389:(known to the researchers only as "Rabbit Number 5256") under the direction of Kac. The laboratory consequently kept possession of the transgenic rabbit which it had created and funded and the "transgenic art" was never exhibited at the Digital Avignon festival as intended. Kac—claiming that his rabbit was the first GFP bunny created in the name of Art—used this dispute to popularize the issue as one of disguised censorship by launching a "Free Alba" campaign. A doctored photo of the artist holding a day-glow-green tinted rabbit appears on his website. The members of the
45:
479:'s National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity to convene a series of meetings to discuss biosecurity, which have included discussions of amateur biologists and ways to manage the risks to society it poses. At the National Institutes of Health, National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity leads efforts to educate the public on "
367:
appropriated standard laboratory work by biotechnology and genetics researchers in order to both utilize and critique such scientific techniques. In the only putative work of transgenic art by Kac, the artist claimed to have collaborated with a French laboratory (belonging to the
Institut National de
264:
have been recreated extensively. In recent times, more complex devices have been created such as the OpenDrop digital microfluidics platform and the DIY NanoDrop both developed by GaudiLabs. Opentrons makes open-source software, affordable lab robots, and got its start as a DIY biology collaboration
498:
argues that fear of potential hazards should be met with increased research and education rather than closing the door on the profound positive impacts that distributed biological technology will have on human health, the environment, and the standard of living around the world. Due to the lack of
493:
While detractors argue that do-it-yourself biologists need some sort of supervision, enthusiasts argue that uniform supervision is impossible and the best way to prevent accidents or malevolence is to encourage a culture of transparency, where, in essence, do-it-yourself biologists would be peer
209:
The DIYbio movement seeks to revise the notion that one must be an academic with an advanced degree to make any significant contribution to the biology community. It allows large numbers of small organizations and individuals to participate in research and development, with spreading knowledge a
435:
already receive, plus other concerns relating to the distributed and non-institutional nature of the work, involving potential hazards with lack of oversight by professionals or governments. Concerns about biohackers creating pathogens in unmonitored garage laboratories led the
301:
Genetic
Engineers are a subculture of biohackers as one of the most accessible forms of biohacking is through engineering microorganisms or plants. Experiments can range from using plasmids to fluorescent bacteria, controlling gene expression using light in bacteria, even using
385:. This claim by Kac has been disputed by the scientists at the lab who noted that they had performed exactly the same experiment (i.e., the insertion of the jellyfish GFP protein-coding gene) on numerous other animals (cats, dogs, etc.) previously and did not create
462:
Existing regulations are not specific to this field, so that the possibility of pathogenic organisms being created and released unintentionally or intentionally by biohackers has become a matter of concern, for example, in the spirit of the re-creation of the 1917
1132:
Prigent, Sylvain; Frioux, Clémence; Dittami, Simon M.; Thiele, Sven; Larhlimi, Abdelhalim; Collet, Guillaume; Gutknecht, Fabien; Got, Jeanne; Eveillard, Damien; Bourdon, Jérémie; Plewniak, Frédéric; Tonon, Thierry; Siegel, Anne (27 January 2017).
195:. Many other labs and organizations followed, including but not limited to Counter Culture Labs in Oakland, CA, Baltimore Underground Science Space in Baltimore, MD, TheLab in Los Angeles, CA and Denver Biolabs in Denver, CO.
2092:
Prepared by the
American Association for the Advancement of Science in conjunction with the Association of American Universities, Association of Public and Land-grant Universities, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation
413:(In order to analyze how, in their words, "Science is the institution of authority regarding the production of knowledge, and tends to replace this particular social function of conventional Christianity in the west").
82:
biology is primarily undertaken by individuals with limited research training from academia or corporations, who then mentor and oversee other DIY biologists with little or no formal training. This may be done as a
241:, providing equipment and supplies for members. Many organizations also run classes and provide training. For a fee (usually between $ 50 and $ 100), members can join some spaces and do experiments on their own.
1192:
Anderson, Jason R.; Hagerdorn, Payton L.; Gunstad, John; Spitznagel, Mary Beth (July 2018). "Using coffee to compensate for poor sleep: Impact on vigilance and implications for workplace performance".
210:
higher priority than turning profits. In recent years, there are various DIY ways to live healthy and many of them also focuses on different simple ways to biohack mind, body, metabolism and sleep.
285:
has proposed that safety is inherent in biohacking and that accessibility should be the foremost concern as there is large underrepresentation of social and ethnic minorities in biohacking.
249:
The DIY biology movement attempts to make available the tools and resources necessary for anyone, including non-professionals, to conduct biological engineering. One of the first pieces of
2075:
2095:
Bridging
Science and Security for Biological Research: A Discussion about Dual Use Review and Oversight at Research Institutions Report of a Meeting September 13–14, 2012
708:
213:
The motivations for DIY biology include (but aren't limited to) lowered costs, entertainment, medicine, biohacking, life extension, and education. Recent work combining
348:
Grinders are a subculture of biohackers that focus on implanting technology or introducing chemicals into the body to enhance or change their bodies' functionality.
328:
more accessible by creating an open source protocol for expression and purification. Other experiments that have involved medical treatments include a whole body
2261:
419:
is an information artist and biohacker who uses genomic DNA left behind by people as a starting point for creating lifelike, computer-generated, 3-D portraits.
760:
1970:
2735:
983:
582:
476:
265:
at
Genspace. Incuvers makes telemetric chambers for cellular research that are affordable and allow for complete customizability of their environments.
2113:
2964:
440:(FBI) to begin sending its representatives to DIYbio conferences in 2009. The arrest and prosecution of some members for their work with harmless
907:
633:
2198:
1741:
1007:"The Effects of Anti-Dementia and Nootropic Treatments on the Mortality of Patients with Dementia: A Population-Based Cohort Study in Taiwan"
499:
precedent regarding such a business model, the DIYbio founders see this as an opportunity to be innovators in regulatory and safety policy.
1542:"Open Cell is hosting monthly biohackathons to develop equipment, software and products to make better and more affordable biolaboratories"
2254:
472:
253:
laboratory equipment developed was the
Dremelfuge by Irish biohacker Cathal Garvey, which uses a 3D printed tube holder attached to a
2097:
1865:
121:. The term hacker is used in the original sense of finding new and clever ways to do things. The term biohacking is also used by the
1996:
37:
This article is about real-life citizen science and advocacy movement. For dystopian cyberpunk and science fiction subgenre, see
3002:
2247:
1641:
658:
1691:
1760:
943:
523:
320:
Restricted access to medical care and medicine has pushed biohackers to start experimenting in medically related fields. The
1846:
152:
communities as early as 2005, through simple demonstrations of basic experiments. As DIYbio experiments became the focus of
2957:
201:
In 2016, the first conference to focus specifically on biohacking was announced to take place in
September in Oakland, CA.
277:
Most advocacy in biohacking is about the safety, accessibility and future legality of experimentation. Todd Kuiken of the
125:
body modification community, which is considered related but distinct from the do-it-yourself biology movement. The term
1827:
508:
468:
2890:
2149:
1286:
2700:
1925:
2950:
1441:
542:
437:
351:
Some biohackers can now sense which direction they face using a magnetic implant that vibrates against the skin.
269:, a London based biotech lab provider hosts regular biohackathons to help encourage more opensource development.
991:
3009:
122:
2997:
2839:
2568:
2297:
2216:
3105:
2895:
793:
170:
2117:
490:
A 2007 ETC Group report warns that the danger of this development is not just bioterror, but "bio-error".
3034:
3024:
1394:
1315:
17:
1716:
293:
Many biohacking projects revolve around the modification of life and molecular and genetic engineering.
141:
The term "biohacking" as well as the concept of do-it-yourself biology has been known as early as 1988.
2917:
2905:
2880:
2497:
571:
165:: "The era of garage biology is upon us. Want to participate? Take a moment to buy yourself a lab on
1235:
Pearce, Joshua M. (14 September 2012). "Building
Research Equipment with Free, Open-Source Hardware".
2705:
2695:
2512:
369:
1911:
3100:
2875:
2690:
2603:
1616:
169:." He then set up a garage lab the same year, working on a project he had previously worked at the
1412:
3125:
3120:
1135:"Meneco, a Topology-Based Gap-Filling Tool Applicable to Degraded Genome-Wide Metabolic Networks"
883:
868:
281:
proposes that through safety and self-governance, DIY biologists won't be in need of regulation.
393:
have written books and staged multimedia performance interventions around this issue, including
3115:
2824:
2715:
2665:
2548:
1898:
398:
226:
3079:
3044:
2870:
2819:
2456:
2369:
2333:
2270:
2210:
576:
518:
416:
390:
278:
260:
to spin tubes at high speeds, replacing often expensive centrifuges. Many other devices like
177:
75:
31:
1692:"Bay Area biologist's gene-editing kit lets do-it-yourselfers play God at the kitchen table"
2608:
2591:
2586:
2579:
2094:
2030:
1579:
1516:
1244:
1146:
1065:
1018:
614:
561:
452:
368:
la
Recherche Agronomique) to procure a green-fluorescent rabbit: a rabbit implanted with a
214:
130:
3039:
483:
research of concern", for example with websites like "Science Safety
Security". In 2011,
8:
2900:
2834:
2720:
2471:
2307:
2174:
2004:
567:
480:
432:
198:
It has been estimated that in 2014 there have been 50 DIY biology labs around the world.
192:
2034:
1583:
1248:
1150:
1022:
709:"Forum: Roses are black, violets are green – The emergence of amateur genetic engineers"
683:
3059:
2756:
2537:
2414:
2318:
2051:
2018:
1268:
1217:
1169:
1134:
1109:
1084:
1041:
1006:
153:
908:"BioCurious Officially Opens — Test DNA, Build Equipment, Find a Co-founder and More…"
2992:
2912:
2766:
2710:
2409:
2379:
2170:
2056:
1665:
1597:
1260:
1209:
1174:
1114:
1046:
939:
837:
768:
741:
599:
428:
376:
105:
Other terms are also associated with the do-it-yourself biology community. The terms
49:
1272:
1221:
3110:
3069:
3054:
3014:
2922:
2776:
2771:
2685:
2461:
2046:
2038:
1587:
1252:
1201:
1164:
1154:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1036:
1026:
827:
555:
406:
161:
3019:
2982:
2761:
2751:
2660:
2644:
2629:
2541:
2507:
2502:
2466:
2354:
2101:
1205:
1159:
1031:
933:
456:
71:
2239:
3074:
3064:
3029:
2492:
2419:
1802:
261:
114:
88:
79:
1490:
1344:
1083:
Heindel, Jerrold J.; Blumberg, Bruce; Cave, Mathew; et al. (March 2017).
858:
3094:
2987:
2796:
2639:
2574:
2532:
2374:
2302:
772:
745:
381:
379:. The claimed work came to be known as the "GFP bunny", and which Kac called
282:
149:
145:
74:
in which individuals, communities, and small organizations study biology and
68:
44:
1256:
187:
opened the first community biology lab, Ten months later it was followed by
3049:
2829:
2791:
2725:
2624:
2424:
2404:
2359:
2274:
2137:
2060:
1601:
1264:
1213:
1178:
1118:
1050:
841:
609:
604:
529:
487:
organized conferences to attempt to create codes of ethics for biohackers.
375:
from a type of jellyfish in order for the rabbit to fluoresce green under
321:
315:
180:
was founded by Jason Bobe and Mackenzie Cowell and its first meeting held.
118:
92:
1294:
634:"Do-it-yourself biology shows safety risks of an open innovation movement"
2942:
2849:
2786:
2781:
2634:
2598:
2476:
2364:
2323:
1541:
931:
459:
to intimidate artists and others who use their art to criticize society.
448:
364:
257:
250:
1971:"Artist plays detective: Can I reconstruct a face from a piece of hair?"
1933:
1803:"Welcome to the AndroidAPS documentation — AndroidAPS 3.0 documentation"
1368:
1954:
Jenkins, Mark (2013-09-18). "A 'Cyber' exhibit as timely as the news".
1890:
537:
514:
402:
360:
329:
238:
188:
95:
1778:
1005:
Wu, Chen-Yi; Hu, Hsiao-Yun; Chow, Lok-Hi; et al. (22 June 2015).
2844:
2429:
1847:"This Biohacker Used Eyedrops To Give Himself Temporary Night Vision"
464:
2230:
2042:
1592:
1567:
832:
815:
2927:
2328:
2175:"Extreme Genetic Engineering: An Introduction to Synthetic Biology"
551:
547:
445:
333:
266:
184:
99:
1191:
2854:
2338:
863:
586:
533:
441:
337:
325:
218:
38:
1466:
932:
Dariusz Jemielniak; Aleksandra Przegalinska (18 February 2020).
794:"Splice It Yourself: Who needs a geneticist? Build your own lab"
732:
Katz, J. S. (1990). "That which is not forbidden is Mandatory".
2384:
2150:"The role of codes of conduct in the amateur biology community"
959:
495:
484:
303:
254:
222:
1323:
1082:
84:
78:
using the same methods as traditional research institutions.
2730:
1997:"Scientist pleads guilty to mailing bacteria for 'bio-art'"
1420:
925:
372:
237:
Many organizations maintain a laboratory akin to a wet-lab
166:
1131:
48:
Preparation of a biohacking kit for a biology workshop in
1085:"Metabolism disrupting chemicals and metabolic disorders"
1369:"DremelFuge – A One-Piece Centrifuge for Rotary Tools"
427:
Biohacking experiences many of the same criticisms as
332:
transplant and the creation of open source artificial
1994:
133:, political, and artistic elements of the movement.
1761:"Tech-savvy Families use homebuilt diabetes device"
1717:"These Biohackers Are Creating Open-Source Insulin"
1442:"Coffee Cup – PCR Thermocycler costing under 350$ "
477:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
30:"DIYbio" redirects here. For the organization, see
455:by critics who argue the U.S. government has used
2269:
1828:"Biohackers are implanting LEDs under their skin"
3092:
2076:"Amateurs Are New Fear in Creating Mutant Virus"
1866:"Meet the first humans to sense where north is"
156:hackers, the hobby gained additional momentum.
2163:
1863:
1633:
2958:
2255:
324:project aims to make the recombinant protein
306:to engineer the genome of bacteria or yeast.
232:
1739:
1517:"Interview to Open Trons | Open Electronics"
1004:
809:
807:
684:"What is biohacking and why should we care?"
2205:. Archived from the original on 2019-10-06.
1565:
502:
473:FBI Weapons of Mass Destruction Directorate
359:In 2000, controversial and self-described "
159:In 2005 Rob Carlson wrote in an article in
2972:
2965:
2951:
2262:
2248:
2169:
2050:
1995:The Associated Press (October 29, 2007).
1758:
1591:
1395:"DNA is now DIY: OpenPCR ships worldwide"
1392:
1168:
1158:
1108:
1040:
1030:
831:
804:
422:
2196:
2138:Science Safety Security official website
1968:
244:
43:
1953:
1844:
1689:
1568:"Governance: Learn from DIY biologists"
1514:
884:"DIY Biotech Hacker Space Opens in NYC"
813:
791:
758:
681:
14:
3093:
2073:
1888:
1825:
1714:
1617:"Is DIY Kitchen CRISPR A Class Issue?"
1234:
881:
853:
851:
296:
2946:
2243:
1639:
1063:
656:
526:(BOSLab), in Cambridge, Massachusetts
2863:
2197:Boustead, Greg (December 11, 2008).
1864:Thaddeus-Johns, Josie (2017-01-06).
1740:Duhaime-Ross, Arielle (2016-05-04).
976:
731:
706:
650:
471:researchers in 2005. In the US the
91:endeavor for community learning and
2223:
2019:"The 1918 flu virus is resurrected"
1614:
848:
509:Baltimore Underground Science Space
469:Armed Forces Institute of Pathology
24:
2142:
1889:Dickey, Christopher (April 2001).
984:"Rob Carlson on synthetic biology"
288:
25:
3137:
1345:"Counter Culture Labs Membership"
1066:"How to Biohack Your Metabolism?"
1715:Ossola, Alexandra (2015-11-18).
1064:Singh, Honey (2 February 2020).
871:from the original on 2021-12-20.
564:, an international collaboration
27:Biotechnological social movement
2190:
2131:
2106:
2086:
2067:
2011:
1988:
1969:Krulwich, Robert (2013-06-28).
1962:
1947:
1918:
1882:
1857:
1838:
1819:
1795:
1771:
1752:
1733:
1708:
1690:Krieger, Lisa M. (2016-01-11).
1683:
1658:
1608:
1559:
1534:
1515:Landoni, Boris (11 July 2014).
1508:
1483:
1459:
1434:
1405:
1386:
1361:
1337:
1308:
1279:
1228:
1185:
1125:
1076:
1057:
998:
960:"Biohack the Planet Conference"
952:
900:
875:
759:Schrage, Michael (1988-01-31).
707:Katz, Sylvan (6 January 1990).
682:Michels, Spencer (2014-09-23).
543:Four Thieves Vinegar Collective
511:(BUGSS), in Baltimore, Maryland
457:post-9/11 anti-terrorism powers
438:Federal Bureau of Investigation
3010:Patient and public involvement
2074:Zimmer, Carl (March 5, 2012).
1845:Dvorsky, George (2016-03-27).
1759:Linebaugh, Kate (2016-05-09).
1640:Hicks, Jennifer (2014-03-15).
1393:Jankowski, Tito (2011-07-06).
1101:10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.10.001
785:
761:"Playing God in your basement"
752:
725:
700:
675:
657:Hicks, Jennifer (2014-03-15).
626:
589:, the cybersecurity conference
524:Boston Open Science Laboratory
494:reviewed by other biohackers.
13:
1:
2998:Participatory action research
2840:Open-source software movement
2569:Free and open-source software
2298:Commons-based peer production
2029:(7060): 794–5. October 2005.
620:
217:of microcontrollers like the
1206:10.1016/j.apergo.2018.02.026
1160:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005276
1032:10.1371/journal.pone.0130993
816:"Garage : Life hackers"
225:3-D printers, very low-cost
171:Molecular Sciences Institute
113:emphasize the connection to
98:, or for profit, to start a
7:
3035:Science by press conference
3025:Public awareness of science
1826:Neifer, Anna (2015-11-09).
882:Mosher, Dave (2010-12-16).
593:
343:
309:
272:
52:in a café in Rennes in 2020
10:
3142:
2918:Open educational resources
1566:Todd Kuiken (2016-03-09).
1139:PLOS Computational Biology
572:Victoria, British Columbia
313:
233:Community laboratory space
204:
136:
36:
29:
2978:
2805:
2744:
2706:Open Knowledge Foundation
2696:Open Architecture Network
2678:
2653:
2617:
2561:
2525:
2513:Open-door academic policy
2485:
2449:
2440:
2395:
2347:
2290:
2281:
2215:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2199:"The Biohacking Hobbyist"
1807:androidaps.readthedocs.io
1642:"The Biohacking Hobbyist"
1615:Yin, Steph (2016-05-03).
792:Carlson, Rob (May 2005).
659:"The Biohacking Hobbyist"
370:green fluorescent protein
173:in Berkeley, California.
2691:Free Software Foundation
2604:Open-source architecture
2114:"NSABB Official Website"
1413:"Pocket PCR for pennies"
503:Groups and organizations
451:, has been denounced as
403:surveillance of the body
2654:Politics and governance
1926:"Critical Art Ensemble"
1906:Cite magazine requires
1521:Open Source Electronics
1316:"Biocurious Membership"
1257:10.1126/science.1228183
1089:Reproductive Toxicology
814:Ledford, Heidi (2010).
340:, Loop and AndroidAPS.
336:for diabetics, such as
144:Biohacking entered the
2973:Science and the public
2825:Free software movement
2716:Open Source Initiative
2666:Open-source governance
2549:Open-source journalism
2001:First Amendment Center
1891:"I Love My Glow Bunny"
423:Criticism and concerns
399:in vitro fertilisation
354:
227:scientific instruments
57:Do-it-yourself biology
53:
3080:The Amateur Scientist
3045:Science communication
2830:Open science movement
2820:Free-culture movement
2498:Educational resources
2457:Collaborative writing
2334:Participatory culture
1696:San Jose Mercury News
935:Collaborative Society
519:Sunnyvale, California
417:Heather Dewey-Hagborg
391:Critical Art Ensemble
279:Woodrow Wilson Center
245:Open source equipment
229:have been developed.
47:
32:DIYbio (organization)
2609:Open-source hardware
2587:Open-design movement
2580:Open-source software
2348:Research and science
1349:Counter Culture Labs
562:Open Insulin Project
530:Counter Culture Labs
475:has worked with the
453:political repression
215:open-source hardware
3106:Biology and culture
2891:Free Cultural Works
2835:Open Source Ecology
2721:Open Web Foundation
2618:Economic principles
2575:Free/libre software
2472:Participatory media
2035:2005Natur.437..794.
1765:Wall Street Journal
1666:"Biocurious Meetup"
1584:2016Natur.531..167K
1249:2012Sci...337.1303P
1243:(6100): 1303–1304.
1151:2017PLSCB..13E5276P
1023:2015PLoSO..1030993W
765:The Washington Post
585:, a village within
579:, an online network
568:Victoria Makerspace
433:genetic engineering
411:Cult of the New Eve
297:Genetic engineering
193:Victoria Makerspace
178:DIYbio organization
3060:Science journalism
2757:Alexandra Elbakyan
2701:Openmod Initiative
2538:Citizen journalism
2415:Open communication
2396:Data, information,
2319:Open collaboration
2100:2012-10-28 at the
2080:The New York Times
1287:"BUGSS Membership"
1194:Applied Ergonomics
964:Biohack the Planet
583:Biohacking Village
154:SuperHappyDevHouse
131:techno-progressive
54:
3088:
3087:
2993:March for Science
2940:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2928:Open Web movement
2913:Open Data Indices
2767:Peter Murray-Rust
2711:Open Rights Group
2674:
2673:
2557:
2556:
2410:Knowledge commons
1783:loopkit.github.io
1578:(7593): 167–168.
945:978-0-262-35645-9
600:Amateur chemistry
429:synthetic biology
395:The Flesh Machine
377:ultraviolet light
50:Popular Education
16:(Redirected from
3133:
3070:Science outreach
3055:Science festival
3015:Physics outreach
2967:
2960:
2953:
2944:
2943:
2923:Open music model
2887:Definition docs
2876:Creative Commons
2861:
2860:
2777:Richard Stallman
2772:Douglas Rushkoff
2686:Creative Commons
2462:Democratic media
2447:
2446:
2370:Notebook science
2288:
2287:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2234:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2214:
2206:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2173:(January 2007).
2167:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2146:
2140:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2116:. Archived from
2110:
2104:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2054:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2003:. Archived from
1992:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1932:. Archived from
1930:critical-art.net
1922:
1916:
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1909:
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1894:
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1477:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1419:. Archived from
1409:
1403:
1402:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1355:
1341:
1335:
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1331:
1322:. Archived from
1312:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1293:. Archived from
1283:
1277:
1276:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1172:
1162:
1129:
1123:
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1112:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1044:
1034:
1002:
996:
995:
990:. Archived from
980:
974:
973:
971:
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956:
950:
949:
929:
923:
922:
920:
919:
904:
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855:
846:
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779:
756:
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749:
729:
723:
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704:
698:
697:
695:
694:
679:
673:
672:
670:
669:
654:
648:
647:
645:
644:
630:
407:liberal eugenics
69:biotechnological
21:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3101:Citizen science
3091:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3020:Popular science
3003:Community-based
2983:Citizen science
2974:
2971:
2941:
2932:
2859:
2807:
2801:
2762:Lawrence Lessig
2752:Tim Berners-Lee
2740:
2670:
2661:Open government
2649:
2645:Sharing economy
2630:Open innovation
2613:
2553:
2542:Wiki journalism
2521:
2481:
2467:Open publishing
2442:
2436:
2397:
2391:
2355:Citizen science
2343:
2283:
2277:
2268:
2238:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2208:
2207:
2195:
2191:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2168:
2164:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2132:
2123:
2121:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2102:Wayback Machine
2091:
2087:
2072:
2068:
2043:10.1038/437794a
2017:
2016:
2012:
1993:
1989:
1979:
1977:
1967:
1963:
1956:Washington Post
1952:
1948:
1939:
1937:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1908:|magazine=
1907:
1905:
1896:
1895:
1887:
1883:
1874:
1872:
1862:
1858:
1843:
1839:
1824:
1820:
1811:
1809:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1787:
1785:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1757:
1753:
1742:"A Bitter Pill"
1738:
1734:
1725:
1723:
1721:Popular Science
1713:
1709:
1700:
1698:
1688:
1684:
1675:
1673:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1650:
1648:
1638:
1634:
1625:
1623:
1621:Popular Science
1613:
1609:
1593:10.1038/531167a
1572:Nature Magazine
1564:
1560:
1551:
1549:
1540:
1539:
1535:
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1309:
1300:
1298:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1233:
1229:
1190:
1186:
1145:(1): e1005276.
1130:
1126:
1081:
1077:
1062:
1058:
1017:(6): e0130993.
1003:
999:
982:
981:
977:
968:
966:
958:
957:
953:
946:
930:
926:
917:
915:
906:
905:
901:
892:
890:
880:
876:
867:. 31 Dec 2008.
859:"PBS News Hour"
857:
856:
849:
833:10.1038/467650a
826:(7316): 650–2.
812:
805:
790:
786:
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505:
425:
357:
346:
318:
312:
299:
291:
289:Research topics
275:
247:
235:
207:
148:programmer and
139:
129:emphasizes the
111:wetware hacking
72:social movement
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3139:
3129:
3128:
3126:Hacker culture
3123:
3121:Do it yourself
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3075:Science policy
3072:
3067:
3065:Science museum
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3030:Public science
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3006:
3005:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2979:
2976:
2975:
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2947:
2938:
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2898:
2893:
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2800:
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2657:
2655:
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2615:
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2606:
2601:
2596:
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2584:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2565:
2563:
2559:
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2555:
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2551:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2500:
2493:Open education
2489:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2453:
2451:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2420:Open knowledge
2417:
2412:
2407:
2401:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
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2357:
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2336:
2331:
2326:
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2316:
2305:
2300:
2294:
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2279:
2278:
2267:
2266:
2259:
2252:
2244:
2237:
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2222:
2189:
2162:
2141:
2130:
2105:
2085:
2066:
2010:
2007:on 2009-02-10.
1987:
1961:
1958:. p. E18.
1946:
1917:
1881:
1856:
1837:
1818:
1794:
1770:
1751:
1732:
1707:
1682:
1657:
1632:
1607:
1558:
1533:
1507:
1491:"DIY NanoDrop"
1482:
1458:
1433:
1404:
1385:
1360:
1336:
1307:
1278:
1227:
1184:
1124:
1075:
1056:
997:
994:on 2011-10-09.
975:
951:
944:
924:
899:
874:
847:
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784:
751:
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699:
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624:
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619:
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612:
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602:
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565:
558:
545:
540:
527:
521:
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501:
424:
421:
356:
353:
345:
342:
314:Main article:
311:
308:
298:
295:
290:
287:
274:
271:
246:
243:
234:
231:
206:
203:
138:
135:
115:hacker culture
89:not-for-profit
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3138:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3116:Biotechnology
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
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3066:
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3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2988:Conversazione
2986:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2977:
2968:
2963:
2961:
2956:
2954:
2949:
2948:
2945:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2896:Free Software
2894:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2868:
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2862:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
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2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2804:
2798:
2797:John Wilbanks
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2747:
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2737:
2734:
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2729:
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2724:
2722:
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2714:
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2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2679:Organizations
2677:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2640:Open standard
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
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2589:
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2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2533:Citizen media
2531:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
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2478:
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2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2445:
2443:and learning
2441:Communication
2439:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2398:and knowledge
2394:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
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2368:
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2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2304:
2303:Crowdsourcing
2301:
2299:
2296:
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2293:
2289:
2286:
2280:
2276:
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2265:
2260:
2258:
2253:
2251:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2232:
2226:
2218:
2212:
2204:
2203:Seed Magazine
2200:
2193:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2134:
2120:on 2015-11-17
2119:
2115:
2109:
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2028:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1957:
1950:
1936:on 2015-11-13
1935:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1913:
1900:
1899:cite magazine
1892:
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1537:
1522:
1518:
1511:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1472:
1468:
1462:
1447:
1446:Instructables
1443:
1437:
1423:on 2015-11-06
1422:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1374:
1370:
1364:
1350:
1346:
1340:
1326:on 2017-05-10
1325:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1297:on 2017-08-25
1296:
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1128:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1071:
1070:Do BioHacking
1067:
1060:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1001:
993:
989:
988:The Economist
985:
979:
965:
961:
955:
947:
941:
938:. MIT Press.
937:
936:
928:
913:
912:Make Magazine
909:
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866:
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728:
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713:New Scientist
710:
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397:(focusing on
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335:
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283:Josiah Zayner
280:
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176:In 2008, the
174:
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147:
146:San Francisco
142:
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58:
51:
46:
40:
33:
19:
3050:Science fair
3040:Science Café
2814:
2806:Projects and
2792:Aaron Swartz
2726:Pirate Party
2625:Gift economy
2405:Free content
2380:Science data
2360:Open science
2312:
2308:
2291:Key concepts
2282:Concepts and
2275:open content
2271:Free culture
2231:"DIYbio/FAQ"
2225:
2211:cite journal
2202:
2192:
2181:. Retrieved
2165:
2153:. Retrieved
2144:
2133:
2122:. Retrieved
2118:the original
2108:
2088:
2079:
2069:
2026:
2022:
2013:
2005:the original
2000:
1990:
1978:. Retrieved
1974:
1964:
1955:
1949:
1938:. Retrieved
1934:the original
1929:
1920:
1884:
1873:. Retrieved
1870:The Guardian
1869:
1859:
1850:
1840:
1831:
1821:
1810:. Retrieved
1806:
1797:
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2324:Open source
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1497:. Hackteria
1373:Thingiverse
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258:rotary tool
251:open source
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1875:2018-06-02
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1726:2016-06-17
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1676:2016-06-17
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1501:2016-06-17
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1427:2015-10-26
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1354:2016-06-17
1330:2016-06-17
1320:Biocurious
1301:2016-06-17
969:2016-06-19
918:2017-07-25
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621:References
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330:microbiome
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