512:
41:
7107:
7118:
7138:
7148:
7128:
7097:
1156:, which is a gas and kills by inhalation. For this reason, an air respirator supplied by an external oxygen source must be worn when working with hydrogen cyanide. Hydrogen cyanide is produced by adding acid to a solution containing a cyanide salt. Alkaline solutions of cyanide are safer to use because they do not evolve hydrogen cyanide gas. Hydrogen cyanide may be produced in the combustion of
981:, which are both essentially nontoxic due to the tight binding of the cyanides to a central iron atom. Prussian blue was first accidentally made around 1706, by heating substances containing iron and carbon and nitrogen, and other cyanides made subsequently (and named after it). Among its many uses, Prussian blue gives the blue color to
1801:
during the final finishing stage of the sculpture. On its own, it will produce a very dark shade of blue and is often mixed with other chemicals to achieve the desired tint and hue. It is applied using a torch and paint brush while wearing the standard safety equipment used for any patina
1886:, a method widely used in gold mining. It can also be determined by titration with silver ion. Some analyses begin with an air-purge of an acidified boiling solution, sweeping the vapors into a basic absorber solution. The cyanide salt absorbed in the basic solution is then analyzed.
1315:, finely ground high-grade ore is mixed with the cyanide (at a ratio of about 1:500 parts NaCN to ore); low-grade ores are stacked into heaps and sprayed with a cyanide solution (at a ratio of about 1:1000 parts NaCN to ore). The precious metals are complexed by the cyanide
6727:
1093:
Among the most toxic cyanides are hydrogen cyanide (HCN), sodium cyanide (NaCN), potassium cyanide (KCN), and calcium cyanide (Ca(CN)₂). These compounds are extremely poisonous and require careful handling to avoid severe health risks. The cyanide anion is an
1160:; for this reason, polyurethanes are not recommended for use in domestic and aircraft furniture. Oral ingestion of a small quantity of solid cyanide or a cyanide solution of as little as 200 mg, or exposure to airborne cyanide of 270
1201:, which can be safely eliminated by the kidneys. This method has the advantage of avoiding the formation of methemoglobin (see below). This antidote kit is sold under the brand name Cyanokit and was approved by the U.S. FDA in 2006.
2454:
Young, C. A., & Jordan, T. S. (1995, May). Cyanide remediation: current and past technologies. In: Proceedings of the 10th Annual
Conference on Hazardous Waste Research (pp. 104–129). Kansas State University: Manhattan, KS.
1593:
1465:
2543:(1927). "Über die schnell verlaufenden katalytischen Prozesse in strömenden Gasen und die Ammoniak-Oxydation (V)" [About the quicka catalytic processes in flowing gases and the ammonia oxidation (V)].
1621:
Aqueous cyanide is hydrolyzed rapidly, especially in sunlight. It can mobilize some heavy metals such as mercury if present. Gold can also be associated with arsenopyrite (FeAsS), which is similar to
3091:
Cyanide and hydrogen cyanide are used in electroplating, metallurgy, organic chemicals production, photographic developing, manufacture of plastics, fumigation of ships, and some mining processes.
2279:
6722:
4237:
3554:
1767:
amongst cattle. Possums can become bait shy but the use of pellets containing the cyanide reduces bait shyness. Cyanide has been known to kill native birds, including the endangered
3539:
1258:. Thiocyanate is a relatively non-toxic molecule and is excreted by the kidneys. To accelerate this detoxification, sodium thiosulfate is administered to provide a sulfur donor for
2570:
Andrussow, L. (1935). "Über die katalytische
Oxydation von Ammoniak-Methan-Gemischen zu Blausäure" [About the catalytic oxidation of ammonia-methane mixtures to cyanide].
1695:
contains a cyanide ligand as an artifact of the purification process; this must be removed by the body before the vitamin molecule can be activated for biochemical use. During
4439:
4488:
4475:
1618:
have followed the overflow of tailing ponds at gold mines. Cyanide contamination of waterways has resulted in numerous cases of human and aquatic species mortality.
6890:
4183:
3982:
1842:
is a gas, making it more indiscriminately dangerous, however it is lighter than air and rapidly disperses up into the atmosphere, which makes it ineffective as a
1270:
Minimum risk levels (MRLs) may not protect for delayed health effects or health effects acquired following repeated sublethal exposure, such as hypersensitivity,
4627:
4529:
4465:
4455:
4221:
1802:
application: rubber gloves, safety glasses, and a respirator. The actual amount of cyanide in the mixture varies according to the recipes used by each foundry.
4498:
4320:
3763:
4539:
4420:
4305:
4174:
3973:
2860:"A review of gold extraction using alternatives to cyanide: Focus on current status and future prospects of the novel eco-friendly synthetic gold lixiviants"
4429:
4282:
4049:
3992:
2193:
6855:
4410:
4074:
3940:
3636:
842:
4164:
3853:
2681:
6885:
6341:
4154:
4086:
3418:
3383:
3130:
Sodium cyanide was initially registered as a pesticide on
December 23, 1947, to control ants on uncultivated agricultural and non-agricultural areas.
2422:
2387:
6845:
4552:
4261:
4144:
4040:
2044:
3646:
3159:
Another field in which cyanide is used in growing quantity is the eradication of rats and other vermin – especially in the fight against typhus.
6022:
5495:
4310:
3718:
3114:
2145:
Reissmann, Stefanie; Hochleitner, Elisabeth; Wang, Haofan; Paschos, Athanasios; Lottspeich, Friedrich; Glass, Richard S.; Böck, August (2003).
3057:
6777:
5519:
5511:
3516:
7030:
6744:
4903:
3016:
1471:
229:
6968:
4620:
1352:
1894:
Because of the notorious toxicity of cyanide, many methods have been investigated. Benzidine gives a blue coloration in the presence of
1866:
E536, and
Calcium ferrocyanide E538) do not decompose to lethal levels in the human body and are used in the food industry as, e.g., an
1637:
The second major application of alkali metal cyanides (after mining) is in the production of CN-containing compounds, usually nitriles.
3451:
Ganjeloo, A; Isom, GE; Morgan, RL; Way, JL (1980). "Fluorometric determination of cyanide in biological fluids with p-benzoquinone*1".
2211:
1782:
for fumigating ships. Cyanide salts are used for killing ants, and have in some places been used as rat poison (the less toxic poison
6806:
3491:
3171:
2775:"Remediation of cyanide-contaminated environments through microbes and plants: a review of current knowledge and future perspectives"
6850:
6712:
3381:
Gail, Ernst; Gos, Stephen; Kulzer, Rupprecht; Lorösch, Jürgen; Rubo, Andreas; Sauer, Manfred (2004). "Cyano
Compounds, Inorganic".
1980:
6820:
2960:
714:
3143:"Tariff Information, 1921: Hearings on General Tariff Revision Before the Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives"
5614:
4613:
1756:
1733:
and seafood markets. The practice is controversial, dangerous, and damaging but is driven by the lucrative exotic fish market.
1602:
or spent heap, the recoverable gold having been removed. The metal is recovered from the "pregnant solution" by reduction with
1125:
cells. It attaches to the iron within this protein. The binding of cyanide to this enzyme prevents transport of electrons from
7192:
6811:
6759:
6664:
3365:
3327:
3296:
2658:
2626:
2524:
2977:
7151:
7014:
6825:
6754:
6679:
6498:
1775:, another introduced marsupial pest in New Zealand. A licence is required to store, handle and use cyanide in New Zealand.
1129:
to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted, meaning that the cell can no longer aerobically produce
2756:
559:. Chemical compounds that can release cyanide are known as cyanogenic compounds. In plants, cyanides are usually bound to
7002:
6880:
3453:
2773:
Kumar, Rahul; Saha, Shouvik; Sarita, Dhaka; Mayur B., Kurade; Kang, Chan Ung; Baek, Seung Han; Jeong, Byong-Hun (2016).
6015:
3590:
3435:
3400:
2404:
3511:
7019:
6978:
6943:
6928:
6910:
6835:
6614:
2439:
2027:
2010:
204:
7024:
6860:
6791:
6786:
4896:
4824:
4102:
3869:
592:
543:
in a number of plants. Cyanides are found in substantial amounts in certain seeds and fruit stones, e.g., those of
328:
6963:
6870:
6734:
6649:
6412:
2005:
Greenwood, N. N.; & Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the
Elements (2nd Edn.), Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann.
1760:
2385:
Rubo, Andreas; Kellens, Raf; Reddy, Jay; Steier, Norbert; Hasenpusch, Wolfgang (2006). "Alkali Metal
Cyanides".
2146:
6992:
6865:
6702:
6669:
5788:
297:
1820:
Although usually thought to be toxic, cyanide and cyanohydrins increase germination in various plant species.
7187:
6768:
6158:
6008:
1615:
53:
3142:
2674:
1002:
7131:
6997:
1736:
Poachers in Africa have been known to use cyanide to poison waterholes, to kill elephants for their ivory.
1114:
181:
1246:
enzyme is restored. The major mechanism to remove the cyanide from the body is by enzymatic conversion to
7051:
6749:
6707:
6061:
4889:
4636:
3250:
Mullick, P.; Chatterji, U. N. (1967). "Effect of sodium cyanide on germination of two leguminous seeds".
422:
liquid that is produced on a large scale industrially. It is obtained by acidification of cyanide salts.
2040:
1834:
Deliberate cyanide poisoning of humans has occurred many times throughout history. Common salts such as
7046:
5607:
678:
7076:
6796:
3103:
2774:
2505:
Sharpe, A. G. The
Chemistry of Cyano Complexes of the Transition Metals; Academic Press: London, 1976
3568:
6938:
6299:
6291:
6134:
3149:. US Congress, House Committee on Ways and Means, US Government Printing Office. 1921. p. 3987
3042:
2102:
1883:
1598:
The "pregnant liquor" containing these ions is separated from the solids, which are discarded to a
1110:
20:
2820:
1242:, which competes with cytochrome oxidase for the cyanide ion. Cyanmethemoglobin is formed and the
6918:
6830:
6271:
6146:
5969:
4605:
4274:
2859:
2821:"Non-cyanide Leaching Processes in Gold Hydrometallurgy and Iodine-Iodide Applications: A Review"
1680:
patients. On occasion, it is used in emergency medical situations to produce a rapid decrease in
1171:
do not readily release cyanide ions, and so have low toxicities. By contrast, compounds such as
6986:
6906:
6801:
6624:
6503:
5949:
5398:
4943:
4514:
3772:
3583:
1863:
1794:
1172:
1138:
1130:
974:
673:
of certain materials under oxygen-deficient conditions. For example, it can be detected in the
419:
105:
3334:
2646:
2618:
2608:
7182:
7008:
6958:
6953:
6697:
6445:
5793:
5600:
5474:
5377:
4993:
3787:
3304:
2420:
Pollak, Peter; Romeder, Gérard; Hagedorn, Ferdinand; Gelbke, Heinz-Peter (2000). "Nitriles".
2022:
G. L. Miessler and D. A. Tarr "Inorganic
Chemistry" 3rd Ed, Pearson/Prentice Hall publisher,
804:
Cyanide is unstable in water, but the reaction is slow until about 170 °C. It undergoes
3501:
2250:
878:
877:; i.e., it can be used to lengthen a carbon chain by one, while retaining the ability to be
873:). In general, organic cyanides are called nitriles. In organic synthesis, cyanide is a C-1
7121:
6435:
6264:
6119:
5989:
5640:
5409:
5390:
5188:
5176:
3963:
3347:
3074:
2989:
2581:
2324:
2294:
2226:
2161:
2111:
1744:
1662:
1102:
970:
can be attributed to its negative charge, compactness, and ability to engage in π-bonding.
966:. This reaction is the basis of cyanide's toxicity. The high affinities of metals for this
190:
3527:
Toxicological
Profile for Cyanide, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, July 2006
3179:
2705:
2469:
145:
8:
7197:
7081:
6840:
6538:
5864:
5839:
5417:
5382:
5133:
4654:
4295:
4119:
4015:
3911:
1859:
1134:
616:
597:
511:
71:
7137:
2993:
2585:
2298:
2280:"Interstellar Cyanogen and the Temperature of the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation"
2230:
2165:
2115:
125:
81:
6739:
6692:
6634:
6518:
6190:
5831:
5654:
5425:
5288:
5125:
4709:
3902:
3267:
2915:
2794:
2185:
1984:
1918:
1903:
1666:
1243:
1213:
1146:
643:
391:
3227:
3202:
2123:
2078:
7172:
7066:
6875:
6561:
6195:
6180:
6162:
6076:
5854:
5301:
4754:
4734:
3948:
3836:
3826:
3753:
3743:
3728:
3654:
3576:
3521:
3470:
3466:
3431:
3396:
3361:
3323:
3292:
3232:
2920:
2840:
2798:
2654:
2622:
2572:
2520:
2493:
Botz Michael M. Overview of cyanide treatment methods. Elbow Creek Engineering, Inc.
2435:
2400:
2242:
2177:
2127:
2082:
2023:
2006:
1829:
1650:
1646:
1629:. Gold-containing arsenopyrite ores are similarly reactive toward inorganic cyanide.
1161:
1088:
1008:
959:
928:
411:
399:
361:
2189:
6717:
6629:
6609:
6457:
6427:
6043:
5902:
5849:
5570:
5349:
5244:
5169:
5041:
4726:
4704:
4688:
4680:
4069:
4059:
3924:
3880:
3816:
3683:
3673:
3661:
3615:
3462:
3423:
3388:
3353:
3271:
3259:
3222:
3214:
3043:"Effectiveness of cyanide pellets for control of dama wallabies (Macropus eugenii)"
2997:
2910:
2902:
2890:
2871:
2832:
2786:
2731:
2614:
2589:
2552:
2540:
2427:
2392:
2302:
2234:
2169:
2119:
2074:
1960:
1911:
1899:
1867:
1839:
1798:
1611:
1309:: It helps dissolve these metals allowing separation from the other solids. In the
1292:
1194:
1153:
1095:
1065:
1061:
1012:
793:
765:
744:. Nitriles usually do not release cyanide ions. A functional group with a hydroxyl
725:
718:
612:
425:
415:
403:
368:
284:
252:
3392:
3349:
Geochemical processes in soil and groundwater: measurement – modelling – upscaling
2790:
1339:
than gold and often occurs as the sulfide, in which case redox is not invoked (no
861:, cyano groups are readily introduced into organic molecules by displacement of a
494:
N≡N. A triple bond exists between C and N. The negative charge is concentrated on
7177:
6933:
6639:
6601:
6571:
6417:
6350:
6215:
6200:
6124:
6091:
5959:
5816:
5778:
5741:
5532:
5334:
5232:
4808:
4766:
4742:
4696:
4672:
4659:
4270:
4203:
4193:
4134:
4001:
3841:
3631:
3317:
3286:
2875:
2836:
2349:
1955:
1843:
1720:
1311:
986:
905:
870:
658:
639:
484:
170:
7141:
3526:
2819:
Konyratbekova, Saltanat Sabitovna; Baikonurova, Aliya; Akcil, Ata (2015-05-04).
2749:
2735:
2456:
7056:
6220:
6185:
6081:
5879:
5869:
5821:
5733:
5486:
5441:
5433:
5113:
5100:
5078:
4977:
4855:
4850:
4714:
4664:
4254:
4208:
4129:
3933:
3803:
3738:
3697:
3687:
2275:
1835:
1681:
1209:
1198:
897:
407:
349:
322:
279:
2858:
Zhang, Yan; Cui, Mingyao; Wang, Jianguo; Liu, Xiaoliang; Lyu, Xianjun (2022).
2755:(Report). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2006. pp. 18–19.
2494:
7166:
7061:
6581:
6389:
6250:
6230:
6141:
6106:
5690:
5674:
5635:
5592:
5550:
5449:
5312:
5296:
5267:
4956:
4860:
4034:
3427:
2844:
2593:
2556:
2431:
2396:
2366:
2209:
1907:
1673:
1251:
1239:
978:
963:
690:
544:
480:
437:
357:
3345:
2173:
1965:
1614:. This process can result in environmental and health problems. A number of
7111:
7071:
6586:
6407:
6399:
6369:
6240:
6225:
6071:
5984:
5964:
5714:
5704:
5623:
5558:
5503:
5457:
5321:
5145:
5121:
5083:
3953:
3894:
3887:
3807:
3496:
3346:
Schulz, Horst D.; Hadeler, Astrid; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (2003).
3236:
2924:
2246:
2181:
2086:
1895:
1814:
1772:
1764:
1704:
1638:
1599:
1205:
1204:
An older cyanide antidote kit included administration of three substances:
1157:
1126:
1118:
920:
733:
611:
attached to iron in their active sites. The biosynthesis of cyanide in the
441:
19:
This article is about the class of chemical compounds. For other uses, see
3474:
3357:
2722:
Chaudhary, M.; Gupta, R. (2012). "Cyanide Detoxifying Enzyme: Rhodanese".
2210:
Pieniazek, Piotr A.; Bradforth, Stephen E.; Krylov, Anna I. (2005-12-07).
2147:"Taming of a Poison: Biosynthesis of the NiFe-Hydrogenase Cyanide Ligands"
2131:
7101:
6687:
6644:
6576:
6556:
6533:
6508:
6312:
6307:
6285:
6278:
6235:
6205:
6175:
6031:
5954:
5751:
5719:
5699:
5627:
5465:
5251:
5200:
5164:
4865:
4798:
3797:
3416:
Schwenecke, H.; Mayer, D. (2005). "Benzidine and Benzidine Derivatives".
2906:
1926:
1810:
1779:
1768:
1752:
1696:
1689:
1685:
1622:
1336:
1247:
947:
858:
753:
674:
623:
604:
540:
464:
380:
2653:(illustrated ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 939.
2352:
1950:
1228:(so that cyanide will bind to the antidote rather than the enzyme). The
1060:
Sodium cyanide, the precursor to most cyanides, is produced by treating
6902:
6654:
6619:
6548:
6335:
6210:
6170:
6039:
6000:
5974:
5910:
5887:
5783:
5765:
5709:
5073:
3714:
3263:
3218:
1871:
1726:
1607:
1275:
1235:
982:
805:
708:
587:
315:
is one of the most poisonous chemicals. It may cause death in minutes.
266:
136:
2238:
1761:
introduced marsupial that threatens the conservation of native species
1588:{\displaystyle {\ce {4 Au + 8 NaCN + O2 + 2 H2O -> 4 Na + 4 NaOH}}}
792:
stronger than hydrogen cyanide to solutions of cyanide salts releases
6948:
6659:
6591:
6566:
6528:
6493:
6485:
6467:
6452:
6440:
6384:
6361:
6329:
6324:
6114:
5979:
5920:
5808:
5773:
5546:
5276:
5219:
5059:
4965:
4870:
4845:
4829:
4803:
3598:
3497:
HSE recommendations for first aid treatment of cyanide poisoning (UK)
2948:
2710:
1259:
1255:
1122:
990:
901:
670:
568:
564:
528:
341:
3001:
2978:"Animal attendance at M-44 sodium cyanide ejector sites for coyotes"
2951:, 2006, Chapter 11.2: "Use of Cyanide for Capturing Live Reef Fish".
1460:{\displaystyle {\ce {Ag2S + 4 NaCN + H2O -> 2 Na + NaSH + NaOH}}}
600:, which eats the bamboo, has developed a high tolerance to cyanide.
321:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
6923:
6513:
6462:
6318:
6258:
6086:
6056:
5928:
5669:
5649:
5554:
5240:
5051:
4935:
4912:
4881:
2306:
1930:
1730:
1677:
1642:
1031:
1028:
943:
909:
866:
702:
647:
491:
384:
4635:
2273:
1983:. International Cyanide Management Institute. 2006. Archived from
104:
40:
6379:
6096:
5844:
5746:
5679:
5576:
5564:
5540:
5207:
5152:
5095:
5068:
5036:
4951:
4927:
4793:
4782:
3708:
1838:
are involatile but water-soluble, so are poisonous by ingestion.
1806:
1783:
1708:
1626:
1232:
1229:
1168:
1020:
1016:
874:
813:
809:
729:
686:
682:
620:
580:
572:
548:
520:
516:
429:
157:
27:
2100:
Jones, D. A. (1998). "Why are so many food plants cyanogenic?".
1625:(fool's gold), wherein half of the sulfur atoms are replaced by
1186:
readily release HCN or the cyanide ion upon contact with water.
973:
Among the most important cyanide coordination compounds are the
579:-like food grown in tropical countries (and the base from which
463:). Although nitriles generally do not release cyanide ions, the
6523:
6481:
6051:
5933:
5892:
4639:
2325:"Facts about cyanide:Where cyanide is found and how it is used"
2144:
1922:
1748:
1302:
1298:
1271:
1217:
1099:
1024:
862:
846:
608:
576:
495:
453:
376:
3522:
Eating apple seeds is safe despite the small amount of cyanide
3492:
ATSDR medical management guidelines for cyanide poisoning (US)
1902:
added to a solution of cyanide, such as the filtrate from the
6477:
6129:
5028:
5023:
5015:
4985:
3505:
2818:
2212:"Spectroscopy of the Cyano Radical in an Aqueous Environment"
1700:
1670:
1316:
1142:
967:
789:
596:
produces cyanide as a deterrent to grazing. In response, the
560:
556:
552:
536:
532:
116:
94:
7096:
394:
cyanides, the cyanide group is present as the cyanide anion
5582:
3517:
National Pollutant Inventory – Cyanide compounds fact sheet
2419:
1855:
1751:
and other canids. Cyanide is also used for pest control in
1603:
1306:
1216:. The goal of the antidote was to generate a large pool of
3512:
IPCS/CEC Evaluation of antidotes for poisoning by cyanides
3104:"Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Sodium Cyanide"
1007:
The principal process used to manufacture cyanides is the
6374:
5798:
2976:
Shivik, John A.; Mastro, Lauren; Young, Julie K. (2014).
2514:
1854:
Because of the high stability of their complexation with
1567:
1526:
1506:
1437:
1396:
1367:
1278:. MRLs may be revised after sufficient data accumulates.
2943:
Dzombak, David A; Ghosh, Rajat S; Wong-Chong, George M.
3553:
Institut national de recherche et de sécurité (1997). "
3538:
Institut national de recherche et de sécurité (1997). "
3415:
2772:
1346:
is required). Instead, a displacement reaction occurs:
2384:
1725:
Cyanides are illegally used to capture live fish near
764:). Unlike nitriles, cyanohydrins do release poisonous
418:, also known as hydrogen cyanide, or HCN, is a highly
3450:
3291:(4th ed.). Government Printing Off. p. 41.
3081:. National Center for Biotechnology Information. 2016
1474:
1355:
3380:
3319:
Benders' dictionary of nutrition and food technology
6856:
2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak
2961:
Poachers kill 80 elephants with cyanide in Zimbabwe
2825:
Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review
1145:, are particularly affected. This is an example of
942:). These oxidizers are used to destroy cyanides in
664:
3322:(7th ed.). Woodhead Publishing. p. 459.
3288:Medical Management of Chemical Casualties Handbook
3200:
2065:Vetter, J. (2000). "Plant cyanogenic glycosides".
1587:
1459:
669:Hydrogen cyanide is produced by the combustion or
2975:
1933:gives a green/blue glow if the test is positive.
693:, release hydrogen cyanide when heated or burnt.
7164:
3249:
3164:
2045:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
1771:. Cyanide is also effective for controlling the
1699:, a copper cyanide compound was briefly used by
1003:Hydrogen cyanide § Production and synthesis
169:
2966:, 25 September 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
2857:
1714:
1688:in vascular research. The cobalt in artificial
1632:
1164:, is sufficient to cause death within minutes.
788:of hydrogen cyanide is 9.21. Thus, addition of
80:
5622:
3419:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
3384:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
3316:Bender, David A.; Bender, Arnold Eric (1997).
3135:
2721:
2545:Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft
2423:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
2388:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
1641:are produced from acyl chlorides and cyanide.
583:is made), also contain cyanogenic glycosides.
6016:
5608:
4897:
4621:
3584:
2457:https://engg.ksu.edu/HSRC/95Proceed/young.pdf
1981:"Environmental and Health Effects of Cyanide"
1921:reacts with inorganic cyanide to form a cyano
1877:
7031:Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition
6846:2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak
6745:1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal
3315:
2651:Interface of neurology and internal medicine
2331:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
6969:United Kingdom food information regulations
3041:Shapiro, Lee; et al. (21 March 2011).
2891:"The treatment of leprosy with cyanocuprol"
2495:http://www.botz.com/MEMCyanideTreatment.pdf
2467:
6023:
6009:
5615:
5601:
4904:
4890:
4628:
4614:
3591:
3577:
3203:"Promotion of Seed Germination by Cyanide"
3096:
2607:Nelson, David L.; Cox, Michael M. (2000).
2448:
2380:
2378:
2376:
1262:, needed in order to produce thiocyanate.
1224:) to compete for cyanide with cytochrome a
1133:for energy. Tissues that depend highly on
144:
6807:2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak
3540:Cyanure d'hydrogène et solutions aqueuses
3226:
2914:
2640:
2638:
2606:
2569:
2539:
1964:
1580:
1538:
1515:
1489:
1479:
1408:
1379:
816:, which are far less toxic than cyanide:
752:bonded to the same carbon atom is called
575:roots (also called manioc), an important
189:
6851:2018 Australian strawberry contamination
6713:Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident
6030:
3022:. New Zealand Department of Conservation
1797:is used to achieve a blue color on cast
1653:are derived from alkali metal cyanides.
657:, is used to measure the temperature of
510:
6821:2011 United States listeriosis outbreak
3555:Cyanure de sodium. Cyanure de potassium
3040:
2373:
2329:CDC Emergency preparedness and response
7165:
6836:2015 Mozambique funeral beer poisoning
6413:Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)
3621:
3599:Salts and covalent derivatives of the
3284:
2888:
2644:
2635:
2470:"Cyanide Destruction | SRK Consulting"
2318:
2316:
2064:
1747:are used in the United States to kill
696:
633:
16:Any molecule with a cyano group (–C≡N)
6004:
5596:
4885:
4609:
4399:
3572:
3201:Taylorson, R.; Hendricks, SB (1973).
3014:
2099:
1208:pearls (administered by inhalation),
953:
216:Key: XFXPMWWXUTWYJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
124:
7127:
7015:Institute for Food Safety and Health
6755:Australian meat substitution scandal
6723:Moroccan oil poisoning disaster 1959
6499:Arsenic contamination of groundwater
4911:
2895:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
2515:Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. (2001).
2508:
2487:
2322:
2093:
1889:
857:Because of the cyanide anion's high
563:molecules in the form of cyanogenic
7147:
7003:Food Information and Control Agency
3454:Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology
2937:
2610:Lehniger Principles of Biochemistry
2461:
2313:
2219:The Journal of Physical Chemistry A
1335:(dicyanoaurate(I)). Silver is less
1319:to form soluble derivatives, e.g.,
1297:Cyanide is mainly produced for the
160:
13:
3178:. 18 November 2013. Archived from
3017:"The use of 1080 for pest control"
1973:
1823:
452:), the cyanide group is bonded to
14:
7209:
7020:International Food Safety Network
6944:International Food Safety Network
6665:Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
6615:Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein
6342:Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic
5970:1,3-Difluoro-2-propanol (Gliftor)
3485:
2750:Toxicological Profile for Cyanide
527:Cyanides are produced by certain
7146:
7136:
7126:
7117:
7116:
7105:
7095:
7025:Ministry of Food and Drug Safety
6861:Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal
6792:2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak
6787:ICA meat repackaging controversy
4825:Graphite intercalation compounds
3561:, Paris: INRS, 6 pp. (PDF file,
3546:, Paris: INRS, 5 pp. (PDF file,
3063:from the original on 2015-02-03.
2762:from the original on 2004-03-31.
2675:"MSDS of trimethylsilyl cyanide"
2199:from the original on 2020-11-23.
1849:
1703:physicians for the treatment of
1684:in humans; it is also used as a
689:, especially those derived from
665:Pyrolysis and combustion product
593:Cathariostachys madagascariensis
39:
6964:Quality Assurance International
6871:Food safety incidents in Taiwan
6841:2017 Brazil Operation Weak Meat
6735:1971 Iraq poison grain disaster
6650:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
3444:
3409:
3374:
3339:
3309:
3278:
3252:Plant Systematics and Evolution
3243:
3194:
3172:"Deadliest Poisons Used by Man"
3120:from the original on 2022-10-10
3113:. 1 September 1994. p. 7.
3067:
3034:
3008:
2969:
2954:
2882:
2851:
2812:
2766:
2742:
2715:
2698:
2687:from the original on 2022-10-10
2667:
2600:
2563:
2533:
2499:
2413:
2359:
2343:
2267:
1739:
1656:
1281:
1152:The most hazardous compound is
325:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
6993:European Food Safety Authority
6866:Food safety incidents in China
6703:1858 Bradford sweets poisoning
6670:Water fluoridation controversy
5789:Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine
3050:New Zealand Journal of Ecology
2203:
2138:
2058:
2033:
2016:
1999:
1943:
1570:
1557:
1551:
1543:
1532:
1440:
1427:
1421:
1413:
1402:
1265:
996:
958:The cyanide anion reacts with
849:that catalyzes this reaction.
776:
298:Occupational safety and health
1:
3502:Hydrogen cyanide and cyanides
3393:10.1002/14356007.a08_159.pub2
2791:10.1080/12269328.2016.1218303
2519:. San Diego: Academic Press.
2124:10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00425-1
2079:10.1016/S0041-0101(99)00128-2
1936:
1809:-making and certain kinds of
1789:
1109:), the fourth complex of the
852:
799:
732:. An example of a nitrile is
567:and defend the plant against
501:
6998:Food and Drug Administration
6680:Food contamination incidents
3467:10.1016/0041-008X(80)90225-2
2876:10.1016/j.mineng.2021.107336
2837:10.1080/08827508.2014.942813
1715:Illegal fishing and poaching
1633:Industrial organic chemistry
1197:reacts with cyanide to form
771:
506:
436:group is linked by a single
428:cyanides are usually called
7:
7052:Food and drink prohibitions
6826:Bihar school meal poisoning
6750:United Kingdom BSE outbreak
6708:1900 English beer poisoning
6062:Antibiotic use in livestock
2736:10.2174/2211550111201040327
2274:Roth, K. C.; Meyer, D. M.;
1189:
1082:
679:internal combustion engines
440:to carbon. For example, in
371:. This group, known as the
10:
7214:
7047:Curing (food preservation)
6120:Monosodium glutamate (MSG)
4401:
3559:Fiche toxicologique n° 111
2889:Takano, R. (August 1916).
2706:Cyanide Toxicity~treatment
2613:(3rd ed.). New York:
1878:Chemical tests for cyanide
1827:
1718:
1327:(dicyanoargentate(I)) and
1290:
1086:
1000:
706:
700:
642:CN has been identified in
470:
25:
18:
7090:
7077:Genetically modified food
7039:
6977:
6929:Food labeling regulations
6901:
6797:2008 Chinese milk scandal
6678:
6600:
6547:
6476:
6426:
6398:
6360:
6249:
6157:
6105:
6038:
5942:
5919:
5901:
5878:
5830:
5807:
5764:
5732:
5688:
5662:
5648:
5634:
5531:
5370:
5112:
5008:
4920:
4838:
4817:
4775:
4647:
3623:
3608:
3352:. Wiley-VCH. p. 67.
3015:Green, Wren (July 2004).
2982:Wildlife Society Bulletin
2945:Cyanide in Water and Soil
2287:The Astrophysical Journal
1882:Cyanide is quantified by
1676:mainly as a follow-up to
1286:
319:
295:
290:
245:
225:
200:
64:
52:
47:
38:
7193:Nitrogen(−III) compounds
6939:Food safety in Australia
6135:High-fructose corn syrup
3544:Fiche toxicologique n° 4
3428:10.1002/14356007.a03_539
2594:10.1002/ange.19350483702
2557:10.1002/cber.19270600857
2432:10.1002/14356007.a17_363
2397:10.1002/14356007.i01_i01
1884:potentiometric titration
1805:Cyanide is also used in
1111:electron transport chain
891:
607:enzymes contain cyanide
515:Removal of cyanide from
414:(KCN) are highly toxic.
26:Not to be confused with
21:Cyanide (disambiguation)
6919:Acceptable daily intake
6831:2013 horse meat scandal
6272:Clostridium perfringens
3422:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
3387:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
2426:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
2391:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
2174:10.1126/science.1080972
1966:10.1351/goldbook.C01486
1616:environmental disasters
781:Cyanide is basic. The p
659:interstellar gas clouds
467:do and are thus toxic.
6987:Centre for Food Safety
6802:2008 Irish pork crisis
6504:Benzene in soft drinks
4637:Inorganic compounds of
2323:Anon (June 27, 2013).
1929:. Illumination with a
1864:Potassium ferrocyanide
1795:Potassium ferrocyanide
1589:
1461:
1173:trimethylsilyl cyanide
1139:central nervous system
975:potassium ferrocyanide
524:
7009:Food Standards Agency
6959:Organic certification
6954:Nutrition facts label
6698:Esing Bakery incident
6486:environment pollution
5794:Chlorophenylsilatrane
5641:Vitamin K antagonists
3358:10.1002/9783527609703
2779:Geosystem Engineering
2724:Current Biotechnology
2645:Biller, José (2007).
2041:"ToxFAQs for Cyanide"
1778:Cyanides are used as
1661:The cyanide compound
1590:
1462:
1073:HCN + NaOH → NaCN + H
896:The cyanide ion is a
514:
54:Systematic IUPAC name
7188:Mitochondrial toxins
6778:2006 North American
6436:Acesulfame potassium
6265:Campylobacter jejuni
6159:Intestinal parasites
6032:Consumer food safety
5990:Sodium fluoroacetate
3533:Safety data (French)
2907:10.1084/jem.24.2.207
2864:Minerals Engineering
2680:. Gelest Inc. 2008.
1663:sodium nitroprusside
1472:
1353:
1103:cytochrome c oxidase
619:, which converts to
213:InChI=1S/CN/c1-2/q-1
58:Nitridocarbonate(II)
7082:Conspiracy theories
6635:Heterocyclic amines
6539:Shellfish poisoning
5840:Aluminium phosphide
5832:Inorganic compounds
3335:Extract of page 459
2994:2014WSBu...38..217S
2586:1935AngCh..48..593A
2517:Inorganic Chemistry
2299:1993ApJ...413L..67R
2231:2006JPCA..110.4854P
2166:2003Sci...299.1067R
2160:(5609): 1067–1070.
2116:1998PChem..47..155J
1987:on 30 November 2012
1860:Sodium ferrocyanide
1755:, particularly for
1745:M44 cyanide devices
1569:
1528:
1508:
1439:
1398:
1369:
1135:aerobic respiration
1023:in the presence of
697:Organic derivatives
634:Interstellar medium
617:carbamoyl phosphate
598:golden bamboo lemur
490:and with molecular
432:. In nitriles, the
400:extremely poisonous
274: g·mol
35:
6740:Toxic oil syndrome
6693:Swill milk scandal
6519:Diethylstilbestrol
6191:Diphyllobothriasis
5950:α-Naphthylthiourea
5655:4-Hydroxycoumarins
4839:Oxides and related
3264:10.1007/BF01373937
3219:10.1104/pp.52.1.23
1904:sodium fusion test
1667:clinical chemistry
1665:is used mainly in
1585:
1549:
1516:
1496:
1457:
1419:
1386:
1357:
1244:cytochrome oxidase
1214:sodium thiosulfate
1147:histotoxic hypoxia
954:Metal complexation
908:such as molecular
715:IUPAC nomenclature
644:interstellar space
525:
329:Infobox references
33:
7160:
7159:
7067:Food preservation
6876:Foodborne illness
6428:Sugar substitutes
6181:Cryptosporidiosis
6163:parasitic disease
6077:HGH controversies
6044:food contaminants
5998:
5997:
5855:Calcium phosphide
5760:
5759:
5728:
5727:
5590:
5589:
4879:
4878:
4603:
4602:
4597:
4596:
3367:978-3-527-27766-7
3329:978-1-85573-475-3
3298:978-0-16-081320-7
2660:978-0-7817-7906-7
2628:978-1-57259-153-0
2573:Angewandte Chemie
2541:Andrussow, Leonid
2526:978-0-12-352651-9
2468:Dmitry Yermakov.
2239:10.1021/jp0545952
2225:(14): 4854–4865.
1890:Qualitative tests
1858:, ferrocyanides (
1830:Cyanide poisoning
1799:bronze sculptures
1786:is more common).
1651:cyanuric chloride
1649:, and the trimer
1647:cyanogen chloride
1583:
1556:
1548:
1541:
1531:
1519:
1499:
1492:
1482:
1455:
1449:
1426:
1418:
1411:
1401:
1389:
1382:
1372:
1360:
1105:(also known as aa
1089:Cyanide poisoning
1015:is produced from
1011:in which gaseous
1009:Andrussow process
960:transition metals
929:hydrogen peroxide
886:RX + CN → RCN + X
865:group (e.g., the
843:Cyanide hydrolase
719:organic compounds
613:NiFe hydrogenases
412:potassium cyanide
362:chemical compound
337:Chemical compound
335:
334:
106:Interactive image
7205:
7150:
7149:
7140:
7130:
7129:
7120:
7119:
7112:Drink portal
7110:
7109:
7108:
7100:
7099:
7011:(United Kingdom)
6760:Jack in the Box
6731:
6718:Minamata disease
6630:Food irradiation
6610:4-Hydroxynonenal
6458:Sodium cyclamate
6301:Escherichia coli
6293:Escherichia coli
6025:
6018:
6011:
6002:
6001:
5903:Organophosphorus
5865:Thallium sulfate
5850:Barium carbonate
5689:2nd generation (
5660:
5659:
5646:
5645:
5617:
5610:
5603:
5594:
5593:
5580:
5568:
5544:
5533:Oxidation states
5362:
5361:
5330:
5329:
5264:
5263:
5228:
5227:
5216:
5215:
5161:
5160:
4906:
4899:
4892:
4883:
4882:
4642:and related ions
4630:
4623:
4616:
4607:
4606:
4562:
4545:
4535:
4520:
4504:
4494:
4481:
4471:
4461:
4445:
4435:
4426:
4416:
4326:
4316:
4301:
4292:
4227:
4214:
4189:
4180:
4170:
4160:
4150:
4140:
4125:
4092:
4080:
4055:
4046:
4037:
4030:
4012:
3998:
3988:
3979:
3969:
3959:
3930:
3920:
3919:
3908:
3859:
3847:
3822:
3813:
3800:
3793:
3783:
3769:
3759:
3749:
3724:
3711:
3704:
3694:
3680:
3642:
3612:
3611:
3593:
3586:
3579:
3570:
3569:
3564:
3549:
3479:
3478:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3343:
3337:
3333:
3313:
3307:
3302:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3230:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3176:PlanetDeadly.com
3168:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3154:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3125:
3119:
3108:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3086:
3075:"Sodium Cyanide"
3071:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3047:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3021:
3012:
3006:
3005:
2973:
2967:
2958:
2952:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2918:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2754:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2719:
2713:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2686:
2679:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2642:
2633:
2632:
2619:668, 670–71, 676
2615:Worth Publishers
2604:
2598:
2597:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2551:(8): 2005–2018.
2537:
2531:
2530:
2512:
2506:
2503:
2497:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2465:
2459:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2382:
2371:
2363:
2357:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2320:
2311:
2310:
2284:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2255:
2249:. Archived from
2216:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2151:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2037:
2031:
2020:
2014:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1947:
1910:. A solution of
1900:Iron(II) sulfate
1868:anticaking agent
1840:Hydrogen cyanide
1612:activated carbon
1594:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1573:
1568:
1565:
1560:
1554:
1546:
1539:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1517:
1507:
1504:
1497:
1490:
1480:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1435:
1430:
1424:
1416:
1409:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1387:
1380:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1358:
1345:
1334:
1326:
1293:Gold cyanidation
1223:
1195:Hydroxocobalamin
1185:
1154:hydrogen cyanide
1078:
1066:sodium hydroxide
1062:hydrogen cyanide
1056:
1013:hydrogen cyanide
977:and the pigment
941:
926:
918:
906:oxidizing agents
887:
838:
833:
832:
829:
794:hydrogen cyanide
766:hydrogen cyanide
763:
751:
747:
743:
726:functional group
724:
656:
629:
489:
478:
475:The cyanide ion
462:
451:
435:
416:Hydrocyanic acid
398:. This anion is
397:
375:, consists of a
369:functional group
367:
364:that contains a
314:
311:The cyanide ion
285:Hydrogen cyanide
273:
260:
253:Chemical formula
193:
173:
162:
148:
128:
108:
84:
43:
36:
32:
7213:
7212:
7208:
7207:
7206:
7204:
7203:
7202:
7163:
7162:
7161:
7156:
7106:
7104:
7102:Food portal
7094:
7086:
7035:
6973:
6934:Food libel laws
6897:
6725:
6674:
6640:Modified starch
6602:Food processing
6596:
6543:
6472:
6422:
6418:Sodium benzoate
6394:
6356:
6351:Vibrio cholerae
6245:
6216:Gnathostomiasis
6201:Fasciolopsiasis
6153:
6101:
6092:Mercury in fish
6034:
6029:
5999:
5994:
5960:Fluoroacetamide
5938:
5915:
5897:
5874:
5826:
5817:Cholecalciferol
5803:
5779:Phenylsilatrane
5756:
5742:Chlorophacinone
5734:1,3-Indandiones
5724:
5684:
5653:
5639:
5630:
5621:
5591:
5586:
5574:
5562:
5538:
5527:
5523:
5515:
5507:
5499:
5490:
5482:
5478:
5469:
5461:
5453:
5445:
5437:
5429:
5421:
5413:
5403:
5394:
5386:
5366:
5360:
5357:
5356:
5355:
5353:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5328:
5325:
5324:
5323:
5316:
5309:
5305:
5292:
5284:
5280:
5271:
5262:
5259:
5258:
5257:
5255:
5248:
5236:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5221:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5209:
5204:
5196:
5192:
5184:
5180:
5173:
5159:
5156:
5155:
5154:
5149:
5141:
5137:
5129:
5108:
5104:
5091:
5087:
5063:
5055:
5032:
5019:
5004:
4998:
4989:
4981:
4973:
4969:
4960:
4947:
4939:
4931:
4916:
4910:
4880:
4875:
4856:Metal carbonyls
4834:
4813:
4771:
4762:
4758:
4750:
4746:
4738:
4730:
4722:
4718:
4700:
4692:
4684:
4676:
4668:
4643:
4634:
4604:
4599:
4598:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4544:
4540:
4534:
4530:
4519:
4515:
4503:
4499:
4493:
4489:
4480:
4476:
4470:
4466:
4460:
4456:
4444:
4440:
4434:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4421:
4415:
4411:
4325:
4321:
4315:
4311:
4300:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4267:
4265:
4260:
4258:
4241:
4226:
4222:
4213:
4209:
4188:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4175:
4169:
4165:
4159:
4155:
4149:
4145:
4139:
4135:
4124:
4120:
4106:
4091:
4087:
4079:
4075:
4054:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3993:
3987:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3974:
3968:
3964:
3958:
3954:
3944:
3939:
3937:
3932:
3929:
3925:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3910:
3907:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3891:
3886:
3884:
3873:
3858:
3854:
3846:
3842:
3821:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3792:
3788:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3764:
3758:
3754:
3748:
3744:
3723:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3702:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3669:
3665:
3660:
3658:
3650:
3641:
3637:
3604:
3597:
3562:
3547:
3488:
3483:
3482:
3449:
3445:
3438:
3414:
3410:
3403:
3379:
3375:
3368:
3344:
3340:
3330:
3314:
3310:
3299:
3285:Bernan (2008).
3283:
3279:
3248:
3244:
3199:
3195:
3185:
3183:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3152:
3150:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3084:
3082:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3060:
3045:
3039:
3035:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3013:
3009:
3002:10.1002/wsb.361
2974:
2970:
2959:
2955:
2942:
2938:
2929:
2927:
2887:
2883:
2856:
2852:
2817:
2813:
2803:
2801:
2771:
2767:
2759:
2752:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2720:
2716:
2703:
2699:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2661:
2643:
2636:
2629:
2605:
2601:
2580:(37): 593–595.
2568:
2564:
2538:
2534:
2527:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2492:
2488:
2478:
2476:
2466:
2462:
2453:
2449:
2442:
2418:
2414:
2407:
2383:
2374:
2364:
2360:
2350:IUPAC Gold Book
2348:
2344:
2334:
2332:
2321:
2314:
2282:
2272:
2268:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2214:
2208:
2204:
2196:
2149:
2143:
2139:
2098:
2094:
2063:
2059:
2050:
2048:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2021:
2017:
2004:
2000:
1990:
1988:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1956:IUPAC Gold Book
1949:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1892:
1880:
1852:
1844:chemical weapon
1832:
1826:
1824:Human poisoning
1792:
1742:
1723:
1721:Cyanide fishing
1717:
1693:
1659:
1635:
1566:
1561:
1550:
1542:
1525:
1520:
1505:
1500:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1436:
1431:
1420:
1412:
1395:
1390:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1344:
1340:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1312:cyanide process
1295:
1289:
1284:
1268:
1227:
1221:
1192:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1108:
1091:
1085:
1076:
1072:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1005:
999:
956:
940:
936:
932:
924:
917:
913:
894:
885:
871:methyl chloride
859:nucleophilicity
855:
837:
830:
827:
826:
824:
820:
802:
787:
779:
774:
761:
757:
749:
745:
741:
737:
722:
711:
705:
699:
685:smoke. Certain
667:
655:
651:
640:cyanide radical
636:
627:
509:
504:
487:
485:carbon monoxide
476:
473:
461:
457:
449:
445:
433:
395:
365:
338:
331:
326:
312:
308:
271:
258:
255:
241:
238:
233:
232:
221:
218:
217:
214:
208:
207:
196:
176:
163:
151:
131:
111:
98:
87:
74:
60:
59:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7211:
7201:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7158:
7157:
7155:
7154:
7144:
7134:
7124:
7114:
7091:
7088:
7087:
7085:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7057:Food marketing
7054:
7049:
7043:
7041:
7040:Related topics
7037:
7036:
7034:
7033:
7028:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7006:
7000:
6995:
6990:
6983:
6981:
6975:
6974:
6972:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6915:
6913:
6899:
6898:
6896:
6895:
6894:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6775:
6766:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6684:
6682:
6676:
6675:
6673:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6625:Food additives
6622:
6617:
6612:
6606:
6604:
6598:
6597:
6595:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6553:
6551:
6545:
6544:
6542:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6490:
6488:
6474:
6473:
6471:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6449:
6448:
6438:
6432:
6430:
6424:
6423:
6421:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6404:
6402:
6396:
6395:
6393:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6366:
6364:
6358:
6357:
6355:
6354:
6347:
6339:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6297:
6289:
6282:
6275:
6268:
6261:
6255:
6253:
6251:Microorganisms
6247:
6246:
6244:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6221:Paragonimiasis
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6186:Cyclosporiasis
6183:
6178:
6173:
6167:
6165:
6155:
6154:
6152:
6151:
6150:
6149:
6139:
6138:
6137:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6111:
6109:
6107:Food additives
6103:
6102:
6100:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6082:Lead poisoning
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6048:
6046:
6036:
6035:
6028:
6027:
6020:
6013:
6005:
5996:
5995:
5993:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5946:
5944:
5940:
5939:
5937:
5936:
5931:
5925:
5923:
5917:
5916:
5914:
5913:
5907:
5905:
5899:
5898:
5896:
5895:
5890:
5884:
5882:
5880:Organochlorine
5876:
5875:
5873:
5872:
5870:Zinc phosphide
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5836:
5834:
5828:
5827:
5825:
5824:
5822:Ergocalciferol
5819:
5813:
5811:
5805:
5804:
5802:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5770:
5768:
5762:
5761:
5758:
5757:
5755:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5738:
5736:
5730:
5729:
5726:
5725:
5723:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5696:
5694:
5691:Superwarfarins
5686:
5685:
5683:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5666:
5664:
5663:1st generation
5657:
5643:
5636:Anticoagulants
5632:
5631:
5620:
5619:
5612:
5605:
5597:
5588:
5587:
5537:
5535:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5493:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5401:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5374:
5372:
5368:
5367:
5365:
5364:
5358:
5351:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5326:
5319:
5314:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5269:
5260:
5253:
5246:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5224:
5212:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5171:
5167:
5157:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5118:
5116:
5110:
5109:
5107:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5021:
5017:
5012:
5010:
5006:
5005:
5003:
5002:
4996:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4958:
4954:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4924:
4922:
4918:
4917:
4909:
4908:
4901:
4894:
4886:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4842:
4840:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4832:
4827:
4821:
4819:
4818:Nanostructures
4815:
4814:
4812:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4779:
4777:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4769:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4657:
4651:
4649:
4645:
4644:
4633:
4632:
4625:
4618:
4610:
4601:
4600:
4595:
4594:
4591:
4588:
4585:
4582:
4579:
4576:
4573:
4570:
4567:
4564:
4559:
4555:
4550:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4523:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4509:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4450:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4404:
4403:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4393:
4390:
4387:
4384:
4381:
4378:
4375:
4372:
4369:
4366:
4363:
4360:
4357:
4354:
4351:
4348:
4345:
4342:
4338:
4337:
4334:
4331:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4289:
4285:
4280:
4276:
4268:
4263:
4256:
4252:
4249:
4246:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4232:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4097:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4043:
4032:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4008:
4004:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3942:
3935:
3927:
3922:
3916:
3905:
3900:
3896:
3889:
3882:
3878:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3864:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3810:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3779:
3775:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3706:
3700:
3690:
3676:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3610:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3596:
3595:
3588:
3581:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3551:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3499:
3494:
3487:
3486:External links
3484:
3481:
3480:
3461:(1): 103–107.
3443:
3437:978-3527306732
3436:
3408:
3402:978-3527306732
3401:
3373:
3366:
3338:
3328:
3308:
3297:
3277:
3242:
3193:
3182:on 11 May 2016
3163:
3134:
3095:
3066:
3033:
3007:
2988:(1): 217–220.
2968:
2953:
2936:
2901:(2): 207–211.
2881:
2850:
2831:(3): 198–212.
2811:
2765:
2741:
2730:(4): 327–335.
2714:
2697:
2666:
2659:
2634:
2627:
2599:
2562:
2532:
2525:
2507:
2498:
2486:
2460:
2447:
2440:
2412:
2406:978-3527306732
2405:
2372:
2358:
2342:
2312:
2307:10.1086/186961
2293:(2): L67–L71.
2266:
2202:
2137:
2110:(2): 155–162.
2103:Phytochemistry
2092:
2057:
2032:
2015:
1998:
1972:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1891:
1888:
1879:
1876:
1851:
1848:
1836:sodium cyanide
1828:Main article:
1825:
1822:
1791:
1788:
1741:
1738:
1719:Main article:
1716:
1713:
1691:
1682:blood pressure
1658:
1655:
1634:
1631:
1596:
1595:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1564:
1559:
1553:
1545:
1537:
1534:
1523:
1514:
1511:
1503:
1495:
1488:
1485:
1478:
1467:
1452:
1446:
1442:
1434:
1429:
1423:
1415:
1407:
1404:
1393:
1385:
1378:
1375:
1364:
1342:
1330:
1322:
1291:Main article:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1267:
1264:
1225:
1210:sodium nitrite
1199:cyanocobalamin
1191:
1188:
1181:
1177:
1137:, such as the
1115:inner membrane
1106:
1087:Main article:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1001:Main article:
998:
995:
955:
952:
938:
934:
915:
893:
890:
889:
888:
879:functionalized
854:
851:
840:
839:
835:
822:
801:
798:
785:
778:
775:
773:
770:
759:
739:
701:Main article:
698:
695:
666:
663:
653:
635:
632:
615:proceeds from
545:bitter almonds
508:
505:
503:
500:
472:
469:
459:
447:
408:sodium cyanide
336:
333:
332:
327:
323:standard state
320:
317:
316:
309:
306:
303:
302:
293:
292:
288:
287:
282:
280:Conjugate acid
276:
275:
269:
263:
262:
256:
251:
248:
247:
243:
242:
240:
239:
236:
228:
227:
226:
223:
222:
220:
219:
215:
212:
211:
203:
202:
201:
198:
197:
195:
194:
186:
184:
178:
177:
175:
174:
166:
164:
156:
153:
152:
150:
149:
141:
139:
133:
132:
130:
129:
121:
119:
113:
112:
110:
109:
101:
99:
92:
89:
88:
86:
85:
77:
75:
70:
67:
66:
62:
61:
57:
56:
50:
49:
45:
44:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7210:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7170:
7168:
7153:
7145:
7143:
7139:
7135:
7133:
7125:
7123:
7115:
7113:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7092:
7089:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7062:Food politics
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7044:
7042:
7038:
7032:
7029:
7027:(South Korea)
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7010:
7007:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6988:
6985:
6984:
6982:
6980:
6976:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6916:
6914:
6912:
6908:
6904:
6900:
6892:
6891:United States
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6878:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6815:
6812:2011 Germany
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6781:
6776:
6774:
6772:
6769:1996 Odwalla
6767:
6765:
6763:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6729:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6685:
6683:
6681:
6677:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6607:
6605:
6603:
6599:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6554:
6552:
6550:
6546:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6491:
6489:
6487:
6483:
6479:
6475:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6447:
6444:
6443:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6433:
6431:
6429:
6425:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6405:
6403:
6401:
6400:Preservatives
6397:
6391:
6390:Methamidophos
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6367:
6365:
6363:
6359:
6353:
6352:
6348:
6346:
6345:
6340:
6338:
6337:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6320:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6302:
6298:
6296:
6294:
6290:
6288:
6287:
6283:
6281:
6280:
6276:
6274:
6273:
6269:
6267:
6266:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6256:
6254:
6252:
6248:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6231:Toxoplasmosis
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6168:
6166:
6164:
6160:
6156:
6148:
6145:
6144:
6143:
6142:Vegetable oil
6140:
6136:
6133:
6132:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6112:
6110:
6108:
6104:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6049:
6047:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6026:
6021:
6019:
6014:
6012:
6007:
6006:
6003:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5947:
5945:
5941:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5926:
5924:
5922:
5918:
5912:
5909:
5908:
5906:
5904:
5900:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5885:
5883:
5881:
5877:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5837:
5835:
5833:
5829:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5814:
5812:
5810:
5806:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5771:
5769:
5767:
5763:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5739:
5737:
5735:
5731:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5687:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5675:Coumatetralyl
5673:
5671:
5668:
5667:
5665:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5651:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5637:
5633:
5629:
5625:
5618:
5613:
5611:
5606:
5604:
5599:
5598:
5595:
5584:
5579:
5578:
5572:
5567:
5566:
5560:
5556:
5552:
5548:
5543:
5542:
5536:
5534:
5530:
5524:
5518:
5516:
5510:
5508:
5502:
5500:
5494:
5492:
5485:
5483:
5473:
5471:
5464:
5462:
5456:
5454:
5448:
5446:
5440:
5438:
5432:
5430:
5424:
5422:
5416:
5414:
5408:
5405:
5404:
5397:
5395:
5389:
5387:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5375:
5373:
5369:
5363:
5347:
5333:
5331:
5320:
5318:
5310:
5300:
5298:
5294:
5287:
5285:
5275:
5273:
5265:
5249:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5231:
5229:
5217:
5205:
5199:
5197:
5187:
5185:
5174:
5168:
5166:
5162:
5150:
5144:
5142:
5132:
5130:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5117:
5115:
5111:
5105:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5058:
5056:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5007:
5000:
4999:
4992:
4990:
4984:
4982:
4976:
4974:
4964:
4962:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4942:
4940:
4934:
4932:
4926:
4925:
4923:
4919:
4914:
4907:
4902:
4900:
4895:
4893:
4888:
4887:
4884:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4861:Carbonic acid
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4837:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4816:
4810:
4809:Thiofulminate
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4774:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4753:
4751:
4741:
4739:
4733:
4731:
4725:
4723:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4695:
4693:
4687:
4685:
4679:
4677:
4671:
4669:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4646:
4641:
4638:
4631:
4626:
4624:
4619:
4617:
4612:
4611:
4608:
4592:
4589:
4586:
4583:
4580:
4577:
4574:
4571:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4538:
4536:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4521:
4513:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4497:
4495:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4474:
4472:
4464:
4462:
4454:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4438:
4436:
4427:
4419:
4417:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4398:
4394:
4391:
4388:
4385:
4382:
4379:
4376:
4373:
4370:
4367:
4364:
4361:
4358:
4355:
4352:
4349:
4346:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4335:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4319:
4317:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4293:
4281:
4279:
4272:
4269:
4266:
4259:
4253:
4250:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4236:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4181:
4173:
4171:
4163:
4161:
4153:
4151:
4143:
4141:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4118:
4115:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4101:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4047:
4038:
4033:
4031:
4013:
3999:
3991:
3989:
3980:
3972:
3970:
3962:
3960:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3938:
3931:
3923:
3921:
3909:
3901:
3899:
3892:
3885:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3868:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3814:
3805:
3801:
3796:
3794:
3786:
3784:
3770:
3762:
3760:
3752:
3750:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3716:
3712:
3707:
3705:
3695:
3685:
3681:
3672:
3670:
3659:
3653:
3651:
3645:
3643:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3625:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3607:
3602:
3594:
3589:
3587:
3582:
3580:
3575:
3574:
3571:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3455:
3447:
3439:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3420:
3412:
3404:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3385:
3377:
3369:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3350:
3342:
3336:
3331:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3312:
3306:
3305:Extract p. 41
3300:
3294:
3290:
3289:
3281:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3246:
3238:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3207:Plant Physiol
3204:
3197:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3167:
3160:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3131:
3116:
3112:
3105:
3099:
3092:
3080:
3076:
3070:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3018:
3011:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2972:
2965:
2962:
2957:
2950:
2946:
2940:
2926:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2885:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2854:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2815:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2769:
2758:
2751:
2745:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2718:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2701:
2683:
2676:
2670:
2662:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2639:
2630:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2603:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2576:(in German).
2575:
2574:
2566:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2547:(in German).
2546:
2542:
2536:
2528:
2522:
2518:
2511:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2475:
2471:
2464:
2458:
2451:
2443:
2441:3-527-30673-0
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2416:
2408:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2370:
2369:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2330:
2326:
2319:
2317:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2281:
2277:
2270:
2256:on 2008-09-11
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2096:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2029:
2028:0-13-035471-6
2025:
2019:
2012:
2011:0-7506-3365-4
2008:
2002:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1946:
1942:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1915:-benzoquinone
1914:
1909:
1908:prussian blue
1905:
1901:
1897:
1887:
1885:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1850:Food additive
1847:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1674:ketone bodies
1672:
1668:
1664:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1639:Acyl cyanides
1630:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1577:
1574:
1562:
1535:
1521:
1512:
1509:
1501:
1493:
1486:
1483:
1476:
1468:
1450:
1444:
1432:
1405:
1391:
1383:
1376:
1373:
1362:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1338:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1294:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1252:mitochondrial
1249:
1245:
1241:
1240:methemoglobin
1237:
1234:
1231:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1187:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1158:polyurethanes
1155:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1113:found in the
1112:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1090:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1051:→ 2 HCN + 6 H
1037:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1004:
994:
992:
988:
984:
980:
979:Prussian blue
976:
971:
969:
965:
961:
951:
949:
945:
930:
922:
911:
907:
903:
899:
884:
883:
882:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
850:
848:
844:
819:
818:
817:
815:
811:
807:
797:
795:
791:
784:
769:
767:
755:
735:
731:
727:
720:
716:
710:
704:
694:
692:
691:acrylonitrile
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
662:
660:
649:
645:
641:
631:
625:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
601:
599:
595:
594:
589:
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
522:
518:
513:
499:
497:
493:
486:
482:
481:isoelectronic
468:
466:
455:
443:
439:
438:covalent bond
431:
427:
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
393:
388:
386:
382:
381:triple-bonded
378:
374:
370:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
330:
324:
318:
310:
305:
304:
300:
299:
294:
289:
286:
283:
281:
278:
277:
270:
268:
265:
264:
257:
254:
250:
249:
244:
235:
234:
231:
224:
210:
209:
206:
199:
192:
188:
187:
185:
183:
180:
179:
172:
168:
167:
165:
159:
155:
154:
147:
143:
142:
140:
138:
135:
134:
127:
123:
122:
120:
118:
115:
114:
107:
103:
102:
100:
96:
91:
90:
83:
79:
78:
76:
73:
69:
68:
63:
55:
51:
46:
42:
37:
29:
22:
7183:Blood agents
7072:Food quality
6979:Institutions
6813:
6779:
6770:
6761:
6645:Nitrosamines
6408:Benzoic acid
6370:Chlorpyrifos
6349:
6343:
6334:
6317:
6300:
6292:
6284:
6277:
6270:
6263:
6241:Trichuriasis
6226:Toxocariasis
6196:Enterobiasis
6072:Formaldehyde
6066:
5985:Scilliroside
5965:Flupropadine
5859:
5715:Difethialone
5705:Bromadiolone
5628:Rodenticides
5624:Pest control
5581:(a strongly
5575:
5563:
5539:
5399:
5046:
4994:
4866:Bicarbonates
4788:
3600:
3558:
3543:
3458:
3452:
3446:
3417:
3411:
3382:
3376:
3348:
3341:
3318:
3311:
3287:
3280:
3255:
3251:
3245:
3213:(1): 23–27.
3210:
3206:
3196:
3184:. Retrieved
3180:the original
3175:
3166:
3158:
3151:. Retrieved
3147:AbeBooks.com
3146:
3137:
3129:
3122:. Retrieved
3110:
3098:
3090:
3083:. Retrieved
3078:
3069:
3053:
3049:
3036:
3024:. Retrieved
3010:
2985:
2981:
2971:
2963:
2956:
2944:
2939:
2928:. Retrieved
2898:
2894:
2884:
2867:
2863:
2853:
2828:
2824:
2814:
2802:. Retrieved
2785:(1): 28–40.
2782:
2778:
2768:
2744:
2727:
2723:
2717:
2704:
2700:
2689:. Retrieved
2669:
2650:
2609:
2602:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2548:
2544:
2535:
2516:
2510:
2501:
2489:
2477:. Retrieved
2473:
2463:
2450:
2421:
2415:
2386:
2367:
2361:
2353:
2345:
2333:. Retrieved
2328:
2290:
2286:
2269:
2258:. Retrieved
2251:the original
2222:
2218:
2205:
2157:
2153:
2140:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2073:(1): 11–36.
2070:
2066:
2060:
2049:. Retrieved
2035:
2018:
2001:
1989:. Retrieved
1985:the original
1975:
1954:
1945:
1912:
1896:ferricyanide
1893:
1881:
1853:
1833:
1819:
1815:sepia toning
1804:
1793:
1780:insecticides
1777:
1773:dama wallaby
1765:tuberculosis
1763:and spreads
1743:
1740:Pest control
1735:
1724:
1705:tuberculosis
1660:
1657:Medical uses
1636:
1620:
1600:tailing pond
1597:
1310:
1296:
1282:Applications
1269:
1206:amyl nitrite
1203:
1193:
1166:
1151:
1127:cytochrome c
1119:mitochondria
1092:
1059:
1006:
972:
957:
921:hypochlorite
895:
856:
841:
803:
782:
780:
748:and cyanide
734:acetonitrile
721:that have a
712:
668:
637:
602:
591:
585:
526:
474:
465:cyanohydrins
442:acetonitrile
424:
389:
372:
353:
345:
339:
307:Main hazards
296:
65:Identifiers
7152:WikiProject
6989:(Hong Kong)
6726: [
6688:Devon colic
6562:Breast milk
6534:Nonylphenol
6509:Bisphenol A
6446:controversy
6313:Hepatitis E
6308:Hepatitis A
6286:Enterovirus
6279:Cronobacter
6236:Trichinosis
6206:Fasciolosis
6176:Anisakiasis
6147:controversy
6040:Adulterants
5955:Bromethalin
5809:Calciferols
5766:Convulsants
5752:Diphacinone
5720:Flocoumafen
5700:Brodifacoum
4799:Thiocyanate
4776:Carbon ions
3563:(in French)
3548:(in French)
3186:2 September
3153:2 September
3124:2 September
3085:2 September
2617:. pp.
2335:10 December
2276:Hawkins, I.
2047:. July 2006
1927:fluorescent
1925:, which is
1811:photography
1753:New Zealand
1727:coral reefs
1697:World War I
1686:vasodilator
1669:to measure
1623:iron pyrite
1606:dust or by
1329:[Au(CN)
1321:[Ag(CN)
1266:Sensitivity
1248:thiocyanate
997:Manufacture
948:gold mining
777:Protonation
754:cyanohydrin
728:are called
624:thiocyanate
605:hydrogenase
541:antifeedant
539:. It is an
410:(NaCN) and
373:cyano group
301:(OHS/OSH):
246:Properties
126:CHEBI:17514
7198:Toxicology
7167:Categories
6903:Regulation
6886:death toll
6655:Shortening
6620:Acrylamide
6549:Food fraud
6529:Mycotoxins
6362:Pesticides
6336:Salmonella
6211:Giardiasis
6171:Amoebiasis
6115:Flavorings
5975:Norbormide
5921:Carbamates
5911:Phosacetim
5888:Chloralose
5784:Strychnine
5710:Difenacoum
4871:Carbonates
4830:Fullerides
2930:2008-06-28
2870:: 107336.
2691:2022-08-16
2365:NCBI-MeSH
2260:2008-08-23
2051:2008-06-28
1951:"cyanides"
1937:References
1872:table salt
1790:Niche uses
1608:adsorption
1276:bronchitis
1236:hemoglobin
1123:eukaryotic
991:cyanotypes
983:blueprints
964:M-CN bonds
904:by strong
853:Alkylation
806:hydrolysis
800:Hydrolysis
709:Isocyanide
707:See also:
588:Madagascar
569:herbivores
565:glycosides
502:Occurrence
402:. Soluble
348:(from
267:Molar mass
191:OXN4E7L11K
137:ChemSpider
93:3D model (
72:CAS Number
6949:ISO 22000
6911:watchdogs
6907:standards
6881:outbreaks
6782:outbreaks
6660:Trans fat
6572:Olive oil
6494:Aflatoxin
6468:Sucralose
6453:Saccharin
6441:Aspartame
6385:Malathion
6330:Rotavirus
6325:Norovirus
5980:Pyrinuron
5774:Crimidine
5650:Coumarins
4804:Fulminate
4648:Compounds
3258:: 88–91.
2949:CRC Press
2845:0882-7508
2799:132571397
2711:eMedicine
1690:vitamin B
1533:⟶
1403:⟶
1260:rhodanese
1256:rhodanese
1096:inhibitor
944:effluents
898:reductant
772:Reactions
671:pyrolysis
621:cysteinyl
507:In nature
392:inorganic
358:dark blue
342:chemistry
7173:Cyanides
7142:Cookbook
7122:Category
6924:E number
6816:outbreak
6773:outbreak
6764:outbreak
6514:Dieldrin
6463:Sorbitol
6319:Listeria
6259:Botulism
6087:Melamine
6057:Aldicarb
5929:Aldicarb
5670:Warfarin
5348: /
5311: /
5295: /
5266: /
5250: /
5243: /
5218: /
5206: /
5175: /
5163: /
5151: /
5124: /
5024:>C=NR
4921:Hydrides
4913:Nitrogen
4851:Nitrides
4783:Carbides
3237:16658492
3115:Archived
3058:Archived
2964:ABC News
2925:19868035
2804:24 April
2757:Archived
2682:Archived
2368:Nitriles
2354:nitriles
2278:(1993).
2247:16599455
2194:Archived
2190:20488694
2182:12586941
2087:10669009
1991:4 August
1959:. 2014.
1931:UV light
1906:, gives
1813:such as
1731:aquarium
1729:for the
1701:Japanese
1678:diabetic
1643:Cyanogen
1230:nitrites
1190:Antidote
1169:nitriles
1167:Organic
1141:and the
1083:Toxicity
1032:catalyst
1029:platinum
962:to form
910:chlorine
902:oxidized
867:chloride
821:CN + 2 H
808:to give
730:nitriles
703:Nitriles
687:plastics
648:Cyanogen
549:apricots
529:bacteria
492:nitrogen
430:nitriles
420:volatile
406:such as
385:nitrogen
360:') is a
291:Hazards
34:Cyanide
7132:Commons
7005:(Spain)
6814:E. coli
6780:E. coli
6771:E. coli
6762:E. coli
6582:Seafood
6482:poisons
6380:Lindane
6344:E. coli
6303:O157:H7
6295:O104:H4
6097:Sudan I
6067:Cyanide
5860:Cyanide
5845:Arsenic
5747:Pindone
5680:Fumarin
5371:Halides
5009:Organic
4915:species
4794:Cyanate
4789:Cyanide
4402:
3601:cyanide
3475:7423496
3272:2533762
3111:EPA.gov
3079:PubChem
2990:Bibcode
2916:2125457
2582:Bibcode
2479:2 March
2474:srk.com
2295:Bibcode
2227:Bibcode
2162:Bibcode
2154:Science
2132:9431670
2112:Bibcode
2067:Toxicon
1807:jewelry
1784:arsenic
1757:possums
1749:coyotes
1709:leprosy
1627:arsenic
1337:"noble"
1254:enzyme
1250:by the
1233:oxidize
1117:of the
1098:of the
1021:ammonia
1017:methane
927:), and
900:and is
875:synthon
825:O → HCO
814:formate
810:ammonia
762:C(OH)CN
683:tobacco
675:exhaust
630:donor.
609:ligands
590:bamboo
581:tapioca
573:Cassava
557:peaches
521:Nigeria
517:cassava
471:Bonding
426:Organic
356: '
346:cyanide
261:
158:PubChem
82:57-12-5
28:Nitrile
7178:Anions
6587:Shrimp
6524:Dioxin
6478:Toxins
6052:3-MCPD
5943:Others
5934:T-1152
5893:Endrin
5585:oxide)
5583:acidic
5114:Oxides
4846:Oxides
4640:carbon
4541:Th(CN)
4531:Ac(CN)
4516:Yb(CN)
4500:Ho(CN)
4490:Dy(CN)
4477:Gd(CN)
4467:Eu(CN)
4457:Sm(CN)
4441:Pr(CN)
4431:Ce(CN)
4422:Ce(CN)
4412:La(CN)
4322:Bi(CN)
4312:Pb(CN)
4297:Hg(CN)
4275:Au(CN)
4262:Pt(CN)
4255:Pt(CN)
4223:Lu(CN)
4210:Ba(CN)
4185:Te(CN)
4176:Te(CN)
4166:Sb(CN)
4156:Sn(CN)
4146:In(CN)
4136:Cd(CN)
4121:Pd(CN)
4103:Mo(CN)
4076:Sr(CN)
4051:Se(CN)
4042:(SeCN)
3994:As(CN)
3984:Ge(CN)
3975:Ge(CN)
3965:Ga(CN)
3955:Zn(CN)
3941:Ni(CN)
3934:Ni(CN)
3926:Ni(CN)
3912:Co(CN)
3904:Co(CN)
3895:Fe(CN)
3888:Fe(CN)
3881:Fe(CN)
3870:Cr(CN)
3855:Sc(CN)
3843:Ca(CN)
3765:Si(CN)
3755:Al(CN)
3745:Mg(CN)
3638:Be(CN)
3473:
3434:
3399:
3364:
3326:
3295:
3270:
3235:
3228:366431
3225:
3026:8 June
2923:
2913:
2843:
2797:
2657:
2625:
2523:
2438:
2403:
2245:
2188:
2180:
2130:
2085:
2026:
2009:
1923:phenol
1862:E535,
1317:anions
1303:silver
1299:mining
1287:Mining
1272:asthma
1220:iron (
1218:ferric
1212:, and
1100:enzyme
1043:+ 2 NH
1027:and a
1025:oxygen
989:, and
987:bluing
863:halide
847:enzyme
845:is an
626:, the
577:potato
555:, and
553:apples
535:, and
496:carbon
454:methyl
387:atom.
377:carbon
354:kyanos
272:26.018
230:SMILES
48:Names
6730:]
6577:Prawn
6557:Bread
6130:Sugar
5553:, 0,
5245:(HON)
5029:-CONR
4238:W(CN)
4088:Y(CN)
3818:S(CN)
3809:(SCN)
3789:P(CN)
3720:O(CN)
3655:C(CN)
3647:B(CN)
3506:CICAD
3268:S2CID
3118:(PDF)
3107:(PDF)
3061:(PDF)
3056:(3).
3046:(PDF)
3020:(PDF)
2795:S2CID
2760:(PDF)
2753:(PDF)
2685:(PDF)
2678:(PDF)
2647:"163"
2283:(PDF)
2254:(PDF)
2215:(PDF)
2197:(PDF)
2186:S2CID
2150:(PDF)
1759:, an
1671:urine
1610:onto
1274:, or
1143:heart
1064:with
1047:+ 3 O
968:anion
946:from
892:Redox
790:acids
561:sugar
537:algae
533:fungi
483:with
404:salts
383:to a
379:atom
352:
350:Greek
205:InChI
117:ChEBI
95:JSmol
6125:Salt
5512:NHBr
5504:NHCl
5297:ONOO
5126:(NO)
5079:HNCS
5074:HNCO
5069:HOCN
5052:(CN)
4785:, ,
4558:(CN)
4306:TlCN
4288:(CN)
4271:AuCN
4204:CsCN
4130:AgCN
4070:RbCN
4060:BrCN
4036:SeCN
4029:AsCN
4011:AsCN
3949:CuCN
3827:ClCN
3804:-NCS
3782:SiCN
3739:NaCN
3715:-NCO
3684:ONCN
3666:(CN)
3632:LiCN
3471:PMID
3432:ISBN
3397:ISBN
3362:ISBN
3324:ISBN
3293:ISBN
3233:PMID
3188:2016
3155:2016
3126:2016
3087:2016
3028:2011
2921:PMID
2841:ISSN
2806:2022
2655:ISBN
2623:ISBN
2521:ISBN
2481:2021
2436:ISBN
2401:ISBN
2337:2016
2243:PMID
2178:PMID
2128:PMID
2083:PMID
2024:ISBN
2007:ISBN
1993:2009
1919:DMSO
1913:para
1856:iron
1769:kiwi
1707:and
1604:zinc
1582:NaOH
1491:NaCN
1454:NaOH
1448:NaSH
1381:NaCN
1307:gold
1305:and
1184:SiCN
1039:2 CH
1019:and
834:+ NH
812:and
742:−C≡N
723:−C≡N
681:and
652:(CN)
638:The
603:The
586:The
450:−C≡N
434:−C≡N
182:UNII
171:5975
146:5755
6592:Tea
6567:Egg
6375:DDT
5799:RDX
5573:,
5520:NHI
5496:NHF
5450:BrN
5442:ClN
5418:NBr
5410:NCl
5406:(?)
5317:NOO
5281:NNO
5241:HNO
5201:HNO
5177:(NO
5146:HNO
5101:-NO
5096:-NO
5064:NCN
5042:HCN
5037:-CN
5001:(?)
4767:SiC
4735:CSe
4705:COS
4593:No
4590:Md
4587:Fm
4584:Es
4581:Cf
4578:Bk
4575:Cm
4572:Am
4569:Pu
4566:Np
4549:Pa
4526:**
4511:Tm
4508:Er
4485:Tb
4452:Pm
4449:Nd
4395:Og
4392:Ts
4389:Lv
4386:Mc
4383:Fl
4380:Nh
4377:Cn
4374:Rg
4371:Ds
4368:Mt
4365:Hs
4362:Bh
4359:Sg
4356:Db
4353:Rf
4350:Lr
4347:**
4344:Ra
4341:Fr
4336:Rn
4333:At
4330:Po
4251:Ir
4248:Os
4245:Re
4234:Ta
4231:Hf
4198:Xe
4194:ICN
4116:Rh
4113:Ru
4110:Tc
4099:Nb
4096:Zr
4064:Kr
4003:(CH
3877:Mn
3863:Ti
3837:KCN
3831:Ar
3799:SCN
3774:(CH
3733:Ne
3729:FCN
3710:OCN
3693:NCN
3626:He
3616:HCN
3603:ion
3557:".
3542:".
3508:61)
3463:doi
3424:doi
3389:doi
3354:doi
3260:doi
3256:114
3223:PMC
3215:doi
2998:doi
2911:PMC
2903:doi
2872:doi
2868:176
2833:doi
2787:doi
2732:doi
2709:at
2590:doi
2553:doi
2428:doi
2393:doi
2303:doi
2291:413
2235:doi
2223:110
2170:doi
2158:299
2120:doi
2075:doi
1961:doi
1917:in
1870:in
1301:of
1238:to
1176:(CH
1162:ppm
1131:ATP
1121:of
925:ClO
919:),
869:on
750:−CN
746:−OH
713:In
677:of
519:in
498:C.
488:C≡O
479:is
477:C≡N
458:−CH
396:C≡N
390:In
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