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co-existence of overtly incompatible norms that may breed conflict, either due to circumstances in a particular situation or inherently due to their incongruous content. This lack of rule classification and failure to eradicate internal inconsistencies between potentially conflicting norms allows for much flexibility in dispute settlement and is also viewed as a 'strategic resource' for disputants who seek to advance their own success in a case. The latter incongruities (especially inconsistencies of norm content) are typically solved by elevating one of the norms (tacitly) from 'the literal to the symbolic. This allows for the accommodation of both as they now theoretically exist in different realms of reality. This is highly contextual, which further illustrates that norms cannot be viewed in isolation and are open to negotiation. Thus, although there are a small number of so-called non-negotiable norms, the vast majority are viewed and given substance contextually, which is seen as fundamental to the Tswana.
780:
is created. In their explanation, the complainant (who always speaks first) thus establishes a paradigm the defendant can either accept and therefore argue within that specific paradigm or reject and therefore introduce his or her own paradigm (usually, the facts are not contested here). If the defendant means to change the paradigm, they will refer to norms as such, where actually norms are not ordinarily explicitly referenced in Tswana dispute resolution as the audience would typically already know them and just the way one presents one's case and constructs the facts will establish one's paradigm. The headman or chief adjudicating may also do same: accept the normative basis implied by the parties (or one of them), and thus not refer to norms using explicit language but rather isolate a factual issue in the dispute and then make a decision on it without expressly referring to any norms, or impose a new or different paradigm onto the parties.
813:, i.e. they are not created through legal/moral reasoning only but are instead driven by the personal/political motives of those who create them. The scope for such influence is created by the loose and undefined nature of customary law, which, Hund argues, grants customary-lawmakers (often through traditional 'judicial processes') a wide discretion in its application. Yet, Hund contends that the fact that rules might sometimes be arrived at in the more ad hoc way, does not mean that this defines the system. If one requires a perfect system, where laws are created only deductively, then one is left with a system with no rules. For Hund, this cannot be so and an explanation for these kinds of law-making processes is found in Hart's conception of "secondary rules" (rules in terms of which the main body of norms are recognised). Hund therefore says that for some cultures, for instance in some sections of
776:
to de facto observations of transformation . Furthermore, the legitimacy of a chief is a direct determinant of the legitimacy of his decisions. In the formulation of legislative pronouncements, as opposed to decisions made in dispute resolution, the chief first speaks of the proposed norm with his advisors, then council of headmen, then the public assembly debate the proposed law and may accept or reject it. A chief can proclaim the law even if the public assembly rejects it, but this is not often done; and, if the chief proclaims the legislation against the will of the public assembly, the legislation will become melao, however, it is unlikely that it will be executed because its effectiveness depends on the chief's legitimacy and the norm's consistency with the practices (and changes in social relations) and will of the people under that chief.
744:
1021:
over two hundred years by the fishing fleet of local inhabitants of a coastal community will not simply transfer so as to benefit present day recreational boat owners who may hail from much further afield. Whereas a group of houseboats on a mooring that has been in continuous use for the last 25 years with a mixture of owner occupiers and rented houseboats, may clearly continue to be used by houseboats, where the owners live in the same town or city. Both the purpose of the moorings and the class of persons benefited by the custom must have been clear and consistent.
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behaviour that is rule bound and behaviour that is notâi.e., which behaviour is motivated by adherence to law (or at least done in recognition of the law) and is merely a response to other factors. Hund sees this as problematic because it makes quantifying the law almost impossible, since behaviour is obviously inconsistent. Hund argues that this is a misconception based on a failure to acknowledge the importance of the
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to the habit, and it is welcomed. And, third, when members of a group behave in a common way not only out of habit or because everyone else is doing it, but because it is seen to be a common standard that should be followed, at least by some members. Hund, however, acknowledges the difficulty of an outsider knowing the dimensions of these criteria that depend on an internal point of view.
794:
Internal aspects are the reflective attitude on the part of adherents toward certain behaviours perceived to be obligatory, according to a common standard. External aspects manifest in regular, observable behaviour, but is not obligatory. In Hart's analysis, then, social rules amount to custom that has legal force.
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or aggression. Essentially, legal obligations are believed to arise between states to carry out their affairs consistently with past accepted conduct. These customs can also change based on the acceptance or rejection by states of particular acts. Some principles of customary law have achieved the
720:
A central issue regarding the recognition of custom is determining the appropriate methodology to know what practices and norms actually constitute customary law. It is not immediately clear that classic
Western theories of jurisprudence can be reconciled in any useful way with conceptual analyses of
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Hart identifies three further differences between habits and binding social rules. First, a social rule exists where society frowns on deviation from the habit and attempts to prevent departures by criticising such behaviour. Second, when this criticism is seen socially as a good reason for adhering
779:
Regarding the invocation of norms in disputes, Comaroff and
Roberts used the term, "paradigm of argument", to refer to the linguistic and conceptual frame used by a disputant, whereby 'a coherent picture of relevant events and actions in terms of one or more implicit or explicit normative referents'
775:
Comaroff and
Roberts describe how outcomes of specific cases have the ability to change the normative repertoire, as the repertoire of norms is seen to be both in a state of formation and transformation at all times. These changes are justified on the grounds that they are merely giving recognition
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as norms that become customary law through traditional usage. Importantly, however, they noted that the Tswana seldom attempt to classify the vast array of existing norms into categories and they thus termed this the 'undifferentiated nature of the normative repertoire'. Moreover, they observe the
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The mooring must have been in continuous use for "time immemorial" which is defined by legal precedent as 12 years (or 20 years for Crown land) for the same purpose by people using them for that purpose. To give two examples: a custom of mooring which might have been established in past times for
817:
society, the secondary rules have developed only to the point where laws are determined with reference to politics and personal preference. This does not mean that they are not "rules". Hund argues that if we acknowledge a developmental pattern in societies' constructions of these secondary rules
1016:
It is known in case law as "customary rights". Something which has been practised since time immemorial by reference to a particular locality may acquire the legal status of a custom, which is a form of local law. The legal criteria defining a custom are precise. The most common claim in recent
801:
For Hund, the first form of rule scepticism concerns the widely held opinion that, because the content of customary law derives from practice, there are actually no objective rules, since it is only behaviour that informs their construction. On this view, it is impossible to distinguish between
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there are more than 60 systems of customary law currently in force, "some of them operating quite independently of the formal state legal system". They offer two reasons for the relative autonomy of these customary law systems: one is that the
Ethiopian government lacks sufficient resources to
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on their part. He notes that the concept of custom generally denotes convergent behaviour, but not all customs have the force of law. Hund therefore draws from Hart's analysis distinguishing social rules, which have internal and external aspects, from habits, which have only external aspects.
721:
customary law, and thus some scholars (like John
Comaroff and Simon Roberts) have characterized customary law norms in their own terms. Yet, there clearly remains some disagreement, which is seen in John Hund's critique of Comaroff and Roberts' theory, and preference for the contributions of
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It is a broad principle of property law that, if something has gone on for a long time without objection, whether it be using a right of way or occupying land to which one has no title, the law will eventually recognise the fact and give the person doing it the legal right to continue.
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notes that, though the attention it is given in scholarly works is great, its importance is "slight and decreasing". On the other hand, in many countries around the world, one or more types of customary law continue to exist side by side with official law, a condition referred to as
708:). In many, though not all instances, customary laws will have supportive court rulings and case law that have evolved over time to give additional weight to their rule as law and also to demonstrate the trajectory of evolution (if any) in the interpretation of such law by relevant
1083:. Akaev linked the development of these courts to the rekindling of Kyrgyz national identity. In a 2005 speech, he connected the courts back to the country's nomadic past and extolled how the courts expressed the Kyrgyz ability of self-governance. Similar
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Hund finds
Comaroff and Roberts' flexibility thesis of a 'repertoire of norms' from which litigants and adjudicator choose in the process of negotiating solutions between them uncompelling. He is therefore concerned with disproving what he calls
731:
solves the conceptual problem with which scholars who have attempted to articulate how customary law principles may be identified, defined, and how they operate in regulating social behavior and resolving disputes.
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said "These customary laws are not written down. They are handed down by tradition from one generation to another. Yet beyond doubt they are well established and have the force of law within the community."
928:, which cannot be violated or altered except by a norm of comparable strength. These norms are said to gain their strength from universal acceptance, such as the prohibitions against
1051:
enforce its legal system to every corner of
Ethiopia; the other is that the Ethiopian government has made a commitment to preserve these customary systems within its boundaries.
589:
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law in a way that was less legalistic (or rule-oriented) than had Isaac
Schapera. They defined "mekgwa le melao ya Setswana" in terms of Casalis and Ellenberger's definition:
1344:. Following or disregarding a custom is not determinative of negligence, but instead is an indication of possible best practices or alternatives to a particular action.
1737:
651:
is the established pattern of behavior within a particular social setting. A claim can be carried out in defense of "what has always been done and accepted by law".
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then we can understand how this society constructs its laws and how it differs from societies that have come to rely on an objective, stand-alone body of rules.
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law, which consists of explicit agreements between nations to assume obligations. However, many treaties are attempts to codify pre-existing customary law.
275:
999:, however, differs from civil law jurisprudence in requiring the express or implied consent of the legislator for a custom to obtain the force of law.
1965:
847:, collections of local customary law that developed in a specific manorial or borough jurisdiction, and which were slowly pieced together mainly from
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806:. In his view, by using the criteria described above, there is not this problem in deciphering what constitutes "law" in a particular community.
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According to Hund, the second form of rule scepticism says that, though a community may have rules, those rules are not arrived at
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1120:. The Dutch attorney Michael van Notten also draws upon his experience as a legal expert in his comprehensive study on Xeer,
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Customary law is the set of customs, practices and beliefs that are accepted as obligatory rules of conduct by a community.
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courts were eventually included under
Article 92 of the Kyrgyz constitution. As of 2006, there were approximately 1,000
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laws of the country's various indigenous ethnicities are recognized, and customary dispute resolution is recognized in
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In Canada, customary aboriginal law has a constitutional foundation and for this reason has increasing influence.
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Druzin, Bryan H. (2014, April). "Planting Seeds of Order: How the State Can Create, Shape, and Use
Customary Law"
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Comaroff and Roberts' famous work, "Rules and Processes", attempted to detail the body of norms that constitute
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J Comaroff and S Roberts Rules and Processes: The Cultural Logic of Dispute in an African Context (1981).
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Judith Beyer, Kyrgyz Aksakal Courts: Pluralistic Accounts of History, 53 J. OF L. PLURALISM 144 (2006)
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courts of village elders. The courts would have jurisdiction over property, torts and family law. The
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The Law of the Somalis: A Stable Foundation for Economic and Social Development in the Horn of Africa
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1108:. It survives to a significant degree everywhere in Somalia and in the Somali communities in the
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administration to the security in life, liberty and property provided by Xeer in large parts of
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that have been long-established in a given locale. However, the term can also apply to areas of
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1112:. Economist Peter Leeson attributes the increase in economic activity since the fall of the
855:. Custumals acquired the force of law when they became the undisputed rule by which certain
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The Law of the Somalis: A Stable Foundation for Economic Development in the Horn of Africa
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1819:. Vol. 18 No. 7 (July, 2008). Vancouver: UBC Press. pp. 574â578. Archived from
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Let Right Be Done: Aboriginal title, the Calder Case, and the Future of Indigenous Rights
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The Civil Law Tradition: An Introduction to the Legal Systems of Europe and Latin America
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in their acceptance as correct bases of action – for example, laws against
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Hund, John. 'Customary law is what people say it is', ARSP Vol 84 1998, 420â433.
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or the legal norms that have developed through the customary exchanges between
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2036:"Customary Laws, Ancestral Land Titling and the NCIP's Quasi-Judicial Powers"
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courts exist, with varying levels of legal formality, in other countries of
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960:. In addressing custom as a source of law within the civil law tradition,
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Customary law is a recognized source of law within jurisdictions of the
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1897:"Homicide in Ethiopia: Human Rights, Federalism, and Legal Pluralism,"
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the relevant actors consider it to be an opinion of law or necessity (
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recognizes customary laws of indigenous peoples within their domain.
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were regulated between members of a community. Some examples include
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countries customary law continues to exist and has great influence.
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1146:. Indonesian adat law are mainly divided into 19 circles, namely
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1966:"Grassroots Conflict Assessment Of the Somali Region, Ethiopia"
1940:
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1231:
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1109:
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Foster, Hamar; Heather Raven and Jeremy Webber (eds.) (2007).
1038:, usually used alongside common or civil law. For example, in
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R. v Secretary of State For Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs
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In India many customs are accepted by law. For example,
936:. Customary international law can be distinguished from
1935:
738:
2095:
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The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction
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783:
747:A court presided over by a customary chief in the
1017:times, is for customary rights to moor a vessel.
715:
4700:
1971:. CHF International. August 2006. Archived from
767:therefore being rules pronounced by a chief and
1042:, despite the adoption of legal codes based on
952:tradition, where it may be subordinate to both
1046:in the 1950s according to Dolores Donovan and
3341:
2111:
1102:follow a customary law system referred to as
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1304:. There might be a discussion about this on
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3334:
2118:
2104:
1347:
1131:marriage ceremonies are recognized by the
635:
621:
563:Network Analysis and Ethnographic Problems
1923:Former President Akaev, quoted in Beyer,
1324:Learn how and when to remove this message
690:where certain standards have been nearly
3263:History of the American legal profession
1910:
1908:
1693:
742:
669:a certain legal practice is observed and
583:Political and Legal Anthropology Review
14:
4701:
2038:. University of the Philippines Baguio
1795:Generic and Specific Aboriginal Rights
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1651:
1649:
1603:
1601:
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1267:Indigenous Peoples' Rights Act of 1997
239:Societies without hierarchical leaders
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3329:
2099:
2033:
1905:
1061:announced a decree to revitalize the
869:De Legibus et Consuetudinibus Angliae
1788:
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1571:
1276:
1009:, "long usage" must be established.
892:
739:As an indefinite repertoire of norms
1941:"The Rule of Law without the State"
1899:American Journal of Comparative Law
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1646:
1598:
1580:
1395:Australian Aboriginal customary law
1034:Customary law is also used in some
883:for northern Germany, and the many
24:
1764:"Constitution Act, 1982, s. 35(1)"
1272:
25:
4755:
2247:Restitution and unjust enrichment
2069:
1568:
944:Within contemporary legal systems
557:Political economy in anthropology
4545:The Closing of the American Mind
4465:Civilization and Its Discontents
4445:A Vindication of Natural Society
3294:
3293:
3279:
1281:
851:and later written down by local
840:developed from the tradition of
784:Law as necessarily rule-governed
3258:History of the legal profession
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1354:List of national legal systems
1079:, including in the capital of
978:List of national legal systems
716:Nature, definition and sources
682:Most customary laws deal with
419:Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges
13:
1:
4435:Oration on the Dignity of Man
1694:Merryman, John Henry (2007).
1556:
752:
590:Journal of Legal Anthropology
258:The Art of Not Being Governed
4505:The Society of the Spectacle
2034:Calde, Nimreh (March 2021).
2024:, Trenton NJ: Red Sea Press.
1561:
1469:of Pakistan and Afghanistan)
919:over time, whether based on
7:
2020:Van Notten, Michael. 2005.
1444:Laws of the Brets and Scots
1413:Custom (Catholic canon law)
899:Customary international law
877:for the city of Paris, the
10:
4760:
2925:International legal theory
2404:International slavery laws
2399:International human rights
2394:International criminal law
2054:
1945:Ludwig von Mises Institute
1734:"Customary Mooring Rights"
1667:Comaroff & Roberts, 85
1655:Comaroff & Roberts, 82
1643:Comaroff & Roberts, 81
1634:Comaroff & Roberts, 79
1625:Comaroff & Roberts, 75
1616:Comaroff & Roberts, 73
1607:Comaroff & Roberts, 70
1450:Medieval Scandinavian laws
1351:
1242:monarchies, including the
896:
825:
725:. Hund argues that Hart's
684:standards of the community
596:Journal of Law and Society
316:Colonialism and resistance
4683:
4587:
4575:Intellectuals and Society
4525:The Culture of Narcissism
4416:
4084:
3876:
3825:
3754:
3668:
3661:
3601:
3363:
3273:
3250:
3140:
2978:Administration of justice
2963:
2872:
2763:
2642:
2544:
2265:
2133:
2086:BYU Journal of Public Law
1702:Stanford University Press
270:Non-western state systems
246:African Political Systems
4565:The Malaise of Modernity
4515:The History of Sexuality
3614:Catholic social teaching
2755:Basic structure doctrine
2605:Natural and legal rights
2486:Public international law
1738:Associated Yacht Brokers
1230:including the island of
1138:In Indonesia, customary
4709:Customary legal systems
4645:Philosophy of education
2935:Principle of typicality
2409:International trade law
2125:
1937:Spencer Heath MacCallum
1891:Dolores A. Donovan and
1577:Comaroff & Roberts.
1434:Kanun of Leke Dukagjini
1429:Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit
1400:Basque and Pyrenean law
1348:Customary legal systems
1056:President of Kyrgyzstan
997:Canonical jurisprudence
295:and the State in Africa
4744:Management cybernetics
4739:Political anthropology
3584:
3538:
3524:
2076:Customary IHL Database
1998:"Better off stateless"
1340:law to help determine
756:
537:Circumscription theory
324:Europe and the People
293:Technology, Tradition,
4650:Philosophy of history
4640:Philosophy of culture
4535:A Conflict of Visions
2930:Principle of legality
2689:Delegated legislation
2389:Intellectual property
1939:(12 September 2007).
1925:Kyrgyz Aksakal Courts
746:
705:hostis humani generis
611:cultural anthropology
399:E. E. Evans-Pritchard
252:Papuan Big man system
4655:Political philosophy
4455:Democracy in America
3148:Barristers' chambers
3090:Legal representation
3028:Justice of the peace
2374:Financial regulation
1873:on 24 September 2008
1867:University of Ottawa
1551:Territories, Canada)
1537:(various regions of
1294:confusing or unclear
1244:Yogyakarta Sultanate
1036:developing countries
995:is a source of law.
859:, entitlements, and
404:Wolfgang Fikentscher
379:Henri J. M. Claessen
134:Pantribal sodalities
4495:One-Dimensional Man
3183:Election commission
2895:Expressive function
2424:Landlordâtenant law
2323:Consumer protection
1902:, 51 (2003), p. 505
1680:, 2 All E.R. 118,
1302:clarify the section
1226:, Central and East
962:John Henry Merryman
547:Leftâright paradigm
4615:Cultural pessimism
4610:Cultural criticism
3509:National character
3141:Legal institutions
3008:Lawsuit/Litigation
2998:Dispute resolution
2803:Catholic canon law
2511:State of emergency
2474:Will and testament
2198:Law of obligations
2151:Constitutional law
2141:Administrative law
1847:has generic name (
1418:Early Germanic law
1336:Custom is used in
1248:Surakarta Sunanate
1133:Hindu Marriage Act
1075:courts throughout
828:Codification (law)
757:
728:The Concept of Law
665:) exists where:
542:Legal anthropology
444:Thomas Blom Hansen
374:Robert L. Carneiro
163:Segmentary lineage
100:Leveling mechanism
50:legal anthropology
4714:International law
4696:
4695:
4412:
4411:
3557:Spontaneous order
3547:Social alienation
3396:Cultural heritage
3357:Social philosophy
3323:
3322:
2983:Constitutionalism
2905:Law and economics
2743:Act of parliament
2481:Product liability
2434:Legal archaeology
2359:Environmental law
2353:Entertainment law
2193:International law
1823:on 30 August 2008
1711:978-0-8047-5569-6
1534:Usos y costumbres
1334:
1333:
1326:
1258:princely states.
905:international law
893:International law
871:for England, the
791:"rule scepticism"
688:international law
645:
644:
369:Jeremy Boissevain
354:Georges Balandier
349:E. Adamson Hoebel
16:(Redirected from
4751:
4729:Social agreement
4660:Social criticism
4580:
4570:
4560:
4550:
4540:
4530:
4520:
4510:
4500:
4490:
4480:
4470:
4460:
4450:
4440:
4430:
3666:
3665:
3648:Frankfurt School
3626:Communitarianism
3589:
3543:
3529:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3327:
3326:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3284:
3283:
3107:Question of fact
2988:Criminal justice
2318:Construction law
2313:Conflict of laws
2278:Agricultural law
2120:
2113:
2106:
2097:
2096:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2031:
2025:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2002:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1977:
1970:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1903:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1869:. Archived from
1859:
1853:
1852:
1846:
1842:
1840:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1800:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1770:on 20 March 2007
1766:. Archived from
1760:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1744:on 13 April 2015
1740:. Archived from
1730:
1724:
1723:
1700:(3rd ed.).
1691:
1685:
1674:
1668:
1665:
1656:
1653:
1644:
1641:
1635:
1632:
1626:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1608:
1605:
1596:
1593:
1578:
1575:
1329:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1309:
1285:
1284:
1277:
970:
926:peremptory norms
874:Coutume de Paris
804:internal element
754:
637:
630:
623:
531:Related articles
514:Douglas R. White
504:Jonathan Spencer
484:Marshall Sahlins
474:Sally Falk Moore
30:
29:
21:
4759:
4758:
4754:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4749:
4748:
4699:
4698:
4697:
4692:
4679:
4605:Critical theory
4583:
4578:
4568:
4558:
4548:
4538:
4528:
4518:
4508:
4498:
4488:
4478:
4468:
4458:
4448:
4438:
4428:
4408:
4086:
4080:
3878:
3872:
3821:
3750:
3657:
3609:Budapest School
3597:
3386:Cosmopolitanism
3359:
3354:
3324:
3319:
3292:
3278:
3269:
3246:
3237:Political party
3210:Legal education
3198:Law enforcement
3178:Court of equity
3136:
3112:Question of law
3065:Practice of law
3045:Judicial review
2959:
2910:Legal formalism
2890:Comparative law
2885:Contract theory
2868:
2788:Legal pluralism
2759:
2748:Act of Congress
2672:Executive order
2638:
2540:
2459:Nationality law
2384:Immigration law
2308:Competition law
2261:
2129:
2124:
2072:
2067:
2057:
2052:
2051:
2041:
2039:
2032:
2028:
2019:
2015:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1981:
1979:
1978:on 26 July 2011
1975:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1949:
1947:
1934:
1930:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1906:
1893:Getachew Assefa
1890:
1886:
1876:
1874:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1844:
1843:
1834:
1833:
1826:
1824:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1790:Slattery, Brian
1787:
1783:
1773:
1771:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1747:
1745:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1712:
1692:
1688:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1659:
1654:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1599:
1594:
1581:
1576:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1423:Early Irish law
1377:Anglo-Saxon law
1356:
1350:
1330:
1319:
1313:
1310:
1299:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1273:Custom in torts
1048:Getachew Assefa
989:Catholic Church
974:legal pluralism
964:
946:
901:
895:
830:
824:
786:
741:
718:
641:
601:
600:
577:
569:
568:
552:State formation
532:
524:
523:
509:Bjorn Thomassen
464:Elizabeth Mertz
449:Ted C. Lewellen
394:Pierre Clastres
344:
343:Major theorists
336:
335:
326:Without History
325:
294:
230:
222:
221:
144:Paramount chief
76:Achieved status
71:Ascribed status
63:Status and rank
59:
48:
28:
27:Legal principle
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4757:
4747:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4719:Sources of law
4716:
4711:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4690:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4665:Social science
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4591:
4589:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4581:
4571:
4561:
4555:Gender Trouble
4551:
4541:
4531:
4521:
4511:
4501:
4491:
4485:The Second Sex
4481:
4471:
4461:
4451:
4441:
4431:
4420:
4418:
4414:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4090:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3882:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3672:
3670:
3663:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3611:
3605:
3603:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3535:
3530:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3477:Invisible hand
3474:
3469:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3353:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3330:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3289:
3286:Law portal
3274:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3122:Trial advocacy
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2969:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2769:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2659:
2654:
2652:Ballot measure
2648:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2629:Legal treatise
2626:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2597:
2595:Letters patent
2592:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2556:
2550:
2548:
2546:Sources of law
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2531:Unenforced law
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2303:Commercial law
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2123:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2078:
2071:
2070:External links
2068:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2026:
2013:
1989:
1957:
1928:
1916:
1904:
1884:
1854:
1845:|author2=
1781:
1755:
1725:
1710:
1704:. p. 24.
1686:
1669:
1657:
1645:
1636:
1627:
1618:
1609:
1597:
1579:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1542:
1530:
1518:
1510:Cyfraith Hywel
1506:
1490:
1489:(South Africa)
1484:
1470:
1452:
1447:
1441:
1431:
1426:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1402:
1397:
1392:
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1374:
1357:
1349:
1346:
1332:
1331:
1289:
1287:
1280:
1274:
1271:
1200:South Sulawesi
1100:Horn of Africa
945:
942:
913:Law of Nations
911:refers to the
897:Main article:
894:
891:
880:Sachsenspiegel
826:Main article:
823:
820:
785:
782:
740:
737:
717:
714:
680:
679:
670:
663:unofficial law
659:consuetudinary
643:
642:
640:
639:
632:
625:
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614:
613:
603:
602:
599:
598:
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571:
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554:
549:
544:
539:
533:
530:
529:
526:
525:
522:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
499:Aidan Southall
496:
491:
489:James C. Scott
486:
481:
479:Rodney Needham
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
424:Ernest Gellner
421:
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67:
66:
64:
60:
58:Basic concepts
57:
56:
53:
52:
41:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4756:
4745:
4742:
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4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4682:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4670:Social theory
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4586:
4577:
4576:
4572:
4567:
4566:
4562:
4557:
4556:
4552:
4547:
4546:
4542:
4537:
4536:
4532:
4527:
4526:
4522:
4517:
4516:
4512:
4507:
4506:
4502:
4497:
4496:
4492:
4487:
4486:
4482:
4477:
4476:
4472:
4467:
4466:
4462:
4457:
4456:
4452:
4447:
4446:
4442:
4437:
4436:
4432:
4427:
4426:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4415:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4324:Radhakrishnan
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4085:20th and 21st
4083:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3877:18th and 19th
3875:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3824:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3753:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3667:
3664:
3660:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3600:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3424:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3351:
3346:
3344:
3339:
3337:
3332:
3331:
3328:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3272:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3168:Civil society
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3127:Trier of fact
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3013:Legal opinion
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2993:Court-martial
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2965:Jurisprudence
2962:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2854:Statutory law
2852:
2850:
2849:Socialist law
2847:
2843:
2842:Byzantine law
2840:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2793:Religious law
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2765:Legal systems
2762:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2733:Statutory law
2731:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2563:Statutory law
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2521:Transport law
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2439:Legal fiction
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2369:Financial law
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2328:Corporate law
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2252:Statutory law
2250:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2134:Core subjects
2132:
2128:
2121:
2116:
2114:
2109:
2107:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2037:
2030:
2023:
2017:
1999:
1993:
1974:
1967:
1961:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1911:
1909:
1901:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1850:
1838:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1785:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1690:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1664:
1662:
1652:
1650:
1640:
1631:
1622:
1613:
1604:
1602:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1574:
1572:
1567:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1539:Latin America
1536:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1487:Customary law
1485:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1328:
1325:
1317:
1314:November 2008
1307:
1306:the talk page
1303:
1297:
1295:
1290:This section
1288:
1279:
1278:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1256:Mangkunegaran
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1168:South Sumatra
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1096:Somali people
1092:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1057:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
986:
981:
979:
975:
968:
963:
959:
955:
951:
941:
939:
935:
931:
927:
922:
918:
914:
910:
909:customary law
906:
900:
890:
888:
887:
882:
881:
876:
875:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
843:
839:
835:
829:
819:
816:
812:
811:'deductively'
807:
805:
799:
795:
792:
781:
777:
773:
770:
766:
762:
750:
749:Belgian Congo
745:
736:
733:
730:
729:
724:
723:H. L. A. Hart
713:
711:
707:
706:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
677:
676:
671:
668:
667:
666:
664:
660:
656:
655:Customary law
652:
650:
638:
633:
631:
626:
624:
619:
618:
616:
615:
612:
608:
605:
604:
597:
594:
592:
591:
587:
585:
584:
580:
579:
573:
572:
565:
564:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
534:
528:
527:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
494:Elman Service
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
429:David Graeber
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
389:John Comaroff
387:
385:
384:Jean Comaroff
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
364:Fredrik Barth
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
346:
340:
339:
332:
329:
327:
322:
321:
318:
315:
314:
311:
308:
307:
304:
302:Legal systems
301:
300:
297:
296:
290:
289:
286:
285:
282:
279:
277:
274:
273:
269:
267:
264:
263:
260:
259:
255:
253:
250:
248:
247:
243:
242:
238:
236:
233:
232:
226:
225:
218:
215:
213:
212:Legal culture
210:
208:
207:Customary law
205:
204:
201:
198:
197:
194:
193:Theatre state
191:
189:
186:
184:
183:House society
181:
179:
178:Petty kingdom
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
155:
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
104:
101:
98:
96:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
81:Social status
79:
77:
74:
72:
69:
68:
65:
62:
61:
55:
54:
51:
46:
43:
42:
39:
37:
32:
31:
19:
4573:
4563:
4553:
4543:
4533:
4523:
4513:
4503:
4493:
4483:
4473:
4463:
4453:
4443:
4433:
4423:
3843:Guicciardini
3826:Early modern
3662:Philosophers
3636:Conservatism
3631:Confucianism
3619:Distributism
3552:Social norms
3540:Sittlichkeit
3526:Ressentiment
3472:Institutions
3450:Human nature
3390:
3312:
3305:
3291:
3277:
3050:Jurisdiction
3018:Legal remedy
2973:Adjudication
2873:Legal theory
2711:Ratification
2706:Promulgation
2677:Proclamation
2657:Codification
2590:Human rights
2578:Divine right
2572:
2568:Constitution
2536:Women in law
2454:Military law
2449:Marriage law
2444:Maritime law
2343:Election law
2283:Aviation law
2273:Abortion law
2225:Property law
2161:Criminal law
2089:
2084:
2042:24 September
2040:. Retrieved
2029:
2021:
2016:
2006:11 September
2004:. Retrieved
1992:
1982:11 September
1980:. Retrieved
1973:the original
1960:
1950:11 September
1948:. Retrieved
1931:
1924:
1919:
1898:
1887:
1877:11 September
1875:. Retrieved
1871:the original
1857:
1827:11 September
1825:. Retrieved
1821:the original
1815:
1803:. Retrieved
1794:
1784:
1772:. Retrieved
1768:the original
1758:
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409:Meyer Fortes
359:F. G. Bailey
291:
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229:Case studies
206:
188:Ethnic group
158:Band society
33:
18:Custom (law)
4630:Historicism
4459:(1835â1840)
4425:De Officiis
4149:de Beauvoir
4119:Baudrillard
4071:Vivekananda
4061:Tocqueville
3976:Kierkegaard
3792:Ibn Khaldun
3762:Alpharabius
3653:Personalism
3562:Stewardship
3519:Reification
3514:Natural law
3435:Familialism
3401:Culturalism
3222:Legislature
3153:Bureaucracy
2950:Rule of man
2945:Rule of law
2920:Libertarian
2783:Chinese law
2684:Legislation
2634:Regulations
2622:Law reports
2600:Natural law
2496:Reparations
2491:Refugee law
2414:Jurimetrics
2355:(Media law)
2293:Banking law
2288:Amnesty law
2266:Disciplines
2203:Private law
1863:"JuryGlobe"
1801:. p. 6
1545:Wahkohtowin
1503:Islamic law
1456:Pashtunwali
1263:Philippines
1164:Minangkabau
1059:Askar Akaev
965: [
958:regulations
861:obligations
832:The modern
439:Ulf Hannerz
434:Lesley Gill
4703:Categories
4635:Humanities
4595:Agnotology
4254:KoĆakowski
3817:Ibn Tufayl
3797:Maimonides
3741:Thucydides
3736:Tertullian
3691:Lactantius
3586:Volksgeist
3567:Traditions
3381:Convention
3215:Law school
3095:Prosecutor
3033:Magistrate
2820:Jewish law
2778:Common law
2699:Rulemaking
2694:Regulation
2644:Law making
2583:Divine law
2559:Legal code
2506:Sports law
2429:Law of war
2379:Health law
2364:Family law
2348:Energy law
2298:Bankruptcy
2235:Punishment
2230:Public law
2092:: 373â412.
1720:2007003956
1557:References
1499:Arab world
1446:(Scotland)
1352:See also:
1342:negligence
1296:to readers
1252:Pakualaman
1250:, and the
1238:, and the
1184:Kalimantan
1114:Siad Barre
1077:Kyrgyzstan
1007:common law
976:(see also
889:of Spain.
331:Cargo cult
234:Acephelous
124:Matriarchy
119:Patriarchy
106:Leadership
4675:Sociology
4625:Historism
4334:Santayana
4304:Oakeshott
4274:MacIntyre
4259:Kropotkin
4234:Heidegger
4087:centuries
4001:Nietzsche
3966:Jefferson
3951:Helvétius
3916:Condorcet
3879:centuries
3863:Montaigne
3686:Confucius
3676:Augustine
3593:Worldview
3487:Modernity
3460:Formation
3193:Judiciary
3188:Executive
3163:The bench
3100:Solicitor
3075:Barrister
2955:Sociology
2940:Pseudolaw
2880:Anarchist
2837:Roman law
2825:Parsi law
2810:Hindu law
2798:Canon law
2773:Civil law
2726:Concordat
2617:Precedent
2526:Trust law
2501:Space law
2338:Drugs law
2208:Procedure
2146:Civil law
1837:cite book
1805:21 August
1562:Citations
1425:(Ireland)
1379:(England)
1371:Nusantara
1208:Molluccas
1192:Gorontalo
1174:regions,
1054:In 1995,
1044:civil law
985:canon law
950:civil law
924:force of
921:diplomacy
845:custumals
838:civil law
692:universal
519:Eric Wolf
91:Age grade
45:Political
4724:Tort law
4688:Category
4600:Axiology
4588:See also
4379:Voegelin
4369:Spengler
4344:Shariati
4299:Nussbaum
4284:Maritain
4244:Irigaray
4224:Habermas
4189:Foucault
4174:Durkheim
4076:Voltaire
4041:de Staël
4016:Rousseau
3941:Franklin
3802:Muhammad
3787:Gelasius
3772:Avempace
3755:Medieval
3731:Polybius
3726:Plutarch
3492:Morality
3467:Ideology
3455:Identity
3364:Concepts
3300:Category
3242:Tribunal
3227:Military
3070:Attorney
3040:Judgment
2900:Feminist
2815:Jain law
2612:Case law
2333:Cyberlaw
2240:Corporal
2218:Criminal
2188:Evidence
2178:Doctrine
2156:Contract
1748:19 April
1467:Pashtuns
1409:(France)
1240:Javanese
1188:Minahasa
1180:Belitung
1124:(2005).
1040:Ethiopia
954:statutes
930:genocide
849:case law
842:medieval
576:Journals
173:Chiefdom
150:Polities
36:a series
34:Part of
4429:(44 BC)
4359:Sombart
4354:Skinner
4339:Scruton
4319:Polanyi
4294:Niebuhr
4279:Marcuse
4214:Gramsci
4209:Gentile
4169:Du Bois
4159:Deleuze
4129:Benoist
4099:Agamben
4056:Thoreau
4046:Stirner
4036:Spencer
3986:Le Play
3936:Fourier
3921:Emerson
3906:Carlyle
3891:Bentham
3868:MĂŒntzer
3838:Erasmus
3812:Plethon
3807:Photios
3767:Aquinas
3701:Mencius
3669:Ancient
3602:Schools
3482:Loyalty
3440:History
3428:Counter
3423:Culture
3391:Customs
3314:Outline
3251:History
3158:The bar
3132:Verdict
3080:Counsel
3060:Justice
2915:History
2738:Statute
2554:Charter
2516:Tax law
2464:Probate
2055:Sources
1774:29 July
1527:Somalia
1483:(India)
1438:Albania
1406:Coutume
1384:Aqsaqal
1292:may be
1261:In the
1204:Ternate
1118:Somalia
1098:in the
1085:aqsaqal
1081:Bishkek
1073:aqsaqal
1069:aqsaqal
1064:aqsaqal
1027:In the
1004:English
1002:In the
987:of the
983:In the
934:slavery
865:Bracton
853:jurists
700:slavery
657:(also,
281:Mandala
114:Big man
95:Age set
4734:Custom
4620:Ethics
4579:(2010)
4569:(1991)
4559:(1990)
4549:(1987)
4539:(1987)
4529:(1979)
4519:(1976)
4509:(1967)
4499:(1964)
4489:(1949)
4479:(1935)
4469:(1930)
4449:(1756)
4439:(1486)
4384:Walzer
4374:Taylor
4364:Sowell
4349:Simmel
4314:Pareto
4309:Ortega
4219:Guénon
4204:Gehlen
4199:Gandhi
4154:Debord
4139:Butler
4134:Berlin
4124:Bauman
4114:Badiou
4104:Arendt
4094:Adorno
4026:Ruskin
3981:Le Bon
3956:Herder
3931:Fichte
3926:Engels
3896:Bonald
3886:Arnold
3858:Milton
3853:Luther
3833:Calvin
3711:Origen
3681:Cicero
3641:Social
3577:Family
3572:Values
3533:Rights
3497:Public
3445:Honour
3376:Anomie
3371:Agency
3232:Police
3203:Agency
3085:Lawyer
2830:Sharia
2721:Treaty
2716:Repeal
2662:Decree
2573:Custom
2469:Estate
2419:Labour
2183:Equity
1718:
1708:
1474:Smriti
1367:Malays
1265:, the
1232:Madura
1224:Lombok
1206:, the
1196:Toraja
1176:Bangka
1170:, the
1158:, and
1110:Ogaden
993:custom
938:treaty
917:states
886:fueros
857:rights
815:Tswana
769:mekgwa
761:Tswana
710:courts
696:piracy
607:Social
276:Negara
4417:Works
4404:ĆœiĆŸek
4389:Weber
4329:Röpke
4289:Negri
4269:Lasch
4239:Hoppe
4194:Fromm
4184:Evola
4164:Dewey
4144:Camus
4051:Taine
4031:Smith
4021:Royce
4011:Renan
3946:Hegel
3911:Comte
3901:Burke
3848:Locke
3782:Dante
3777:Bruni
3746:Xunzi
3721:Plato
3716:Philo
3696:Laozi
3504:Mores
3416:Multi
3406:Inter
3307:Index
3173:Court
3117:Trial
3023:Judge
2864:Yassa
2667:Edict
2213:Civil
2166:Crime
2001:(PDF)
1976:(PDF)
1969:(PDF)
1799:(PDF)
1595:Hund.
1515:Wales
1480:ÄcÄra
1462:Jirga
1236:Sunda
1216:Timor
1212:Papua
1172:Malay
1160:Batak
1144:Papua
1129:Hindu
969:]
765:melao
702:(see
265:State
168:Tribe
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129:Elder
86:Caste
4399:Zinn
4394:Weil
4264:Land
4249:Kirk
4109:Aron
4066:Vico
4006:Owen
3996:Mill
3991:Marx
3971:Kant
3961:Hume
3706:Mozi
3411:Mono
3055:Jury
3003:Fiqh
2859:Xeer
2257:Tort
2173:Deed
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2008:2010
1984:2010
1952:2010
1879:2010
1849:help
1829:2010
1811:and
1807:2008
1776:2008
1750:2015
1716:LCCN
1706:ISBN
1549:Cree
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