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261:, during the Colonial Period (1607–1699), arrangements were made used gathered wildflowers, grasses, and seed pods. These arrangements reflected a simplistic lifestyle with few luxuries; a reflection of the first colonists to arrive there. American arrangements then evolved from numerous influences, primarily European. As such, American pieces began to reflect the sophistication, symmetry, and shapes of European design ideals of the time.
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312:: contains physical balance and visual balance. Physical balance is the distribution of materials and weight across the arrangement; the arrangement should be stable and not at risk of falling over. Visual balance is the poise an arrangement contains upon first glance. There are three types of visual balance: symmetrical, asymmetrical, and open.
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floral design courses teach techniques to arrange flowers, plant identification, foliage and flower care for both fresh and preserved media, retail floral shop practices, and how to place and receive flower orders. Most of these programs reward students with certificates or degrees in floral design, shop management, or artisanship.
889:, leaves, leaf skeletons, and other preserved materials are common extensions of the art and media of floral design. They are of practical importance in that they last indefinitely and are independent of the seasons. Their materials offer effects and associations complementary to, and contrasting with, fresh flowers and foliage.
945:. Pot tape is used to create a grid pattern in vases, which helps keeps flowers and foliage in place. Pot tape can also be used to secure floral foam to a container. Cold glue is used to secure fresh, living flowers together or in place for an arrangement. Hot glue is used to glue non-living media in place or together.
237:. Arrangements were often light and airy, and stressed the individual beauty of each flower itself, rather than the entire arrangement. Pieces were semi-ovoid, soft and airy, had a feminine design, were symmetrical, and had no focal point. They accentuated rhythm with curves, lines, and flourishes of plant material.
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Floral shops are business establishments that create and sell floral designs. Floral shops often have a vast variety of flowers and foliage to use in creating arrangements, which can be custom ordered or pre-designed. Floral shops usually receive a majority of their business on the following holidays
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The
Eastern, Western, and European styles have all influenced the commercial floral design industry as it is today. Western design historically is characterized by symmetrical, asymmetrical, horizontal, and vertical style of arrangements. The history of flower arrangement first dates back to Ancient
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is a piece of dense foam that holds moisture and keeps flowers in place. Most floral foam has a specific container that can hold the foam without anything more than placing it into the container. However, floral foam can be cut into any shape, and therefore placed in any container. In recent years,
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With the ever-growing interest in the natural world and flowers, the floral industry continues to grow. The increase in educational institutes providing training in floral design has expanded to many state universities, certified design schools, and even high schools worldwide. Schools that teach
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are tall spikes of flowers that bloom along the stem of the plant. They create the outline for an arrangement and determine the height and width of the design. They can be straight, or naturally curving. Most line flowers have larger flowers at the bottom of the stem, that gradually become smaller
356:: provides the shape and structure for the design. Line also creates paths for the viewer's eye to follow when viewing the arrangement. Lines can defined (clearly visible) or implied (suggested by changes in color, tone, and texture). Line helps build the dimensions and overall shape of the design.
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It is worth noting that just because a flower is defined in one category, that does not exclude it from other categories. For example, chrysthanthemums can be considered both a mass flower or a filler flower, depending on the size and variety of the bloom. Anthuriums and orchids can be considered
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It is important to keep in mind that not every arrangement will use all seven principles of design. For example, French
Baroque and Rococo style arrangements do not include a focal point. Rococo designs also disregarded proportion; they were to be much taller than they were wide. Some traditional
274:
designs in modern floral arrangement. Other modern designers, however, did not feel inspired or drawn to abstract designs. As such, these designers began to create new design styles. Today's floral arrangements are born out of these two factors. Modern arrangements range from zero abstraction, in
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In the mid 20th century, flower arranging and floral design came to be seen as an art form. While modern floral designers and arrangers are still inspired by the naturalistic, 19th century designs, modern designers tend to want to break free from the rigid patterns and restrictions of past period
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Cutting tools, such as floral knives, floral shears, pruners, and ribbon scissors can be used to cut a variety of materials in floral design. Knives can be used to cut flowers or floral foam. Shears and pruners can also be used to trim and cut foliage and flowers. Ribbon scissors are used to cut
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consist of a single stem with one solid, rounded head at the top of the stem. They add mass and visual weight to an arrangement. Mass flowers are often inserted near the rim of the container to draw attention to the focal point, or to serve as the focal point themselves. Mass flowers are often
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Today, there are many styles of floral design including the
Botanical Style, the Garden Style (Hand Tied, Compote or Armature), the Crescent Corsage, the Nosegay Corsage, Pot au Fleur, the Inverted "T", Parallel Systems, Western Line, the Hedgerow Design, Mille de Fleur, and Formal Linear.
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also have unique textures, patterns, or colors that allow them to shine through and stand out in an arrangement. Form foliage are often used to achieve the element of space. They also are used to drag the viewer's eye to the focal point. Form foliages include seeded
1149:(AIFD), the Society of American Florists (SAF), and the National Association of Flower Arranging Societies (NAFAS). In the United States, there are also numerous floriculture and floral design organizations for nearly all of the 50 states in the country. These
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are composed of small "sprays" of flowers. Filler flowers are used, as the name suggests, to fill in empty spaces among mass flowers and the framework of the design. Filler flowers also add further dimension to the arrangement. Examples of filler flowers are
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Flowers used in floral design are often broke into four categories: line flowers, form flowers, mass flowers, and filler flowers. Each category serves its own purpose in achieving an element or principle of design. The four categories are listed as follows:
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Wire is used in floral design for a variety of purposes. It can be used to secure ribbons in place, fix broken stems, or provide strength to weak or flimsy material. Wire comes in different gauges, or sizes, which are used for different applications.
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there has been controversy over the environmental impact of floral foam, as well as the potential negative health effects from inhaling the powder created from unsoaked foam. Nevertheless, floral foam is still an essential tool in floral design.
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are effective for repeating and complimenting lines established by the line flowers. This creates repetition and unity within the arrangement. Much like line flowers, they can also be straight or curved. Examples of line foliage include
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Another similarity shared in the categorization of foliage in the same way as flowers is that a certain type of foliage may be included in more than one category. Leatherleaf fern can be considered a mass foliage or a line foliage, and
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Adhesive tools include floral tape, pot tape, floral adhesive (also known as cold glue), and hot glue. Floral tape is most often used to secure flowers together or to cover the mechanics of an arrangement, especially when creating a
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are flowers that have interesting colors, textures, and/or patterns that draw attention and stand out among the other pieces in the arrangement. They are most often used as the focal point of the arrangement. Form flowers include
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English design drew from the vast variety of plant materials that were available in estates and the countryside. Most arrangements during the various periods were formal pieces, generally triangular in shape, and symmetrical.
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considered the "star of the show" in an arrangement. Oftentimes, more than one type of mass flower is used to create variety and to avoid monotony, or, to otherwise make the arrangement less boring. Mass flowers include
324:: the visual flow of the arrangement. This element should encourage the viewer's gaze to move inward, outward, up, and down while looking at the arrangement. Achieved through colors, shapes, lines, textures, and spaces.
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have the same purpose as mass flowers: to add mass and visual weight to the arrangement. However, they are also effective in filling empty space not occupied by flowers and hiding the mechanics of the design (e.g.,
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396:: the different textures used in an arrangement. Texture gives the arrangement diversity and interest. Texture is one way a floral designer can achieve rhythm. Textures can be smooth, wrinkled, rough, glossy, etc.
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When creating flower arrangements, there are generally seven principles that floral designers must incorporate into their arrangement to create a flattering and appealing piece. These seven principles include:
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To create an arrangement, a floral designer has to use a multitude of tools. In general, the most common tools are floral tape, pot tape, glue, flower frogs, cutting tools, floral foam, containers, and wire.
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Floral design course are typically cheaper than most higher education programs, and can cost anywhere from US$ 125 to over US$ 25,000. Most courses take around six to eighteen months to complete.
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is the art of using plant material and flowers to create an eye-catching and balanced composition or display. Evidence of refined floral design is found as far back as the culture of
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and other containers are used to hold the arrangement. They often lend to the final look of a piece, and come in a variety of shapes and sizes to suit numerous types of projects.
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are used as accents to create harmony and unity. Depending on the texture of the filler foliage, there can be different effects on the feel of the arrangements. Fillers like
390:: the spacing of flowers, foliage, and other materials. Space ensures every flower is visible, and that the design is not too clumpy, constricted, spaced out, or empty.
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the closer they are located to the end of the spike. This creates rhythm in the design, as the eye naturally follows the progression. Examples of line flowers include
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Much like flowers, foliage can also be divided into the same four categories. Usually, they are meant to accent what is being done by their flower counterparts.
1089:, Easter, weddings and funerals. Floral shops also include the other aspects of floristry, including marketing, buying and selling of flowers, production, etc.
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In addition to the seven principles, there are also five elements of design a designer must keep in mind when arranging flowers. These five elements include:
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Flower frogs are devices that keep flowers upright. They usually have holes to place the flowers into, or spikes to "spear" the cut end of the flower into.
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symbolism. The arrangements of the
Chinese and Koreans often use containers of varying height and shape, and use natural elements, such as rocks.
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to the design and creation of arrangements. It does not include the marketing, merchandising, caring of, growing of, or delivery of flowers.
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is the
Japanese style of floral design, and incorporates the three main line placements that correspond with heaven, humans, and the earth.
384:: the height, width, and depth of the arrangement. Form also helps build the dimensions and overall shape of the design, much like Line.
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which pieces and components are untreated and organized naturally, to total abstraction, which totally disregards patterns and rules.
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designs disregarded space (and therefore a part of rhythm). Modern abstract designers may disregard the seven principles entirely.
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Collection of arrangements created by a high school floral design student. This photo shows two round arrangements and a
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300:: the relationship between the sizes of elements used to create the design (e.g., flowers, foliage, vase, accessories).
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https://www.ecisd.net/site/handlers/filedownload.ashx?moduleinstanceid=7707&dataid=11229&FileName=8943-A.pdf
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and combined fresh and dried material, as well as fruits and vegetables. These arrangements were often triangular,
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1579:, FORMS AND FUNCTIONS OF FLOWERS AND FOLIAGES USED IN FLORAL DESIGNS, Instructional Materials Service.
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The following list is composed of schools and organizations that offer floral design courses:
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336:: everything is placed with purpose; achieved when the other 6 principles are in order.
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330:: the pleasing combination of colors, material, and texture used in the arrangement.
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378:. Different color schemes provide different effects on the feel of the arrangement.
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Prominent industry associations that promote floral design worldwide include the
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A recreation of an
American Colonial Period arrangement using synthetic flowers
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362:: the color of the arrangement. There are numerous color schemes, such as
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also created garlands and wreaths to wear. Greeks and Romans also created
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flowers and buds in vases nearly 4,000 years ago. Egyptians also created
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used in floral design is fresh, or living, media. Fresh media includes
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Common flower arrangements in floral design include vase arrangements,
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Examples for each category of flowers. Clockwise, from upper left:
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A woman creating a flower arrangement in the 1930s in Tokyo, Japan
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arrangements were, and still are, traditionally based upon the
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1129:. Flower sellers are popular in countries like Mexico, India,
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A street vendor selling flowers from a bicycle on a street in
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lighten and soften, whereas coarse textures of plants like
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https://endowment.org/associations-industry-organizations/
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Other flowers commonly used by floral designers include
1455:. National Association of Flower Arrangement Societies.
1345:. National Association of Flower Arrangement Societies.
142:, and collars. These arrangements often used lotus and
50:. Floral designs, called arrangements, incorporate the
1638:"Green Foliage: Eleven Varieties to Pair with Flowers"
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An example of shears that can be used in floral design
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full of fruits and vegetables as religious offerings.
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Other foliage used by floral designers today include
146:, as they were seen as sacred plants to the goddess
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Artistic design of flowers and plants for decoration
52:
five elements and seven principles of floral design
1482:"Floral Design Institute | Floral Design Styles |"
826:can be considered form foliage or a line foliage.
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1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1305:"History Of Flower Arranging and Floral Design"
233:In French design, arrangements often used soft
1768:"Floral Design Schools and Colleges in the US"
1751:"WHY AND HOW TO GLUE PROM (AND OTHER) FLOWERS"
1125:that sell flowers and arrangements are called
1866:
1703:"Floral Foam – the impact on our environment"
1323:
989:Texas Tech University School of Floral Design
111:Egypt, and has gradually evolved over time.
1796:Teagasc – Advisory – Factsheet 29: Floristry
1788:
1666:"Essential Floral Tools and How to Use Them"
1424:
1794:This list of primary floral events is from
1652:"10 Floral Tools Every Florist Should Have"
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1817:, Associations and Industry Organizations
1690:. American Rose Society. 1 February 2015.
1512:. Donau Verlag Kriener & Potthoff KG.
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57:Floral design is considered a section of
3390:Good Design Award (Museum of Modern Art)
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616:form flowers, as well as mass flowers.
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31:An arrangement displayed at a church in
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1782:"The Best Florist Schools In The World"
1753:. OASIS Floral Products. 25 March 2019.
1582:
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1437:. Garden Club of Virginia. 26 May 2015.
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1034:Hong Kong Academy of Flower Arrangement
1014:California Polytechnic State University
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1147:American Institute of Floral Designers
1009:American Institute of Floral Designers
1004:New York Institute of Art & Design
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3395:Good Design Award (Chicago Athenaeum)
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270:designs. This led to the creation of
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1729:"Using a Knife to Cut Fresh Flowers"
1590:"Floral Design curriculum Chapter 2"
1392:Berrall, Julia S. (1 January 1953).
1340:
1701:Feldmann, Rita (27 November 2019).
1595:. Texas State Florists’ Association
1533:. Texas State Florists’ Association
1525:
1283:
13:
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3339:American Institute of Graphic Arts
1705:. Flowers Magazine. Archived from
1688:"Best-Kept Secrets of Floral Foam"
14:
3778:
3349:Design and Industries Association
1636:Neary, Kayla (21 November 2019).
1551:
1223:White House Chief Floral Designer
1173:Notable floral designers include
1092:
1075:Administrative Professionals' Day
1615:"List of Common Florist Flowers"
1294:Book of Floral Terminology, AIFD
1056:Floristry § Floristry shops
1039:Nobleman School of Floral Design
984:Rittners School of Floral Design
467:
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1911:
1833:Bella Online—The Voice of women
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1808:
1784:. Onya Magazine. 28 April 2020.
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1668:. Walden Floral. September 2021
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1629:
1607:
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1394:A History of Flower Arrangement
1140:
1049:
785:, etc.). Mass foliages include
244:
192:principle of preservation, and
3344:Chartered Society of Designers
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1731:. Mississippi State University
1420:. National Council Books, Inc.
1297:
1153:promote floral design through
1029:Judith Blacklock Flower School
999:Anne Arundel Community College
122:were among the first to place
1:
3415:Prince Philip Designers Prize
2058:Architectural lighting design
1829:"Revolutionary Wiggy Flowers"
1486:www.floraldesigninstitute.com
1451:Curtis, Christina D. (2004).
1276:
1245:History of flower arrangement
885:, dried (and often aromatic)
287:
264:
106:History of flower arrangement
61:. But floral design pertains
3221:Electronic design automation
3204:Virtual home design software
2176:Automotive suspension design
1468:The New Art of Flower Design
1168:
1044:
1019:Mississippi State University
955:
872:
7:
2080:Environmental impact design
1770:. Thursd. 28 December 2022.
1554:"Elements of Floral Design"
1510:Principles of Floral Design
1432:"Floral Styles and Designs"
1416:Hannay, Frances J. (1948).
1228:
344:
51:
10:
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3359:International Forum Design
2729:Engineering design process
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1654:. Floranext. 23 June 2021.
1453:Contemporary Floral Design
1418:Period Flower Arrangements
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2481:Integrated circuit design
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2403:Stage/set lighting design
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2292:Hardware interface design
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2208:Hardware interface design
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1921:
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1396:. The Saint Austin Press.
1362:. Encyclopædia Britannica
1064:A florist's shop in Paris
410:The vast majority of the
282:
205:
176:Korean flower arrangement
3316:Industrial design rights
3304:Fashion design copyright
3216:Design quality indicator
2665:Creative problem-solving
2456:Electrical system design
2312:Sonic interaction design
2223:Photographic lens design
2097:Healthy community design
1024:The London Flower School
892:
877:Dried materials such as
405:
400:
188:idea of reflection, the
3512:New product development
3477:Enterprise architecture
3405:IF Product Design Award
3364:Design Research Society
2916:Reliability engineering
1508:Lersch, Gregor (1999).
1466:Healey, Deryck (1986).
1343:PERIOD FLOWER ARRANGING
1069:and events: Christmas,
165:
2968:Top-down and bottom-up
2317:User experience design
2218:Packaging and labeling
2191:Electric guitar design
2129:Landscape architecture
1528:"Principles of Design"
1137:in the United States.
1119:
1065:
973:
912:
254:
36:
24:
3497:Innovation management
3380:European Design Award
3146:Intellectual property
2963:Theory of constraints
2926:Responsibility-driven
2766:For manufacturability
2670:Creativity techniques
2508:Nuclear weapon design
2322:User interface design
2186:Corrugated box design
2107:Interior architecture
1802:6 August 2005 at the
1341:Vagg, Daphne (2006).
1110:
1063:
967:
910:
252:
115:Ancient civilizations
30:
22:
3542:Unintelligent design
3522:Philosophy of design
3236:Design specification
3189:Comprehensive layout
2761:For behaviour change
2734:Probabilistic design
2496:Power network design
2033:Visual merchandising
1990:Instructional design
1968:Postage stamp design
1265:The Big Flower Fight
1161:, flower shows, and
3462:Creative industries
3385:German Design Award
3294:Design infringement
3179:Architectural model
2518:Organization design
2513:Nucleic acid design
2461:Experimental design
2014:Traffic sign design
1360:"Floral decoration"
1135:Southwestern states
994:Golden West College
3527:Process simulation
3502:Intelligent design
2826:Intelligence-based
2821:Integrated topside
2751:Framework-oriented
2436:Behavioural design
2307:Information design
1985:Information design
1827:Kruchmol, Connie.
1617:. We Love Florists
1311:. Hana Florist POS
1199:Jennifer McGarigle
1120:
1066:
974:
933:ribbon and twine.
913:
843:monstera deliciosa
255:
44:flower arrangement
37:
25:
3744:
3743:
3690:
3689:
3457:Conceptual design
3427:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3410:James Dyson Award
3266:Website wireframe
3256:Technical drawing
3130:
3129:
2978:Transgenerational
2719:Ecological design
2595:Activity-centered
2575:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2553:Spacecraft design
2347:Public art design
2285:Video game design
2263:Experience design
2233:Production design
2213:Motorcycle design
2171:Automotive design
2075:Ecological design
1953:Film title design
863:hypericum berries
803:plumosa asparagus
489:(filler flower),
3774:
3767:Arts occupations
3736:
3729:
3722:
3715:
3708:
3701:
3433:
3432:
3310:Geschmacksmuster
3284:Community design
3162:
3161:
3136:
3135:
2896:Process-centered
2692:Design–bid–build
2660:Cradle-to-cradle
2640:Concept-oriented
2581:
2580:
2558:Strategic design
2528:Processor design
2503:Mechanism design
2471:Geometric design
2431:Algorithm design
2371:Jewellery design
2302:Immersive design
2196:Furniture design
2141:Landscape design
1919:
1918:
1908:
1907:
1875:
1868:
1861:
1852:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1792:
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1785:
1778:
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1764:
1755:
1754:
1747:
1741:
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1738:
1736:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1709:on 23 March 2023
1698:
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1574:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1532:
1526:Johnson, James.
1523:
1514:
1513:
1505:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1470:. Villard Books.
1463:
1457:
1456:
1448:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1413:
1398:
1397:
1389:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1356:
1347:
1346:
1338:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1309:Hana Florist POS
1301:
1295:
1292:
1203:Judith Blacklock
1191:Catherine Conlin
1179:Junichi Kakizaki
817:create contrast.
787:leatherleaf fern
479:Bells of Ireland
471:
462:
451:
442:
218:. Designs were
35:, United Kingdom
3782:
3781:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3734:
3727:
3720:
3713:
3706:
3699:
3686:
3487:Futures studies
3438:
3419:
3368:
3327:
3276:
3270:
3156:
3155:
3126:
3032:Value sensitive
3022:User innovation
2901:Public interest
2866:Object-oriented
2586:
2567:
2548:Software design
2538:Research design
2491:Physical design
2446:Database design
2420:
2418:
2412:
2388:Property design
2383:Game art design
2337:
2331:
2254:
2247:
2162:
2155:
2112:Interior design
2063:Building design
2044:
2037:
1924:
1913:
1902:
1884:
1879:
1849:
1848:
1838:
1836:
1825:
1821:
1813:
1809:
1804:Wayback Machine
1793:
1789:
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1350:
1339:
1324:
1314:
1312:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1284:
1279:
1269:Interior design
1231:
1171:
1143:
1105:
1095:
1071:Valentine's Day
1058:
1052:
1047:
958:
905:
895:
875:
799:Filler foliages
709:
621:peruvian lilies
497:
496:
495:
494:
485:(form flower),
481:(line flower),
474:
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464:
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428:
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347:
290:
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117:
108:
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17:
12:
11:
5:
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3717:
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3687:
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3649:
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3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3555:
3554:
3552:Wicked problem
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3437:Related topics
3429:
3428:
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3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3354:Design Council
3351:
3346:
3341:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3321:European Union
3313:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3280:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3263:
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3119:
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3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3007:
3002:
3000:Usage-centered
2997:
2996:
2995:
2993:Design for All
2985:
2980:
2975:
2973:Transformation
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2921:Research-based
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2886:Platform-based
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2836:KISS principle
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2746:Fault-tolerant
2743:
2741:Error-tolerant
2738:
2737:
2736:
2726:
2724:Energy neutral
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2680:Design fiction
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
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2597:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2563:Systems design
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2533:Protein design
2530:
2525:
2523:Process design
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2486:Circuit design
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2427:
2425:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2408:Textile design
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2366:Costume design
2361:Fashion design
2358:
2349:
2343:
2341:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
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2289:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2259:
2257:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2243:Service design
2240:
2238:Sensory design
2235:
2230:
2228:Product design
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2167:
2165:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2146:Spatial design
2143:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2126:
2124:Keyline design
2121:
2120:
2119:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2090:Computer-aided
2082:
2077:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2060:
2055:
2049:
2047:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2016:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1958:Graphic design
1955:
1950:
1948:Exhibit design
1945:
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1927:
1915:
1914:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1878:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1855:
1847:
1846:
1835:. Bella Online
1819:
1807:
1787:
1773:
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1742:
1720:
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1657:
1643:
1628:
1606:
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1399:
1373:
1348:
1322:
1296:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1272:Fashion design
1270:
1267:
1262:
1260:Floral Jamming
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1230:
1227:
1215:Julia Clements
1195:Constance Spry
1170:
1167:
1142:
1139:
1127:flower sellers
1123:Street vendors
1099:Hawker (trade)
1094:
1093:Street vendors
1091:
1054:Main article:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
957:
954:
894:
891:
887:inflorescences
874:
871:
859:olive branches
835:Israeli ruscus
831:Italian ruscus
819:
818:
807:sprengeri fern
800:
795:
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746:
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613:
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600:Filler flowers
596:
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572:chrysanthemums
564:
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493:(mass flower).
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216:triadic colors
207:
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167:
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152:Ancient Greeks
116:
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104:Main article:
101:
98:
64:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3779:
3768:
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3711:
3709:
3704:
3702:
3697:
3696:
3693:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3667:specification
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
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3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
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3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3580:architectural
3578:
3577:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3557:
3556:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3547:Visualization
3545:
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3500:
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3493:
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3478:
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3473:
3470:
3468:
3467:Cultural icon
3465:
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3332:Organizations
3330:
3322:
3319:
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3314:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3299:Design patent
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3289:Design around
3287:
3285:
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3279:
3273:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
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3252:
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3149:Organizations
3148:
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3142:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
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3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
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3050:
3048:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3010:User-centered
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2958:Tableless web
2956:
2952:
2949:
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2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2881:Participatory
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
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2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
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2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2771:For Six Sigma
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
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2714:Domain-driven
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373:
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235:pastel colors
231:
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55:
53:
49:
48:ancient Egypt
45:
41:
40:Floral design
34:
29:
21:
3537:STEAM fields
3507:Lean startup
3492:Indie design
3308:
3275:Intellectual
3027:Value-driven
3005:Use-centered
2911:Regenerative
2891:Policy-based
2851:Mind mapping
2756:For assembly
2697:Design–build
2615:By committee
2600:Adaptive web
2398:Sound design
2377:
2356:glass design
2354: /
2339:applied arts
2280:Level design
2151:Urban design
2102:Hotel design
2053:Architecture
2028:Video design
2021: /
2012: /
1980:Illustration
1973:Print design
1943:Brand design
1837:. Retrieved
1832:
1822:
1810:
1790:
1776:
1745:
1733:. Retrieved
1723:
1711:. Retrieved
1707:the original
1696:
1682:
1670:. Retrieved
1660:
1646:
1631:
1619:. Retrieved
1609:
1597:. Retrieved
1584:
1557:. Retrieved
1547:
1535:. Retrieved
1509:
1489:. Retrieved
1485:
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1461:
1452:
1426:
1417:
1393:
1364:. Retrieved
1342:
1313:. Retrieved
1308:
1299:
1219:Azuma Makoto
1187:Phil Rulloda
1172:
1151:associations
1144:
1141:Associations
1121:
1079:Mothers' Day
1067:
1050:Floral shops
978:
975:
959:
951:
947:
935:
931:
924:
918:
914:
876:
839:dusty miller
828:
820:
762:diffenbachia
710:
618:
614:
563:Mass flowers
547:calla lilies
538:Form flowers
530:pussywillows
501:Line flowers
429:
409:
348:
339:
291:
277:
268:
259:the Americas
256:
245:The Americas
239:
232:
209:
198:
180:Chinese and
179:
118:
109:
86:boutonnieres
67:
56:
43:
39:
38:
3575:competition
3532:Slow design
3482:Form factor
3452:Concept art
3261:HTML editor
2941:Sustainable
2776:For testing
2620:By contract
2476:Work design
2451:Drug design
2423:engineering
2297:Icon design
2275:Game design
2253:Interaction
2201:Sustainable
2134:Sustainable
2023:Type design
2000:Photography
1995:News design
1938:Book design
1933:Advertising
1912:Disciplines
1240:Floral shop
1211:Irene Hayes
1183:Paula Pryke
1159:conferences
939:boutonniere
926:Floral foam
903:Flower frog
867:pittosporum
811:huckleberry
779:floral foam
731:, and flat
510:delphiniums
506:snapdragons
483:moth orchid
316:Focal point
220:symmetrical
212:Renaissance
210:During the
160:cornucopias
3751:Categories
3735:Wiktionary
3728:Wikisource
3682:technology
3652:principles
3251:Storyboard
3077:management
3072:leadership
3037:Privacy by
2876:Parametric
2846:Metadesign
2816:Integrated
2806:High-level
2791:Generative
2786:Functional
2655:Continuous
2650:Contextual
2625:C-K theory
2585:Approaches
2327:Web design
2181:CMF design
2161:Industrial
2019:Typography
1491:2017-11-06
1277:References
1221:, and the
1175:Daniel Ost
1097:See also:
897:See also:
847:eucalyptus
750:eucalyptus
737:sword fern
735:, such as
721:bear grass
693:sunflowers
681:ranunculus
588:hydrangeas
568:carnations
298:Proportion
288:Principles
265:Modern day
170:See also:
3762:Floristry
3721:Wikiquote
3707:Wikibooks
3657:rationale
3622:knowledge
3597:education
3517:OODA loop
3241:Prototype
3226:Flowchart
3184:Blueprint
3052:computing
2988:Universal
2936:Safe-life
2841:Low-level
2831:Iterative
2811:Inclusive
2796:Geodesign
2687:Defensive
2635:Co-design
2605:Affective
1235:Floristry
1169:Designers
1155:workshops
1045:Community
956:Education
873:Preserved
851:tree fern
758:equisetum
641:kalanchoe
551:anthurium
518:gladiolus
491:carnation
487:waxflower
372:analogous
230:-shaped.
186:Confucian
120:Egyptians
59:floristry
3714:Wikinews
3647:paradigm
3627:language
3607:engineer
3602:elements
3592:director
3277:property
3122:thinking
3112:strategy
3097:research
3057:controls
3015:Empathic
2946:Systemic
2906:Rational
2861:New Wave
2675:Critical
1898:Designer
1800:Archived
1735:22 March
1713:23 March
1672:21 March
1621:21 March
1599:22 March
1559:21 March
1537:22 March
1366:21 March
1229:See also
1163:seminars
881:, wood,
855:camellia
783:pot tape
754:calathea
689:solidago
661:limonium
649:lavender
645:larkspur
637:hyacinth
633:gardenia
629:freesias
526:cattails
345:Elements
272:abstract
190:Buddhist
140:headwear
136:garlands
128:bouquets
94:bouquets
90:corsages
82:festoons
78:garlands
74:nosegays
3700:Commons
3672:studies
3617:history
3585:student
3570:classic
3558:Design
3472:.design
3400:Graphex
3102:science
3092:pattern
3087:methods
3062:culture
3045:Design
2856:Modular
2709:Diffuse
2630:Closure
2352:Ceramic
2010:Signage
1893:Outline
1315:15 July
1255:Ikebana
1131:Vietnam
1117:Vietnam
970:corsage
943:corsage
815:boxwood
707:Foliage
701:zinnias
669:peonies
609:statice
584:dahlias
580:anemone
576:daisies
555:orchids
514:liatris
426:Flowers
420:foliage
416:flowers
394:Texture
368:triadic
328:Harmony
310:Balance
228:ellipse
224:arching
200:Ikebana
172:Ikebana
144:papyrus
132:wreaths
100:History
70:wreaths
3757:Design
3677:studio
3662:review
3642:museum
3565:change
3373:Awards
3246:Sketch
3231:Mockup
3211:CAutoD
3152:Awards
3117:theory
3107:sprint
3082:marker
3047:choice
2421:&
2419:design
2255:design
2163:design
2045:design
1963:Motion
1925:design
1882:Design
1839:18 May
1087:Advent
865:, and
824:ruscus
764:, and
699:, and
697:tulips
677:protea
665:lupine
657:lilies
625:cosmos
590:, and
553:, and
543:irises
528:, and
322:Rhythm
283:Design
206:Europe
194:Taoist
182:Korean
156:Romans
92:, and
3560:brief
3447:Agile
3166:Tools
3143:Tools
2781:For X
2417:Other
2336:Other
1593:(PDF)
1531:(PDF)
1435:(PDF)
1113:Hanoi
920:Vases
893:Tools
791:salal
766:galax
733:ferns
685:sedum
673:phlox
653:lilac
592:roses
522:stock
412:media
406:Fresh
401:Media
388:Space
374:, or
360:Color
334:Unity
304:Scale
226:, or
124:lotus
3637:load
3632:life
3612:firm
3199:CAID
3067:flow
2983:TRIZ
2871:Open
1841:2015
1737:2023
1715:2023
1674:2023
1623:2023
1601:2023
1561:2023
1539:2023
1368:2023
1317:2022
1133:and
1101:and
901:and
899:Vase
879:bark
813:and
805:and
789:and
725:flax
607:and
418:and
382:Form
354:Line
174:and
166:Asia
154:and
148:Isis
63:only
33:Beer
3194:CAD
3174:AAD
2951:SOD
2931:RWD
2801:HCD
2268:EED
2117:EID
941:or
853:),
729:ivy
683:,
257:In
42:or
3753::
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