523:
52:
7118:
7129:
7149:
7159:
7139:
7108:
1167:, which is a gas and kills by inhalation. For this reason, an air respirator supplied by an external oxygen source must be worn when working with hydrogen cyanide. Hydrogen cyanide is produced by adding acid to a solution containing a cyanide salt. Alkaline solutions of cyanide are safer to use because they do not evolve hydrogen cyanide gas. Hydrogen cyanide may be produced in the combustion of
992:, which are both essentially nontoxic due to the tight binding of the cyanides to a central iron atom. Prussian blue was first accidentally made around 1706, by heating substances containing iron and carbon and nitrogen, and other cyanides made subsequently (and named after it). Among its many uses, Prussian blue gives the blue color to
1812:
during the final finishing stage of the sculpture. On its own, it will produce a very dark shade of blue and is often mixed with other chemicals to achieve the desired tint and hue. It is applied using a torch and paint brush while wearing the standard safety equipment used for any patina
1897:, a method widely used in gold mining. It can also be determined by titration with silver ion. Some analyses begin with an air-purge of an acidified boiling solution, sweeping the vapors into a basic absorber solution. The cyanide salt absorbed in the basic solution is then analyzed.
1326:, finely ground high-grade ore is mixed with the cyanide (at a ratio of about 1:500 parts NaCN to ore); low-grade ores are stacked into heaps and sprayed with a cyanide solution (at a ratio of about 1:1000 parts NaCN to ore). The precious metals are complexed by the cyanide
6738:
1104:
Among the most toxic cyanides are hydrogen cyanide (HCN), sodium cyanide (NaCN), potassium cyanide (KCN), and calcium cyanide (Ca(CN)₂). These compounds are extremely poisonous and require careful handling to avoid severe health risks. The cyanide anion is an
1171:; for this reason, polyurethanes are not recommended for use in domestic and aircraft furniture. Oral ingestion of a small quantity of solid cyanide or a cyanide solution of as little as 200 mg, or exposure to airborne cyanide of 270
1212:, which can be safely eliminated by the kidneys. This method has the advantage of avoiding the formation of methemoglobin (see below). This antidote kit is sold under the brand name Cyanokit and was approved by the U.S. FDA in 2006.
2465:
Young, C. A., & Jordan, T. S. (1995, May). Cyanide remediation: current and past technologies. In: Proceedings of the 10th Annual
Conference on Hazardous Waste Research (pp. 104–129). Kansas State University: Manhattan, KS.
1604:
1476:
2554:(1927). "Über die schnell verlaufenden katalytischen Prozesse in strömenden Gasen und die Ammoniak-Oxydation (V)" [About the quicka catalytic processes in flowing gases and the ammonia oxidation (V)].
1632:
Aqueous cyanide is hydrolyzed rapidly, especially in sunlight. It can mobilize some heavy metals such as mercury if present. Gold can also be associated with arsenopyrite (FeAsS), which is similar to
3102:
Cyanide and hydrogen cyanide are used in electroplating, metallurgy, organic chemicals production, photographic developing, manufacture of plastics, fumigation of ships, and some mining processes.
2290:
6733:
4248:
3565:
1778:
amongst cattle. Possums can become bait shy but the use of pellets containing the cyanide reduces bait shyness. Cyanide has been known to kill native birds, including the endangered
3550:
1269:. Thiocyanate is a relatively non-toxic molecule and is excreted by the kidneys. To accelerate this detoxification, sodium thiosulfate is administered to provide a sulfur donor for
2581:
Andrussow, L. (1935). "Über die katalytische
Oxydation von Ammoniak-Methan-Gemischen zu Blausäure" [About the catalytic oxidation of ammonia-methane mixtures to cyanide].
1706:
contains a cyanide ligand as an artifact of the purification process; this must be removed by the body before the vitamin molecule can be activated for biochemical use. During
4450:
4499:
4486:
1629:
have followed the overflow of tailing ponds at gold mines. Cyanide contamination of waterways has resulted in numerous cases of human and aquatic species mortality.
6901:
4194:
3993:
1853:
is a gas, making it more indiscriminately dangerous, however it is lighter than air and rapidly disperses up into the atmosphere, which makes it ineffective as a
1281:
Minimum risk levels (MRLs) may not protect for delayed health effects or health effects acquired following repeated sublethal exposure, such as hypersensitivity,
4638:
4540:
4476:
4466:
4232:
1813:
application: rubber gloves, safety glasses, and a respirator. The actual amount of cyanide in the mixture varies according to the recipes used by each foundry.
4509:
4331:
3774:
4550:
4431:
4316:
4185:
3984:
2871:"A review of gold extraction using alternatives to cyanide: Focus on current status and future prospects of the novel eco-friendly synthetic gold lixiviants"
4440:
4293:
4060:
4003:
2204:
6866:
4421:
4085:
3951:
3647:
853:
4175:
3864:
2692:
6896:
6352:
4165:
4097:
3429:
3394:
3141:
Sodium cyanide was initially registered as a pesticide on
December 23, 1947, to control ants on uncultivated agricultural and non-agricultural areas.
2433:
2398:
6856:
4563:
4272:
4155:
4051:
2055:
3657:
3170:
Another field in which cyanide is used in growing quantity is the eradication of rats and other vermin – especially in the fight against typhus.
6033:
5506:
4321:
3729:
3125:
2156:
Reissmann, Stefanie; Hochleitner, Elisabeth; Wang, Haofan; Paschos, Athanasios; Lottspeich, Friedrich; Glass, Richard S.; Böck, August (2003).
3068:
6788:
5530:
5522:
3527:
7041:
6755:
4914:
3027:
1482:
240:
6979:
4631:
1363:
1905:
Because of the notorious toxicity of cyanide, many methods have been investigated. Benzidine gives a blue coloration in the presence of
1877:
E536, and
Calcium ferrocyanide E538) do not decompose to lethal levels in the human body and are used in the food industry as, e.g., an
1648:
The second major application of alkali metal cyanides (after mining) is in the production of CN-containing compounds, usually nitriles.
3462:
Ganjeloo, A; Isom, GE; Morgan, RL; Way, JL (1980). "Fluorometric determination of cyanide in biological fluids with p-benzoquinone*1".
2222:
1793:
for fumigating ships. Cyanide salts are used for killing ants, and have in some places been used as rat poison (the less toxic poison
6817:
3502:
3182:
2786:"Remediation of cyanide-contaminated environments through microbes and plants: a review of current knowledge and future perspectives"
6861:
6723:
3392:
Gail, Ernst; Gos, Stephen; Kulzer, Rupprecht; Lorösch, Jürgen; Rubo, Andreas; Sauer, Manfred (2004). "Cyano
Compounds, Inorganic".
1991:
6831:
2971:
725:
3154:"Tariff Information, 1921: Hearings on General Tariff Revision Before the Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives"
5625:
4624:
1767:
1744:
and seafood markets. The practice is controversial, dangerous, and damaging but is driven by the lucrative exotic fish market.
1613:
or spent heap, the recoverable gold having been removed. The metal is recovered from the "pregnant solution" by reduction with
1136:
cells. It attaches to the iron within this protein. The binding of cyanide to this enzyme prevents transport of electrons from
7203:
6822:
6770:
6675:
3376:
3338:
3307:
2669:
2637:
2535:
2988:
7162:
7025:
6836:
6765:
6690:
6509:
1786:, another introduced marsupial pest in New Zealand. A licence is required to store, handle and use cyanide in New Zealand.
1140:
to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted, meaning that the cell can no longer aerobically produce
2767:
570:. Chemical compounds that can release cyanide are known as cyanogenic compounds. In plants, cyanides are usually bound to
7013:
6891:
3464:
2784:
Kumar, Rahul; Saha, Shouvik; Sarita, Dhaka; Mayur B., Kurade; Kang, Chan Ung; Baek, Seung Han; Jeong, Byong-Hun (2016).
6026:
3601:
3446:
3411:
2415:
3522:
7030:
6989:
6954:
6939:
6921:
6846:
6625:
2450:
2038:
2021:
215:
7035:
6871:
6802:
6797:
4907:
4835:
4113:
3880:
603:
554:
in a number of plants. Cyanides are found in substantial amounts in certain seeds and fruit stones, e.g., those of
339:
6974:
6881:
6745:
6660:
6423:
2016:
Greenwood, N. N.; & Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the
Elements (2nd Edn.), Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann.
1771:
2396:
Rubo, Andreas; Kellens, Raf; Reddy, Jay; Steier, Norbert; Hasenpusch, Wolfgang (2006). "Alkali Metal
Cyanides".
2157:
7003:
6876:
6713:
6680:
5799:
308:
1831:
Although usually thought to be toxic, cyanide and cyanohydrins increase germination in various plant species.
7198:
6779:
6169:
6019:
1626:
64:
3153:
2685:
1013:
7142:
7008:
1747:
Poachers in Africa have been known to use cyanide to poison waterholes, to kill elephants for their ivory.
1125:
192:
1257:
enzyme is restored. The major mechanism to remove the cyanide from the body is by enzymatic conversion to
7062:
6760:
6718:
6072:
4900:
4647:
3261:
Mullick, P.; Chatterji, U. N. (1967). "Effect of sodium cyanide on germination of two leguminous seeds".
433:
liquid that is produced on a large scale industrially. It is obtained by acidification of cyanide salts.
2051:
1845:
Deliberate cyanide poisoning of humans has occurred many times throughout history. Common salts such as
7057:
5618:
689:
7087:
6807:
3114:
2785:
2516:
Sharpe, A. G. The
Chemistry of Cyano Complexes of the Transition Metals; Academic Press: London, 1976
3579:
6949:
6310:
6302:
6145:
3160:. US Congress, House Committee on Ways and Means, US Government Printing Office. 1921. p. 3987
3053:
2113:
1894:
1609:
The "pregnant liquor" containing these ions is separated from the solids, which are discarded to a
1121:
31:
17:
2831:
1253:, which competes with cytochrome oxidase for the cyanide ion. Cyanmethemoglobin is formed and the
6929:
6841:
6282:
6157:
5980:
4616:
4285:
2870:
2832:"Non-cyanide Leaching Processes in Gold Hydrometallurgy and Iodine-Iodide Applications: A Review"
1691:
patients. On occasion, it is used in emergency medical situations to produce a rapid decrease in
1182:
do not readily release cyanide ions, and so have low toxicities. By contrast, compounds such as
6997:
6917:
6812:
6635:
6514:
5960:
5409:
4954:
4525:
3783:
3594:
1874:
1805:
1183:
1149:
1141:
985:
684:
of certain materials under oxygen-deficient conditions. For example, it can be detected in the
430:
116:
3345:
2657:
2629:
2619:
7193:
7019:
6969:
6964:
6708:
6456:
5804:
5611:
5485:
5388:
5004:
3798:
3315:
2431:
Pollak, Peter; Romeder, Gérard; Hagedorn, Ferdinand; Gelbke, Heinz-Peter (2000). "Nitriles".
2033:
G. L. Miessler and D. A. Tarr "Inorganic
Chemistry" 3rd Ed, Pearson/Prentice Hall publisher,
815:
Cyanide is unstable in water, but the reaction is slow until about 170 °C. It undergoes
3512:
2261:
889:
888:; i.e., it can be used to lengthen a carbon chain by one, while retaining the ability to be
884:). In general, organic cyanides are called nitriles. In organic synthesis, cyanide is a C-1
7132:
6446:
6275:
6130:
6000:
5651:
5420:
5401:
5199:
5187:
3974:
3358:
3085:
3000:
2592:
2335:
2305:
2237:
2172:
2122:
1755:
1673:
1113:
981:
can be attributed to its negative charge, compactness, and ability to engage in π-bonding.
977:. This reaction is the basis of cyanide's toxicity. The high affinities of metals for this
201:
3538:
Toxicological
Profile for Cyanide, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, July 2006
3190:
2716:
2480:
156:
8:
7208:
7092:
6851:
6549:
5875:
5850:
5428:
5393:
5144:
4665:
4306:
4130:
4026:
3922:
1870:
1145:
627:
608:
522:
82:
7148:
3004:
2596:
2309:
2291:"Interstellar Cyanogen and the Temperature of the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation"
2241:
2176:
2126:
136:
92:
6750:
6703:
6645:
6529:
6201:
5842:
5665:
5436:
5299:
5136:
4720:
3913:
3278:
2926:
2805:
2196:
1995:
1929:
1914:
1677:
1254:
1224:
1157:
654:
402:
3238:
3213:
2134:
2089:
7183:
7077:
6886:
6572:
6206:
6191:
6173:
6087:
5865:
5312:
4765:
4745:
3959:
3847:
3837:
3764:
3754:
3739:
3665:
3587:
3532:
3481:
3477:
3442:
3407:
3372:
3334:
3303:
3243:
2931:
2851:
2809:
2665:
2633:
2583:
2531:
2504:
Botz Michael M. Overview of cyanide treatment methods. Elbow Creek Engineering, Inc.
2446:
2411:
2253:
2188:
2138:
2093:
2034:
2017:
1840:
1661:
1657:
1640:. Gold-containing arsenopyrite ores are similarly reactive toward inorganic cyanide.
1172:
1099:
1019:
970:
939:
422:
410:
372:
2200:
6728:
6640:
6620:
6468:
6438:
6054:
5913:
5860:
5581:
5360:
5255:
5180:
5052:
4737:
4715:
4699:
4691:
4080:
4070:
3935:
3891:
3827:
3694:
3684:
3672:
3626:
3473:
3434:
3399:
3364:
3282:
3270:
3233:
3225:
3054:"Effectiveness of cyanide pellets for control of dama wallabies (Macropus eugenii)"
3008:
2921:
2913:
2901:
2882:
2843:
2797:
2742:
2625:
2600:
2563:
2551:
2438:
2403:
2313:
2245:
2180:
2130:
2085:
1971:
1922:
1910:
1878:
1850:
1809:
1622:
1320:: It helps dissolve these metals allowing separation from the other solids. In the
1303:
1205:
1164:
1106:
1076:
1072:
1023:
804:
776:
755:. Nitriles usually do not release cyanide ions. A functional group with a hydroxyl
736:
729:
623:
436:
426:
414:
379:
295:
263:
3403:
3360:
Geochemical processes in soil and groundwater: measurement – modelling – upscaling
2801:
1350:
than gold and often occurs as the sulfide, in which case redox is not invoked (no
872:, cyano groups are readily introduced into organic molecules by displacement of a
505:
N≡N. A triple bond exists between C and N. The negative charge is concentrated on
7188:
6944:
6650:
6612:
6582:
6428:
6361:
6226:
6211:
6135:
6102:
5970:
5827:
5789:
5752:
5543:
5345:
5243:
4819:
4777:
4753:
4707:
4683:
4670:
4281:
4214:
4204:
4145:
4012:
3852:
3642:
3328:
3297:
2886:
2847:
2360:
1966:
1854:
1731:
1322:
997:
916:
881:
669:
650:
495:
181:
7152:
3537:
2830:
Konyratbekova, Saltanat Sabitovna; Baikonurova, Aliya; Akcil, Ata (2015-05-04).
2760:
2746:
2467:
7067:
6231:
6196:
6092:
5890:
5880:
5832:
5744:
5497:
5452:
5444:
5124:
5111:
5089:
4988:
4866:
4861:
4725:
4675:
4265:
4219:
4140:
3944:
3814:
3749:
3708:
3698:
2286:
1846:
1692:
1220:
1209:
908:
418:
360:
333:
290:
2869:
Zhang, Yan; Cui, Mingyao; Wang, Jianguo; Liu, Xiaoliang; Lyu, Xianjun (2022).
2766:(Report). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2006. pp. 18–19.
2505:
7177:
7072:
6592:
6400:
6261:
6241:
6152:
6117:
5701:
5685:
5646:
5603:
5561:
5460:
5323:
5307:
5278:
4967:
4871:
4045:
3438:
2855:
2604:
2567:
2442:
2407:
2377:
2220:
1918:
1684:
1262:
1250:
989:
974:
701:
555:
491:
448:
368:
3356:
2184:
1976:
1625:. This process can result in environmental and health problems. A number of
7122:
7082:
6597:
6418:
6410:
6380:
6251:
6236:
6082:
5995:
5975:
5725:
5715:
5634:
5569:
5514:
5468:
5332:
5156:
5132:
5094:
3964:
3905:
3898:
3818:
3507:
3357:
Schulz, Horst D.; Hadeler, Astrid; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (2003).
3247:
2935:
2257:
2192:
2097:
1906:
1825:
1783:
1775:
1715:
1649:
1610:
1216:
1215:
An older cyanide antidote kit included administration of three substances:
1168:
1137:
1129:
931:
744:
622:
attached to iron in their active sites. The biosynthesis of cyanide in the
452:
30:
This article is about the class of chemical compounds. For other uses, see
3485:
3368:
2733:
Chaudhary, M.; Gupta, R. (2012). "Cyanide Detoxifying Enzyme: Rhodanese".
2221:
Pieniazek, Piotr A.; Bradforth, Stephen E.; Krylov, Anna I. (2005-12-07).
2158:"Taming of a Poison: Biosynthesis of the NiFe-Hydrogenase Cyanide Ligands"
2142:
7112:
6698:
6655:
6587:
6567:
6544:
6519:
6323:
6318:
6296:
6289:
6246:
6216:
6186:
6042:
5965:
5762:
5730:
5710:
5638:
5476:
5262:
5211:
5175:
4876:
4809:
3808:
3427:
Schwenecke, H.; Mayer, D. (2005). "Benzidine and Benzidine Derivatives".
2917:
1937:
1821:
1790:
1779:
1763:
1707:
1700:
1696:
1633:
1347:
1258:
958:
869:
764:
685:
634:
615:
551:
475:
391:
2664:(illustrated ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 939.
2363:
1961:
1239:(so that cyanide will bind to the antidote rather than the enzyme). The
1071:
Sodium cyanide, the precursor to most cyanides, is produced by treating
6913:
6665:
6630:
6559:
6346:
6221:
6181:
6050:
6011:
5985:
5921:
5898:
5794:
5776:
5720:
5084:
3725:
3274:
3229:
1882:
1737:
1618:
1286:
1246:
993:
816:
719:
598:
326:
is one of the most poisonous chemicals. It may cause death in minutes.
277:
147:
2249:
1772:
introduced marsupial that threatens the conservation of native species
1599:{\displaystyle {\ce {4 Au + 8 NaCN + O2 + 2 H2O -> 4 Na + 4 NaOH}}}
803:
stronger than hydrogen cyanide to solutions of cyanide salts releases
6959:
6670:
6602:
6577:
6539:
6504:
6496:
6478:
6463:
6451:
6395:
6372:
6340:
6335:
6125:
5990:
5931:
5819:
5784:
5557:
5287:
5230:
5070:
4976:
4881:
4856:
4840:
4814:
3609:
3508:
HSE recommendations for first aid treatment of cyanide poisoning (UK)
2959:
2721:
1270:
1266:
1133:
1001:
912:
681:
579:
575:
539:
352:
3012:
2989:"Animal attendance at M-44 sodium cyanide ejector sites for coyotes"
2962:, 2006, Chapter 11.2: "Use of Cyanide for Capturing Live Reef Fish".
1471:{\displaystyle {\ce {Ag2S + 4 NaCN + H2O -> 2 Na + NaSH + NaOH}}}
611:, which eats the bamboo, has developed a high tolerance to cyanide.
332:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
6934:
6524:
6473:
6329:
6269:
6097:
6067:
5939:
5680:
5660:
5565:
5251:
5062:
4946:
4923:
4892:
2317:
1941:
1741:
1688:
1653:
1042:
1039:
954:
920:
877:
713:
658:
502:
395:
4646:
2284:
1994:. International Cyanide Management Institute. 2006. Archived from
115:
51:
6390:
6107:
5855:
5757:
5690:
5587:
5575:
5551:
5218:
5163:
5106:
5079:
5047:
4962:
4938:
4804:
4793:
3719:
1849:
are involatile but water-soluble, so are poisonous by ingestion.
1817:
1794:
1719:
1637:
1243:
1240:
1179:
1031:
1027:
885:
824:
820:
740:
697:
693:
631:
591:
583:
559:
531:
527:
440:
168:
38:
2111:
Jones, D. A. (1998). "Why are so many food plants cyanogenic?".
1636:(fool's gold), wherein half of the sulfur atoms are replaced by
1197:
readily release HCN or the cyanide ion upon contact with water.
984:
Among the most important cyanide coordination compounds are the
590:-like food grown in tropical countries (and the base from which
474:). Although nitriles generally do not release cyanide ions, the
6534:
6492:
6062:
5944:
5903:
4650:
2336:"Facts about cyanide:Where cyanide is found and how it is used"
2155:
1933:
1759:
1313:
1309:
1282:
1228:
1110:
1035:
873:
857:
619:
587:
506:
464:
387:
3533:
Eating apple seeds is safe despite the small amount of cyanide
3503:
ATSDR medical management guidelines for cyanide poisoning (US)
1913:
added to a solution of cyanide, such as the filtrate from the
6488:
6140:
5039:
5034:
5026:
4996:
3516:
2829:
2223:"Spectroscopy of the Cyano Radical in an Aqueous Environment"
1711:
1681:
1327:
1153:
978:
800:
607:
produces cyanide as a deterrent to grazing. In response, the
571:
567:
563:
547:
543:
127:
105:
7107:
405:
cyanides, the cyanide group is present as the cyanide anion
5593:
3528:
National Pollutant Inventory – Cyanide compounds fact sheet
2430:
1866:
1762:
and other canids. Cyanide is also used for pest control in
1614:
1317:
1227:. The goal of the antidote was to generate a large pool of
3523:
IPCS/CEC Evaluation of antidotes for poisoning by cyanides
3115:"Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Sodium Cyanide"
1018:
The principal process used to manufacture cyanides is the
6385:
5809:
2987:
Shivik, John A.; Mastro, Lauren; Young, Julie K. (2014).
2525:
1865:
Because of the high stability of their complexation with
1578:
1537:
1517:
1448:
1407:
1378:
1289:. MRLs may be revised after sufficient data accumulates.
2954:
Dzombak, David A; Ghosh, Rajat S; Wong-Chong, George M.
3564:
Institut national de recherche et de sécurité (1997). "
3549:
Institut national de recherche et de sécurité (1997). "
3426:
2783:
1357:
is required). Instead, a displacement reaction occurs:
2395:
1736:
Cyanides are illegally used to capture live fish near
775:). Unlike nitriles, cyanohydrins do release poisonous
429:, also known as hydrogen cyanide, or HCN, is a highly
3461:
3302:(4th ed.). Government Printing Off. p. 41.
3092:. National Center for Biotechnology Information. 2016
1485:
1366:
3391:
3330:
Benders' dictionary of nutrition and food technology
6867:
2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak
2972:
Poachers kill 80 elephants with cyanide in Zimbabwe
2836:
Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review
1156:, are particularly affected. This is an example of
953:). These oxidizers are used to destroy cyanides in
675:
3333:(7th ed.). Woodhead Publishing. p. 459.
3299:Medical Management of Chemical Casualties Handbook
3211:
2076:Vetter, J. (2000). "Plant cyanogenic glycosides".
1598:
1470:
680:Hydrogen cyanide is produced by the combustion or
2986:
1944:gives a green/blue glow if the test is positive.
704:, release hydrogen cyanide when heated or burnt.
7175:
3260:
3175:
2056:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
1782:. Cyanide is also effective for controlling the
1710:, a copper cyanide compound was briefly used by
1014:Hydrogen cyanide § Production and synthesis
180:
2977:, 25 September 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
2868:
1725:
1699:in vascular research. The cobalt in artificial
1643:
1175:, is sufficient to cause death within minutes.
799:of hydrogen cyanide is 9.21. Thus, addition of
91:
5633:
3430:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
3395:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
3327:Bender, David A.; Bender, Arnold Eric (1997).
3146:
2732:
2556:Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft
2434:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
2399:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
1652:are produced from acyl chlorides and cyanide.
594:is made), also contain cyanogenic glycosides.
6027:
5619:
4908:
4632:
3595:
2468:https://engg.ksu.edu/HSRC/95Proceed/young.pdf
1992:"Environmental and Health Effects of Cyanide"
1932:reacts with inorganic cyanide to form a cyano
1888:
7042:Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition
6857:2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak
6756:1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal
3326:
2662:Interface of neurology and internal medicine
2342:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
6980:United Kingdom food information regulations
3052:Shapiro, Lee; et al. (21 March 2011).
2902:"The treatment of leprosy with cyanocuprol"
2506:http://www.botz.com/MEMCyanideTreatment.pdf
2478:
6034:
6020:
5626:
5612:
4915:
4901:
4639:
4625:
3602:
3588:
3214:"Promotion of Seed Germination by Cyanide"
3107:
2618:Nelson, David L.; Cox, Michael M. (2000).
2459:
2391:
2389:
2387:
1273:, needed in order to produce thiocyanate.
1235:) to compete for cyanide with cytochrome a
1144:for energy. Tissues that depend highly on
155:
6818:2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak
3551:Cyanure d'hydrogène et solutions aqueuses
3237:
2925:
2651:
2649:
2617:
2580:
2550:
1975:
1591:
1549:
1526:
1500:
1490:
1419:
1390:
827:, which are far less toxic than cyanide:
763:bonded to the same carbon atom is called
586:roots (also called manioc), an important
200:
6862:2018 Australian strawberry contamination
6724:Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident
6041:
3033:. New Zealand Department of Conservation
1808:is used to achieve a blue color on cast
1664:are derived from alkali metal cyanides.
668:, is used to measure the temperature of
521:
6832:2011 United States listeriosis outbreak
3566:Cyanure de sodium. Cyanure de potassium
3051:
2384:
2340:CDC Emergency preparedness and response
14:
7176:
6847:2015 Mozambique funeral beer poisoning
6424:Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)
3632:
3610:Salts and covalent derivatives of the
3295:
2899:
2655:
2646:
2481:"Cyanide Destruction | SRK Consulting"
2329:
2327:
2075:
1758:are used in the United States to kill
707:
644:
27:Any molecule with a cyano group (–C≡N)
6015:
5607:
4896:
4620:
4410:
3583:
3212:Taylorson, R.; Hendricks, SB (1973).
3025:
2110:
1219:pearls (administered by inhalation),
964:
227:Key: XFXPMWWXUTWYJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
135:
7138:
7026:Institute for Food Safety and Health
6766:Australian meat substitution scandal
6734:Moroccan oil poisoning disaster 1959
6510:Arsenic contamination of groundwater
4922:
2906:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
2526:Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. (2001).
2519:
2498:
2333:
2104:
1900:
868:Because of the cyanide anion's high
574:molecules in the form of cyanogenic
7158:
7014:Food Information and Control Agency
3465:Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology
2948:
2621:Lehniger Principles of Biochemistry
2472:
2324:
2230:The Journal of Physical Chemistry A
1346:(dicyanoaurate(I)). Silver is less
1330:to form soluble derivatives, e.g.,
1308:Cyanide is mainly produced for the
171:
24:
3189:. 18 November 2013. Archived from
3028:"The use of 1080 for pest control"
1984:
1834:
463:), the cyanide group is bonded to
25:
7220:
7031:International Food Safety Network
6955:International Food Safety Network
6676:Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
6626:Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein
6353:Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic
5981:1,3-Difluoro-2-propanol (Gliftor)
3496:
2761:Toxicological Profile for Cyanide
538:Cyanides are produced by certain
7157:
7147:
7137:
7128:
7127:
7116:
7106:
7036:Ministry of Food and Drug Safety
6872:Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal
6803:2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak
6798:ICA meat repackaging controversy
4836:Graphite intercalation compounds
3572:, Paris: INRS, 6 pp. (PDF file,
3557:, Paris: INRS, 5 pp. (PDF file,
3074:from the original on 2015-02-03.
2773:from the original on 2004-03-31.
2686:"MSDS of trimethylsilyl cyanide"
2210:from the original on 2020-11-23.
1860:
1714:physicians for the treatment of
1695:in humans; it is also used as a
700:, especially those derived from
676:Pyrolysis and combustion product
604:Cathariostachys madagascariensis
50:
6975:Quality Assurance International
6882:Food safety incidents in Taiwan
6852:2017 Brazil Operation Weak Meat
6746:1971 Iraq poison grain disaster
6661:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
3455:
3420:
3385:
3350:
3320:
3289:
3263:Plant Systematics and Evolution
3254:
3205:
3183:"Deadliest Poisons Used by Man"
3131:from the original on 2022-10-10
3124:. 1 September 1994. p. 7.
3078:
3045:
3019:
2980:
2965:
2893:
2862:
2823:
2777:
2753:
2726:
2709:
2698:from the original on 2022-10-10
2678:
2611:
2574:
2544:
2510:
2424:
2370:
2354:
2278:
1750:
1667:
1292:
1163:The most hazardous compound is
336:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
7004:European Food Safety Authority
6877:Food safety incidents in China
6714:1858 Bradford sweets poisoning
6681:Water fluoridation controversy
5800:Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine
3061:New Zealand Journal of Ecology
2214:
2149:
2069:
2044:
2027:
2010:
1954:
1581:
1568:
1562:
1554:
1543:
1451:
1438:
1432:
1424:
1413:
1276:
1007:
969:The cyanide anion reacts with
860:that catalyzes this reaction.
787:
309:Occupational safety and health
13:
1:
3513:Hydrogen cyanide and cyanides
3404:10.1002/14356007.a08_159.pub2
2802:10.1080/12269328.2016.1218303
2530:. San Diego: Academic Press.
2135:10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00425-1
2090:10.1016/S0041-0101(99)00128-2
1947:
1820:-making and certain kinds of
1800:
1120:), the fourth complex of the
863:
810:
743:. An example of a nitrile is
578:and defend the plant against
512:
7009:Food and Drug Administration
6691:Food contamination incidents
3478:10.1016/0041-008X(80)90225-2
2887:10.1016/j.mineng.2021.107336
2848:10.1080/08827508.2014.942813
1726:Illegal fishing and poaching
1644:Industrial organic chemistry
1208:reacts with cyanide to form
782:
517:
447:group is linked by a single
439:cyanides are usually called
7:
7063:Food and drink prohibitions
6837:Bihar school meal poisoning
6761:United Kingdom BSE outbreak
6719:1900 English beer poisoning
6073:Antibiotic use in livestock
2747:10.2174/2211550111201040327
2285:Roth, K. C.; Meyer, D. M.;
1200:
1093:
690:internal combustion engines
451:to carbon. For example, in
382:. This group, known as the
10:
7225:
7058:Curing (food preservation)
6131:Monosodium glutamate (MSG)
4412:
3570:Fiche toxicologique n° 111
2900:Takano, R. (August 1916).
2717:Cyanide Toxicity~treatment
2624:(3rd ed.). New York:
1889:Chemical tests for cyanide
1838:
1729:
1338:(dicyanoargentate(I)) and
1301:
1097:
1011:
717:
711:
653:CN has been identified in
481:
36:
29:
7101:
7088:Genetically modified food
7050:
6988:
6940:Food labeling regulations
6912:
6808:2008 Chinese milk scandal
6689:
6611:
6558:
6487:
6437:
6409:
6371:
6260:
6168:
6116:
6049:
5953:
5930:
5912:
5889:
5841:
5818:
5775:
5743:
5699:
5673:
5659:
5645:
5542:
5381:
5123:
5019:
4931:
4849:
4828:
4786:
4658:
3634:
3619:
3363:. Wiley-VCH. p. 67.
3026:Green, Wren (July 2004).
2993:Wildlife Society Bulletin
2956:Cyanide in Water and Soil
2298:The Astrophysical Journal
1893:Cyanide is quantified by
1687:mainly as a follow-up to
1297:
330:
306:
301:
256:
236:
211:
75:
63:
58:
49:
7204:Nitrogen(−III) compounds
6950:Food safety in Australia
6146:High-fructose corn syrup
3555:Fiche toxicologique n° 4
3439:10.1002/14356007.a03_539
2605:10.1002/ange.19350483702
2568:10.1002/cber.19270600857
2443:10.1002/14356007.a17_363
2408:10.1002/14356007.i01_i01
1895:potentiometric titration
1816:Cyanide is also used in
1122:electron transport chain
902:
618:enzymes contain cyanide
526:Removal of cyanide from
425:(KCN) are highly toxic.
37:Not to be confused with
32:Cyanide (disambiguation)
6930:Acceptable daily intake
6842:2013 horse meat scandal
6283:Clostridium perfringens
3433:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
3398:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
2437:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
2402:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
2185:10.1126/science.1080972
1977:10.1351/goldbook.C01486
1627:environmental disasters
792:Cyanide is basic. The p
670:interstellar gas clouds
478:do and are thus toxic.
6998:Centre for Food Safety
6813:2008 Irish pork crisis
6515:Benzene in soft drinks
4648:Inorganic compounds of
2334:Anon (June 27, 2013).
1940:. Illumination with a
1875:Potassium ferrocyanide
1806:Potassium ferrocyanide
1600:
1472:
1184:trimethylsilyl cyanide
1150:central nervous system
986:potassium ferrocyanide
535:
7020:Food Standards Agency
6970:Organic certification
6965:Nutrition facts label
6709:Esing Bakery incident
6497:environment pollution
5805:Chlorophenylsilatrane
5652:Vitamin K antagonists
3369:10.1002/9783527609703
2790:Geosystem Engineering
2735:Current Biotechnology
2656:Biller, José (2007).
2052:"ToxFAQs for Cyanide"
1789:Cyanides are used as
1672:The cyanide compound
1601:
1473:
1084:HCN + NaOH → NaCN + H
907:The cyanide ion is a
525:
65:Systematic IUPAC name
7199:Mitochondrial toxins
6789:2006 North American
6447:Acesulfame potassium
6276:Campylobacter jejuni
6170:Intestinal parasites
6043:Consumer food safety
6001:Sodium fluoroacetate
3544:Safety data (French)
2918:10.1084/jem.24.2.207
2875:Minerals Engineering
2691:. Gelest Inc. 2008.
1674:sodium nitroprusside
1483:
1364:
1114:cytochrome c oxidase
630:, which converts to
224:InChI=1S/CN/c1-2/q-1
69:Nitridocarbonate(II)
7093:Conspiracy theories
6646:Heterocyclic amines
6550:Shellfish poisoning
5851:Aluminium phosphide
5843:Inorganic compounds
3346:Extract of page 459
3005:2014WSBu...38..217S
2597:1935AngCh..48..593A
2528:Inorganic Chemistry
2310:1993ApJ...413L..67R
2242:2006JPCA..110.4854P
2177:2003Sci...299.1067R
2171:(5609): 1067–1070.
2127:1998PChem..47..155J
1998:on 30 November 2012
1871:Sodium ferrocyanide
1766:, particularly for
1756:M44 cyanide devices
1580:
1539:
1519:
1450:
1409:
1380:
1146:aerobic respiration
1034:in the presence of
708:Organic derivatives
645:Interstellar medium
628:carbamoyl phosphate
609:golden bamboo lemur
501:and with molecular
443:. In nitriles, the
411:extremely poisonous
285: g·mol
46:
6751:Toxic oil syndrome
6704:Swill milk scandal
6530:Diethylstilbestrol
6202:Diphyllobothriasis
5961:α-Naphthylthiourea
5666:4-Hydroxycoumarins
4850:Oxides and related
3275:10.1007/BF01373937
3230:10.1104/pp.52.1.23
1915:sodium fusion test
1678:clinical chemistry
1676:is used mainly in
1596:
1560:
1527:
1507:
1468:
1430:
1397:
1368:
1255:cytochrome oxidase
1225:sodium thiosulfate
1158:histotoxic hypoxia
965:Metal complexation
919:such as molecular
726:IUPAC nomenclature
655:interstellar space
536:
340:Infobox references
44:
7171:
7170:
7078:Food preservation
6887:Foodborne illness
6439:Sugar substitutes
6192:Cryptosporidiosis
6174:parasitic disease
6088:HGH controversies
6055:food contaminants
6009:
6008:
5866:Calcium phosphide
5771:
5770:
5739:
5738:
5601:
5600:
4890:
4889:
4614:
4613:
4608:
4607:
3378:978-3-527-27766-7
3340:978-1-85573-475-3
3309:978-0-16-081320-7
2671:978-0-7817-7906-7
2639:978-1-57259-153-0
2584:Angewandte Chemie
2552:Andrussow, Leonid
2537:978-0-12-352651-9
2479:Dmitry Yermakov.
2250:10.1021/jp0545952
2236:(14): 4854–4865.
1901:Qualitative tests
1869:, ferrocyanides (
1841:Cyanide poisoning
1810:bronze sculptures
1797:is more common).
1662:cyanuric chloride
1660:, and the trimer
1658:cyanogen chloride
1594:
1567:
1559:
1552:
1542:
1530:
1510:
1503:
1493:
1466:
1460:
1437:
1429:
1422:
1412:
1400:
1393:
1383:
1371:
1116:(also known as aa
1100:Cyanide poisoning
1026:is produced from
1022:in which gaseous
1020:Andrussow process
971:transition metals
940:hydrogen peroxide
897:RX + CN → RCN + X
876:group (e.g., the
854:Cyanide hydrolase
730:organic compounds
624:NiFe hydrogenases
423:potassium cyanide
373:chemical compound
348:Chemical compound
346:
345:
117:Interactive image
16:(Redirected from
7216:
7161:
7160:
7151:
7141:
7140:
7131:
7130:
7123:Drink portal
7121:
7120:
7119:
7111:
7110:
7022:(United Kingdom)
6771:Jack in the Box
6742:
6729:Minamata disease
6641:Food irradiation
6621:4-Hydroxynonenal
6469:Sodium cyclamate
6312:Escherichia coli
6304:Escherichia coli
6036:
6029:
6022:
6013:
6012:
5914:Organophosphorus
5876:Thallium sulfate
5861:Barium carbonate
5700:2nd generation (
5671:
5670:
5657:
5656:
5628:
5621:
5614:
5605:
5604:
5591:
5579:
5555:
5544:Oxidation states
5373:
5372:
5341:
5340:
5275:
5274:
5239:
5238:
5227:
5226:
5172:
5171:
4917:
4910:
4903:
4894:
4893:
4653:and related ions
4641:
4634:
4627:
4618:
4617:
4573:
4556:
4546:
4531:
4515:
4505:
4492:
4482:
4472:
4456:
4446:
4437:
4427:
4337:
4327:
4312:
4303:
4238:
4225:
4200:
4191:
4181:
4171:
4161:
4151:
4136:
4103:
4091:
4066:
4057:
4048:
4041:
4023:
4009:
3999:
3990:
3980:
3970:
3941:
3931:
3930:
3919:
3870:
3858:
3833:
3824:
3811:
3804:
3794:
3780:
3770:
3760:
3735:
3722:
3715:
3705:
3691:
3653:
3623:
3622:
3604:
3597:
3590:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3560:
3490:
3489:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3354:
3348:
3344:
3324:
3318:
3313:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3241:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3187:PlanetDeadly.com
3179:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3165:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3136:
3130:
3119:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3097:
3086:"Sodium Cyanide"
3082:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3058:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3032:
3023:
3017:
3016:
2984:
2978:
2969:
2963:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2929:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2765:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2730:
2724:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2697:
2690:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2653:
2644:
2643:
2630:668, 670–71, 676
2626:Worth Publishers
2615:
2609:
2608:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2562:(8): 2005–2018.
2548:
2542:
2541:
2523:
2517:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2476:
2470:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2393:
2382:
2374:
2368:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2331:
2322:
2321:
2295:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2266:
2260:. Archived from
2227:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2162:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2048:
2042:
2031:
2025:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1958:
1921:. A solution of
1911:Iron(II) sulfate
1879:anticaking agent
1851:Hydrogen cyanide
1623:activated carbon
1605:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1584:
1579:
1576:
1571:
1565:
1557:
1550:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1528:
1518:
1515:
1508:
1501:
1491:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1446:
1441:
1435:
1427:
1420:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1398:
1391:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1369:
1356:
1345:
1337:
1304:Gold cyanidation
1234:
1206:Hydroxocobalamin
1196:
1165:hydrogen cyanide
1089:
1077:sodium hydroxide
1073:hydrogen cyanide
1067:
1024:hydrogen cyanide
988:and the pigment
952:
937:
929:
917:oxidizing agents
898:
849:
844:
843:
840:
805:hydrogen cyanide
777:hydrogen cyanide
774:
762:
758:
754:
737:functional group
735:
667:
640:
500:
489:
486:The cyanide ion
473:
462:
446:
427:Hydrocyanic acid
409:. This anion is
408:
386:, consists of a
380:functional group
378:
375:that contains a
325:
322:The cyanide ion
296:Hydrogen cyanide
284:
271:
264:Chemical formula
204:
184:
173:
159:
139:
119:
95:
54:
47:
43:
21:
7224:
7223:
7219:
7218:
7217:
7215:
7214:
7213:
7174:
7173:
7172:
7167:
7117:
7115:
7113:Food portal
7105:
7097:
7046:
6984:
6945:Food libel laws
6908:
6736:
6685:
6651:Modified starch
6613:Food processing
6607:
6554:
6483:
6433:
6429:Sodium benzoate
6405:
6367:
6362:Vibrio cholerae
6256:
6227:Gnathostomiasis
6212:Fasciolopsiasis
6164:
6112:
6103:Mercury in fish
6045:
6040:
6010:
6005:
5971:Fluoroacetamide
5949:
5926:
5908:
5885:
5837:
5828:Cholecalciferol
5814:
5790:Phenylsilatrane
5767:
5753:Chlorophacinone
5745:1,3-Indandiones
5735:
5695:
5664:
5650:
5641:
5632:
5602:
5597:
5585:
5573:
5549:
5538:
5534:
5526:
5518:
5510:
5501:
5493:
5489:
5480:
5472:
5464:
5456:
5448:
5440:
5432:
5424:
5414:
5405:
5397:
5377:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5339:
5336:
5335:
5334:
5327:
5320:
5316:
5303:
5295:
5291:
5282:
5273:
5270:
5269:
5268:
5266:
5259:
5247:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5232:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5220:
5215:
5207:
5203:
5195:
5191:
5184:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5165:
5160:
5152:
5148:
5140:
5119:
5115:
5102:
5098:
5074:
5066:
5043:
5030:
5015:
5009:
5000:
4992:
4984:
4980:
4971:
4958:
4950:
4942:
4927:
4921:
4891:
4886:
4867:Metal carbonyls
4845:
4824:
4782:
4773:
4769:
4761:
4757:
4749:
4741:
4733:
4729:
4711:
4703:
4695:
4687:
4679:
4654:
4645:
4615:
4610:
4609:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4555:
4551:
4545:
4541:
4530:
4526:
4514:
4510:
4504:
4500:
4491:
4487:
4481:
4477:
4471:
4467:
4455:
4451:
4445:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4432:
4426:
4422:
4336:
4332:
4326:
4322:
4311:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4278:
4276:
4271:
4269:
4252:
4237:
4233:
4224:
4220:
4199:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4186:
4180:
4176:
4170:
4166:
4160:
4156:
4150:
4146:
4135:
4131:
4117:
4102:
4098:
4090:
4086:
4065:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4052:
4050:
4046:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4004:
3998:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3985:
3979:
3975:
3969:
3965:
3955:
3950:
3948:
3943:
3940:
3936:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3921:
3918:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3902:
3897:
3895:
3884:
3869:
3865:
3857:
3853:
3832:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3803:
3799:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3775:
3769:
3765:
3759:
3755:
3734:
3730:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3713:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3680:
3676:
3671:
3669:
3661:
3652:
3648:
3615:
3608:
3573:
3558:
3499:
3494:
3493:
3460:
3456:
3449:
3425:
3421:
3414:
3390:
3386:
3379:
3355:
3351:
3341:
3325:
3321:
3310:
3296:Bernan (2008).
3294:
3290:
3259:
3255:
3210:
3206:
3196:
3194:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3163:
3161:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3117:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3095:
3093:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3071:
3056:
3050:
3046:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3024:
3020:
3013:10.1002/wsb.361
2985:
2981:
2970:
2966:
2953:
2949:
2940:
2938:
2898:
2894:
2867:
2863:
2828:
2824:
2814:
2812:
2782:
2778:
2770:
2763:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2731:
2727:
2714:
2710:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2672:
2654:
2647:
2640:
2616:
2612:
2591:(37): 593–595.
2579:
2575:
2549:
2545:
2538:
2524:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2503:
2499:
2489:
2487:
2477:
2473:
2464:
2460:
2453:
2429:
2425:
2418:
2394:
2385:
2375:
2371:
2361:IUPAC Gold Book
2359:
2355:
2345:
2343:
2332:
2325:
2293:
2283:
2279:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2225:
2219:
2215:
2207:
2160:
2154:
2150:
2109:
2105:
2074:
2070:
2061:
2059:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2032:
2028:
2015:
2011:
2001:
1999:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1967:IUPAC Gold Book
1960:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1903:
1891:
1863:
1855:chemical weapon
1843:
1837:
1835:Human poisoning
1803:
1753:
1734:
1732:Cyanide fishing
1728:
1704:
1670:
1646:
1577:
1572:
1561:
1553:
1536:
1531:
1516:
1511:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1447:
1442:
1431:
1423:
1406:
1401:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1355:
1351:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1323:cyanide process
1306:
1300:
1295:
1279:
1238:
1232:
1203:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1119:
1102:
1096:
1087:
1083:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1016:
1010:
967:
951:
947:
943:
935:
928:
924:
905:
896:
882:methyl chloride
870:nucleophilicity
866:
848:
841:
838:
837:
835:
831:
813:
798:
790:
785:
772:
768:
760:
756:
752:
748:
733:
722:
716:
710:
696:smoke. Certain
678:
666:
662:
651:cyanide radical
647:
638:
520:
515:
498:
496:carbon monoxide
487:
484:
472:
468:
460:
456:
444:
406:
376:
349:
342:
337:
323:
319:
282:
269:
266:
252:
249:
244:
243:
232:
229:
228:
225:
219:
218:
207:
187:
174:
162:
142:
122:
109:
98:
85:
71:
70:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7222:
7212:
7211:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7169:
7168:
7166:
7165:
7155:
7145:
7135:
7125:
7102:
7099:
7098:
7096:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7068:Food marketing
7065:
7060:
7054:
7052:
7051:Related topics
7048:
7047:
7045:
7044:
7039:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7017:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6994:
6992:
6986:
6985:
6983:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6926:
6924:
6910:
6909:
6907:
6906:
6905:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6786:
6777:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6695:
6693:
6687:
6686:
6684:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6636:Food additives
6633:
6628:
6623:
6617:
6615:
6609:
6608:
6606:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6564:
6562:
6556:
6555:
6553:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6501:
6499:
6485:
6484:
6482:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6460:
6459:
6449:
6443:
6441:
6435:
6434:
6432:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6415:
6413:
6407:
6406:
6404:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6377:
6375:
6369:
6368:
6366:
6365:
6358:
6350:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6308:
6300:
6293:
6286:
6279:
6272:
6266:
6264:
6262:Microorganisms
6258:
6257:
6255:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6232:Paragonimiasis
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6197:Cyclosporiasis
6194:
6189:
6184:
6178:
6176:
6166:
6165:
6163:
6162:
6161:
6160:
6150:
6149:
6148:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6122:
6120:
6118:Food additives
6114:
6113:
6111:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6093:Lead poisoning
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6059:
6057:
6047:
6046:
6039:
6038:
6031:
6024:
6016:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5957:
5955:
5951:
5950:
5948:
5947:
5942:
5936:
5934:
5928:
5927:
5925:
5924:
5918:
5916:
5910:
5909:
5907:
5906:
5901:
5895:
5893:
5891:Organochlorine
5887:
5886:
5884:
5883:
5881:Zinc phosphide
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5847:
5845:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5835:
5833:Ergocalciferol
5830:
5824:
5822:
5816:
5815:
5813:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5781:
5779:
5773:
5772:
5769:
5768:
5766:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5749:
5747:
5741:
5740:
5737:
5736:
5734:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5707:
5705:
5702:Superwarfarins
5697:
5696:
5694:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5677:
5675:
5674:1st generation
5668:
5654:
5647:Anticoagulants
5643:
5642:
5631:
5630:
5623:
5616:
5608:
5599:
5598:
5548:
5546:
5540:
5539:
5537:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5412:
5407:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5385:
5383:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5375:
5369:
5362:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5337:
5330:
5325:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5301:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5280:
5271:
5264:
5257:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5235:
5223:
5213:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5182:
5178:
5168:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5129:
5127:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5032:
5028:
5023:
5021:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5007:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4969:
4965:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4935:
4933:
4929:
4928:
4920:
4919:
4912:
4905:
4897:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4853:
4851:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4843:
4838:
4832:
4830:
4829:Nanostructures
4826:
4825:
4823:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4790:
4788:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4780:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4668:
4662:
4660:
4656:
4655:
4644:
4643:
4636:
4629:
4621:
4612:
4611:
4606:
4605:
4602:
4599:
4596:
4593:
4590:
4587:
4584:
4581:
4578:
4575:
4570:
4566:
4561:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4534:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4520:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4461:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4415:
4414:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4404:
4401:
4398:
4395:
4392:
4389:
4386:
4383:
4380:
4377:
4374:
4371:
4368:
4365:
4362:
4359:
4356:
4353:
4349:
4348:
4345:
4342:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4300:
4296:
4291:
4287:
4279:
4274:
4267:
4263:
4260:
4257:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4243:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4125:
4122:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4108:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4077:
4076:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4054:
4043:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4019:
4015:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3953:
3946:
3938:
3933:
3927:
3916:
3911:
3907:
3900:
3893:
3889:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3875:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3821:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3790:
3786:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3717:
3711:
3701:
3687:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3621:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3607:
3606:
3599:
3592:
3584:
3578:
3577:
3562:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3510:
3505:
3498:
3497:External links
3495:
3492:
3491:
3472:(1): 103–107.
3454:
3448:978-3527306732
3447:
3419:
3413:978-3527306732
3412:
3384:
3377:
3349:
3339:
3319:
3308:
3288:
3253:
3204:
3193:on 11 May 2016
3174:
3145:
3106:
3077:
3044:
3018:
2999:(1): 217–220.
2979:
2964:
2947:
2912:(2): 207–211.
2892:
2861:
2842:(3): 198–212.
2822:
2776:
2752:
2741:(4): 327–335.
2725:
2708:
2677:
2670:
2645:
2638:
2610:
2573:
2543:
2536:
2518:
2509:
2497:
2471:
2458:
2451:
2423:
2417:978-3527306732
2416:
2383:
2369:
2353:
2323:
2318:10.1086/186961
2304:(2): L67–L71.
2277:
2213:
2148:
2121:(2): 155–162.
2114:Phytochemistry
2103:
2068:
2043:
2026:
2009:
1983:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1902:
1899:
1890:
1887:
1862:
1859:
1847:sodium cyanide
1839:Main article:
1836:
1833:
1802:
1799:
1752:
1749:
1730:Main article:
1727:
1724:
1702:
1693:blood pressure
1669:
1666:
1645:
1642:
1607:
1606:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1575:
1570:
1564:
1556:
1548:
1545:
1534:
1525:
1522:
1514:
1506:
1499:
1496:
1489:
1478:
1463:
1457:
1453:
1445:
1440:
1434:
1426:
1418:
1415:
1404:
1396:
1389:
1386:
1375:
1353:
1341:
1333:
1302:Main article:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1278:
1275:
1236:
1221:sodium nitrite
1210:cyanocobalamin
1202:
1199:
1192:
1188:
1148:, such as the
1126:inner membrane
1117:
1098:Main article:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1012:Main article:
1009:
1006:
966:
963:
949:
945:
926:
904:
901:
900:
899:
890:functionalized
865:
862:
851:
850:
846:
833:
812:
809:
796:
789:
786:
784:
781:
770:
750:
712:Main article:
709:
706:
677:
674:
664:
646:
643:
626:proceeds from
556:bitter almonds
519:
516:
514:
511:
483:
480:
470:
458:
419:sodium cyanide
347:
344:
343:
338:
334:standard state
331:
328:
327:
320:
317:
314:
313:
304:
303:
299:
298:
293:
291:Conjugate acid
287:
286:
280:
274:
273:
267:
262:
259:
258:
254:
253:
251:
250:
247:
239:
238:
237:
234:
233:
231:
230:
226:
223:
222:
214:
213:
212:
209:
208:
206:
205:
197:
195:
189:
188:
186:
185:
177:
175:
167:
164:
163:
161:
160:
152:
150:
144:
143:
141:
140:
132:
130:
124:
123:
121:
120:
112:
110:
103:
100:
99:
97:
96:
88:
86:
81:
78:
77:
73:
72:
68:
67:
61:
60:
56:
55:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7221:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7181:
7179:
7164:
7156:
7154:
7150:
7146:
7144:
7136:
7134:
7126:
7124:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7103:
7100:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7073:Food politics
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7055:
7053:
7049:
7043:
7040:
7038:(South Korea)
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7021:
7018:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
6999:
6996:
6995:
6993:
6991:
6987:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6927:
6925:
6923:
6919:
6915:
6911:
6903:
6902:United States
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6889:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6826:
6823:2011 Germany
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6792:
6787:
6785:
6783:
6780:1996 Odwalla
6778:
6776:
6774:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6740:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6696:
6694:
6692:
6688:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6618:
6616:
6614:
6610:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6565:
6563:
6561:
6557:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6502:
6500:
6498:
6494:
6490:
6486:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6458:
6455:
6454:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6444:
6442:
6440:
6436:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6416:
6414:
6412:
6411:Preservatives
6408:
6402:
6401:Methamidophos
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6378:
6376:
6374:
6370:
6364:
6363:
6359:
6357:
6356:
6351:
6349:
6348:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6331:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6313:
6309:
6307:
6305:
6301:
6299:
6298:
6294:
6292:
6291:
6287:
6285:
6284:
6280:
6278:
6277:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6267:
6265:
6263:
6259:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6242:Toxoplasmosis
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6179:
6177:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6159:
6156:
6155:
6154:
6153:Vegetable oil
6151:
6147:
6144:
6143:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6123:
6121:
6119:
6115:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6060:
6058:
6056:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6037:
6032:
6030:
6025:
6023:
6018:
6017:
6014:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5958:
5956:
5952:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5937:
5935:
5933:
5929:
5923:
5920:
5919:
5917:
5915:
5911:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5896:
5894:
5892:
5888:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5848:
5846:
5844:
5840:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5825:
5823:
5821:
5817:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5782:
5780:
5778:
5774:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5750:
5748:
5746:
5742:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5698:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5686:Coumatetralyl
5684:
5682:
5679:
5678:
5676:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5662:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5648:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5629:
5624:
5622:
5617:
5615:
5610:
5609:
5606:
5595:
5590:
5589:
5583:
5578:
5577:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5554:
5553:
5547:
5545:
5541:
5535:
5529:
5527:
5521:
5519:
5513:
5511:
5505:
5503:
5496:
5494:
5484:
5482:
5475:
5473:
5467:
5465:
5459:
5457:
5451:
5449:
5443:
5441:
5435:
5433:
5427:
5425:
5419:
5416:
5415:
5408:
5406:
5400:
5398:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5386:
5384:
5380:
5374:
5358:
5344:
5342:
5331:
5329:
5321:
5311:
5309:
5305:
5298:
5296:
5286:
5284:
5276:
5260:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5242:
5240:
5228:
5216:
5210:
5208:
5198:
5196:
5185:
5179:
5177:
5173:
5161:
5155:
5153:
5143:
5141:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5126:
5122:
5116:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5069:
5067:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5018:
5011:
5010:
5003:
5001:
4995:
4993:
4987:
4985:
4975:
4973:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4953:
4951:
4945:
4943:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4930:
4925:
4918:
4913:
4911:
4906:
4904:
4899:
4898:
4895:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4872:Carbonic acid
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4848:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4827:
4821:
4820:Thiofulminate
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4789:
4785:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4764:
4762:
4752:
4750:
4744:
4742:
4736:
4734:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4706:
4704:
4698:
4696:
4690:
4688:
4682:
4680:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4657:
4652:
4649:
4642:
4637:
4635:
4630:
4628:
4623:
4622:
4619:
4603:
4600:
4597:
4594:
4591:
4588:
4585:
4582:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4549:
4547:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4532:
4524:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4508:
4506:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4485:
4483:
4475:
4473:
4465:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4449:
4447:
4438:
4430:
4428:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4409:
4405:
4402:
4399:
4396:
4393:
4390:
4387:
4384:
4381:
4378:
4375:
4372:
4369:
4366:
4363:
4360:
4357:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4346:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4330:
4328:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4304:
4292:
4290:
4283:
4280:
4277:
4270:
4264:
4261:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4247:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4192:
4184:
4182:
4174:
4172:
4164:
4162:
4154:
4152:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4112:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4058:
4049:
4044:
4042:
4024:
4010:
4002:
4000:
3991:
3983:
3981:
3973:
3971:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3949:
3942:
3934:
3932:
3920:
3912:
3910:
3903:
3896:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3879:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3825:
3816:
3812:
3807:
3805:
3797:
3795:
3781:
3773:
3771:
3763:
3761:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3727:
3723:
3718:
3716:
3706:
3696:
3692:
3683:
3681:
3670:
3664:
3662:
3656:
3654:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3636:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3618:
3613:
3605:
3600:
3598:
3593:
3591:
3586:
3585:
3582:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3466:
3458:
3450:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3431:
3423:
3415:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3396:
3388:
3380:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3361:
3353:
3347:
3342:
3336:
3332:
3331:
3323:
3317:
3316:Extract p. 41
3311:
3305:
3301:
3300:
3292:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3257:
3249:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3218:Plant Physiol
3215:
3208:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3178:
3171:
3159:
3155:
3149:
3142:
3127:
3123:
3116:
3110:
3103:
3091:
3087:
3081:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3055:
3048:
3029:
3022:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2983:
2976:
2973:
2968:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2937:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2896:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2865:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2826:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2780:
2769:
2762:
2756:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2729:
2723:
2719:
2718:
2712:
2694:
2687:
2681:
2673:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2650:
2641:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2614:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2587:(in German).
2586:
2585:
2577:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2558:(in German).
2557:
2553:
2547:
2539:
2533:
2529:
2522:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2469:
2462:
2454:
2452:3-527-30673-0
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2435:
2427:
2419:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2381:
2380:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2341:
2337:
2330:
2328:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2292:
2288:
2281:
2267:on 2008-09-11
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2224:
2217:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2107:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2072:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2040:
2039:0-13-035471-6
2036:
2030:
2023:
2022:0-7506-3365-4
2019:
2013:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1957:
1953:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1926:-benzoquinone
1925:
1920:
1919:prussian blue
1916:
1912:
1908:
1898:
1896:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1861:Food additive
1858:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1733:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1685:ketone bodies
1683:
1679:
1675:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1650:Acyl cyanides
1641:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1588:
1585:
1573:
1546:
1532:
1523:
1520:
1512:
1504:
1497:
1494:
1487:
1479:
1461:
1455:
1443:
1416:
1402:
1394:
1387:
1384:
1373:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1349:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1263:mitochondrial
1260:
1256:
1252:
1251:methemoglobin
1248:
1245:
1242:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1198:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1169:polyurethanes
1166:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1124:found in the
1123:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1101:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1062:→ 2 HCN + 6 H
1048:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1015:
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
990:Prussian blue
987:
982:
980:
976:
972:
962:
960:
956:
941:
933:
922:
918:
914:
910:
895:
894:
893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
861:
859:
855:
830:
829:
828:
826:
822:
818:
808:
806:
802:
795:
780:
778:
766:
746:
742:
738:
731:
727:
721:
715:
705:
703:
702:acrylonitrile
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
673:
671:
660:
656:
652:
642:
636:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
612:
610:
606:
605:
600:
595:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
533:
529:
524:
510:
508:
504:
497:
493:
492:isoelectronic
479:
477:
466:
454:
450:
449:covalent bond
442:
438:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
404:
399:
397:
393:
392:triple-bonded
389:
385:
381:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
341:
335:
329:
321:
316:
315:
311:
310:
305:
300:
297:
294:
292:
289:
288:
281:
279:
276:
275:
268:
265:
261:
260:
255:
246:
245:
242:
235:
221:
220:
217:
210:
203:
199:
198:
196:
194:
191:
190:
183:
179:
178:
176:
170:
166:
165:
158:
154:
153:
151:
149:
146:
145:
138:
134:
133:
131:
129:
126:
125:
118:
114:
113:
111:
107:
102:
101:
94:
90:
89:
87:
84:
80:
79:
74:
66:
62:
57:
53:
48:
40:
33:
19:
7194:Blood agents
7083:Food quality
6990:Institutions
6824:
6790:
6781:
6772:
6656:Nitrosamines
6419:Benzoic acid
6381:Chlorpyrifos
6360:
6354:
6345:
6328:
6311:
6303:
6295:
6288:
6281:
6274:
6252:Trichuriasis
6237:Toxocariasis
6207:Enterobiasis
6083:Formaldehyde
6077:
5996:Scilliroside
5976:Flupropadine
5870:
5726:Difethialone
5716:Bromadiolone
5639:Rodenticides
5635:Pest control
5592:(a strongly
5586:
5574:
5550:
5410:
5057:
5005:
4877:Bicarbonates
4799:
3611:
3569:
3554:
3469:
3463:
3457:
3428:
3422:
3393:
3387:
3359:
3352:
3329:
3322:
3298:
3291:
3266:
3262:
3256:
3224:(1): 23–27.
3221:
3217:
3207:
3195:. Retrieved
3191:the original
3186:
3177:
3169:
3162:. Retrieved
3158:AbeBooks.com
3157:
3148:
3140:
3133:. Retrieved
3121:
3109:
3101:
3094:. Retrieved
3089:
3080:
3064:
3060:
3047:
3035:. Retrieved
3021:
2996:
2992:
2982:
2974:
2967:
2955:
2950:
2939:. Retrieved
2909:
2905:
2895:
2878:
2874:
2864:
2839:
2835:
2825:
2813:. Retrieved
2796:(1): 28–40.
2793:
2789:
2779:
2755:
2738:
2734:
2728:
2715:
2711:
2700:. Retrieved
2680:
2661:
2620:
2613:
2588:
2582:
2576:
2559:
2555:
2546:
2527:
2521:
2512:
2500:
2488:. Retrieved
2484:
2474:
2461:
2432:
2426:
2397:
2378:
2372:
2364:
2356:
2344:. Retrieved
2339:
2301:
2297:
2280:
2269:. Retrieved
2262:the original
2233:
2229:
2216:
2168:
2164:
2151:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2084:(1): 11–36.
2081:
2077:
2071:
2060:. Retrieved
2046:
2029:
2012:
2000:. Retrieved
1996:the original
1986:
1965:
1956:
1923:
1907:ferricyanide
1904:
1892:
1864:
1844:
1830:
1826:sepia toning
1815:
1804:
1791:insecticides
1788:
1784:dama wallaby
1776:tuberculosis
1774:and spreads
1754:
1751:Pest control
1746:
1735:
1716:tuberculosis
1671:
1668:Medical uses
1647:
1631:
1611:tailing pond
1608:
1321:
1307:
1293:Applications
1280:
1217:amyl nitrite
1214:
1204:
1177:
1162:
1138:cytochrome c
1130:mitochondria
1103:
1070:
1017:
983:
968:
932:hypochlorite
906:
867:
852:
814:
793:
791:
759:and cyanide
745:acetonitrile
732:that have a
723:
679:
648:
613:
602:
596:
537:
485:
476:cyanohydrins
453:acetonitrile
435:
400:
383:
364:
356:
350:
318:Main hazards
307:
76:Identifiers
7163:WikiProject
7000:(Hong Kong)
6737: [
6699:Devon colic
6573:Breast milk
6545:Nonylphenol
6520:Bisphenol A
6457:controversy
6324:Hepatitis E
6319:Hepatitis A
6297:Enterovirus
6290:Cronobacter
6247:Trichinosis
6217:Fasciolosis
6187:Anisakiasis
6158:controversy
6051:Adulterants
5966:Bromethalin
5820:Calciferols
5777:Convulsants
5763:Diphacinone
5731:Flocoumafen
5711:Brodifacoum
4810:Thiocyanate
4787:Carbon ions
3574:(in French)
3559:(in French)
3197:2 September
3164:2 September
3135:2 September
3096:2 September
2628:. pp.
2346:10 December
2287:Hawkins, I.
2058:. July 2006
1938:fluorescent
1936:, which is
1822:photography
1764:New Zealand
1738:coral reefs
1708:World War I
1697:vasodilator
1680:to measure
1634:iron pyrite
1617:dust or by
1340:[Au(CN)
1332:[Ag(CN)
1277:Sensitivity
1259:thiocyanate
1008:Manufacture
959:gold mining
788:Protonation
765:cyanohydrin
739:are called
635:thiocyanate
616:hydrogenase
552:antifeedant
550:. It is an
421:(NaCN) and
384:cyano group
312:(OHS/OSH):
257:Properties
137:CHEBI:17514
7209:Toxicology
7178:Categories
6914:Regulation
6897:death toll
6666:Shortening
6631:Acrylamide
6560:Food fraud
6540:Mycotoxins
6373:Pesticides
6347:Salmonella
6222:Giardiasis
6182:Amoebiasis
6126:Flavorings
5986:Norbormide
5932:Carbamates
5922:Phosacetim
5899:Chloralose
5795:Strychnine
5721:Difenacoum
4882:Carbonates
4841:Fullerides
2941:2008-06-28
2881:: 107336.
2702:2022-08-16
2376:NCBI-MeSH
2271:2008-08-23
2062:2008-06-28
1962:"cyanides"
1948:References
1883:table salt
1801:Niche uses
1619:adsorption
1287:bronchitis
1247:hemoglobin
1134:eukaryotic
1002:cyanotypes
994:blueprints
975:M-CN bonds
915:by strong
864:Alkylation
817:hydrolysis
811:Hydrolysis
720:Isocyanide
718:See also:
599:Madagascar
580:herbivores
576:glycosides
513:Occurrence
413:. Soluble
359:(from
278:Molar mass
202:OXN4E7L11K
148:ChemSpider
104:3D model (
83:CAS Number
6960:ISO 22000
6922:watchdogs
6918:standards
6892:outbreaks
6793:outbreaks
6671:Trans fat
6583:Olive oil
6505:Aflatoxin
6479:Sucralose
6464:Saccharin
6452:Aspartame
6396:Malathion
6341:Rotavirus
6336:Norovirus
5991:Pyrinuron
5785:Crimidine
5661:Coumarins
4815:Fulminate
4659:Compounds
3269:: 88–91.
2960:CRC Press
2856:0882-7508
2810:132571397
2722:eMedicine
1701:vitamin B
1544:⟶
1414:⟶
1271:rhodanese
1267:rhodanese
1107:inhibitor
955:effluents
909:reductant
783:Reactions
682:pyrolysis
632:cysteinyl
518:In nature
403:inorganic
369:dark blue
353:chemistry
7184:Cyanides
7153:Cookbook
7133:Category
6935:E number
6827:outbreak
6784:outbreak
6775:outbreak
6525:Dieldrin
6474:Sorbitol
6330:Listeria
6270:Botulism
6098:Melamine
6068:Aldicarb
5940:Aldicarb
5681:Warfarin
5359: /
5322: /
5306: /
5277: /
5261: /
5254: /
5229: /
5217: /
5186: /
5174: /
5162: /
5135: /
5035:>C=NR
4932:Hydrides
4924:Nitrogen
4862:Nitrides
4794:Carbides
3248:16658492
3126:Archived
3069:Archived
2975:ABC News
2936:19868035
2815:24 April
2768:Archived
2693:Archived
2379:Nitriles
2365:nitriles
2289:(1993).
2258:16599455
2205:Archived
2201:20488694
2193:12586941
2098:10669009
2002:4 August
1970:. 2014.
1942:UV light
1917:, gives
1824:such as
1742:aquarium
1740:for the
1712:Japanese
1689:diabetic
1654:Cyanogen
1241:nitrites
1201:Antidote
1180:nitriles
1178:Organic
1152:and the
1094:Toxicity
1043:catalyst
1040:platinum
973:to form
921:chlorine
913:oxidized
878:chloride
832:CN + 2 H
819:to give
741:nitriles
714:Nitriles
698:plastics
659:Cyanogen
560:apricots
540:bacteria
503:nitrogen
441:nitriles
431:volatile
417:such as
396:nitrogen
371:') is a
302:Hazards
45:Cyanide
18:Cyanides
7143:Commons
7016:(Spain)
6825:E. coli
6791:E. coli
6782:E. coli
6773:E. coli
6593:Seafood
6493:poisons
6391:Lindane
6355:E. coli
6314:O157:H7
6306:O104:H4
6108:Sudan I
6078:Cyanide
5871:Cyanide
5856:Arsenic
5758:Pindone
5691:Fumarin
5382:Halides
5020:Organic
4926:species
4805:Cyanate
4800:Cyanide
4413:
3612:cyanide
3486:7423496
3283:2533762
3122:EPA.gov
3090:PubChem
3001:Bibcode
2927:2125457
2593:Bibcode
2490:2 March
2485:srk.com
2306:Bibcode
2238:Bibcode
2173:Bibcode
2165:Science
2143:9431670
2123:Bibcode
2078:Toxicon
1818:jewelry
1795:arsenic
1768:possums
1760:coyotes
1720:leprosy
1638:arsenic
1348:"noble"
1265:enzyme
1261:by the
1244:oxidize
1128:of the
1109:of the
1032:ammonia
1028:methane
938:), and
911:and is
886:synthon
836:O → HCO
825:formate
821:ammonia
773:C(OH)CN
694:tobacco
686:exhaust
641:donor.
620:ligands
601:bamboo
592:tapioca
584:Cassava
568:peaches
532:Nigeria
528:cassava
482:Bonding
437:Organic
367: '
357:cyanide
272:
169:PubChem
93:57-12-5
39:Nitrile
7189:Anions
6598:Shrimp
6535:Dioxin
6489:Toxins
6063:3-MCPD
5954:Others
5945:T-1152
5904:Endrin
5596:oxide)
5594:acidic
5125:Oxides
4857:Oxides
4651:carbon
4552:Th(CN)
4542:Ac(CN)
4527:Yb(CN)
4511:Ho(CN)
4501:Dy(CN)
4488:Gd(CN)
4478:Eu(CN)
4468:Sm(CN)
4452:Pr(CN)
4442:Ce(CN)
4433:Ce(CN)
4423:La(CN)
4333:Bi(CN)
4323:Pb(CN)
4308:Hg(CN)
4286:Au(CN)
4273:Pt(CN)
4266:Pt(CN)
4234:Lu(CN)
4221:Ba(CN)
4196:Te(CN)
4187:Te(CN)
4177:Sb(CN)
4167:Sn(CN)
4157:In(CN)
4147:Cd(CN)
4132:Pd(CN)
4114:Mo(CN)
4087:Sr(CN)
4062:Se(CN)
4053:(SeCN)
4005:As(CN)
3995:Ge(CN)
3986:Ge(CN)
3976:Ga(CN)
3966:Zn(CN)
3952:Ni(CN)
3945:Ni(CN)
3937:Ni(CN)
3923:Co(CN)
3915:Co(CN)
3906:Fe(CN)
3899:Fe(CN)
3892:Fe(CN)
3881:Cr(CN)
3866:Sc(CN)
3854:Ca(CN)
3776:Si(CN)
3766:Al(CN)
3756:Mg(CN)
3649:Be(CN)
3484:
3445:
3410:
3375:
3337:
3306:
3281:
3246:
3239:366431
3236:
3037:8 June
2934:
2924:
2854:
2808:
2668:
2636:
2534:
2449:
2414:
2256:
2199:
2191:
2141:
2096:
2037:
2020:
1934:phenol
1873:E535,
1328:anions
1314:silver
1310:mining
1298:Mining
1283:asthma
1231:iron (
1229:ferric
1223:, and
1111:enzyme
1054:+ 2 NH
1038:and a
1036:oxygen
1000:, and
998:bluing
874:halide
858:enzyme
856:is an
637:, the
588:potato
566:, and
564:apples
546:, and
507:carbon
465:methyl
398:atom.
388:carbon
365:kyanos
283:26.018
241:SMILES
59:Names
6741:]
6588:Prawn
6568:Bread
6141:Sugar
5564:, 0,
5256:(HON)
5040:-CONR
4249:W(CN)
4099:Y(CN)
3829:S(CN)
3820:(SCN)
3800:P(CN)
3731:O(CN)
3666:C(CN)
3658:B(CN)
3517:CICAD
3279:S2CID
3129:(PDF)
3118:(PDF)
3072:(PDF)
3067:(3).
3057:(PDF)
3031:(PDF)
2806:S2CID
2771:(PDF)
2764:(PDF)
2696:(PDF)
2689:(PDF)
2658:"163"
2294:(PDF)
2265:(PDF)
2226:(PDF)
2208:(PDF)
2197:S2CID
2161:(PDF)
1770:, an
1682:urine
1621:onto
1285:, or
1154:heart
1075:with
1058:+ 3 O
979:anion
957:from
903:Redox
801:acids
572:sugar
548:algae
544:fungi
494:with
415:salts
394:to a
390:atom
363:
361:Greek
216:InChI
128:ChEBI
106:JSmol
6136:Salt
5523:NHBr
5515:NHCl
5308:ONOO
5137:(NO)
5090:HNCS
5085:HNCO
5080:HOCN
5063:(CN)
4796:, ,
4569:(CN)
4317:TlCN
4299:(CN)
4282:AuCN
4215:CsCN
4141:AgCN
4081:RbCN
4071:BrCN
4047:SeCN
4040:AsCN
4022:AsCN
3960:CuCN
3838:ClCN
3815:-NCS
3793:SiCN
3750:NaCN
3726:-NCO
3695:ONCN
3677:(CN)
3643:LiCN
3482:PMID
3443:ISBN
3408:ISBN
3373:ISBN
3335:ISBN
3304:ISBN
3244:PMID
3199:2016
3166:2016
3137:2016
3098:2016
3039:2011
2932:PMID
2852:ISSN
2817:2022
2666:ISBN
2634:ISBN
2532:ISBN
2492:2021
2447:ISBN
2412:ISBN
2348:2016
2254:PMID
2189:PMID
2139:PMID
2094:PMID
2035:ISBN
2018:ISBN
2004:2009
1930:DMSO
1924:para
1867:iron
1780:kiwi
1718:and
1615:zinc
1593:NaOH
1502:NaCN
1465:NaOH
1459:NaSH
1392:NaCN
1318:gold
1316:and
1195:SiCN
1050:2 CH
1030:and
845:+ NH
823:and
753:−C≡N
734:−C≡N
692:and
663:(CN)
649:The
614:The
597:The
461:−C≡N
445:−C≡N
193:UNII
182:5975
157:5755
6603:Tea
6578:Egg
6386:DDT
5810:RDX
5584:,
5531:NHI
5507:NHF
5461:BrN
5453:ClN
5429:NBr
5421:NCl
5417:(?)
5328:NOO
5292:NNO
5252:HNO
5212:HNO
5188:(NO
5157:HNO
5112:-NO
5107:-NO
5075:NCN
5053:HCN
5048:-CN
5012:(?)
4778:SiC
4746:CSe
4716:COS
4604:No
4601:Md
4598:Fm
4595:Es
4592:Cf
4589:Bk
4586:Cm
4583:Am
4580:Pu
4577:Np
4560:Pa
4537:**
4522:Tm
4519:Er
4496:Tb
4463:Pm
4460:Nd
4406:Og
4403:Ts
4400:Lv
4397:Mc
4394:Fl
4391:Nh
4388:Cn
4385:Rg
4382:Ds
4379:Mt
4376:Hs
4373:Bh
4370:Sg
4367:Db
4364:Rf
4361:Lr
4358:**
4355:Ra
4352:Fr
4347:Rn
4344:At
4341:Po
4262:Ir
4259:Os
4256:Re
4245:Ta
4242:Hf
4209:Xe
4205:ICN
4127:Rh
4124:Ru
4121:Tc
4110:Nb
4107:Zr
4075:Kr
4014:(CH
3888:Mn
3874:Ti
3848:KCN
3842:Ar
3810:SCN
3785:(CH
3744:Ne
3740:FCN
3721:OCN
3704:NCN
3637:He
3627:HCN
3614:ion
3568:".
3553:".
3519:61)
3474:doi
3435:doi
3400:doi
3365:doi
3271:doi
3267:114
3234:PMC
3226:doi
3009:doi
2922:PMC
2914:doi
2883:doi
2879:176
2844:doi
2798:doi
2743:doi
2720:at
2601:doi
2564:doi
2439:doi
2404:doi
2314:doi
2302:413
2246:doi
2234:110
2181:doi
2169:299
2131:doi
2086:doi
1972:doi
1928:in
1881:in
1312:of
1249:to
1187:(CH
1173:ppm
1142:ATP
1132:of
936:ClO
930:),
880:on
761:−CN
757:−OH
724:In
688:of
530:in
509:C.
499:C≡O
490:is
488:C≡N
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5317:NO
5313:HO
5304:NO
5300:HO
5244:NO
5231:NO
5219:NO
5181:NO
5176:NO
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