864:
988:
857:
658:"Cysteine Aminotransferase (CAT): A Pivotal Sponsor in Metabolic Remodeling and an Ally of 3-Mercaptopyruvate Sulfurtransferase (MST) in Cancer"
850:
530:"Structural basis for the inhibition mechanism of human cystathionine gamma-lyase, an enzyme responsible for the production of H(2)S"
445:
Roychaudhuri R (March 2023). "Mammalian D-Cysteine: A new addition to the growing family of biologically relevant D-amino acids".
569:
Mccorquodale DJ (December 1964). "The separation and partial purification of aminoacyl-RNA synthetases from
Escherichia coli".
1059:
1372:
963:
331:
968:
709:"Glutamate cysteine ligase catalysis: dependence on ATP and modifier subunit for regulation of tissue glutathione levels"
750:"Purification and characterization of cysteine synthetase, a bifunctional protein complex, from Salmonella typhimurium"
23:. The pathways of different amino acids and other metabolites interweave and overlap to creating complex systems.
1194:
1223:
222:
1353:
1631:
1531:
1064:
1626:
1621:
1420:
1328:
1054:
978:
1003:
1541:
1348:
1204:
983:
832:
158:
1407:
350:
134:
1387:
1343:
1171:
944:
842:
1596:
1475:
1452:
1290:
1199:
1126:
1031:
919:
879:
571:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Specialized Section on Nucleic Acids and Related Subjects
528:
Sun Q, Collins R, Huang S, Holmberg-Schiavone L, Anand GS, Tan CH, et al. (January 2009).
83:
1442:
1412:
1088:
370:
199:
887:
876:
245:-Cysteine is the product of several processes as well. In addition to the reactions below,
75:
8:
1377:
1069:
1049:
362:
207:
998:
684:
657:
466:
422:
397:
807:
790:
766:
749:
630:
605:
1536:
1494:
837:
812:
771:
730:
689:
635:
586:
582:
551:
507:
502:
485:
470:
458:
427:
305:
176:
1044:
924:
802:
761:
720:
679:
669:
625:
617:
578:
541:
497:
450:
417:
409:
621:
398:"Cysteine dioxygenase: a robust system for regulation of cellular cysteine levels"
1338:
1146:
93:
1333:
973:
934:
289:
112:
674:
413:
1615:
1518:
1485:
1447:
1305:
1189:
342:
1556:
1434:
1310:
1141:
1074:
939:
929:
909:
734:
725:
708:
693:
590:
555:
546:
529:
486:"Reactions catalysed by cysteine lyase from the yolk sac of chicken embryo"
462:
431:
120:
40:
993:
816:
775:
511:
1286:
639:
707:
Chen Y, Shertzer HG, Schneider SN, Nebert DW, Dalton TP (October 2005).
396:
Stipanuk MH, Ueki I, Dominy JE, Simmons CR, Hirschberger LL (May 2009).
1566:
1397:
1382:
1363:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1151:
1039:
1018:
891:
873:
454:
44:
1466:
1282:
1247:
1180:
1166:
258:
1522:
1509:
1456:
1278:
1242:
1233:
1137:
1098:
914:
484:
Tolosa EA, Chepurnova NK, Khomutov RM, Severin ES (February 1969).
20:
606:"Cystine reductase in the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum"
1214:
1133:
1112:
1103:
1022:
1008:
954:
872:
527:
322:
250:
188:
1319:
1117:
900:
604:
Maresca B, Jacobson E, Medoff G, Kobayashi G (September 1978).
483:
254:
603:
656:
Hipólito A, Nunes SC, Vicente JB, Serpa J (September 2020).
706:
655:
395:
19:
refers to the biological pathways that consume or create
35:-cysteine is consumed in several ways as shown below.
747:
1613:
490:Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Enzymology
791:"A thiol-disulfide transhydrogenase from yeast"
651:
649:
1111:
748:Kredich NM, Becker MA, Tomkins GM (May 1969).
858:
646:
568:
444:
217:pyridoxal phosphate/alpha-ketoglutaric acid
26:
865:
851:
788:
523:
521:
806:
765:
724:
683:
673:
629:
545:
501:
421:
518:
1614:
1060:2-Amino-3-carboxymuconic semialdehyde
846:
1373:2,3-Dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
332:glutathione-cystine transhydrogenase
795:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
754:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
713:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
534:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
13:
14:
1643:
1195:Imidazol-4-one-5-propionic acid
789:Nagai S, Black S (April 1968).
782:
249:-cysteine is also a product of
1009:β-Hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-CoA
964:β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid
741:
700:
597:
562:
477:
438:
389:
266:L-cysteine production pathways
55:-Cysteine consumption pathways
39:-Cysteine is also consumed in
31:In human cysteine metabolism,
1:
1224:1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid
969:β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyryl-CoA
808:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)93532-5
767:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)78241-6
622:10.1128/jb.135.3.987-992.1978
383:
230:γ-glutamyl cysteine/ADP and P
70:Cofactor/Additional Reactant
1354:2-Methyl-3-oxopropanoic acid
583:10.1016/0926-6550(64)90001-5
503:10.1016/0005-2744(69)90174-0
129:pyridoxal phosphate/sulfite
7:
1532:4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid
1065:2-Aminomuconic semialdehyde
826:
10:
1648:
1408:generation of homocysteine
1587:
1580:
1554:
1517:
1507:
1484:
1465:
1396:
1362:
1318:
1303:
1271:
1232:
1213:
1179:
1164:
1096:
1087:
1055:3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid
1017:
953:
899:
886:
675:10.3390/molecules25173984
414:10.1007/s00726-008-0202-y
223:glutamate–cysteine ligase
27:Human cysteine metabolism
1542:4-Maleylacetoacetic acid
1349:3-Hydroxyisobutyric acid
1205:Glutamate-1-semialdehyde
833:D-cysteine desulfhydrase
1388:2-Methylacetoacetyl-CoA
1344:3-Hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA
880:metabolic intermediates
610:Journal of Bacteriology
1597:Cysteine sulfinic acid
1443:conversion to cysteine
1200:Formiminoglutamic acid
1127:3-Phosphoglyceric acid
1004:β-Methylglutaconyl-CoA
726:10.1074/jbc.M504604200
547:10.1074/jbc.M805459200
313:not present in humans
84:cysteine sulfinic acid
1329:α-Ketoisovaleric acid
984:β-Ketoisocaproic acid
979:α-Ketoisocaproic acid
371:cysteine transaminase
351:cystathionine γ-lyase
200:cysteine transaminase
135:cystathionine γ-lyase
1416:-Adenosyl methionine
999:β-Methylcrotonyl-CoA
989:β-Ketoisocaproyl-CoA
945:β-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA
375:pyridoxal phosphate
355:pyridoxal phosphate
310:pyridoxal phosphate
159:cysteine—tRNA ligase
153:pyridoxal phosphate
107:pyridoxal phosphate
76:cysteine dioxygenase
1589:Cysteine metabolism
1378:2-Methylbutyryl-CoA
1070:2-Aminomuconic acid
1050:3-Hydroxykynurenine
719:(40): 33766–33774.
363:3-mercapto-pyruvate
268:
208:3-mercapto-pyruvate
57:
17:Cysteine metabolism
1632:Sulfur amino acids
1476:α-Ketobutyric acid
1453:α-Ketobutyric acid
1291:γ-Glutamylcysteine
1035:′-Formylkynurenine
920:α-Aminoadipic acid
455:10.1002/chir.23555
299:/hydrogen sulfide
264:
126:/hydrogen sulfide
50:
1627:Sulfur metabolism
1622:Alpha-Amino acids
1609:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1576:
1575:
1550:
1549:
1537:Homogentisic acid
1503:
1502:
1495:Methylmalonyl-CoA
1299:
1298:
1160:
1159:
1083:
1082:
838:Sulfur metabolism
381:
380:
320:
306:cysteine synthase
296:
248:
244:
240:
239:
213:
186:
177:cystine reductase
168:
123:
103:
54:
38:
34:
1639:
1585:
1584:
1515:
1514:
1429:
1428:
1316:
1315:
1177:
1176:
1109:
1108:
1094:
1093:
1045:Anthranilic acid
925:2-Oxoadipic acid
897:
896:
867:
860:
853:
844:
843:
821:
820:
810:
801:(8): 1942–1947.
786:
780:
779:
769:
760:(9): 2428–2439.
745:
739:
738:
728:
704:
698:
697:
687:
677:
653:
644:
643:
633:
601:
595:
594:
566:
560:
559:
549:
540:(5): 3076–3085.
525:
516:
515:
505:
481:
475:
474:
442:
436:
435:
425:
393:
318:
294:
269:
263:
246:
242:
211:
184:
169:-cysteinyl-tRNA
166:
121:
101:
58:
52:
49:
36:
32:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1601:
1572:
1546:
1499:
1480:
1461:
1426:
1425:
1392:
1358:
1339:Methacrylyl-CoA
1309:
1295:
1267:
1228:
1209:
1172:α-ketoglutarate
1170:
1156:
1147:Phosphocreatine
1116:
1102:
1079:
1013:
949:
882:
871:
829:
824:
787:
783:
746:
742:
705:
701:
654:
647:
602:
598:
567:
563:
526:
519:
482:
478:
443:
439:
394:
390:
386:
325:/2 glutathione
233:
149:
145:
94:serine racemase
29:
12:
11:
5:
1645:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1593:
1591:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1561:
1559:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1528:
1526:
1512:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1491:
1489:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1472:
1470:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1450:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1418:
1403:
1401:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1369:
1367:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1334:Isobutyryl-CoA
1331:
1325:
1323:
1313:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1239:
1237:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1226:
1220:
1218:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1186:
1184:
1174:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1130:
1129:
1123:
1121:
1106:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1028:
1026:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
974:Isovaleryl-CoA
971:
966:
960:
958:
951:
950:
948:
947:
942:
937:
935:Glutaconyl-CoA
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
906:
904:
894:
884:
883:
870:
869:
862:
855:
847:
841:
840:
835:
828:
825:
823:
822:
781:
740:
699:
645:
616:(3): 987–992.
596:
577:(4): 541–548.
561:
517:
496:(2): 369–371.
476:
449:: chir.23555.
437:
387:
385:
382:
379:
378:
376:
373:
368:
365:
359:
358:
356:
353:
348:
345:
339:
338:
336:
334:
329:
326:
315:
314:
311:
308:
303:
300:
286:
285:
282:
279:
276:
273:
238:
237:
234:
231:
228:
225:
219:
218:
215:
205:
202:
196:
195:
192:
182:
179:
173:
172:
170:
164:
161:
155:
154:
151:
147:
143:
140:
137:
131:
130:
127:
118:
115:
113:cysteine lyase
109:
108:
105:
99:
96:
90:
89:
86:
81:
78:
72:
71:
68:
65:
62:
47:biosynthesis.
28:
25:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1644:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1553:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1519:phenylalanine
1516:
1513:
1511:
1506:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:propionyl-CoA
1483:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1448:Cystathionine
1446:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1430:-homocysteine
1423:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1307:
1306:propionyl-CoA
1302:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1212:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1190:Urocanic acid
1188:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
961:
959:
956:
952:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
907:
905:
902:
898:
895:
893:
889:
885:
881:
878:
875:
868:
863:
861:
856:
854:
849:
848:
845:
839:
836:
834:
831:
830:
818:
814:
809:
804:
800:
796:
792:
785:
777:
773:
768:
763:
759:
755:
751:
744:
736:
732:
727:
722:
718:
714:
710:
703:
695:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
667:
663:
659:
652:
650:
641:
637:
632:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
600:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
565:
557:
553:
548:
543:
539:
535:
531:
524:
522:
513:
509:
504:
499:
495:
491:
487:
480:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
441:
433:
429:
424:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
392:
388:
377:
374:
372:
369:
366:
364:
361:
360:
357:
354:
352:
349:
346:
344:
343:cystathionine
341:
340:
337:
335:
333:
330:
327:
324:
317:
316:
312:
309:
307:
304:
301:
298:
292:
288:
287:
283:
280:
277:
274:
271:
270:
267:
262:
260:
256:
252:
235:
229:
226:
224:
221:
220:
216:
209:
206:
203:
201:
198:
197:
193:
191:/NADH and H+
190:
183:
180:
178:
175:
174:
171:
165:
162:
160:
157:
156:
152:
141:
138:
136:
133:
132:
128:
125:
119:
116:
114:
111:
110:
106:
100:
97:
95:
92:
91:
87:
85:
82:
79:
77:
74:
73:
69:
66:
63:
60:
59:
56:
48:
46:
42:
24:
22:
18:
1588:
1564:
1557:oxaloacetate
1441:
1435:Homocysteine
1421:
1413:
1406:
1311:succinyl-CoA
1142:Glycocyamine
1075:Glutaryl-CoA
1032:
940:Crotonyl-CoA
930:Glutaryl-CoA
910:Saccharopine
798:
794:
784:
757:
753:
743:
716:
712:
702:
668:(17): 3984.
665:
661:
613:
609:
599:
574:
570:
564:
537:
533:
493:
489:
479:
446:
440:
408:(1): 55–63.
405:
401:
391:
290:
265:
261:metabolism.
241:
51:
41:pantothenate
30:
16:
15:
1287:glutathione
402:Amino Acids
214:-glutamate
142:pyruvate/NH
1616:Categories
1567:urea cycle
1424:-Adenosyl-
1398:methionine
1383:Tiglyl-CoA
1364:isoleucine
1263:Putrescine
1258:Cadaverine
1253:Citrulline
1152:Creatinine
1040:Kynurenine
1019:tryptophan
892:acetyl-CoA
877:metabolism
874:Amino acid
384:References
281:Cofactors
272:Reactants
104:-cysteine
45:coenzyme A
1467:threonine
1283:glutamate
1248:Ornithine
1181:histidine
1167:glutamate
994:β-Leucine
662:Molecules
471:257426578
447:Chirality
259:threonine
124:-cysteate
67:Products
1523:tyrosine
1510:fumarate
1457:Cysteine
1279:cysteine
1243:Agmatine
1234:arginine
1138:creatine
1099:pyruvate
915:Allysine
827:See also
735:16081425
694:32882966
591:14262440
556:19019829
463:36890664
432:19011731
293:-acetyl-
21:cysteine
1215:proline
1134:glycine
1113:glycine
1104:citrate
1023:alanine
955:leucine
817:5646485
776:4977445
685:7504796
512:5813025
423:2736881
323:cystine
297:-serine
251:glycine
189:cystine
1320:valine
1118:serine
901:lysine
815:
774:
733:
692:
682:
640:211119
638:
631:222474
628:
589:
554:
510:
469:
461:
430:
420:
284:Notes
278:Enzyme
257:, and
255:serine
61:Enzyme
1581:Other
1272:other
467:S2CID
194:NAD+
88:iron
1565:see
813:PMID
772:PMID
731:PMID
690:PMID
636:PMID
587:PMID
552:PMID
508:PMID
459:PMID
428:PMID
236:ATP
803:doi
799:243
762:doi
758:244
721:doi
717:280
680:PMC
670:doi
626:PMC
618:doi
614:135
579:doi
542:doi
538:284
498:doi
494:171
451:doi
418:PMC
410:doi
1618::
1555:G→
1508:G→
1455:+
1304:G→
1289::
1165:G→
1140::
1101:→
1097:G→
811:.
797:.
793:.
770:.
756:.
752:.
729:.
715:.
711:.
688:.
678:.
666:25
664:.
660:.
648:^
634:.
624:.
612:.
608:.
585:.
575:91
573:.
550:.
536:.
532:.
520:^
506:.
492:.
488:.
465:.
457:.
426:.
416:.
406:37
404:.
400:.
367:→
347:→
328:→
302:→
275:→
253:,
227:→
150:S
146:/H
1525:→
1521:→
1488:→
1469:→
1445::
1427:L
1422:S
1414:S
1410::
1400:→
1366:→
1322:→
1308:→
1285:→
1281:+
1236:→
1217:→
1183:→
1169:→
1136:→
1120:→
1115:→
1089:G
1033:N
1025:→
1021:→
957:→
903:→
890:→
888:K
866:e
859:t
852:v
819:.
805::
778:.
764::
737:.
723::
696:.
672::
642:.
620::
593:.
581::
558:.
544::
514:.
500::
473:.
453::
434:.
412::
321:-
319:L
295:L
291:O
247:L
243:L
232:i
212:L
210:/
204:→
187:-
185:L
181:→
167:L
163:→
148:2
144:3
139:→
122:L
117:→
102:D
98:→
80:→
64:→
53:L
43:/
37:L
33:L
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