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placed into water with a low pH for hydration and bacteria prevention, a biocide (disinfectant) to reduce bacteria and fungi in the water and a type of sugar (often sucrose) to supply energy to the developing cut flowers. The flowers may complete conditioning at room temperature or in a refrigerator depending on the cultivar. Cut flowers and cut greens are kept refrigerated during delivery to the florist or floral designer and to the consumer. Design activities occur at room temperature but floral arrangements are kept refrigerated and hydrated with the floral food solution.
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photosynthesis and transpiration. Vacuum coolers and hydrocoolers are used for large numbers of flowers on commercial farms. When cold, 2-4 C (36-42 F), the cut stems are sized and graded for shipment. Additionally, most or all of the leaves are removed from the cut flower stems to reduce the cost of shipping and reduce disease issues. The stems stay dry through this process to prevent disease in subsequent storage. The major cut flower types can be packaged and stored dry while other types are stored and shipped in water in a
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centers anywhere. This started in the cool coastal regions of
California but quickly expanded into the mountains of Colombia, Ecuador, Kenya, Ethiopia, China, Mexico, etc., and to distinctive environments in Indonesia, South Africa, Hawaii, Australia, New Zealand, etc. In many of these countries, flower farmers could choose a location for year-round plant production based on the altitude, cooler crops higher in the mountains, warmer crops at lower altitudes and offer work and income to the local population.
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painted to add a distinctive touch), etc. These plants come from diverse natural habitats, so different environmental conditions are used to grow them. The cut flower plants that were first used in the development of the floral industry in northern Europe were those adapted to the cool temperatures that occur there. On the other hand, the warmer temperatures of
Southeast Asia, led to the development of different plants adapted to those conditions.
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exports were €487 Million and
Ethiopia exports were €180 Million, while US exports were only €14 Million compared to €1.052 Million in imports. Union Fleur, a European international flower trade association, represents the interests of Austria, Colombia, Denmark, Ethiopia, Germany, Italy, Kenya, Netherlands, Sweden, Turkey, Uganda, and the United States. Most of Royal FloraHolland exports go to European neighbors.
104:. The plants that are grown vary by plant species as well as by climate, cultural practices and the accessibility of worldwide transportation. Professional horticulturists raise the plants specifically for this purpose, in field or glasshouse growing conditions. Boxes of harvested flowers are shipped via air freight throughout the world.
177:
can include cut stems from annual plants, flower bulbs or herbaceous perennials, cut stems of evergreens or colored leaves, flowers from landscape shrubs, flowers that have been dried or preserved, fruit on tree branches, dried uniquely shaped fruit or stems from plants, unique dried weeds (sometimes
1545:
Research and
Markets has estimated that the cut flower global market will reach a size of US$ 50.1 Billion by 2030 from its current estimate of US$ 33.3 Billion for 2022. Roses are projected to increase at a 5.9% compound annual growth rate, while chrysanthemum and gerbera will increase by 5.3% over
1556:
Cut flower exports from China rose from US$ 71.4 Million in 2011 to US$ 162.1 Million in 2022, primarily from Yunnan
Province where there are 300,000 farmers cultivating 1.5 million hectares of flowers. Overall production is much higher because 90% of flowers are sold in China. Most cut flowers are
123:
Flowers brighten and enhance the human environment. Cut flowers and flower arrangements with cut greens bring the outdoors indoors. Many home gardeners harvest flowers from their own gardens, to increase their everyday enjoyment. Garden cut flowers are also used to enhance gatherings of family and
1552:
in
Aalsmeer, Netherlands is the largest flower market in the world. Flowers with a value of over US$ 4 Billion pass through the market each year. In 2019, the export value of cut flowers was €4.200 Million from the EU, Colombia exports were €1.235 Million, Ecuador exports were €721 Million, Kenya
1357:
upon arrival at a wholesale florist or retail florist. The flowers are carefully removed from the shipment boxes and placed into low pH water in clean buckets to begin hydration. In the same or later step, the stems are cut under water to remove air bubbles from the xylem vessels in the stems and
1523:
can be dried in a vase with no water on a table in an air conditioned kitchen. It is better hang them upside down in a dark air conditioned room; stems are straighter and colors are better. These can be used as a decoration for many months. Additional techniques - use of silica gel, micro sieve,
1361:
It is important for flower consumers to keep fresh flowers in shade in the car and not allow them to sit in the sun in a hot car. Use clean vases and the flower food available from the florist. The disinfectant in the flower food is especially important. Refill the vase or container with water
185:
was primarily local, wherever in the world, until the 1950s. The advent and development of international trade and transportation changed the cut flower segment of the floral industry. Cut flowers could be grown cheaply in a cool or warm region of the world and shipped to markets in population
1370:
and keep flowers away from fresh fruit or vegetables (to reduce the impacts of ethylene from ripening fruit and vegetables). Bacteria and fungi in the water in the vase can easily plug the stems of cut flowers and cut greens, so it is important to use the commercial flower food that includes
1345:
Flowers are harvested in the cool part of the day, generally morning, and placed into water as soon as possible to reduce water loss from transpiration. The cut stems go into clean buckets with low pH water as a hydrating solution. Next, the cut stems are refrigerated to slow respiration,
1341:
life or vase life of cut flowers can be several days. The vase life of cut flowers and cut greens can be extended with thoughtful care. This care starts from the moment of harvest and continues until they are enjoyed by a flower consumer. Everyone involved must participate in the, "Floral
2262:
flowers require the use of a wide range of pesticides to control diseases and pests, which can damage production and marketability. Plants and flowers entering into the
European market must meet stringent regulations on plant health designed to prevent introduction of some pests or
152:
It is common for cut flowers and cut greens to be placed in a vase. Common uses are informal and formal bouquets in a glass vase for hospital visits, wedding bouquets, wedding arrangements, funeral casket displays, large arrangements in hotel lobbies and party venues,
165:. Cut flowers are used at flower shows at garden clubs throughout the world and flower competitions at county and state fairs in the U.S. Cut flowers are a common gift for family or friends or just a day brightener on a work station or kitchen table.
130:
Sometimes the flowers are picked rather than cut, without any significant leaf or stem. Such flowers may be used for wearing in hair, or in a button-hole. Masses of flowers may be used for sprinkling, in a similar way to
1981:
Cut
Flowers Global Market to Reach $ 50.1 Billion by 2030: Focus on Aromatherapy & Natural Therapies Fuels Demand for Essential Oils, Driving Cut Flowers Market. | Source: Research and Markets. March 24, 2023 05:48
189:
This led to an increase in the taxa used as cut flowers across the world. Rare flowers became common, such as these local flowers from the
Western Cape seen at a flower show in Clanwilliam, South Africa.
2308:
1488:, disinfectants, and sugar. The sugar replaces the sugar from its roots. The stem unpluggers allow the flower to continue to take up fluids. Sugar alone is almost as effective.
1564:, it has become economic for high value crops to be grown far from their point of sale; the market is usually in industrialized countries. Typical of these is the production of
1350:
Boxes and pallets of the cut flowers and cut greens are shipped to a far away market, but the brokers and shippers must maintain the correct storage conditions for the flowers.
2295:
Growers of flowers, the most delicate of agricultural crops, are traditionally heavy users of farm chemicals, including some that are highly toxic or suspected to cause cancer.
1366:
periodically to ensure that there is a fresh surface from which the stems can take up water. Keep flowers away from ceiling fans and air-conditioning vents as this can lead to
722:
1557:
sold through the Dounan Flower Market in
Kunming, Yunnan, China. It is likely that cut flower production in India is similar to China based on the similar population sizes.
328:
1572:
in Colombia, mainly for the US market, and production in Kenya and Uganda for the European market. Some countries specialize in especially high value products, such as
1480:, and flower food. They found that the best additive for flowers was the retailer-provided "flower food" that is usually given with a bouquet. Flower foods contain an
391:
2283:
1330:
In many countries, cut flowers are a local crop because of their perishable nature. In India, much of the product has a shelf life of only a day. Among these are
1602:
As with the production of fruit and vegetables, the industry depends on significant amounts of water, which may be collected and stored by the farm owners. The
687:
617:
2013:
1374:
Flower vase life can be affected by pre-harvest factors, such as growing conditions, genetic makeup, or post-harvest factors, such as mechanical damage,
87:
are leaves with or without stems added to the cut flowers for contrast and design purposes. These displays improve the quality of the human environment.
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566:
1070:
1903:
1726:
1694:
669:
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2316:
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259:
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Cut flowers have become a part of international trade and an active economic engine in a number of tropical countries (for instance in Kenya).
932:
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continue, but no longer have a storehouse of sugars to support them. Additionally, the flowers no longer receive water from the roots, yet
1156:
1053:
2034:
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2065:
409:
1921:
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1382:. Vase life also varies across plant species and cultivars. Cut flowers with a short vase life, of less than 5 days, include
2167:
1744:
1468:
tested different items that have been claimed to prolong the lives of cut flowers when added to the vase water. These were
498:
791:
2128:
Arbeláez, María Angélica, Marcela Meléndez, and Nicolás León "The Emergence of Fresh Cut-Flower Exports in Colombia" In
1105:
740:
462:
356:
97:) and use their design skills and experience with many types of flowers and greens to create works of art with flowers.
2275:
705:
480:
1968:
127:
In some cultures, a major use of cut flowers is for worship; this can be seen especially in south and southeast Asia.
2141:
1782:
949:
1713:
Postharvest Handling of Cut Flowers and Greens: A Practical Guide for Commercial Growers, Wholesalers, and Retailers
2348:
1334:
flowers for garlands and temples, which are typically harvested before dawn, and discarded after use the same day.
984:
311:
2133:
427:
40:
1139:
1024:
173:
Plants used for cut flowers and cut greens are derived from many plant species and diverse plant families. Cut
2009:
1455:(generally sugar), plant growth regulators, germicides, ethylene inhibitors, mineral salts, and organic acids.
1644:
967:
1122:
1088:
583:
380:
277:
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Pulsing, where flowers are treated with increasing concentrations of sucrose for 16–20 hours at a time.
1465:
898:
774:
693:
532:
1502:
Preserved flowers are a common use for cut flowers and some cut florist greens. Panicled hydrangea (
1001:
100:
Cut flowers, and to a lesser extent, cut greens, are a significant and international segment of the
2411:
415:
1441:
Bud opening development, where buds are harvested early in development then kept in a solution of
1823:"Do Eco-Friendly Floral Preservative Solutions Prolong Vase Life Better than Chemical Solutions?"
1804:
892:
These plants prefer to grow at temperatures of 18 °C (65 °F) to 30 °C (86 °F)
350:
These plants prefer to grow at temperatures of 15 °C (59 °F) to 24 °C (75 °F)
253:
These plants prefer to grow at temperatures of 10 °C (50 °F) to 18 °C (65 °F)
107:
The study of the efficient production, distribution and marketing of floral crops is a branch of
83:) that have been cut from the plant bearing it. It is removed from the plant for decorative use.
1710:
2041:
1649:
1518:
1510:
1235:
763:
728:
2214:"Pesticide Residues on Three Cut Flower Species and Potential Exposure of Florists in Belgium"
915:
2401:
2080:"China | Imports and Exports | World | Cut flowers, flower buds | Value (US$ ) | 2011 - 2022"
1897:
1585:
1290:
1163:
1076:
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farms in 2005 were listed as "extremely" or "highly" toxic by the World Health Organization.
1533:
1504:
1316:
1279:
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990:
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468:
283:
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8:
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174:
45:
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2213:
2212:
Toumi, Khaoula; Vleminckx, Christiane; van Loco, Joris; Schiffers, Bruno (2016-09-23).
1885:
1720:
1688:
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1537:
1247:
955:
798:
711:
397:
19:
2375:
by Rose G. Edinger, Brooklyn Botanical Garden, Spring 2003, retrieved October 21, 2006
2253:
2235:
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317:
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2175:
1875:
1834:
1770:
904:
832:
746:
641:
555:
538:
1599:, residues of which can often still be found in flower shops on imported flowers.
2385:
2379:— What are preserved flowers? Everything you want to know about preserved flowers
2191:
1839:
1822:
1626:
1272:
1196:
1041:
362:
182:
101:
34:
1606:
in May 2018, associated with a large Kenyan rose farm, killed dozens of people.
1303:
2097:
1762:
1320:
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938:
921:
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334:
146:
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friends. These are often enhanced with the addition foliage from other plants.
1880:
1863:
1774:
154:
56:
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2239:
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1861:
1848:
1452:
1427:
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90:
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2230:
1631:
1610:
1473:
1434:
1387:
1007:
849:
589:
450:
112:
108:
2309:"Valentine roses get dipped in chemicals - World news - World environment"
1342:
Chain-of-Life", or the life of the cut flowers and cut greens is reduced.
1711:
Stamps, R. H., Greer, L., Ahmad, I., Dole, J. M., Carlson, A. S. (2017).
1614:
1592:
1561:
1367:
1338:
873:
2344:
2205:
1864:"North American specialty cut flower production and postharvest survey"
1659:
1654:
1596:
1589:
1569:
1407:
1399:
1363:
1217:
76:
72:
1763:"Postharvest Biology and Technology of Cut Flowers and Potted Plants"
1524:
freeze drying, etc. - are available to preserve more tender species.
1481:
1423:
1403:
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814:
300:
240:
94:
49:
27:
1433:
Chemical treatments that extend vase life are a major component of
1395:
1375:
1230:
820:
132:
2268:
2218:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
1477:
1469:
1451:
Holding or vase solutions, which treat flowers with a mixture of
1442:
1286:
1267:
1192:
877:
844:
838:
606:
231:
222:
213:
204:
195:
162:
138:
1769:, Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 1–54,
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881:
158:
142:
68:
1419:
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1379:
865:
675:
31:
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1617:
floriculture in the consumer country (U.S., Canada) itself.
1609:
These facts have spurred the development of movements like "
1995:
1565:
1491:
1418:; and flowers with a long vase life (2 to 4 weeks) include
1415:
80:
23:
2373:
Cut-Flower Care — How to Make Your Fresh-Cut Flowers Last
1402:; flowers with a medium vase life (6 to 14 days) include
1935:
1996:"Union Fleurs - International Flower Trade Association"
1485:
1862:
Loyola, C. E., Dole, J. M., & Dunning, R. (2019).
2112:"China: A peek inside Kunming's Dounan Flower Market"
1950:"Processing of Horticultural Crops:Drying Flowers".
2098:"What If China Automated It's Cut-Flower Industry?"
1805:"Cater to the special needs of flowers at harvest"
1445:, plant hormones, and germicides before they open.
2168:"Current Status of Orchid Production in Thailand"
1761:Reid, Michael S.; Jiang, Cai-Zhong (2012-09-26),
2393:
1298:
149:are major value added products in many markets.
1742:
1821:Nguyen, Toan Khac; Lim, Jin Hee (2021-10-19).
1681:Floriculture: Principles and Species (2nd ed.)
1560:In recent decades, with the increasing use of
345:
2388:by Floralonly, Albert, published 28, May 2020
2328:36 percent of the toxic chemicals applied by
1595:, and requires large amounts of highly toxic
1315:Flowers removed from the plant remain alive.
168:
2300:
2156:(Abridged). Boston: Harvard Business School.
1902:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1725:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1693:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2132:Edited by Charles Sabel et al., Baltimore:
1966:
2165:
887:
248:
2247:
2229:
2010:"Sectoral Activities Department (SECTOR)"
1879:
1838:
1820:
1760:
1679:Dole, John M; Wilkins, Harold F. (2004).
1492:Dried, preserved and everlasting flowers
1302:
55:
39:
18:
16:Flowers or buds harvested for decoration
2306:
1715:. United States: Independent Publisher.
1655:House plants - foliage and patio plants
2394:
2064:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1527:
1990:
1988:
1962:
1960:
1802:
1745:"Harvesting and Handling Cut Flowers"
93:professionals work at florist shops (
1816:
1814:
1756:
1754:
1738:
1736:
1706:
1704:
1954:. FAO. Retrieved 18 September 2011.
13:
1985:
1957:
1636:List of cut flowers and cut greens
14:
2423:
2366:
1952:FAO Corporate Document Repository
1811:
1751:
1733:
1701:
2130:Export Pioneers in Latin America
1969:"The 4,000 mile flower delivery"
1173:
1155:
1138:
1121:
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1087:
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1034:
1017:
1000:
983:
966:
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756:
739:
721:
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686:
668:
651:
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599:
582:
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548:
531:
514:
497:
479:
461:
443:
426:
408:
390:
373:
355:
327:
310:
293:
276:
258:
239:
230:
221:
212:
203:
194:
2351:from the original on 2021-08-14
2337:
2286:from the original on 2021-04-22
2180:10.17660/ActaHortic.2015.1078.2
2159:
2154:Cut Flower Industry in Colombia
2146:
2134:Inter-American Development Bank
2122:
2104:
2090:
2072:
2027:
2016:from the original on 2011-08-10
2002:
1975:
1944:
1924:from the original on 2013-06-20
1743:UMass Extension (August 2016).
2345:"About Us | Slow Flowers"
2307:Goodman, Joshua (2007-02-12).
1910:
1855:
1803:Adams, Gretel (June 8, 2022).
1796:
1672:
1579:
1287:Waratah - Telopia specisissima
1:
1665:
1645:History of flower arrangement
1576:from Singapore and Thailand.
1299:Longevity or postharvest life
764:Red and green Kangaroo Paw -
2280:National Wildlife Federation
2276:"Pesticides and Cut Flowers"
1840:10.3390/horticulturae7100415
1459:
7:
1918:"Additives for cut flowers"
1620:
346:Moderate temperature plants
10:
2428:
1650:Bedding and garden flowers
1588:, usually on the basis of
1584:Cut flower cultivation is
1531:
1495:
383:Chrysanthemum x morifolium
169:Cut flowers and cut greens
60:A flower market in Vietnam
1967:Fredenburgh, Jez (2019).
1941:Additives for cut flowers
1881:10.21273/HORTTECH04270-19
1775:10.1002/9781118351871.ch1
1466:Brooklyn Botanical Garden
1437:research. These include:
1362:regularly and re-cut the
696:Narcissus pseudonarcissus
676:Double flowering Tulip -
1484:that lowers the water's
44:Garland sellers outside
2166:Thammasiri, K. (2015).
2152:Austin, James E. 1990.
1660:Potted flowering plants
888:Warm temperature plants
416:Oriental Hybrid Lily -
249:Cool temperature plants
118:
2231:10.3390/ijerph13100943
1546:the next eight years.
1519:Lavandula angustifolia
1511:Xerochrysum bracteatum
1312:
1280:Sturt's Desert Rose -
1236:Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
868:- Viola x wittrockiana
766:Anigozanthos manglesii
731:Lavendula angustifolia
61:
53:
37:
1767:Horticultural Reviews
1508:), strawflower (
1306:
1293:Wahlenbergia gloriosa
1211:Tasmanian Blue Gum -
1166:Rumohra adiantiformis
1112:Love-Lies-Bleeding -
1079:Ageratum houstonianum
812:, Chinese Lanterns -
624:Panicled Hydrangea -
507:Gypsophila paniculata
268:Dianthus caryophyllus
59:
43:
22:
2224:(10). MDPI AG: 943.
1613:", which propagates
1534:Kenya Flower Council
1505:Hydrangea paniculata
1282:Gossypium sturtianum
1220:Euphorbia pulcherima
993:Gardenia jasminoides
976:Anthurium andraeanum
626:Hydrangea paniculata
590:Pincushion flower -
286:Ranunculus asiaticus
284:Persian buttercup -
1528:International trade
1498:Flower preservation
1348:Dutch flower bucket
1213:Eucalyptus globulus
1206:Dendrobium bigibbum
1184:Cordyline fruticosa
1164:Leatherleaf Fern -
1131:Verbena bonariensis
1114:Amaranthus caudatus
956:Bird of Paradise -
575:- Protea neriifolia
556:Canterbury bells -
471:Eustoma russelliana
175:flower arrangements
46:Banke Bihari Temple
2384:2021-01-28 at the
2172:Acta Horticulturae
1640:Flower arrangement
1550:Royal FloraHolland
1538:Royal FloraHolland
1313:
1248:Lobelia cardinalis
1204:Cooktown Orchid -
878:Primrose - Primula
801:Gaultheria shallon
714:Paeonia lactiflora
400:Alstroemeria aurea
363:Hybrid Tea Rose -
62:
54:
38:
1604:Patel Dam failure
1291:Royal Bluebell -
1148:Ilex verticillata
1097:Gomphrena globosa
1095:Globe amaranth -
1062:Cosmos bipinnatus
958:Strelitzia regina
907:Helianthus annuus
861:Nigella damascena
827:Cyclamen persicum
810:Banksia marginata
783:Delphinium elatum
747:Corsage Orchid -
661:Iris x hollandica
524:Limonium sinuatum
489:Antirrhinum majus
436:Gerbera jamesonii
418:Lilium orientalis
320:Anemone coronaria
303:Lathyrus odoratus
75:(often with some
2419:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2325:
2324:
2315:. Archived from
2304:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2291:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2251:
2233:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2190:. Archived from
2163:
2157:
2150:
2144:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2063:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2046:
2040:. Archived from
2039:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1992:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1964:
1955:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1901:
1893:
1883:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1842:
1818:
1809:
1808:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1758:
1749:
1748:
1740:
1731:
1730:
1724:
1716:
1708:
1699:
1698:
1692:
1684:
1676:
1353:Cut flowers are
1239:, Busy Lizzie -
1177:
1159:
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1125:
1108:
1091:
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1056:
1038:
1027:Celosia argentea
1021:
1004:
987:
974:Flamingo lily -
970:
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833:Epacris impressa
794:
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760:
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743:
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690:
672:
655:
644:Syringa vulgaris
638:
620:
609:Calluna vulgaris
603:
586:
569:
558:Campanula medium
552:
541:Consolida ajacis
535:
518:
505:Baby's Breath -
501:
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2427:
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2412:Floral industry
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2386:Wayback Machine
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1627:Floral industry
1623:
1582:
1568:in Ecuador and
1540:
1530:
1500:
1494:
1462:
1371:disinfectants.
1307:Cut flowers of
1301:
1275:Jasminum sambac
1255:Nerium oleander
1199:Cananga odorata
1187:
1178:
1169:
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1092:
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1077:Floss flower -
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1042:Blazing star -
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183:floral industry
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102:floral industry
35:wedding bouquet
17:
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5:
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2368:
2367:External links
2365:
2362:
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2282:. 2000-06-01.
2267:
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2158:
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2118:. 23 Feb 2022.
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1321:photosynthesis
1300:
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1223:, Gladiolus -
1197:Ylang Ylang -
1189:
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1144:
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1082:'Blue Horizon'
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2142:9781597821414
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2086:. 2023-05-14.
2085:
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2047:on 2012-06-30
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1273:Sampaguita -
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1201:
1200:
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1186:
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1180:Cut greens -
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1171:
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823:
822:
818:, Clematis -
817:
816:
811:
803:
802:
797:Cut Greens -
793:
788:
785:
784:
781:Delphinium -
776:
771:
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659:Dutch Iris -
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517:
512:
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491:
490:
487:Snapdragon -
482:
477:
473:
472:
469:Lisianthus -
464:
459:
455:
454:
446:
441:
438:
437:
429:
424:
421:
419:
411:
406:
403:'Orange King'
402:
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91:Floral design
88:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
58:
51:
47:
42:
36:
33:
29:
25:
21:
2402:Floriculture
2353:. Retrieved
2339:
2327:
2321:. Retrieved
2317:the original
2312:
2302:
2294:
2288:. Retrieved
2279:
2270:
2261:
2221:
2217:
2207:
2196:. Retrieved
2192:the original
2171:
2161:
2153:
2148:
2129:
2124:
2116:Floral Daily
2115:
2106:
2092:
2084:TradeEconomy
2083:
2074:
2049:. Retrieved
2042:the original
2029:
2018:. Retrieved
2004:
1977:
1951:
1946:
1937:
1926:. Retrieved
1912:
1898:cite journal
1871:
1867:
1857:
1830:
1826:
1798:
1788:, retrieved
1766:
1712:
1680:
1674:
1632:Slow Flowers
1611:Slow Flowers
1608:
1601:
1593:monocultures
1583:
1559:
1555:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1516:
1509:
1503:
1501:
1463:
1435:floriculture
1432:
1373:
1360:
1354:
1352:
1344:
1336:
1329:
1314:
1292:
1281:
1274:
1266:
1261:
1254:
1246:
1245:, Lobelia -
1241:
1234:
1224:
1219:
1212:
1205:
1198:
1190:
1183:
1165:
1147:
1130:
1113:
1096:
1078:
1061:
1043:
1026:
1025:Cockscomb -
1010:Phalaenopsis
1009:
992:
975:
957:
940:
923:
906:
905:Sunflower -
891:
871:
867:
859:
851:Leucodendron
850:
843:
842:, Freesia -
837:
836:, Fuchsia -
831:
825:
819:
813:
807:
800:
782:
765:
748:
730:
713:
695:
677:
660:
643:
625:
608:
592:Leucospermum
591:
574:
557:
540:
523:
506:
488:
470:
453:Zantedeschia
452:
435:
417:
399:
398:Inca lily -
382:
368:'Lady Diana'
364:
349:
340:'Grace Rose'
336:
319:
302:
301:Sweet pea -
285:
267:
266:Carnation -
252:
188:
180:
172:
155:boutonnieres
151:
137:
129:
126:
122:
113:floriculture
109:horticulture
106:
99:
89:
84:
64:
63:
2012:. Ilo.org.
1833:(10): 415.
1615:sustainable
1580:Cultivation
1562:air freight
1476:, vinegar,
1408:snapdragons
1368:dehydration
1355:conditioned
1339:postharvest
1327:continues.
1317:Respiration
1253:Oleander -
1182:Ti Plant -
991:Gardenia -
874:Pelargonium
729:Lavender -
694:Daffodil -
681:'Angelique'
629:'Limelight'
539:Larkspur -
420:'Stargazer'
73:flower buds
65:Cut flowers
2396:Categories
2355:2019-02-13
2323:2019-02-13
2290:2019-02-13
2198:2023-06-24
2051:2011-12-05
2020:2011-12-05
1928:2017-07-19
1790:2023-06-22
1683:. Pearson.
1666:References
1597:pesticides
1590:greenhouse
1570:carnations
1532:See also:
1496:See also:
1424:carnations
1400:delphinium
1311:in a vase.
1129:Verbena -
607:Heather -
522:Statice -
85:Cut greens
2407:Floristry
2330:Florverde
2313:msnbc.com
2263:diseases.
2240:1660-4601
2188:0567-7572
1890:164737153
1849:2311-7524
1721:cite book
1689:cite book
1586:intensive
1482:acidifier
1472:, sugar,
1460:Additives
1404:marigolds
1396:daffodils
1242:Impatiens
1226:Gladiolus
1191:Others -
1060:Cosmos -
939:Zinnia -
922:Dahlia -
815:Alkekengi
808:Others -
734:'Hidcote'
111:, called
95:floristry
50:Vrindavan
28:hydrangea
2382:Archived
2349:Archived
2284:Archived
2258:27669276
2060:cite web
2014:Archived
1922:Archived
1621:See also
1376:bacteria
1332:marigold
1309:Cape ivy
1231:Gumamela
1047:'Kobold'
821:Clematis
799:Salal -
712:Peony -
642:Lilac -
492:'Rocket'
451:Calla -
163:garlands
147:bouquets
139:Garlands
133:confetti
2249:5086682
2100:. 2022.
1998:. 2023.
1574:orchids
1478:pennies
1470:aspirin
1443:sucrose
1412:orchids
1392:peonies
1384:dahlias
1268:Petunia
1193:Begonia
845:Freesia
839:Fuchsia
573:Protea
271:'Malea'
159:wreaths
143:wreaths
69:flowers
52:, India
2256:
2246:
2238:
2186:
2140:
2136:2012.
1888:
1847:
1781:
1426:, and
1420:tulips
1414:, and
1398:, and
1388:irises
882:Protea
866:Pansy
678:Tulipa
474:'Echo'
381:Mum -
161:, and
2045:(PDF)
2038:(PDF)
1886:S2CID
1566:roses
1416:roses
1380:fungi
1364:stems
32:calla
2254:PMID
2236:ISSN
2184:ISSN
2138:ISBN
2066:link
1904:link
1845:ISSN
1779:ISBN
1727:link
1695:link
1536:and
1464:The
1337:The
1319:and
365:Rosa
181:The
145:and
119:Uses
81:leaf
79:and
77:stem
71:and
67:are
30:and
24:Rose
2244:PMC
2226:doi
2176:doi
1876:doi
1835:doi
1771:doi
1378:or
2398::
2347:.
2326:.
2311:.
2293:.
2278:.
2260:.
2252:.
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1851:.
1837::
1831:7
1807:.
1773::
1747:.
1729:)
1697:)
1521:)
1517:(
960:e
863:,
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