated within the value system of a given culture.

8269: 3293: 1087:. In other words, the idea of "culture" that developed in Europe during the 18th and early 19th centuries reflected inequalities within European societies. 4850: 4079:

Cheung, F. M.; Leung, K.; Fan, R. M.; Song, W.S.; Zhang, J. X.; Zhang, H. P. (March 1996). "Development of the Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory".

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exemplified changing cultural dynamics, not only in music, but fashion and lifestyle. Over a half century after their emergence, they continue to have a

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is counted a typical behavior for an individual and duty, honor, and loyalty to the social group are counted as virtues or functional responses in the

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Other 19th-century critics, following Rousseau, have accepted this differentiation between higher and lower culture, but have seen the refinement and

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covers the physical expressions of culture, such as technology, architecture and art, whereas the immaterial aspects of culture such as principles of

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has different meanings. Still, in this context, it refers to the replacement of traits of one culture with another, such as what happened to certain

1624:, but also everyday meanings and practices. The last two, in fact, have become the main focus of cultural studies. A further and recent approach is 363:, one sense of culture as an attribute of the individual has been the degree to which they have cultivated a particular level of sophistication in 1687:

The distinction between American and British strands, however, has faded. Some researchers, especially in early British cultural studies, apply a

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Global communication without universal civilization, vol.1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western

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published a paper in a journal of cultural sociology stating that gravity was a social construct that should be examined hermeneutically. See

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Fernandez, James W.; Hanchett, Suzanne L.; Jeganathan, Pradeep; Nicholas, Ralph W.; Robotham, Donald Keith; Smith, Eric A. (August 31, 2015).

478:, and values of a society or community, such as an ethnic group or nation. Culture is the set of knowledge acquired over time. In this sense, 6957: 5121: 4508:

Gerold Keusch "Kulturschutz in der Ära der Identitätskriege" In: Truppendienst - Magazin des Österreichischen Bundesheeres, October 24, 2018.

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to study cultural phenomena or cultural texts. In this field researchers often concentrate on how particular phenomena relate to matters of

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states that culture is "the way of life, especially the general customs and beliefs, of a particular group of people at a particular time."

6557: 1436:. Following nineteenth-century Romantics, they identified culture with consumption goods and leisure activities (such as art, music, film, 3671: 1940:

In the 21st century, the protection of culture has been the focus of increasing activity by national and international organizations. The

7142: 4382:. The concept of adolescence, as generally understood and applied, did not exist before the last two decades of the nineteenth century." 2211: 2735: 2365: 4191: 3741: 790:

Social conflict and the development of technologies can produce changes within a society by altering social dynamics and promoting new

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of high culture as corrupting and unnatural developments that obscure and distort people's essential nature. These critics considered

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Roger O’Keefe, Camille Péron, Tofig Musayev, Gianluca Ferrari "Protection of Cultural Property. Military Manual." UNESCO, 2016, p 73.

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Chigbu, Uchendu Eugene (July 3, 2015). "Repositioning culture for development: women and development in a Nigerian rural community".

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is among influential voices at the turn of the century, contributing to cultural studies from the field of art and psychoanalytical

860:. The transnational flow of culture has played a major role in merging different cultures and sharing thoughts, ideas, and beliefs. 1456: 3811: 4471:

UNESCO Director-General calls for stronger cooperation for heritage protection at the Blue Shield International General Assembly.

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Cultures are internally affected by both forces encouraging change and forces resisting change. These forces are related to both

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by means of getting to know, on all the matters which most concern us, the best which has been thought and said in the world."

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The first group covers the variables that represent the "efficiency orientation" of the societies: performance orientation,

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Velkley, Richard L (2002). "The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy".

1257:, which allow a person to make sense of the culture they inhabit, "can blind us to things outsiders pick up immediately." 838:

theory presents a research-based model of why and when individuals and cultures adopt new ideas, practices, and products.

5161: 7366: 4437: 4036: 1118: 845: 6982: 5237: 5146: 5041: 4896: 980:), are local modifications of the elementary ideas. This view paved the way for the modern understanding of culture. 173:

of the individuals in these groups. Culture is often originated from or attributed to a specific region or location.

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Norenzayan, Ara; Heine, Steven J. (September 2005). "Psychological universals: what are they and how can we know?".

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Kim, Uichol (2001). "Culture, science and indigenous psychologies: An integrated analysis." In D. Matsumoto (Ed.),

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Corine Wegener; Marjan Otter (Spring 2008). "Cultural Property at War: Protecting Heritage during Armed Conflict".

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approaches to social science. This type of cultural sociology may be loosely regarded as an approach incorporating

241: 3285: 984:(1858–1942) was trained in this tradition, and he brought it with him when he left Germany for the United States. 8513: 7135: 7087: 6935: 6345: 3627: 2948:

argues that contemporary definitions of culture fall into three possibilities or mixture of the following three:

1499: 1460: 1425: 1319:('cultural sociology'). Cultural sociology was then reinvented in the English-speaking world as a product of the 1072:, which led to identifying a "culture" among non-elites. This distinction is often characterized as that between 4845: 1581:

and practices of everyday life. These practices comprise the ways people do particular things (such as watching

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was the totality of experiences that provide a coherent identity, and sense of common destiny, to a people."

17: 4259: 1053:. As these forms were associated with urban life, "culture" was identified with "civilization" (from Latin: 8518: 8299: 8168: 6350: 5589: 5335: 1708: 1625: 1098:

was one of the first English-speaking scholars to use the term culture in an inclusive and universal sense.

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Heine, Steven J.; Kitayama, Shinobu; Lehman, Darrin R. (2001). "Cultural Differences in Self-Evaluation".

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Baillargeon, Rene (2002). "The Acquisition of Physical Knowledge in Infancy: A Summary in Eight Lessons".

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The sociology of culture grew from the intersection between sociology (as shaped by early theorists like

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Eden Stiffman (May 11, 2015). "Cultural Preservation in Disasters, War Zones. Presents Big Challenges".

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The word is used in a general sense as the evolved ability to categorize and represent experiences with

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Miyahara, Akira. "Toward Theorizing Japanese Communication Competence from a Non-Western Perspective".

1479: 935:(1767–1835) called for an anthropology that would synthesize Kant's and Herder's interests. During the 7745: 4662:

Primitive culture: researches into the development of mythology, philosophy, religion, art, and custom

2028: 1251:, refers to the "lenses" through which a person sees their own culture. Martin Lindstrom asserts that 8369: 8319: 7249: 7097: 7049: 6487: 5920: 5350: 5345: 5340: 3663: 1921: 1806: 1324: 1158: 1835:

Cognitive tools suggest a way for people from certain culture to deal with real-life problems, like

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Petrakis, Panagiotis; Kostis, Pantelis (December 1, 2013). "Economic growth and cultural change".

1644:, and later that of Stuart Hall and others at the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies at the 403:. In common parlance, culture is often used to refer specifically to the symbolic markers used by 78: 8439: 7750: 6258: 5518: 5488: 5422: 5407: 5142: 5073: 4820: 3096: 1727: 1723: 1441: 1230: 1226: 992: 948: 902: 8103: 5184: 5111:, Behavioral Sciences Department, Palomar College, San Marco, California. Retrieved: 2006-07-10. 887:(1724–1804) formulated an individualist definition of "enlightenment" similar to the concept of 783:

and natural events, and are involved in the perpetuation of cultural ideas and practices within

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There are a number of international agreements and national laws relating to the protection of

1629: 1203: 753: 682: 443:, have argued that culture is often used politically as a tool of the elites to manipulate the 371:, or manners. The level of cultural sophistication has also sometimes been used to distinguish 321: 7108: 3381: 3375: 2357: 2197: 1896: 1510:, created an international intellectual movement. As the field developed, it began to combine 745:

and endorsed or not endorsed by the symbolic authority of the cultural community in question.

741:, has proposed a model of cultural change based on claims and bids, which are judged by their 8444: 8434: 8329: 7855: 7810: 7313: 6946: 6462: 6380: 6253: 6077: 5955: 5900: 5890: 5880: 5754: 5610: 5562: 5452: 5417: 5294: 5274: 5230: 4763: 3879:(2) (Third ed.). New York: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Cognitive Science: 254–266. 3700: 3694: 2743: 1862:

is also studied to understand how people react when they are confronted with other cultures.

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and others. The main focus of an orthodox Marxist approach concentrates on the production of

1539: 1344: 1328: 1234: 1218:, where it most commonly refers to the universal human capacity to classify and encode human 1193: 1177: 1114: 853: 496: 205: 3733: 2091:"Repositioning culture for development: women and development in a Nigerian rural community" 8449: 8249: 7710: 7102: 7077: 7034: 6457: 6427: 6335: 6325: 6263: 6243: 6172: 5965: 5950: 5910: 5804: 5437: 5432: 4206: 2148: 2043: 1847: 1295: 1266: 1173: 1095: 932: 738: 634: 605: 593: 56: 8048: 7835: 7770: 2814: 1176:(1832–1917) applied these ideas of higher versus lower culture to propose a theory of the 8: 8289: 7850: 7795: 7715: 7657: 7540: 7435: 7165: 7021: 6987: 6952: 6766: 6577: 6318: 6308: 6303: 6233: 6123: 6108: 5995: 5985: 5960: 5895: 5870: 5824: 5764: 5672: 5572: 5552: 5468: 5447: 5387: 4802:

Whorf, Benjamin Lee (1941). "The relation of habitual thought and behavior to language".

2038: 1802: 1680:; for example, American cultural-studies advocates wrote about the liberatory aspects of 1117:, contrasted "culture" with "the state of nature." According to Hobbes and Rousseau, the 791: 500: 448: 375:

from less complex societies. Such hierarchical perspectives on culture are also found in

317: 269: 229: 208:. In the practice of religion, analogous attributes can be identified in a social group. 47: 5885: 4218: 4210: 1498:

From the 1970s onward, Stuart Hall's pioneering work, along with that of his colleagues

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Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict

1913: 1774: 1719: 1649: 1440:, sports, and clothing). They saw patterns of consumption and leisure as determined by 1150: 1135: 1131: 811:, which in turn brought about many cultural innovations and shifts in social dynamics. 764: 757: 742: 642: 305: 8018: 1769:

Petrakis and Kostis (2013) divide cultural background variables into two main groups:

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Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions

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and to act imaginatively and creatively. This ability arose with the evolution of

8404: 8399: 8163: 8108: 8093: 8073: 8053: 8008: 7983: 7893: 7845: 7830: 7730: 7690: 7581: 7576: 7403: 7291: 7205: 7180: 6909: 6899: 6858: 6810: 6661: 6634: 6502: 6497: 6422: 6283: 6238: 6228: 6155: 6150: 6087: 6060: 6035: 6005: 6000: 5980: 5975: 5759: 5734: 5667: 5525: 5125: 5108: 4872: 4854: 4412:"Are the Brains of Reckless Teens More Mature Than Those of Their Prudent Peers?" 4326: 3764: 2862: 2711: 2693: 2549: 2421: 2106: 1880: 1816: 1763: 1700: 1653: 1621: 1531: 1527: 1507: 1464: 1452: 1448: 1444:, which led them to focus on class relations and the organization of production. 1399: 1336: 1306: 1166: 1123: 734: 702: 678: 674: 574: 555: 464: 456: 440: 424: 392: 345: 197: 131: 4302: 4160: 3984: 3854: 3171:

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3100: 2580: 2396: 1978: 807:, plants suitable for domestication were available, leading to the invention of 794:, and spurring or enabling generative action. These social shifts may accompany 8459: 8349: 8279: 8178: 8153: 8023: 7993: 7953: 7918: 7775: 7700: 7685: 7680: 7571: 7561: 7271: 7222: 6792: 6776: 6298: 6223: 6218: 6188: 6167: 6092: 6025: 5849: 5829: 5392: 5309: 5189: 4588: 4049: 3324: 3012: 1992: 1970: 1876: 1759: 1755: 1547: 1451:; that is, on the social meanings of mass-produced consumer and leisure goods. 1348: 1142: 1013: 1009: 997: 773: 722: 710: 654: 492: 211: 35: 4352:

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form the economic base of society, which constantly interacts and influences

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societies. This view paved the way for the modern understanding of religion.

1110: 1050: 1017: 965: 924: 884: 877: 841: 784: 562:

meant 'place tilled' in Middle English, and the same word goes back to Latin

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refers to all the ways in which human beings overcome their original

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coordinate international protection and local implementation. The

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Oxford. pp. 102–121. 2765:Underhill, James W. (2009). 2550:10.1080/13668803.2014.981506 2538:Community, Work & Family 2362:Cambridge English Dictionary 2107:10.1080/13668803.2014.981506 2095:Community, Work & Family 1626:comparative cultural studies 1260: 1068:movement was an interest in 677:identified 29 ways in which 614:Cambridge English Dictionary 506: 354:intangible cultural heritage 7: 6433:Intercultural communication 5245: 5178: 5046:Keiser, R. Lincoln (1969). 4473:UNESCO, September 13, 2017. 4303:10.1177/0272431694014001002 4161:10.1177/0022022101032004004 3985:10.1037/0033-2909.131.5.763 3855:10.1016/j.socec.2013.02.011 3818:. Oxford University Press. 3597:. London: Allen and Unwin. 3122:. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2921:Understanding popular music 2724:, December (Berlin Monthly) 2397:10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001 1956: 1172:In 1870 the anthropologist 10: 8535: 5876:Cross cultural sensitivity 5543:Resistance through culture 5159:Wilson, Edward O. (1998). 4939:Cohen, Anthony P. (1985). 4853:November 18, 2017, at the 4664:. New York: Gordon Press. 4652: 4589:10.1177/146879702761936653 4050:10.1037/0012-1649.35.2.466 3763:du Gay, Paul, ed. (1997). 3413:Williams, Raymond (1983). 3204:Lindström, Martin (2016). 2692:February 28, 2021, at the 2269:Sorrells, Kathryn (2015). 1821:world's largest LGBT event 1796: 1695:, but especially from the 1480:Metropolitan Museum of Art 1413: 1264: 1202:Petroglyphs in modern-day 1191: 729:, building on the work of 652: 82:Germans marching during a 29: 8478: 8382: 8370:Intellectuals and Society 8320:The Culture of Narcissism 8211: 7879: 7671: 7620: 7549: 7463: 7456: 7396: 7158: 7098:Outline of the humanities 7078:Criticism of mass culture 7058: 7050:National Humanities Medal 7003: 6928: 6759: 6607: 6516: 6488:Transformation of culture 6181: 6101: 5921:Cultural environmentalism 5858: 5598: 5461: 5351:Cross-cultural psychology 5346:Cross-cultural psychiatry 5341:Cross-cultural leadership 5318: 5267: 5253: 5124:January 30, 2016, at the 5107:December 4, 2004, at the 5036:New York: HarperCollins. 5025:Hoult, T.F., ed. (1969). 4985:Geertz, Clifford (1957). 4969:Geertz, Clifford (1973). 4914:Bourdieu, Pierre (1977). 4702:Deacon, Terrence (1997). 4397:help.fortroubledteens.com 4124:10.1002/9780470996652.ch3 3738:The Canadian Encyclopedia 3564:. New York: Totem Books. 2721:Berlinische Monatsschrift 2426:. Guilford Publications. 1922:Blue Shield International 1807:Cross-cultural psychology 1652:views, and criticisms of 1490:can be one expression of 1402:, political control, and 913: 668:worldwide cultural impact 648: 8360:The Malaise of Modernity 8310:The History of Sexuality 7409:Catholic social teaching 7083:Educational essentialism 6720:Interdisciplinary fields 6448:Living things in culture 6438:Intercultural competence 6341:Culture and menstruation 5840:Trans-cultural diffusion 5185:The Meaning of "Culture" 4934:Harvard University press 4756:Reinventing Anthropology 4686: 4634:10.1177/1467358415610373 4325:Epstein, Robert (2010). 4093:10.1177/0022022196272003 4037:Developmental Psychology 3924:Myers, David G. (2010). 3333:Sociological Methodology 2890:Arnold, Matthew (1869). 2819:Today in Science History 1646:University of Birmingham 996:British poet and critic 836:Diffusion of innovations 756:opposing the arrival of 619:Terror management theory 522:Tusculanae Disputationes 320:(including practices of 40:Culture (disambiguation) 8440:Philosophy of education 6259:Cultural homogenization 5489:Individualistic culture 5423:Popular culture studies 5408:Intercultural relations 5074:Oxford University Press 4991:American Anthropologist 4964:Twentieth-Century World 4902:Benedict, Ruth (1934). 4844:Arnold, Matthew. 1869. 4819:Bastian, Adolf (2009), 4811:Taylor, Walter (1948). 3873:WIREs Cognitive Science 3668:Purdue University Press 3527:James, Procter (2004). 3097:Oxford University Press 2579:O'Neil, Dennis (2006). 2062:Tylor, Edward. (1871). 1724:relations of production 1718:In a Marxist view, the 1442:relations of production 1349:social network analysis 1231:linguistic anthropology 1227:biological anthropology 1094:British anthropologist 949:Austro-Hungarian Empire 903:Johann Gottfried Herder 864:Early modern discourses 379:distinctions between a 8514:Social constructionism 7379: 7333: 7319: 6871:Liberal arts education 6194:Archaeological culture 5941:Cultural globalization 5810:Organizational culture 5658:Cultural communication 5616:Cultural appropriation 5403:Intercultural learning 5331:Cross-cultural studies 5087:Studying Popular Music 5085:Middleton, R. (1990). 4887:Barzilai, Gad (2003). 3973:Psychological Bulletin 3038:Teslow, Tracy (2016). 2720: 2715: 2358:"Meaning of "culture"" 1905: 1842: 1828: 1632:and cultural studies. 1630:comparative literature 1506:, Tony Jefferson, and 1495: 1432:(1921–1988) developed 1374: 1315: 1279: 1253: 1243: 1211: 1099: 1054: 1022: 1001: 976: 970: 957: 928: 907: 897: 889: 881: 826: 761: 671: 602: 558:wrote, "The very word 322:political organization 253: 87: 75: 60: 8445:Philosophy of history 8435:Philosophy of culture 8330:A Conflict of Visions 6947:History of Humanities 6463:Participatory culture 6254:Cultural evolutionism 6078:Multiracial democracy 5956:Cultural intelligence 5901:Cultural conservatism 5891:Cultural backwardness 5881:Cultural assimilation 5755:Cultural reproduction 5611:Cultural appreciation 5563:Far-right subcultures 5453:Transcultural nursing 5418:Philosophy of culture 5295:Cultural neuroscience 5275:Cultural anthropology 4946:Dawkins, R. (1999) . 4660:Tylor, E.B. (1974) . 4331:. Linden Publishing. 3816:Oxford Bibliographies 3436:Berger, John (1972). 3093:UK English Dictionary 2924:. Routledge. p. 2892:"Culture and Anarchy" 2277:. Los Angeles: Sage. 2147:Michael Obert (2013) 1899: 1892:Protection of culture 1834: 1814: 1540:cultural anthropology 1477: 1365: 1345:social stratification 1274: 1235:cultural anthropology 1201: 1194:American anthropology 1178:evolution of religion 1115:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1093: 1076:, namely that of the 1004:In the 19th century, 995: 923: 876: 817: 774:Culture repositioning 751: 662: 579: 573:Culture described by 554:In 1986, philosopher 497:cultural anthropology 232: 206:continuum of conflict 81: 66: 50: 8450:Political philosophy 8250:Democracy in America 7103:Renaissance humanism 7035:Master of Humanities 6458:Oppositional culture 6428:Emotions and culture 6336:Cultural sensibility 6326:Cultural translation 6264:Cultural institution 6244:Cultural determinism 5966:Cultural nationalism 5951:Cultural imperialism 5911:Cultural deprivation 5805:Non-material culture 5438:Sociology of culture 5433:Semiotics of culture 5131:Reese, W.L. (1980). 5011:Goodall, J. (1986). 4943:New York: Routledge 4847:Culture and Anarchy. 4826:Anker, Guy (2000) . 4754:Hymes, Dell (1969). 4727:Current Anthropology 3740:. Historica Canada. 3314:for further details. 3103:on January 22, 2020. 3002:McClenon, pp. 528–29 2918:Roy, Shuker (1997). 2149:Song from the Forest 2044:Semiotics of culture 1848:emotions and culture 1465:Western civilization 1296:non-material culture 1267:Sociology of culture 933:Wilhelm von Humboldt 739:Jeffrey C. Alexander 635:behavioral modernity 461:cultural materialism 169:, capabilities, and 57:behavioral modernity 30:For other uses, see 8519:Main topic articles 8290:One-Dimensional Man 7022:Geisteswissenschaft 6988:Teaching Philosophy 6767:Abductive reasoning 6309:Culture speculation 6304:Cultural relativism 6234:Cultural competence 6124:Cultural Christians 5996:Cultural Revolution 5986:Cultural radicalism 5961:Cultural liberalism 5896:Cultural Bolshevism 5871:Consumer capitalism 5825:Relational mobility 5765:Cultural technology 5673:Cultural dissonance 5590:Culture by location 5553:Alternative culture 5469:Constructed culture 5448:Theology of culture 5388:Cultural psychology 5368:Cultural entomology 5166:New York: Vintage. 5100:O'Neil, D. (2006). 4966:, Houghton Mifflin 4952:Oxford Paperbacks. 4906:Patterns of Culture 4693:Barker, C. (2004). 4416:Scientific American 4211:2007SciAm..17...68E 4199:Scientific American 3490:"Cultural hallmark" 2844:Liron, Tal (2003). 2746:on January 23, 2009 2734:Eldridge, Michael. 2587:. Palomar College. 2499:Rein, Raud (2016). 2467:. pp. 252–99. 2039:Recombinant culture 1803:Cultural psychology 988:English Romanticism 501:cultural relativism 449:false consciousness 318:social organization 270:Cultural universals 217:Organizations like 8410:Cultural pessimism 8405:Cultural criticism 7304:National character 7109:Studia Humanitatis 6468:Permission culture 6401:Disability culture 6381:Children's culture 6249:Cultural diversity 6209:Circuit of culture 5991:Cultural retention 5971:Cultural pessimism 5926:Cultural exception 5916:Cultural diplomacy 5906:Cultural contracts 5866:Colonial mentality 5795:Manuscript culture 5770:Cultural universal 5740:Cultural pluralism 5720:Cultural landscape 5715:Cultural invention 5683:Cultural framework 5585:Vernacular culture 5383:Cultural mediation 5363:Cultural economics 5358:Cultural analytics 5290:Cultural geography 5280:Cultural astronomy 5152:White, L. (1949). 4610:de l'homme, 360 p. 2968:Bakhtin 1981, p. 4 2868:on January 2, 2017 2656:(March 20, 2018). 2034:Outline of culture 1914:cultural diversity 1906: 1900:Restoration of an 1843: 1829: 1775:future orientation 1713:cultural artifacts 1536:film/video studies 1496: 1375: 1286:. For sociologist 1280: 1212: 1151:indigenous peoples 1136:cultural evolution 1132:Lewis Henry Morgan 1100: 1012:poet and essayist 1002: 929: 882: 869:German Romanticism 827: 785:current structures 765:Cultural invention 762: 758:Captain James Cook 754:Australian natives 743:cognitive adequacy 672: 465:evolved biological 254: 88: 76: 61: 8491: 8490: 8207: 8206: 7352:Spontaneous order 7342:Social alienation 7191:Cultural heritage 7152:Social philosophy 7118: 7117: 6838:General knowledge 6821:Cultural literacy 6755: 6754: 6689:Religious studies 6625:Classical studies 6567: 6566: 6396:Death and culture 6289:Cultural movement 6279:Cultural literacy 6139:Eastern Orthodoxy 6051:Dominator culture 6046:Deculturalization 5946:Cultural hegemony 5936:Cultural genocide 5931:Cultural feminism 5750:Cultural property 5745:Cultural practice 5730:Cultural leveling 5725:Cultural learning 5710:Cultural industry 5705:Cultural identity 5688:Cultural heritage 5678:Cultural emphasis 5663:Cultural conflict 5636:Cultural behavior 5626:Cultural artifact 5538:Primitive culture 5514:Political culture 5172:978-0-679-76867-8 5095:978-0-335-15275-9 5056:978-0-03-080361-1 5021:978-0-674-11649-8 4979:978-0-465-09719-7 4958:978-0-19-288051-2 4924:978-0-521-29164-4 4882:978-0-252-06445-6 4837:978-2-88155-004-1 4717:978-0-3930-3838-5 4671:978-0-87968-091-6 4338:978-1-61035-101-0 4133:978-0-470-99665-2 3935:978-0-0733-7066-8 3926:Social psychology 3894:978-0-3932-6398-5 3776:978-0-7619-5402-6 3710:978-0-7619-2493-7 3604:978-0-04-330391-7 3571:978-1-84046-587-7 3538:978-0-415-26267-5 3447:978-0-563-12244-9 3391:978-0-19-510326-7 3250:978-0-226-75776-6 3215:978-1-250-08068-4 3182:978-0-495-81082-7 3051:978-1-316-60338-3 2989:978-0-19-251193-5 2935:978-0-415-10723-5 2791:978-3-8258-3989-5 2514:978-1-5095-1124-2 2474:978-81-7214-005-2 2433:978-1-4625-1479-3 2406:978-0-12-802247-4 2323:978-1-138-02572-1 2284:978-1-4129-2744-4 2247:978-0-226-85256-0 2174:978-0-13-700161-3 2064:Primitive Culture 2013:Cultural identity 1947:Karl von Habsburg 1910:cultural heritage 1799:Social psychology 1664:critique of the " 1512:political economy 1357:cognitive science 1353:social psychology 1333:cultural analysis 1063: 971:Elementargedanken 800:feminist movement 781:social structures 721:, modernization, 585:'s criticism of " 409:body modification 312:. The concept of 149:, as well as the 16:(Redirected from 8526: 8455:Social criticism 8375: 8365: 8355: 8345: 8335: 8325: 8315: 8305: 8295: 8285: 8275: 8265: 8255: 8245: 8235: 8225: 7461: 7460: 7443:Frankfurt School 7421:Communitarianism 7384: 7338: 7324: 7145: 7138: 7131: 7122: 7121: 6905:Self-realization 6717: 6716: 6594: 6587: 6580: 6571: 6570: 6548: 6547: 6536: 6535: 6524: 6523: 6413:Drinking culture 6366:Culture industry 6314:Cultural tourism 6294:Cultural mulatto 6269:Cultural jet lag 6204:Cannabis culture 6161:Cultural Muslims 6083:Pluriculturalism 6066:Multiculturalism 6056:Interculturalism 6031:Culture minister 6021:Cultural Zionism 6016:Cultural subsidy 6011:Cultural silence 5886:Cultural attaché 5845:Transculturation 5800:Material culture 5790:Interculturality 5646:Cultural capital 5631:Cultural baggage 5568:Youth subculture 5509:Official culture 5474:Dominant culture 5413:Internet culture 5378:Cultural mapping 5373:Cultural history 5300:Cultural studies 5285:Cultural ecology 5259: 5258: 5240: 5233: 5226: 5217: 5216: 5211:What is Culture? 5008: 5006: 4911: 4909: 4841: 4816: 4807: 4798: 4777: 4759: 4750: 4721: 4709: 4698: 4675: 4646: 4645: 4617: 4611: 4607: 4601: 4600: 4572: 4566: 4565: 4557: 4549: 4541: 4535: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4515: 4509: 4506: 4500: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4480: 4474: 4468: 4462: 4459: 4453: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4433: 4427: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4407: 4401: 4400: 4389: 4383: 4377: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4322: 4316: 4314: 4282: 4276: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4264:Psychology Today 4256: 4250: 4249: 4246:The Conversation 4237: 4231: 4230: 4196: 4187: 4181: 4180: 4144: 4138: 4137: 4111: 4105: 4104: 4076: 4070: 4069: 4030: 4024: 4023: 4011: 4005: 4004: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3955: 3947: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3868: 3859: 3858: 3838: 3832: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3812:"Julia Kristeva" 3807: 3801: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3760: 3754: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3690: 3684: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3660: 3654: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3590: 3584: 3583: 3557: 3551: 3550: 3524: 3518: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3485: 3479: 3478: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3440:. 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Casey 509: 470:When used as a 457:social sciences 455:. In the wider 441:critical theory 393:popular culture 227: 212:Cultural change 132:social behavior 124: 98: 94: 70:and expressive 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8532: 8522: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8489: 8488: 8486: 8485: 8479: 8476: 8475: 8473: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8460:Social science 8457: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8386: 8384: 8380: 8379: 8377: 8376: 8366: 8356: 8350:Gender Trouble 8346: 8336: 8326: 8316: 8306: 8296: 8286: 8280:The Second Sex 8276: 8266: 8256: 8246: 8236: 8226: 8215: 8213: 8209: 8208: 8205: 8204: 8202: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7885: 7883: 7877: 7876: 7874: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7677: 7675: 7669: 7668: 7666: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7624: 7622: 7618: 7617: 7615: 7614: 7609: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7553: 7551: 7547: 7546: 7544: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7467: 7465: 7458: 7454: 7453: 7451: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7439: 7438: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7417: 7416: 7406: 7400: 7398: 7394: 7393: 7391: 7390: 7385: 7376: 7375: 7374: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7330: 7325: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7295: 7294: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7272:Invisible hand 7269: 7264: 7259: 7258: 7257: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7226: 7225: 7215: 7214: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7162: 7160: 7156: 7155: 7148: 7147: 7140: 7133: 7125: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7112: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7074: 7073: 7062: 7060: 7056: 7055: 7053: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7026: 7025: 7013: 7007: 7005: 7001: 7000: 6998: 6997: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6943: 6938: 6932: 6930: 6926: 6925: 6923: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6896: 6895: 6885: 6884: 6883: 6878: 6868: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6834: 6833: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6796: 6793:Belles-lettres 6789: 6784: 6779: 6777:Antipositivism 6774: 6769: 6763: 6761: 6757: 6756: 6753: 6752: 6750: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6723: 6721: 6714: 6713: 6712: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6680: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6659: 6654: 6653: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6611: 6609: 6605: 6604: 6597: 6596: 6589: 6582: 6574: 6565: 6564: 6562: 6561: 6554: 6542: 6530: 6517: 6514: 6513: 6511: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6409: 6408: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6322: 6321: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6299:Cultural probe 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6224:Cross-cultural 6221: 6219:Coffee culture 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6189:Animal culture 6185: 6183: 6179: 6178: 6176: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6164: 6163: 6153: 6148: 6147: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6111: 6105: 6103: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6095: 6093:Transculturism 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6074: 6073: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6026:Culture change 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5862: 5860: 5856: 5855: 5853: 5852: 5850:Visual culture 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5830:Safety culture 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5696: 5695: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5654: 5653: 5651:Cross-cultural 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5602: 5600: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5576: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5534: 5533: 5523: 5522: 5521: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5465: 5463: 5459: 5458: 5456: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5354: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5328: 5322: 5320: 5316: 5315: 5313: 5312: 5310:Culture theory 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5271: 5269: 5265: 5264: 5254: 5251: 5250: 5243: 5242: 5235: 5228: 5220: 5214: 5213: 5208: 5199: 5198:External links 5196: 5194: 5193: 5190:The New Yorker 5180: 5177: 5176: 5175: 5157: 5150: 5136: 5129: 5115:Reagan, Ronald 5112: 5098: 5083: 5076: 5066: 5059: 5044: 5030: 5023: 5009: 4982: 4967: 4960: 4944: 4937: 4926: 4912: 4899: 4885: 4870:, M.M. (1981) 4865: 4842: 4836: 4823: 4817: 4808: 4799: 4778: 4760: 4751: 4739:10.1086/201036 4733:(4): 395–412. 4722: 4716: 4699: 4688: 4685: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4676: 4670: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4648: 4647: 4628:(2): 123–134. 4612: 4602: 4583:(2): 183–201. 4567: 4562:Wiener Zeitung 4536: 4510: 4501: 4475: 4463: 4454: 4428: 4402: 4384: 4366:10.2307/349302 4360:(4): 632–638. 4344: 4337: 4317: 4277: 4266:. June 9, 2016 4251: 4232: 4182: 4155:(4): 434–443. 4139: 4132: 4106: 4087:(2): 181–199. 4071: 4025: 4006: 3979:(5): 763–784. 3963: 3934: 3916: 3893: 3860: 3833: 3802: 3775: 3755: 3724: 3709: 3685: 3655: 3618: 3603: 3585: 3570: 3552: 3537: 3519: 3480: 3461: 3446: 3438:Ways of seeing 3428: 3405: 3390: 3366: 3345:10.2307/271027 3316: 3276: 3249: 3229: 3214: 3196: 3181: 3163: 3137: 3120:Britannica.com 3106: 3086:"anthropology" 3077: 3050: 3030: 3019:(in Italian). 3004: 2995: 2988: 2970: 2961: 2959: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2934: 2909: 2879: 2836: 2805: 2790: 2784:. Lit Verlag. 2772: 2757: 2726: 2698: 2679: 2645: 2618:(5393): 1446. 2602: 2585:Culture Change 2571: 2528: 2513: 2488: 2473: 2451: 2432: 2412: 2405: 2379: 2349: 2322: 2302: 2290: 2283: 2261: 2246: 2225: 2188: 2173: 2152: 2140: 2101:(3): 334–350. 2081: 2068: 2054: 2053: 2051: 2048: 2047: 2046: 2041: 2036: 2031: 2026: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1993:Animal culture 1989: 1988: 1974: 1971:Society portal 1958: 1955: 1893: 1890: 1877:Robert Epstein 1794: 1791: 1783: 1782: 1778: 1760:Julia Kristeva 1756:psychoanalysis 1548:museum studies 1414:Main article: 1411: 1408: 1379: 1376: 1313:used the term 1307:Weimar Germany 1265:Main article: 1262: 1259: 1192:Main article: 1189: 1186: 1143:sophistication 1014:Matthew Arnold 998:Matthew Arnold 989: 986: 977:Völkergedanken 958:Weltanschauung 939:, scholars in 870: 867: 865: 862: 723:indigenization 693:, revivalism, 685:, renovation, 655:Culture change 653:Main article: 650: 647: 538:teleologically 508: 505: 493:counterculture 467:dispositions. 423:refers to the 383:of the social 356:of a society. 226: 223: 36:Tissue culture 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8531: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8501: 8499: 8484: 8481: 8480: 8477: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8465:Social theory 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8387: 8385: 8381: 8372: 8371: 8367: 8362: 8361: 8357: 8352: 8351: 8347: 8342: 8341: 8337: 8332: 8331: 8327: 8322: 8321: 8317: 8312: 8311: 8307: 8302: 8301: 8297: 8292: 8291: 8287: 8282: 8281: 8277: 8272: 8271: 8267: 8262: 8261: 8257: 8252: 8251: 8247: 8242: 8241: 8237: 8232: 8231: 8227: 8222: 8221: 8217: 8216: 8214: 8210: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8119:Radhakrishnan 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7886: 7884: 7880:20th and 21st 7878: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7678: 7676: 7672:18th and 19th 7670: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7625: 7623: 7619: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7554: 7552: 7548: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7468: 7466: 7462: 7459: 7455: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7437: 7434: 7433: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7415: 7412: 7411: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7401: 7399: 7395: 7389: 7386: 7383: 7382: 7377: 7373: 7370: 7369: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7337: 7336: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7323: 7322: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7293: 7290: 7289: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7256: 7253: 7252: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7224: 7221: 7220: 7219: 7216: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7198: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7163: 7161: 7157: 7153: 7146: 7141: 7139: 7134: 7132: 7127: 7126: 7123: 7111: 7110: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7072: 7069: 7068: 7067: 7064: 7063: 7061: 7057: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7024: 7023: 7019: 7018: 7017: 7016:Human science 7014: 7012: 7009: 7008: 7006: 7002: 6996: 6995: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6948: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6933: 6931: 6927: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6894: 6891: 6890: 6889: 6886: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6873: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6866: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6832: 6829: 6828: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6801: 6797: 6795: 6794: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6764: 6762: 6758: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6732:Environmental 6730: 6728: 6725: 6724: 6722: 6718: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6696: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6664: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6637: 6636: 6635:Language arts 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6612: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6595: 6590: 6588: 6583: 6581: 6576: 6575: 6572: 6560: 6559: 6555: 6553: 6552: 6543: 6541: 6540: 6531: 6529: 6528: 6519: 6518: 6515: 6509: 6508:Youth culture 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6493:Urban culture 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6478:Remix culture 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6453:Media culture 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6443:Languaculture 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6407: 6404: 6403: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6371:Culture shock 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6331:Cultural turn 6329: 6327: 6324: 6320: 6317: 6316: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6199:Bennett scale 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6186: 6184: 6180: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6162: 6159: 6158: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6129:Protestantism 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6116: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6100: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6072: 6071:Biculturalism 6069: 6068: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5863: 5861: 5857: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5835:Technoculture 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5815:Print culture 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5780:Enculturation 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5700:Cultural icon 5698: 5694: 5691: 5690: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5652: 5649: 5648: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5641:Cultural bias 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5621:Cultural area 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5606:Acculturation 5604: 5603: 5601: 5597: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5580:Super culture 5578: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5550: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5532: 5529: 5528: 5527: 5524: 5520: 5517: 5516: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5494:Legal culture 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5460: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5443:Sound culture 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5333: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5317: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5272: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5252: 5248: 5241: 5236: 5234: 5229: 5227: 5222: 5221: 5218: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5206: 5202: 5201: 5192: 5191: 5186: 5183: 5182: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5163: 5158: 5155: 5151: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5137: 5134: 5130: 5127: 5123: 5120: 5116: 5113: 5110: 5106: 5103: 5099: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5081: 5077: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5064: 5060: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5043: 5042:0-06-271543-7 5039: 5035: 5031: 5028: 5024: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4983: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4965: 4961: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4950: 4945: 4942: 4938: 4935: 4932:, Cambridge, 4931: 4927: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4908: 4907: 4900: 4898: 4897:0-472-11315-1 4894: 4890: 4886: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4874: 4869: 4866: 4863: 4859: 4856: 4852: 4849: 4848: 4843: 4839: 4833: 4829: 4824: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4809: 4805: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4779: 4775: 4774: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4723: 4719: 4713: 4708: 4707: 4700: 4696: 4691: 4690: 4673: 4667: 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Routledge. 3530: 3523: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3484: 3476: 3472: 3465: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3443: 3439: 3432: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3409: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3378: 3370: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3320: 3313: 3309: 3295: 3291: 3290:Lingua Franca 3287: 3280: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3246: 3242: 3241: 3233: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3211: 3207: 3200: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3178: 3174: 3167: 3151: 3147: 3141: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3110: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3092: 3087: 3081: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3047: 3043: 3042: 3034: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3008: 2999: 2991: 2985: 2981: 2974: 2965: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2922: 2913: 2897: 2893: 2886: 2884: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2849: 2848: 2840: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2809: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2787: 2783: 2776: 2768: 2761: 2745: 2741: 2740:UNC Charlotte 2737: 2730: 2722: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2702: 2695: 2691: 2688: 2683: 2672:September 29, 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2654:Wei, Clarissa 2649: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2606: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2575: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2544:(3): 334–50. 2543: 2539: 2532: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2510: 2506: 2503:. Cambridge: 2502: 2495: 2493: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2455: 2439: 2435: 2429: 2425: 2424: 2416: 2408: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2383: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2353: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2319: 2315: 2314: 2306: 2299: 2294: 2286: 2280: 2275: 2274: 2265: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2243: 2239: 2232: 2230: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2200: 2192: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2170: 2166: 2159: 2157: 2150: 2144: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2085: 2078: 2072: 2065: 2059: 2055: 2045: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2003:Cultural area 2001: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1990: 1986: 1980: 1975: 1972: 1966: 1961: 1954: 1950: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1903: 1898: 1889: 1887: 1882: 1878: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1860:culture shock 1857: 1853: 1849: 1840: 1839: 1833: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1790: 1788: 1779: 1776: 1772: 1771: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1758:. 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Thompson 1633: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1618:social groups 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1587: 1584: 1580: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1524:social theory 1521: 1517: 1516:communication 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1476: 1472: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1417: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1325:structuralist 1322: 1321:cultural turn 1317: 1312: 1308: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1258: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1221: 1217: 1209: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1155:noble savages 1152: 1148: 1144: 1139: 1137: 1134:'s theory of 1133: 1129: 1126:'s theory of 1125: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1111:Thomas Hobbes 1109: 1105: 1097: 1092: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1056: 1052: 1051:haute cuisine 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1033:In practice, 1031: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 999: 994: 985: 983: 978: 972: 967: 966:Adolf Bastian 962: 959: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 926: 925:Adolf Bastian 922: 918: 909: 904: 899: 893: 892: 886: 885:Immanuel Kant 879: 878:Johann Herder 875: 861: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 842:Acculturation 839: 837: 833: 824: 820: 816: 812: 810: 806: 801: 797: 793: 788: 786: 782: 777: 775: 771: 766: 759: 755: 750: 746: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 713:, borrowing, 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 669: 665: 661: 656: 646: 644: 640: 636: 632: 627: 625: 620: 616: 615: 609: 607: 601: 599: 595: 594:Enlightenment 591: 588: 584: 578: 576: 571: 569: 565: 561: 557: 552: 551: 549: 543: 539: 535: 532: 528: 524: 523: 518: 514: 513:ancient Roman 504: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 481: 477: 473: 468: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 447:and create a 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 429:mass mediated 426: 425:mass-produced 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 405:ethnic groups 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 373:civilizations 370: 366: 362: 357: 355: 352:comprise the 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 222: 220: 215: 213: 209: 207: 203: 199: 194: 193:cultural norm 189: 187: 186:socialization 183: 182:enculturation 180:processes of 179: 174: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 128: 119: 92: 85: 80: 73: 69: 65: 58: 54: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 18:Human culture 8368: 8358: 8348: 8338: 8328: 8318: 8308: 8298: 8288: 8278: 8268: 8258: 8248: 8238: 8228: 8218: 7638:Guicciardini 7621:Early modern 7457:Philosophers 7431:Conservatism 7426:Confucianism 7414:Distributism 7347:Social norms 7335:Sittlichkeit 7321:Ressentiment 7267:Institutions 7245:Human nature 7217: 7107: 7071:Philistinism 7066:Antihumanism 7020: 6992: 6978:Nova Religio 6945: 6863: 6843:Hermeneutics 6825: 6798: 6791: 6615:Anthropology 6556: 6549: 6537: 6525: 6473:Rape culture 6418:Drug culture 6406:Deaf culture 6391:Cyberculture 6361:Culture hero 6274:Cultural lag 6214:Civilization 6114:Christianity 5820:Protoculture 5504:Microculture 5484:High culture 5479:Folk culture 5428:Postcritique 5246: 5204: 5188: 5160: 5153: 5145:, issued on 5132: 5086: 5079: 5069: 5062: 5047: 5033: 5026: 5012: 4994: 4990: 4973:. New York. 4970: 4963: 4947: 4940: 4929: 4915: 4905: 4888: 4871: 4846: 4827: 4812: 4803: 4786: 4782: 4772: 4768:Szeman, Imre 4755: 4730: 4726: 4705: 4694: 4661: 4625: 4621: 4615: 4605: 4580: 4576: 4570: 4561: 4553: 4545: 4539: 4529:December 13, 4527:. Retrieved 4513: 4504: 4494:September 1, 4492:. Retrieved 4478: 4470: 4466: 4457: 4447:November 20, 4445:. Retrieved 4441: 4431: 4419:. Retrieved 4415: 4405: 4396: 4387: 4379: 4357: 4353: 4347: 4327: 4320: 4294: 4290: 4280: 4270:February 19, 4268:. Retrieved 4263: 4254: 4245: 4235: 4205:(2): 68–75. 4202: 4198: 4185: 4152: 4148: 4142: 4115: 4109: 4084: 4080: 4074: 4041: 4035: 4028: 4019: 4015: 4009: 3976: 3972: 3966: 3925: 3919: 3876: 3872: 3846: 3842: 3836: 3824:. Retrieved 3815: 3805: 3793:. Retrieved 3765: 3758: 3746:. Retrieved 3737: 3727: 3695: 3688: 3676:. Retrieved 3667: 3658: 3648:September 1, 3646:. Retrieved 3628: 3621: 3594: 3588: 3561: 3555: 3528: 3522: 3510:. 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Retrieved 2098: 2094: 2084: 2076: 2075:Jackson, Y. 2071: 2063: 2058: 1998:Anthropology 1985:World portal 1951: 1939: 1907: 1864:LGBT culture 1844: 1836: 1784: 1781:orientation. 1768: 1743: 1739: 1737: 1717: 1686: 1678:mass culture 1674: 1658:mass culture 1634: 1611:high culture 1588: 1576: 1568:social class 1532:media theory 1504:Dick Hebdige 1497: 1492:high culture 1446: 1419: 1404:social class 1396:anthropology 1381: 1311:Alfred Weber 1304: 1292:sociological 1288:Georg Simmel 1281: 1254:Kulturbrille 1244:Kulturbrille 1223:symbolically 1216:anthropology 1213: 1188:Anthropology 1174:Edward Tylor 1171: 1140: 1108:philosophers 1101: 1096:Edward Tylor 1081:social group 1074:high culture 1034: 1032: 1003: 963: 937:Romantic era 930: 883: 854:assimilation 850:colonization 840: 828: 789: 778: 763: 687:reconception 673: 628: 624:Homo sapiens 623: 612: 610: 603: 598:civilization 580: 572: 567: 563: 559: 553: 545: 531:agricultural 526: 520: 510: 469: 421:Mass culture 397:folk culture 381:high culture 367:, sciences, 358: 326:institutions 294:technologies 258:anthropology 255: 216: 210: 190: 175: 136:institutions 90: 89: 84:folk culture 44: 32:Cell culture 8425:Historicism 8254:(1835–1840) 8220:De Officiis 7944:de Beauvoir 7914:Baudrillard 7866:Vivekananda 7856:Tocqueville 7771:Kierkegaard 7587:Ibn Khaldun 7557:Alpharabius 7448:Personalism 7357:Stewardship 7314:Reification 7309:Natural law 7230:Familialism 7196:Culturalism 6920:Work of art 6888:Metaphysics 6849:Historicism 6694:Visual arts 6620:Archaeology 6608:Disciplines 6551:WikiProject 6483:Tea culture 6386:Culturalism 6356:Culture gap 6319:Pop-culture 6119:Catholicism 6041:Culture war 5499:Low culture 5398:Culturomics 5305:Culturology 4764:James, Paul 4297:(1): 6–23. 3678:October 30, 3529:Stuart Hall 3512:October 30, 3300:October 28, 3156:October 30, 3130:October 30, 2872:October 30, 2595:October 29, 1752:art history 1699:Marxism of 1670:Paul Gilroy 1599:photographs 1593:, but also 1560:nationality 1552:art history 1500:Paul Willis 1461:Stuart Hall 1426:Stuart Hall 1241:. The term 1239:archaeology 1220:experiences 1165:systems of 1085:low culture 1020:concept of 945:nationalist 898:Sapere Aude 809:agriculture 796:ideological 731:Umberto Eco 715:eclecticism 664:The Beatles 643:interaction 489:bro culture 445:proletariat 389:low culture 377:class-based 324:and social 234:Pygmy music 225:Description 198:monoculture 86:celebration 8498:Categories 8430:Humanities 8390:Agnotology 8049:Kołakowski 7612:Ibn Tufayl 7592:Maimonides 7536:Thucydides 7531:Tertullian 7486:Lactantius 7381:Volksgeist 7362:Traditions 7176:Convention 6881:Quadrivium 6806:Creativity 6772:Aesthetics 6699:Filmmaking 6684:Philosophy 6640:Literature 6601:Humanities 5548:Subculture 5326:Bioculture 4862:Macmillan. 4789:: 509–29. 4421:October 5, 3849:: 147–57. 3748:October 7, 3308:Alan Sokal 3306:Physicist 2853:(Thesis). 2298:Tylor 1974 2199:Tusculanes 2050:References 2023:Culture 21 1797:See also: 1793:Psychology 1607:hairstyles 1583:television 1544:philosophy 1488:Visual art 1329:postmodern 1249:Franz Boas 1208:Azerbaijan 1163:capitalist 1147:folk music 1028:perfection 982:Franz Boas 719:syncretism 695:revolution 691:innovation 689:, reform, 683:involution 606:E.B. Tylor 590:liberalism 485:subculture 476:traditions 472:count noun 361:humanities 338:literature 334:philosophy 298:tool usage 238:polyphonic 8470:Sociology 8420:Historism 8129:Santayana 8099:Oakeshott 8069:MacIntyre 8054:Kropotkin 8029:Heidegger 7882:centuries 7796:Nietzsche 7761:Jefferson 7746:Helvétius 7711:Condorcet 7674:centuries 7658:Montaigne 7481:Confucius 7471:Augustine 7388:Worldview 7282:Modernity 7255:Formation 6953:Humanitas 6865:Humanitas 6854:Historism 6816:Criticism 6709:Sculpture 6376:Culturgen 6144:Mormonism 6102:Religions 5775:Cultureme 5693:Destroyed 5319:Subfields 4997:: 32–54. 4747:144502900 4642:157784805 4311:145165641 4169:0022-0221 4101:145134209 4058:1939-0599 3993:0033-2909 3952:cite book 3944:667213323 3903:911004797 3785:949857570 3734:"Marxism" 3719:780825710 3638:872436352 3613:883364628 3580:937991291 3547:318376213 3502:0261-3077 3456:780459348 3423:906396817 3400:611127754 3353:0081-1750 3259:951272809 3224:921994909 3191:731048150 3060:980557304 3025:641869481 2944:245910934 2800:977343058 2708:‹See Tfd› 2640:128522781 2632:0036-8075 2566:144448501 2558:1366-8803 2523:944339574 2332:942553107 2208:457735057 2183:652430995 2165:Sociology 2123:144448501 2115:1366-8803 1868:tolerance 1825:tolerance 1787:Rein Raud 1650:left-wing 1570:, and/or 1564:ethnicity 1520:sociology 1484:Manhattan 1469:globalism 1261:Sociology 1159:authentic 1157:" living 1006:humanists 964:In 1860, 953:worldview 832:diffusion 727:Rein Raud 707:diffusion 548:barbarism 529:using an 507:Etymology 495:. 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