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835:
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2309:. This result has an excellent agreement with the Hubble constant measurement from Planck Satellite Collaboration in 2018. In June 2019, there a follow-up paper was published by DES team discussing the systematic uncertainties, and validation of using the supernovae to measure the cosmology results mentioned before. The team also published their photometric pipeline and light curve data in another paper published in the same month.
6185:
983:
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966:
6209:
6135:
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2011:
64:
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2030:. In April 2015, the Dark Energy Survey released mass maps using cosmic shear measurements of about 2 million galaxies from the science verification data between August 2012 and February 2013. In 2021 weak lensing was used to map the dark matter in a region of the southern hemisphere sky, in 2022 together with galaxy clustering data to give new cosmological constrains. and in 2023 with data from the
6197:
6173:
1017:
2109:(BAO) can be observed in the distribution of tracers of the matter density field and used to measure the expansion history of the Universe. BAO can also be measured using purely photometric data, though at less significance. DES team observation samples consists of 7 million galaxies distributed over a footprint of 4100 deg with
1547:. Other cosmological analyses from first year data showed a derivation and validation of redshift distribution estimates and their uncertainties for the galaxies used as weak lensing sources. The DES team also published a paper summarize all the Photometric Data Set for Cosmology for their first-year data.
1002:
called the "Observing
Tactician" (ObsTac) to help with sequencing observations. It optimizes among different factors, such as the date and time, weather conditions, and the position of the moon. ObsTac automatically points the telescope in the best direction, and selects the exposure, using the best
4991:
DES Collaboration; Abbott, T. M. C.; Aguena, M.; Allam, S.; Andrade-Oliveira, F.; Asorey, J.; Avila, S.; Bernstein, G. M.; Bertin, E.; Brandao-Souza, A.; Brooks, D. (2022-02-08). "Dark Energy Survey Year 3 Results: A 2.7% measurement of Baryon
Acoustic Oscillation distance scale at redshift 0.835".
1971:
in ωCDM at 68% confidence limits. Similarly, the DES team published their third-year observations for photometric data set for cosmology comprising nearly 5000 deg2 of grizY imaging in the south
Galactic cap, including nearly 390 million objects, with depth reaching S/N ~ 10 for extended objects up
3491:
Porredon, A.; Crocce, M.; Elvin-Poole, J.; Cawthon, R.; Giannini, G.; De
Vicente, J.; Rosell, A. Carnero; Ferrero, I.; Krause, E.; Fang, X.; Prat, J. (2022). "Dark Energy Survey Year 3 results: Cosmological constraints from galaxy clustering and galaxy-galaxy lensing using the MagLim lens sample".
990:
Each year from August through
February, observers will stay in dormitories on the mountain. During a weeklong period of work, observers sleep during the day and use the telescope and camera at night. There will be some DES members working at the telescope console to monitor operations while others
872:
and allows the CCDs to have an increased sensitivity to lower energy photons, extending the wavelength range to 1050 nm. Scientifically this is important because it allows one to look for objects at a higher redshift, increasing statistical power in the studies mentioned above. When placed in
867:
has a 1.75×1.75 micron pixel with 5 megapixels. The larger pixels allow DECam to collect more light per pixel, improving low light sensitivity which is desirable for an astronomical instrument. DECam's CCDs also have a 250-micron crystal depth; this is significantly larger than most consumer CCDs.
2092:
candidates found in Year 1 DES data. In August 2015, the Dark Energy Survey team announced the discovery of eight additional candidates in Year 2 DES data. Later on, Dark Energy Survey team found more dwarf galaxies. With more Dwarf Galaxy results, the team was able to take a deep look about more
994:
For the wide-area footprint observations, DES takes roughly every two minutes for each new image: The exposures are typically 90 seconds long, with another 30 seconds for readout of the camera data and slewing to point the telescope at its next target. Despite the restrictions on each
2062:
signal from GW170817, DES made follow-up observations of GW170817 using DECam. With DECam independent discovery of the optical source, DES team establish its association with GW170817 by showing that none of the 1500 other sources found within the event localization region could plausibly be
787:
The mechanics of the camera consists of a filter changer with an 8-filter capacity and shutter. There is also an optical barrel that supports 5 corrector lenses, the largest of which is 98 cm in diameter. These components are attached to the CCD focal plane which is cooled to 173 K
817:
measurements to z≈1. DECam also contains five lenses acting as corrector optics to extend the telescope's field of view to a diameter of 2.2°, one of the widest fields of view available for ground-based optical and infrared imaging. One significant difference between previous
2655:
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DES Collaboration; Abbott, T. M. C.; Abdalla, F. B.; Alarcon, A.; Aleksić, J.; Allam, S.; Allen, S.; Amara, A.; Annis, J.; Asorey, J.; Avila, S. (2018-08-27). "Dark Energy Survey Year 1 Results: Cosmological
Constraints from Galaxy Clustering and Weak Lensing".
2615:, to either "DeCam" or "Dark Energy Survey". The list does not contain any unnumbered minor planets potentially discovered by DeCam, as discovery credits are only given upon a body's numbering, which in turn depends on a sufficiently secure orbit determination.
850:
CCDs totaling 520 megapixels; an additional 12 2048×2048 pixel CCDs (50 Mpx) are used for guiding the telescope, monitoring focus, and alignment. The full DECam focal plane contains 570 megapixels. The CCDs for DECam use high resistivity silicon manufactured by
729:. The collaboration is composed of research institutions and universities from the United States, Australia, Brazil, the United Kingdom, Germany, Spain, and Switzerland. The collaboration is divided into several scientific working groups. The director of DES is
3087:
Dey, Arjun; Schlegel, David J.; Lang, Dustin; Blum, Robert; Burleigh, Kaylan; Fan, Xiaohui; Findlay, Joseph R.; Finkbeiner, Doug; Herrera, David; Juneau, Stéphanie; Landriau, Martin; Levi, Michael; McGreer, Ian; Meisner, Aaron; Myers, Adam D. (2019-05-01).
2045:
of the source galaxies. In
December 2020 and June 2021, DES team published two papers showing their results about using weak lensing to calibrate the redshift of the source galaxies in order to mapping the matter density field with gravitational lensing.
2223:. The supernova data was from DES-SN3YR. The Dark Energy Survey team found Ωm = 0.331 ± 0.038 with a flat ΛCDM model and Ωm = 0.321 ± 0.018, w = −0.978 ± 0.059 with a flat wCDM model. Analyzing the same data from DES-SN3YR, they also found a new current
1029:. Most of these cosmology results coming from its first-year data and the third-year data. Their results for cosmology were concluded with a Multi-Probe Methodology, which mainly combine the data from Galaxy-Galaxy Lensing, different shape of
2063:
associated with the event. DES team monitored the source for over two weeks and provide the light curve data as a machine-readable file. From the observation data set, DES concluded that the optical counterpart they have identified near
1036:
For the first-year data collected by DES, Dark Energy Survey Group showed the
Cosmological Constraints results from Galaxy Clustering and Weak Lensing results and cosmic shear measurement. With Galaxy Clustering and Weak Lensing results,
3311:
Troxel, M. A.; MacCrann, N.; Zuntz, J.; Eifler, T. F.; Krause, E.; Dodelson, S.; Gruen, D.; Blazek, J.; Friedrich, O.; Samuroff, S.; Prat, J. (2018-08-27). "Dark Energy Survey Year 1 Results: Cosmological
Constraints from Cosmic Shear".
1020:
Constraints on a measure of the clumpiness of the matter distribution (S8) and the fractional density of the
Universe in matter (Ωm) from the combined 3 DES Y1 measurements (blue), Planck CMB measurements (green), and their combination
4084:
DES and SPT Collaborations; Abbott, T. M. C.; Aguena, M.; Alarcon, A.; Alves, O.; Amon, A.; Andrade-Oliveira, F.; Annis, J.; Ansarinejad, B.; Avila, S.; Bacon, D.; Baxter, E. J.; Bechtol, K.; Becker, M. R.; Benson, B. A. (2023-01-31).
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DES and SPT Collaborations; Omori, Y.; Baxter, E. J.; Chang, C.; Friedrich, O.; Alarcon, A.; Alves, O.; Amon, A.; Andrade-Oliveira, F.; Bechtol, K.; Becker, M. R.; Bernstein, G. M.; Blazek, J.; Bleem, L. E.; Camacho, H. (2023-01-31).
4018:
DES & SPT Collaborations; Chang, C.; Omori, Y.; Baxter, E. J.; Doux, C.; Choi, A.; Pandey, S.; Alarcon, A.; Alves, O.; Amon, A.; Andrade-Oliveira, F.; Bechtol, K.; Becker, M. R.; Bernstein, G. M.; Bianchini, F. (2023-01-31).
1871:
1725:
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and a typical redshift uncertainty of 0.03(1+z). From their statistics, they combine the likelihoods derived from angular correlations and spherical harmonics to constrain the ratio of comoving angular diameter distance
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is associated with GW170817. This discovery ushers in the era of multi-messenger astronomy with gravitational waves and demonstrates the power of DECam to identify the optical counterparts of gravitational-wave sources.
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properties of the detected Dwarf Galaxy such as the chemical abundance, the structure of stellar population, and Stellar Kinematics and Metallicities. In Feb 2019, the team also discovered a sixth star cluster in the
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10 atm) to prevent the formation of condensation on the sensors. The entire camera with lenses, filters, and CCDs weighs approximately 4 tons. When mounted at the prime focus it was supported with a
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First light was achieved on 12 September 2012; after a verification and testing period, scientific survey observations started in August 2013. The last observing session was completed on 9 January 2019.
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889:(in large part avoiding the Milky Way). The survey took 758 observing nights spread over six annual sessions between August and February to complete, covering the survey footprint ten times in five
1922:
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1181:
4889:
The Dark Energy Survey Collaboration; Abbott, T. M. C.; Abdalla, F. B.; Alarcon, A.; Allam, S.; Andrade-Oliveira, F.; Annis, J.; Avila, S.; Banerji, M.; Banik, N.; Bechtol, K. (2019-03-11).
2909:
27:
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Rosell, A. Carnero; Rodriguez-Monroy, M.; Crocce, M.; Elvin-Poole, J.; Porredon, A.; Ferrero, I.; Mena-Fernandez, J.; Cawthon, R.; De Vicente, J.; Gaztanaga, E.; Ross, A. J. (2021-11-10).
1969:
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Sevilla-Noarbe, I.; Bechtol, K.; Kind, M. Carrasco; Rosell, A. Carnero; Becker, M. R.; Drlica-Wagner, A.; Gruendl, R. A.; Rykoff, E. S.; Sheldon, E.; Yanny, B.; Alarcon, A. (2021-06-01).
3424:
Drlica-Wagner, A.; Sevilla-Noarbe, I.; Rykoff, E. S.; Gruendl, R. A.; Yanny, B.; Tucker, D. L.; Hoyle, B.; Rosell, A. Carnero; Bernstein, G. M.; Bechtol, K.; Becker, M. R. (2018-04-03).
986:
The footprint of the wide-area survey on the sky (colored region) in celestial coordinates; the dashed curve shows the approximate location of the Milky Way disk in these coordinates.
925:
954:
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in the i band over the entire survey area. Longer exposure times and faster observing cadence were made in five smaller patches totaling 30 square degrees to search for supernovae.
5934:
969:
Simulated image of the DECam CCD array at focal plane. Each large rectangle is a single CCD. The green rectangle circled in red in the upper left corner shows the size of the
775:, is a large camera built to replace the previous prime focus camera on the Victor M. Blanco Telescope. The camera consists of three major components: mechanics, optics, and
936:
1632:
for the ΛCDM model with the new cosmic shear measurements. From third-year data of Galaxy Clustering and Weak Lensing results, DES updated the Cosmological Constraints to
1003:
light filter. It also decides whether to take a wide-area or time-domain survey image, depending on whether or not the exposure will also be used for supernova searches.
2611:
for DeCam's observations of small Solar System bodies. As of October 2019, the MPC inconsistently credits the discovery of nine numbered minor planets, all of them
4599:
Wang, M. Y.; de Boer, T.; Pieres, A.; Li, T. S.; Drlica-Wagner, A.; Koposov, S. E.; Vivas, A. K.; Pace, A. B.; Santiago, B.; Walker, A. R.; Tucker, D. L. (2019-08-21).
2000:
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Wang, M. Y.; Koposov, S.; Drlica-Wagner, A.; Pieres, A.; Li, T. S.; de Boer, T.; Bechtol, K.; Belokurov, V.; Pace, A. B.; Bacon, D.; Abbott, T. M. C. (2019-04-16).
939:(Legacy Surveys), as of data release 10, includes DECaLS, BASS and MzLS. It also incorporating additional DECam data, which means that it covers almost the entire
227:
3373:
Hoyle, B.; Gruen, D.; Bernstein, G. M.; Rau, M. M.; De Vicente, J.; Hartley, W. G.; Gaztanaga, E.; DeRose, J.; Troxel, M. A.; Davis, C.; Alarcon, A. (2018-07-21).
5128:
Macaulay, E.; Nichol, R. C.; Bacon, D.; Brout, D.; Davis, T. M.; Zhang, B.; Bassett, B. A.; Scolnic, D.; Möller, A.; D'Andrea, C. B.; Hinton, S. R. (2019-06-21).
5061:
Abbott, T. M. C.; Allam, S.; Andersen, P.; Angus, C.; Asorey, J.; Avelino, A.; Avila, S.; Bassett, B. A.; Bechtol, K.; Bernstein, G. M.; Bertin, E. (2019-02-21).
3545:
DES Collaboration; Abbott, T. M. C.; Aguena, M.; Alarcon, A.; Allam, S.; Alves, O.; Amon, A.; Andrade-Oliveira, F.; Annis, J.; Avila, S.; Bacon, D. (2022-01-13).
5248:
Brout, D.; Scolnic, D.; Kessler, R.; D'Andrea, C. B.; Davis, T. M.; Gupta, R. R.; Hinton, S. R.; Kim, A. G.; Lasker, J.; Lidman, C.; Macaulay, E. (2019-04-02).
4814:
Li, T. S.; Simon, J. D.; Kuehn, K.; Pace, A. B.; Erkal, D.; Bechtol, K.; Yanny, B.; Drlica-Wagner, A.; Marshall, J. L.; Lidman, C.; Balbinot, E. (2018-10-05).
4266:
Myles, J.; Alarcon, A.; Amon, A.; Sánchez, C.; Everett, S.; DeRose, J.; McCullough, J.; Gruen, D.; Bernstein, G. M.; Troxel, M. A.; Dodelson, S. (2021-06-23).
2980:
2661:
The three large objects in this image captured by the Dark Energy Camera are galaxies in the nearby Fornax cluster, roughly 65 million light-years from Earth.
4317:
The LIGO Scientific Collaboration; The Virgo Collaboration (2017-10-16). "GW170817: Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Neutron Star Inspiral".
5983:
5307:
Brout, D.; Sako, M.; Scolnic, D.; Kessler, R.; D'Andrea, C. B.; Davis, T. M.; Hinton, S. R.; Kim, A. G.; Lasker, J.; Macaulay, E.; Möller, A. (2019-03-27).
752:(CTIO) in Chile. Observing sessions ran from 2013 to 2019; as of 2021 the DES collaboration has published results from the first three years of the survey.
740:(DECam), an instrument designed specifically for the survey. This camera has a wide field of view and high sensitivity, particularly in the red part of the
6138:
4021:"Joint analysis of Dark Energy Survey Year 3 data and CMB lensing from SPT and $ Planck$ . II. Cross-correlation measurements and cosmological constraints"
3830:
Abbott, T. M. C.; Aguena, M.; Alarcon, A.; Allam, S.; Alves, O.; Amon, A.; Andrade-Oliveira, F.; Annis, J.; Avila, S.; Bacon, D.; Baxter, E. (2022-01-13).
5945:
4215:
Gatti, M.; Giannini, G.; Bernstein, G. M.; Alarcon, A.; Myles, J.; Amon, A.; Cawthon, R.; Troxel, M.; DeRose, J.; Everett, S.; Ross, A. J. (2021-12-24).
2884:, Pdf Presentation about the specific details about how a CCD device works and about the specific properties of the DECam, made by a Fermilab specialist.
3816:
4217:"Dark Energy Survey Year 3 Results: Clustering Redshifts -- Calibration of the Weak Lensing Source Redshift Distributions with redMaGiC and BOSS/eBOSS"
2877:
598:
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at 68% confidence limits for ωCMD. Combine the most significant measurements of cosmic shear in a galaxy survey, Dark Energy Survey Group showed that
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4386:
Soares-Santos, M.; Holz, D. E.; Annis, J.; Chornock, R.; Herner, K.; Berger, E.; Brout, D.; Chen, H.; Kessler, R.; Sako, M.; Allam, S. (2017-10-16).
838:
The Dark Energy Camera's 1 millionth exposure. The 1 millionth exposure has been combined with 127 earlier exposures to make this view of the field.
4388:"The Electromagnetic Counterpart of the Binary Neutron Star Merger LIGO/Virgo GW170817. I. Dark Energy Camera Discovery of the Optical Counterpart"
2667:
6244:
3955:"Joint analysis of Dark Energy Survey Year 3 data and CMB lensing from SPT and Planck. I. Construction of CMB lensing maps and modeling choices"
1553:
1421:
1339:
5899:
5662:
4520:
Hansen, T. T.; Marshall, J. L.; Simon, J. D.; Li, T. S.; Bernstein, R. A.; Pace, A. B.; Ferguson, P.; Nagasawa, D. Q.; Kuehn, K.; Carollo, D.;
5657:
3785:
3680:
Jeffrey, N; Gatti, M; Chang, C; Whiteway, L; Demirbozan, U; Kovacs, A; Pollina, G; Bacon, D; Hamaus, N; Kacprzak, T; Lahav, O (2021-06-25).
2799:
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Drlica-Wagner, A.; et al. (November 4, 2015). "Eight Ultra-faint Galaxy Candidates Discovered in Year Two of the Dark Energy Survey".
668:
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Schlafly, E. F.; Green, G. M.; Lang, D.; Daylan, T.; Finkbeiner, D. P.; Lee, A.; Meisner, A. M.; Schlegel, D.; Valdes, F. (2018-02-01).
2230:
4891:"Dark Energy Survey Year 1 Results: Measurement of the Baryon Acoustic Oscillation scale in the distribution of galaxies to redshift 1"
2584:
2558:
2532:
2506:
2480:
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2428:
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5787:
2626:
5250:"First Cosmology Results Using Type Ia Supernovae From the Dark Energy Survey: Analysis, Systematic Uncertainties, and Validation"
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The additional crystal depth increases the path length travelled by entering photons. This, in turn, increases the probability of
5737:
5309:"First Cosmology Results Using Type Ia Supernovae From the Dark Energy Survey: Photometric Pipeline and Light Curve Data Release"
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the telescope's focal plane each pixel has a width of 0.27″ on the sky, resulting in a total field of view of 3 square degrees.
809:
The camera is outfitted with u, g, r, i, z, and Y filters spanning roughly from 340–1070 nm, similar to those used in the
4087:"Joint analysis of Dark Energy Survey Year 3 data and CMB lensing from SPT and Planck. III. Combined cosmological constraints"
2121:
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in order to reduce thermal noise in the CCDs. The focal plane is also kept in an extremely low vacuum of 0.00013 pascals (1.3
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exposure, the team also need to consider different sky conditions for the observations, such as moonlight and cloud cover.
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4601:"The Morphology and Structure of Stellar Populations in the Fornax Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy from Dark Energy Survey Data"
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5892:
5374:
Becker, J.C.; Khain, T.; Hamilton, S.J.; Adams, F.C.; Gerdes, D.W.; Zullo, L.; et al. (DES Collaboration) (2018).
3045:
5063:"First Cosmology Results using Type Ia Supernovae from the Dark Energy Survey: Constraints on Cosmological Parameters"
2014:
DES's 2021 Dark matter map using weak gravitational lensing data set projected in the foreground of observed galaxies.
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5130:"First Cosmological Results using Type Ia Supernovae from the Dark Energy Survey: Measurement of the Hubble Constant"
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4816:"The First Tidally Disrupted Ultra-faint Dwarf Galaxy?: A Spectroscopic Analysis of the Tucana III Stream"
4526:"Chemical Analysis of the Ultrafaint Dwarf Galaxy Grus II. Signature of High-mass Stellar Nucleosynthesis"
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5376:"Discovery and dynamical analysis of an extreme trans-Neptunian object with a high orbital inclination"
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3832:"Dark Energy Survey Year 3 results: Cosmological constraints from galaxy clustering and weak lensing"
3547:"Dark Energy Survey Year 3 results: Cosmological constraints from galaxy clustering and weak lensing"
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After completion of the Dark Energy Survey, the Dark Energy Camera was used for other sky surveys:
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3174:"The DECam Plane Survey: Optical Photometry of Two Billion Objects in the Southern Galactic Plane"
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The large spiral galaxy in the center of this image is roughly 385 million light-years from Earth.
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3375:"Dark Energy Survey Year 1 Results: Redshift distributions of the weak lensing source galaxies"
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4268:"Dark Energy Survey Year 3 Results: Redshift Calibration of the Weak Lensing Source Galaxies"
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DES imaged 5,000 square degrees of the southern sky in a footprint that overlaps with the
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and in the near infrared. Observations were performed with DECam mounted on the 4-meter
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3817:"Mapping the cosmos: Dark Energy Survey creates detailed guide to spotting dark matter"
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For the third-year data collected by DES, they updated the Cosmological Constraints to
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at the effective redshift of our sample to the sound horizon scale at the drag epoch.
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3682:"Dark Energy Survey Year 3 results: Curved-sky weak lensing mass map reconstruction"
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2918:. Vol. 8446. International Society for Optics and Photonics. pp. 343–357.
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5183:; Macaluso, Benoit; Milojević, Staša; Cronin, Blaise; Thelwall, Mike (2014-01-27).
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4676:"Stellar Kinematics and Metallicities in the Ultra-Faint Dwarf Galaxy Reticulum Ii"
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4486:
4446:"Scientists find rare dwarf satellite galaxy candidates in Dark Energy Survey data"
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3119:
2973:"NOAO: A Survey Machine and a Data Trove – Dark Energy Survey's Rich Legacy | CTIO"
2919:
2219:
In May 2019, Dark Energy Survey team published their first cosmology results using
798:
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642:
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149:
5185:"arXiv E-prints and the journal of record: An analysis of roles and relationships"
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3523:
1866:{\displaystyle S_{8}=\sigma _{8}(\Omega _{m}/0.3)^{0.5}=0.775_{-0.024}^{+0.026}}
1720:{\displaystyle S_{8}=\sigma _{8}(\Omega _{m}/0.3)^{0.5}=0.776_{-0.017}^{+0.017}}
1125:{\displaystyle S_{8}=\sigma _{8}(\Omega _{m}/0.3)^{0.5}=0.773_{-0.020}^{+0.026}}
5624:
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4968:
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4867:
4792:
4749:"Rediscovery of the Sixth Star Cluster in the Fornax Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy"
4725:
4644:
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3133:
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2088:
In March 2015, two teams released their discoveries of several new potential
539:
524:
424:
4917:
4890:
4017:
6177:
6036:
5853:
5808:
5625:"Dark Energy Survey Releases Most Precise Look at the Universe's Evolution"
5156:
5129:
4364:
4151:
3763:
3401:
3374:
2094:
2089:
1030:
932:, not including the Milky Way. This survey covers over 9000 square degrees.
843:
544:
519:
494:
479:
335:
5667:
3951:
3929:
3904:
1625:{\displaystyle \sigma _{8}(\Omega _{m}/0.3)^{0.5}=0.759_{-0.025}^{+0.023}}
1493:{\displaystyle \sigma _{8}(\Omega _{m}/0.3)^{0.5}=0.777_{-0.038}^{+0.036}}
1411:{\displaystyle \sigma _{8}(\Omega _{m}/0.3)^{0.5}=0.782_{-0.027}^{+0.027}}
982:
26:
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1025:
Dark Energy Group published several papers presenting their results for
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5031:
4939:
4859:
4667:
4521:
3873:
3612:"Dark Energy Survey Year 3 Results: Photometric Data Set for Cosmology"
3588:
3426:"Dark Energy Survey Year 1 Results: Photometric Data Set for Cosmology"
2608:
2208:
534:
5218:
4942:"Dark Energy Survey Year 3 Results: Galaxy Sample for BAO Measurement"
2923:
965:
3248:
2018:
Weak lensing was measured statistically by measuring the shear-shear
2002:~ 23.0, and top-of-the-atmosphere photometric uniformity < 3mmag.
1026:
958:
886:
484:
3544:
2707:
2097:
Spheroidal Galaxy and a tidally Disrupted Ultra-Faint Dwarf Galaxy.
5652:
5394:
5325:
5266:
5146:
5079:
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4907:
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2736:
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2605:
2064:
2042:
970:
864:
706:
217:
119:
112:
5201:
5178:
4990:
2302:{\displaystyle H_{0}=67.1\pm 1.3\,\mathrm {km\,s^{-1}\,Mpc^{-1}} }
822:(CCD) at the Victor M. Blanco Telescope and DECam is the improved
49:
5723:
5189:
Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology
2850:
2081:
3490:
1184:
6093:
6021:
5762:
5247:
4458:
3609:
2010:
947:. The purpose of the Legacy Surveys is to find targets for the
63:
4746:
4385:
2912:. In McLean, Ian S; Ramsay, Suzanne K; Takami, Hideki (eds.).
5961:
5792:
4214:
852:
3001:
2041:
Another big part of weak lensing result is to calibrate the
1033:, cosmic shear, galaxy clustering and photometric data set.
102:
5971:
2055:
6172:
5692:
2915:
Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy IV
3679:
3310:
2910:"Status of the Dark Energy Survey Camera (DECam) project"
5127:
5060:
4665:
3829:
2779:
2193:{\displaystyle D_{m}(Z_{e}ff=0.835)/r_{d}=18.92\pm 0.51}
5306:
4265:
3171:
3032:"Dark energy camera snaps first images ahead of survey"
3004:"Description of the Dark Energy Survey for Astronomers"
2908:
Flaugher, Brenna L.; et al. (September 24, 2012).
4666:
Simon, J. D.; Drlica-Wagner, A.; Li, T. S.; Nord, B.;
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1978:
1930:
1879:
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1506:
1424:
1342:
1295:
1244:
1193:
1138:
1043:
4674:; Lin, H.; Marshall, J.; Santiago, B. (2015-07-23).
4152:"Cosmological Parameters Improved by Combining Data"
3736:"The most detailed 3D map of the Universe ever made"
5682:"15 spectacular photos from the Dark Energy Camera"
4598:
3086:
1917:{\displaystyle \Omega _{m}=0.352_{-0.041}^{+0.035}}
1771:{\displaystyle \Omega _{m}=0.339_{-0.031}^{+0.032}}
1282:{\displaystyle \Omega _{m}=0.284_{-0.030}^{+0.033}}
1176:{\displaystyle \Omega _{m}=0.267_{-0.017}^{+0.030}}
991:are monitoring camera operations and data process.
2865:
2780:The Project - The Dark Energy Survey Collaboration
2301:
2192:
1994:
1963:
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1770:
1719:
1624:
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1410:
1328:
1281:
1230:
1175:
1124:
5134:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
4946:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
4895:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
4272:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
4221:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
3686:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
3379:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
2214:
6221:
4813:
801:system allowing for real time focal adjustment.
16:Project to measure the expansion of the universe
5591:
3061:"The Dark Energy Camera Legacy Survey (DECaLS)"
2100:
998:In order to get better images, DES team use a
6065:Calar Alto Legacy Integral Field Area Survey
5893:
5708:
4452:
4438:
3090:"Overview of the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys"
1964:{\displaystyle \omega =-0.98_{-0.20}^{+0.32}}
1540:{\displaystyle \omega =-0.95_{-0.36}^{+0.33}}
1329:{\displaystyle \omega =-0.82_{-0.20}^{+0.21}}
1231:{\displaystyle S_{8}=0.782_{-0.024}^{+0.036}}
859:with 15×15 micron pixels. By comparison, the
662:
3809:
3733:
2887:
916:
3616:The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series
3430:The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series
3178:The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series
846:on DECam is an array of 62 2048×4096 pixel
5900:
5886:
5715:
5701:
2901:
2773:
2321:were discovered by DeCam in the course of
863:back-illuminated CCD that was used in the
826:in the red and near-infrared wavelengths.
669:
655:
101:
25:
5788:Southern Astrophysical Research Telescope
5411:
5393:
5342:
5324:
5275:
5265:
5200:
5155:
5145:
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3441:
3400:
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3207:
3189:
3123:
3105:
2967:
2965:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2278:
2264:
2256:
736:The DES began by developing and building
5907:
5658:Dark Energy Survey Science Program (PDF)
3902:
3786:"The Dark Energy Survey Science Program"
3778:
2907:
2730:
2202:
2075:
2009:
1015:
981:
964:
833:
759:
693:designed to constrain the properties of
5738:Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory
2934:– via www.spiedigitallibrary.org.
2808:Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory
2038:to give once new improved constraints.
750:Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory
6245:Minor-planet discovering observatories
6222:
5599:"Minor Planet Discoverers (by number)"
5452:
3146:
3058:
2962:
2821:"DES Year 3 Cosmology Results: Papers"
2785:
2757:"The Dark Energy Survey Collaboration"
2049:
905:). The survey reached a depth of 24th
5881:
5696:
5679:
3729:
3727:
3675:
3673:
3082:
3080:
2335:List of DES discovered minor planets
943:southern sky, including parts of the
6134:
5861:
2718:
949:Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument
5994:Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer
5940:Palomar Distant Solar System Survey
5663:Dark Energy Survey Data Management
3734:Castelvecchi, Davide (2021-05-28).
697:. It uses images taken in the near-
13:
5929:The INT Photometric H-Alpha Survey
3905:"Dark Energy Survey Hits a Triple"
3724:
3670:
3077:
3002:Dark Energy Survey Collaboration.
2594:Discoveries are credited either to
2286:
2282:
2279:
2266:
2261:
2258:
1881:
1812:
1778:in ΛCDM at 68% confidence limits,
1735:
1666:
1571:
1439:
1357:
1246:
1140:
1071:
788:(−148 °F; −100 °C) with
397:2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey ("2dF")
14:
6256:
5646:
5581:"JPL Small-Body Database Browser"
5563:"JPL Small-Body Database Browser"
5545:"JPL Small-Body Database Browser"
5527:"JPL Small-Body Database Browser"
5509:"JPL Small-Body Database Browser"
5491:"JPL Small-Body Database Browser"
5473:"JPL Small-Body Database Browser"
5455:"JPL Small-Body Database Browser"
5436:"JPL Small-Body Database Browser"
4150:Gasparini, Allison (2023-01-31).
2596:"DECam" or "Dark Energy Survey".
2071:
928:(DECaLS) covers the sky below 32°
612:Timeline of cosmological theories
377:Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE)
6207:
6195:
6183:
6171:
6159:
6133:
6124:
6123:
5860:
5844:
5833:
5832:
5761:
5680:Biron, Lauren (4 October 2022).
3903:Schirber, Michael (2022-01-13).
2666:
2654:
2642:
2625:
2312:
926:Dark Energy Camera Legacy Survey
636:
625:
624:
62:
6088:Galaxy And Mass Assembly survey
5972:Infrared Astronomical Satellite
5617:
5573:
5555:
5537:
5519:
5501:
5483:
5465:
5446:
5428:
5367:
5300:
5241:
5172:
5121:
5054:
4984:
4933:
4882:
4807:
4740:
4659:
4592:
4513:
4379:
4310:
4259:
4208:
4143:
4077:
4011:
3945:
3896:
3823:
3603:
3538:
3484:
3417:
3366:
3304:
3242:
3224:
3165:
3140:
3052:
3046:"The Dark Energy Survey begins"
3038:
3024:
2995:
2938:
2022:, a two-point function, or its
2005:
955:Dark Energy Camera Plane Survey
811:Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS)
392:Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS)
245:Future of an expanding universe
5978:UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Survey
5748:Kitt Peak National Observatory
4349:10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.161101
2838:
2813:
2749:
2700:
2215:Type Ia supernova observations
2160:
2135:
1830:
1808:
1684:
1662:
1589:
1567:
1457:
1435:
1375:
1353:
1089:
1067:
607:History of the Big Bang theory
403:Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy
1:
4670:; Bechtol, K.; Balbinot, E.;
3147:Survey, Legacy (2023-09-28).
3059:Survey, Legacy (2012-11-08).
2693:
2325:, including high-inclination
1418:at 68% confidence limits and
973:camera CCD at the same scale.
599:Discovery of cosmic microwave
250:Ultimate fate of the universe
5783:Nicholas U. Mayall Telescope
2673:Dark Energy Survey - galaxy
2107:baryon acoustic oscillations
2101:Baryon acoustic oscillations
1011:
977:
813:. This allows DES to obtain
782:
719:baryon acoustic oscillations
7:
5722:
5024:10.1103/PhysRevD.105.043512
4491:10.1088/0004-637X/813/2/109
4186:10.1103/PhysRevD.107.023529
4121:10.1103/PhysRevD.107.023531
4055:10.1103/PhysRevD.107.023530
3989:10.1103/PhysRevD.107.023529
3866:10.1103/PhysRevD.105.023520
3581:10.1103/PhysRevD.105.023520
3524:10.1103/PhysRevD.106.103530
2681:
937:DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys
367:Black Hole Initiative (BHI)
10:
6261:
6053:2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey
5778:Víctor M. Blanco Telescope
5771:Telescopes and Instruments
5668:Dark Energy Camera (DECam)
5653:Dark Energy Survey website
4710:10.1088/0004-637X/808/1/95
3748:10.1038/d41586-021-01466-1
3344:10.1103/PhysRevD.98.043528
3282:10.1103/PhysRevD.98.043526
3149:"Data Release Description"
2797:Dark Energy Camera (DECam)
2618:
1006:
746:Víctor M. Blanco Telescope
737:
727:weak gravitational lensing
130:Chronology of the universe
6119:
6045:
6016:GALEX Arecibo SDSS Survey
6003:
5954:
5915:
5827:
5814:Lars Lindberg Christensen
5801:
5770:
5759:
5753:Vera C. Rubin Observatory
5730:
5313:The Astrophysical Journal
5254:The Astrophysical Journal
5067:The Astrophysical Journal
4820:The Astrophysical Journal
4753:The Astrophysical Journal
4680:The Astrophysical Journal
4605:The Astrophysical Journal
4530:The Astrophysical Journal
4461:The Astrophysical Journal
4392:The Astrophysical Journal
2604:The MPC has assigned the
2593:
917:Other surveys using DECam
876:
804:
711:expansion of the universe
223:Expansion of the universe
73:
60:
44:
36:
24:
6099:Sloan Digital Sky Survey
5413:10.3847/1538-3881/aad042
5381:The Astronomical Journal
5344:10.3847/1538-4357/ab06c1
5277:10.3847/1538-4357/ab08a0
5098:10.3847/2041-8213/ab04fa
4851:10.3847/1538-4357/aadf91
4784:10.3847/2041-8213/ab14f5
4636:10.3847/1538-4357/ab31a9
4561:10.3847/1538-4357/ab9643
4415:10.3847/2041-8213/aa9059
3647:10.3847/1538-4365/abeb66
3461:10.3847/1538-4365/aab4f5
3238:. Survey and operations.
3209:10.3847/1538-4365/aaa3e2
3125:10.3847/1538-3881/ab089d
3094:The Astronomical Journal
2846:"A Sky Full of Galaxies"
2761:www.darkenergysurvey.org
2746:, DES-Brazil Consortium.
755:
387:Planck space observatory
173:Gravitational wave (GWB)
68:Related media on Commons
4319:Physical Review Letters
3048:. Fermilab. 2013-09-03.
2782:, The DES Project Site.
2688:Cosmic Evolution Survey
2613:trans-Neptunian objects
2327:trans-Neptunian objects
2207:The supernova remnant
861:OmniVision Technologies
829:
764:A Sky Full of Galaxies.
240:Inhomogeneous cosmology
31:Dark Energy Survey logo
5984:SCUBA-2 All Sky Survey
4969:10.1093/mnras/stab2995
4295:10.1093/mnras/stab1515
4244:10.1093/mnras/stab3311
3742:: d41586–021–01466-1.
3709:10.1093/mnras/stab1495
3236:The Dark Energy Survey
3011:The Dark Energy Survey
2950:The Dark Energy Survey
2825:The Dark Energy Survey
2725:DES Collaboration Page
2712:The Dark Energy Survey
2323:The Dark Energy Survey
2303:
2211:
2194:
2085:
2015:
1996:
1995:{\displaystyle i_{AB}}
1965:
1918:
1867:
1772:
1721:
1626:
1541:
1494:
1412:
1330:
1283:
1232:
1177:
1126:
1022:
987:
974:
839:
820:charge-coupled devices
765:
37:Alternative names
20:The Dark Energy Survey
6105:VIMOS-VLT Deep Survey
6082:DEEP2 Redshift Survey
5629:NOIRLab Press Release
4918:10.1093/mnras/sty3351
3930:10.1103/Physics.15.s4
2304:
2206:
2195:
2079:
2013:
1997:
1966:
1919:
1868:
1773:
1722:
1627:
1542:
1495:
1413:
1331:
1284:
1233:
1178:
1127:
1019:
985:
968:
957:(DECaPS), covers the
837:
763:
331:Large-scale structure
309:Shape of the universe
6240:Fermilab experiments
6230:Astronomical surveys
5923:Digitized Sky Survey
5909:Astronomical surveys
5181:Sugimoto, Cassidy R.
5179:Larivière, Vincent;
5157:10.1093/mnras/stz978
3402:10.1093/mnras/sty957
2983:on 22 September 2021
2895:"Camera | SDSS"
2727:, DES Collaborators.
2231:
2122:
2036:South Pole telescope
2020:correlation function
1976:
1928:
1877:
1782:
1731:
1636:
1554:
1504:
1422:
1340:
1293:
1242:
1191:
1136:
1041:
961:in the southern sky.
883:South Pole Telescope
815:photometric redshift
643:Astronomy portal
601:background radiation
578:List of cosmologists
6071:CfA Redshift Survey
5603:Minor Planet Center
5404:2018AJ....156...81B
5335:2019ApJ...874..106B
5211:2014JASIS..65.1157L
5089:2019ApJ...872L..30A
5016:2022PhRvD.105d3512A
4842:2018ApJ...866...22L
4775:2019ApJ...875L..13W
4702:2015ApJ...808...95S
4627:2019ApJ...881..118W
4552:2020ApJ...897..183H
4483:2015ApJ...813..109D
4341:2017PhRvL.119p1101A
4178:2023PhRvD.107b3529O
4113:2023PhRvD.107b3531A
4047:2023PhRvD.107b3530C
3981:2023PhRvD.107b3529O
3921:2022PhyOJ..15...s4S
3858:2022PhRvD.105b3520A
3638:2021ApJS..254...24S
3573:2022PhRvD.105b3520A
3516:2022PhRvD.106j3530P
3452:2018ApJS..235...33D
3336:2018PhRvD..98d3528T
3274:2018PhRvD..98d3526A
3200:2018ApJS..234...39S
3116:2019AJ....157..168D
2633:Dark Energy Survey
2336:
2058:detected the first
2050:Gravitational waves
1960:
1913:
1862:
1767:
1716:
1621:
1536:
1489:
1407:
1325:
1278:
1227:
1172:
1121:
691:astronomical survey
343:Structure formation
235:Friedmann equations
125:Age of the universe
89:Part of a series on
21:
6076:Dark Energy Survey
5743:Gemini Observatory
5673:2017-10-18 at the
5605:. 15 November 2016
5453:Chamberlin, Alan.
3034:. BBC. 2012-09-18.
2880:2011-09-27 at the
2875:DECam Presentation
2802:2019-05-23 at the
2742:2014-10-22 at the
2528:28 September 2012
2334:
2299:
2221:Type Ia supernovae
2212:
2190:
2086:
2060:gravitational wave
2016:
1992:
1961:
1940:
1914:
1893:
1863:
1842:
1768:
1747:
1717:
1696:
1622:
1601:
1537:
1516:
1490:
1469:
1408:
1387:
1326:
1305:
1279:
1258:
1228:
1207:
1173:
1152:
1122:
1101:
1023:
1000:computer algorithm
988:
975:
840:
824:quantum efficiency
773:Dark Energy Camera
766:
738:Dark Energy Camera
715:Type Ia supernovae
683:Dark Energy Survey
382:Dark Energy Survey
326:Large quasar group
95:Physical cosmology
19:
6147:
6146:
6059:6dF Galaxy Survey
5875:
5874:
5686:symmetry magazine
5219:10.1002/asi.23044
4994:Physical Review D
4091:Physical Review D
4025:Physical Review D
3959:Physical Review D
3836:Physical Review D
3551:Physical Review D
3494:Physical Review D
3314:Physical Review D
3252:Physical Review D
2977:www.ctio.noao.edu
2924:10.1117/12.926216
2600:
2599:
2554:12 November 2012
2502:15 November 2012
2476:15 November 2012
2398:8 September 2013
2372:19 November 2012
2105:The signature of
2024:Fourier Transform
945:Magellanic Clouds
891:photometric bands
748:, located at the
679:
678:
350:
349:
192:
191:
84:
83:
52:.darkenergysurvey
6252:
6212:
6211:
6210:
6200:
6199:
6198:
6188:
6187:
6186:
6176:
6175:
6164:
6163:
6162:
6155:
6137:
6136:
6127:
6126:
5902:
5895:
5888:
5879:
5878:
5864:
5863:
5850:Portal:Astronomy
5848:
5836:
5835:
5765:
5717:
5710:
5703:
5694:
5693:
5689:
5640:
5639:
5637:
5635:
5621:
5615:
5614:
5612:
5610:
5595:
5589:
5588:
5585:ssd.jpl.nasa.gov
5577:
5571:
5570:
5567:ssd.jpl.nasa.gov
5559:
5553:
5552:
5549:ssd.jpl.nasa.gov
5541:
5535:
5534:
5531:ssd.jpl.nasa.gov
5523:
5517:
5516:
5513:ssd.jpl.nasa.gov
5505:
5499:
5498:
5495:ssd.jpl.nasa.gov
5487:
5481:
5480:
5477:ssd.jpl.nasa.gov
5469:
5463:
5462:
5459:ssd.jpl.nasa.gov
5450:
5444:
5443:
5440:ssd.jpl.nasa.gov
5432:
5426:
5425:
5415:
5397:
5371:
5365:
5364:
5346:
5328:
5304:
5298:
5297:
5279:
5269:
5245:
5239:
5238:
5204:
5195:(6): 1157–1169.
5176:
5170:
5169:
5159:
5149:
5140:(2): 2184–2196.
5125:
5119:
5118:
5100:
5082:
5058:
5052:
5051:
5009:
4988:
4982:
4981:
4971:
4961:
4937:
4931:
4930:
4920:
4910:
4901:(4): 4866–4883.
4886:
4880:
4879:
4853:
4835:
4811:
4805:
4804:
4786:
4768:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4695:
4672:Buckley-Geer, E.
4663:
4657:
4656:
4638:
4620:
4596:
4590:
4589:
4563:
4545:
4517:
4511:
4510:
4476:
4456:
4450:
4449:
4448:. 10 March 2015.
4442:
4436:
4435:
4417:
4407:
4383:
4377:
4376:
4334:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4297:
4287:
4278:(3): 4249–4277.
4263:
4257:
4256:
4246:
4236:
4227:(1): 1223–1247.
4212:
4206:
4205:
4171:
4147:
4141:
4140:
4106:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4040:
4015:
4009:
4008:
3974:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3932:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3851:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3819:. 13 April 2015.
3813:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3797:
3791:. Archived from
3790:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3731:
3722:
3721:
3711:
3701:
3692:(3): 4626–4645.
3677:
3668:
3667:
3649:
3631:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3566:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3509:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3463:
3445:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3404:
3394:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3329:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3267:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3211:
3193:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3127:
3109:
3084:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3008:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2979:. Archived from
2969:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2891:
2885:
2872:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2817:
2811:
2794:
2783:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2753:
2747:
2734:
2728:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2704:
2670:
2658:
2646:
2635:deep field image
2629:
2587:
2580:13 October 2013
2577:
2575:
2574:
2570:(495297) 2013 TJ
2561:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2544:(495190) 2012 VS
2535:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2518:(495189) 2012 VR
2509:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2492:(491768) 2012 VV
2483:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2466:(491767) 2012 VU
2457:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2440:(483002) 2014 QS
2431:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2414:(472262) 2014 QN
2405:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2388:(471954) 2013 RM
2379:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2362:(451657) 2012 WD
2352:
2337:
2333:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2277:
2276:
2243:
2242:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2177:
2176:
2167:
2147:
2146:
2134:
2133:
2116:
2032:Planck telescope
2001:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1959:
1951:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1912:
1904:
1889:
1888:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1861:
1853:
1838:
1837:
1825:
1820:
1819:
1807:
1806:
1794:
1793:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1766:
1758:
1743:
1742:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1715:
1707:
1692:
1691:
1679:
1674:
1673:
1661:
1660:
1648:
1647:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1620:
1612:
1597:
1596:
1584:
1579:
1578:
1566:
1565:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1535:
1527:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1488:
1480:
1465:
1464:
1452:
1447:
1446:
1434:
1433:
1417:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1406:
1398:
1383:
1382:
1370:
1365:
1364:
1352:
1351:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1324:
1316:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1277:
1269:
1254:
1253:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1226:
1218:
1203:
1202:
1182:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1171:
1163:
1148:
1147:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1120:
1112:
1097:
1096:
1084:
1079:
1078:
1066:
1065:
1053:
1052:
848:back-illuminated
795:
771:, short for the
742:visible spectrum
721:, the number of
671:
664:
657:
641:
640:
639:
628:
627:
321:Galaxy formation
281:Lambda-CDM model
270:
269:
262:Components
144:
143:
105:
86:
85:
77:edit on Wikidata
66:
56:
53:
51:
29:
22:
18:
6260:
6259:
6255:
6254:
6253:
6251:
6250:
6249:
6220:
6219:
6218:
6208:
6206:
6196:
6194:
6184:
6182:
6170:
6160:
6158:
6150:
6148:
6143:
6115:
6041:
6032:Ohio Sky Survey
5999:
5967:Akari (Astro-F)
5950:
5911:
5906:
5876:
5871:
5823:
5797:
5766:
5757:
5726:
5721:
5675:Wayback Machine
5649:
5644:
5643:
5633:
5631:
5623:
5622:
5618:
5608:
5606:
5597:
5596:
5592:
5579:
5578:
5574:
5561:
5560:
5556:
5543:
5542:
5538:
5525:
5524:
5520:
5507:
5506:
5502:
5489:
5488:
5484:
5471:
5470:
5466:
5451:
5447:
5434:
5433:
5429:
5372:
5368:
5305:
5301:
5246:
5242:
5177:
5173:
5126:
5122:
5059:
5055:
4989:
4985:
4938:
4934:
4887:
4883:
4812:
4808:
4745:
4741:
4664:
4660:
4597:
4593:
4518:
4514:
4457:
4453:
4444:
4443:
4439:
4384:
4380:
4315:
4311:
4264:
4260:
4213:
4209:
4148:
4144:
4082:
4078:
4016:
4012:
3950:
3946:
3901:
3897:
3828:
3824:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3788:
3784:
3783:
3779:
3732:
3725:
3678:
3671:
3608:
3604:
3543:
3539:
3489:
3485:
3422:
3418:
3371:
3367:
3309:
3305:
3247:
3243:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3170:
3166:
3157:
3155:
3145:
3141:
3085:
3078:
3069:
3067:
3057:
3053:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3015:
3013:
3006:
3000:
2996:
2986:
2984:
2971:
2970:
2963:
2954:
2952:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2906:
2902:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2882:Wayback Machine
2873:
2866:
2856:
2854:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2829:
2827:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2804:Wayback Machine
2795:
2786:
2778:
2774:
2765:
2763:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2744:Wayback Machine
2735:
2731:
2723:
2719:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2684:
2677:
2671:
2662:
2659:
2650:
2647:
2638:
2637:
2630:
2621:
2595:
2583:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2557:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2531:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2505:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2479:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2453:
2450:19 August 2014
2442:
2441:
2438:
2427:
2424:18 August 2014
2416:
2415:
2412:
2401:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2375:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2315:
2289:
2285:
2269:
2265:
2257:
2238:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2225:Hubble constant
2217:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2142:
2138:
2129:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2074:
2052:
2008:
1983:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1952:
1944:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1905:
1897:
1884:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1854:
1846:
1833:
1829:
1821:
1815:
1811:
1802:
1798:
1789:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1759:
1751:
1738:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1708:
1700:
1687:
1683:
1675:
1669:
1665:
1656:
1652:
1643:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1613:
1605:
1592:
1588:
1580:
1574:
1570:
1561:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1528:
1520:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1481:
1473:
1460:
1456:
1448:
1442:
1438:
1429:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1399:
1391:
1378:
1374:
1366:
1360:
1356:
1347:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1317:
1309:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1270:
1262:
1249:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1219:
1211:
1198:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1164:
1156:
1143:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1113:
1105:
1092:
1088:
1080:
1074:
1070:
1061:
1057:
1048:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1014:
1009:
980:
919:
879:
842:The scientific
832:
807:
793:
790:liquid nitrogen
785:
758:
723:galaxy clusters
709:to measure the
675:
637:
635:
617:
616:
603:
600:
593:
591:Subject history
583:
582:
574:
419:
411:
410:
407:
404:
362:
352:
351:
314:Galaxy filament
267:
255:
254:
206:
201:Expansion
194:
193:
178:Microwave (CMB)
157:Nucleosynthesis
141:
80:
48:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6258:
6248:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6217:
6216:
6204:
6192:
6180:
6168:
6145:
6144:
6142:
6141:
6131:
6120:
6117:
6116:
6114:
6113:
6108:
6102:
6096:
6091:
6085:
6079:
6073:
6068:
6062:
6056:
6049:
6047:
6043:
6042:
6040:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6013:
6007:
6005:
6001:
6000:
5998:
5997:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5975:
5969:
5964:
5958:
5956:
5952:
5951:
5949:
5948:
5943:
5937:
5932:
5926:
5919:
5917:
5913:
5912:
5905:
5904:
5897:
5890:
5882:
5873:
5872:
5870:
5869:
5857:
5841:
5828:
5825:
5824:
5822:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5805:
5803:
5799:
5798:
5796:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5774:
5772:
5768:
5767:
5760:
5758:
5756:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5734:
5732:
5728:
5727:
5720:
5719:
5712:
5705:
5697:
5691:
5690:
5677:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5648:
5647:External links
5645:
5642:
5641:
5616:
5590:
5572:
5554:
5536:
5518:
5500:
5482:
5464:
5445:
5427:
5366:
5299:
5240:
5171:
5120:
5053:
4983:
4952:(1): 778–799.
4932:
4881:
4806:
4739:
4658:
4591:
4524:(2020-07-16).
4512:
4451:
4437:
4378:
4325:(16): 161101.
4309:
4258:
4207:
4142:
4076:
4010:
3944:
3895:
3822:
3808:
3777:
3723:
3669:
3602:
3537:
3500:(10): 103530.
3483:
3416:
3385:(1): 592–610.
3365:
3303:
3241:
3232:"Observations"
3223:
3164:
3139:
3076:
3051:
3037:
3023:
2994:
2961:
2937:
2900:
2886:
2864:
2837:
2812:
2784:
2772:
2748:
2729:
2717:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2672:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2641:
2639:
2632:
2631:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2581:
2578:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2555:
2552:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2529:
2526:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2503:
2500:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2477:
2474:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2451:
2448:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2425:
2422:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2399:
2396:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2373:
2370:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2314:
2311:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2260:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2216:
2213:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2112:
2102:
2099:
2080:Spiral Galaxy
2073:
2072:Dwarf galaxies
2070:
2051:
2048:
2028:power spectrum
2007:
2004:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1958:
1955:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1911:
1908:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1860:
1857:
1852:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1765:
1762:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1714:
1711:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1619:
1616:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1534:
1531:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1500:for ΛCDM with
1487:
1484:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1405:
1402:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1323:
1320:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1276:
1273:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1225:
1222:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1170:
1167:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1119:
1116:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
979:
976:
963:
962:
952:
933:
918:
915:
878:
875:
831:
828:
806:
803:
784:
781:
757:
754:
677:
676:
674:
673:
666:
659:
651:
648:
647:
646:
645:
633:
619:
618:
615:
614:
609:
604:
597:
594:
589:
588:
585:
584:
581:
580:
573:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
421:
420:
417:
416:
413:
412:
409:
408:
401:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
363:
358:
357:
354:
353:
348:
347:
346:
345:
333:
328:
323:
311:
303:
302:
298:
297:
296:
295:
283:
275:
274:
268:
261:
260:
257:
256:
253:
252:
247:
242:
237:
225:
220:
207:
200:
199:
196:
195:
190:
189:
188:
187:
185:Neutrino (CNB)
175:
167:
166:
162:
161:
160:
159:
142:
140:Early universe
139:
138:
135:
134:
133:
132:
127:
122:
107:
106:
98:
97:
91:
90:
82:
81:
74:
71:
70:
58:
57:
46:
42:
41:
38:
34:
33:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6257:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6227:
6225:
6215:
6205:
6203:
6193:
6191:
6181:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6167:
6157:
6156:
6153:
6140:
6132:
6130:
6122:
6121:
6118:
6112:
6109:
6106:
6103:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6089:
6086:
6083:
6080:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6066:
6063:
6060:
6057:
6054:
6051:
6050:
6048:
6046:Spectroscopic
6044:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6008:
6006:
6002:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5979:
5976:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5959:
5957:
5953:
5947:
5944:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5930:
5927:
5924:
5921:
5920:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5903:
5898:
5896:
5891:
5889:
5884:
5883:
5880:
5868:
5867:
5858:
5856:
5855:
5851:
5847:
5842:
5840:
5839:
5830:
5829:
5826:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5806:
5804:
5800:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5775:
5773:
5769:
5764:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5735:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5718:
5713:
5711:
5706:
5704:
5699:
5698:
5695:
5687:
5683:
5678:
5676:
5672:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5650:
5630:
5626:
5620:
5604:
5600:
5594:
5586:
5582:
5576:
5568:
5564:
5558:
5550:
5546:
5540:
5532:
5528:
5522:
5514:
5510:
5504:
5496:
5492:
5486:
5478:
5474:
5468:
5460:
5456:
5449:
5441:
5437:
5431:
5423:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5382:
5377:
5370:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5303:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5244:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5175:
5167:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5124:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5057:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5008:
5003:
5000:(4): 043512.
4999:
4995:
4987:
4979:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4936:
4928:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4885:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4810:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4743:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4718:1969.1/185483
4715:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4662:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4595:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4516:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4455:
4447:
4441:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4382:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4313:
4305:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4262:
4254:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4211:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4146:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4097:(2): 023531.
4096:
4092:
4088:
4080:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4031:(2): 023530.
4030:
4026:
4022:
4014:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3965:(2): 023529.
3964:
3960:
3956:
3948:
3940:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3899:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3842:(2): 023520.
3841:
3837:
3833:
3826:
3818:
3812:
3798:on 2011-07-20
3794:
3787:
3781:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3730:
3728:
3719:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3676:
3674:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3606:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3557:(2): 023520.
3556:
3552:
3548:
3541:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3487:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3420:
3412:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3369:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3320:(4): 043528.
3319:
3315:
3307:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3258:(4): 043526.
3257:
3253:
3245:
3237:
3233:
3227:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3168:
3154:
3153:Legacy Survey
3150:
3143:
3135:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3083:
3081:
3066:
3065:Legacy Survey
3062:
3055:
3047:
3041:
3033:
3027:
3012:
3005:
2998:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2966:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2904:
2896:
2890:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2871:
2869:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2841:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2781:
2776:
2762:
2758:
2752:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2733:
2726:
2721:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2699:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2676:
2669:
2664:
2657:
2652:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2628:
2623:
2622:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2319:minor planets
2313:Minor planets
2310:
2293:
2290:
2273:
2270:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2226:
2222:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2130:
2126:
2108:
2098:
2096:
2091:
2084:imaged by DES
2083:
2078:
2069:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2047:
2044:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2012:
2003:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1956:
1953:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1909:
1906:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1858:
1855:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1826:
1822:
1816:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1763:
1760:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1712:
1709:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1617:
1614:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1562:
1558:
1548:
1532:
1529:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1485:
1482:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1453:
1449:
1443:
1430:
1426:
1403:
1400:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1348:
1344:
1321:
1318:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1274:
1271:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1223:
1220:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1186:
1168:
1165:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1117:
1114:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1018:
1004:
1001:
996:
992:
984:
972:
967:
960:
956:
953:
950:
946:
942:
941:extragalactic
938:
934:
931:
927:
924:
923:
922:
914:
910:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
874:
871:
866:
862:
858:
854:
849:
845:
836:
827:
825:
821:
816:
812:
802:
800:
791:
780:
778:
774:
770:
762:
753:
751:
747:
743:
739:
734:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
672:
667:
665:
660:
658:
653:
652:
650:
649:
644:
634:
632:
623:
622:
621:
620:
613:
610:
608:
605:
602:
596:
595:
592:
587:
586:
579:
576:
575:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
422:
415:
414:
406:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
364:
361:
356:
355:
344:
341:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
315:
312:
310:
307:
306:
305:
304:
300:
299:
294:
291:
287:
284:
282:
279:
278:
277:
276:
272:
271:
265:
259:
258:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
212:
209:
208:
204:
198:
197:
186:
183:
179:
176:
174:
171:
170:
169:
168:
164:
163:
158:
155:
151:
148:
147:
146:
145:
137:
136:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
114:
111:
110:
109:
108:
104:
100:
99:
96:
93:
92:
88:
87:
78:
72:
69:
65:
59:
55:
47:
43:
39:
35:
28:
23:
6214:Solar System
6075:
6037:PALFA Survey
5916:Photographic
5859:
5843:
5831:
5809:Beth Willman
5685:
5632:. Retrieved
5628:
5619:
5607:. Retrieved
5602:
5593:
5584:
5575:
5566:
5557:
5548:
5539:
5530:
5521:
5512:
5503:
5494:
5485:
5476:
5467:
5458:
5448:
5439:
5430:
5385:
5379:
5369:
5316:
5312:
5302:
5257:
5253:
5243:
5192:
5188:
5174:
5137:
5133:
5123:
5070:
5066:
5056:
4997:
4993:
4986:
4949:
4945:
4935:
4898:
4894:
4884:
4823:
4819:
4809:
4756:
4752:
4742:
4683:
4679:
4661:
4608:
4604:
4594:
4570:10261/234987
4533:
4529:
4515:
4499:10183/140479
4464:
4460:
4454:
4440:
4395:
4391:
4381:
4322:
4318:
4312:
4275:
4271:
4261:
4224:
4220:
4210:
4194:10261/336767
4159:
4155:
4145:
4129:10261/336780
4094:
4090:
4079:
4063:10261/336776
4028:
4024:
4013:
3997:10261/336767
3962:
3958:
3947:
3912:
3908:
3898:
3839:
3835:
3825:
3811:
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3780:
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3619:
3615:
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3040:
3026:
3014:. Retrieved
3010:
2997:
2985:. Retrieved
2981:the original
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2949:
2946:"The Camera"
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2914:
2903:
2889:
2855:. Retrieved
2849:
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2828:. Retrieved
2824:
2815:
2807:
2775:
2764:. Retrieved
2760:
2751:
2732:
2720:
2711:
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2251:±
2185:±
1946:−
1938:−
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1848:−
1813:Ω
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1702:−
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1522:−
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5233:
5225:
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2708:"Home"
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951:.
903:Y
895:g
893:(
794:×
685:(
670:e
663:t
656:v
340:·
318:·
290:·
264:·
232:·
215:·
203:·
182:·
154:·
117:·
79:]
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