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return to radio contact with each other and their handlers to exchange information about what they had found. Australia’s CSIRO team even designed its robots to make cooperative decisions about what tasks to undertake. For example, a robot that was too large to fit into a corridor could notify other robots that it existed, so that a smaller robot could explore there. A robot exploring an area could also for a communications node to be dropped to expand the contact area. A robot deep in a cavern could relay information back to a robot closer to the surface, which could more quickly walk back to a point where it could report the information to the human operators. This changed the way in which humans worked with the robots: the human operator used the control system to set goals and direct overall strategy, leaving the robots to assess on-the-ground conditions and choose how to get the job done.
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different launch pads, but could use the same launch site) – one just days after the other – for an opportunity to win prizes. The prizes of the
Challenge are: All teams that qualify for the competition would receive $ 400,000. Each team to successfully carry out an orbital launch gets a prize of $ 2 million, and is eligible to try to make a second launch in rapid succession. The second launches of the teams are scored (based on combination of time to launch, mass launched and orbital accuracy, etc.); the winning team gets $ 10 million, second prize is $ 9 million, and third prize $ 8 million. The pool of launch sites for the Challenge originally consisted of 8 launch locations; in the end, only
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terrain such as stairs and piles of rubble. Robots with wheels or treads can carry heavier payloads, including large batteries, and operate for a longer time. “Marsupials” can carry other robots, including small flying robots which have short battery lives. Flying robots can be strategically deployed to map large or difficult-to-access spaces. Using diverse detection instruments, such as lights, radar, sonar and thermal imaging, enables a team of robots and their handlers to gather information about air and visibility conditions and respond to a broader range of conditions.
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Circuit Stage, and Finals Stage. The SubT Challenge consisted of four events, the Tunnel
Circuit (August 2019), which was held at an experimental mine in Pittsburgh, PA; the Urban Circuit (February 2020), which featured an abandoned nuclear power plant in Elma, WA; the Cave Circuit (November 2020), which was held virtual only due to the COVID-19 Pandemic; and the Final Event (September 2021), which featured elements from all three domains (tunnel urban underground, and natural cave networks was held in Louisville, KY.
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734:, as vehicles must make "intelligent" decisions in real time based on the actions of other vehicles. Other than previous autonomous vehicle efforts that focused on structured situations such as highway driving with little interaction between the vehicles, this competition operated in a more cluttered urban environment and required the cars to perform sophisticated interactions with each other, such as maintaining precedence at a 4-way stop intersection.
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exploration and search and rescue operations. These environments pose significant challenges to robots as well, including a lack of lighting, dripping water, thick smoke, cluttered or irregularly shaped environments and potential loss of GPS capabilities and communications with their handlers. The
Challenge was meant to help close gaps in four technical areas: autonomy, perception, networking and mobility.
900:(although at the time it was not published that the third finalist was Astra; the company was referred only as a "stealth startup"). In the autumn of 2019, both Vector and Virgin dropped out of the competition, Vector because of financial problems and Virgin because it wanted to focus on other customers than DARPA. The final remaining team, Astra, attempted to launch their
808:(FANG) Mobility/Drivetrain Challenge. Team Ground Systems' final design submission received the highest score when measured against the established requirements for system performance and manufacturability. Since the beginning of the first FANG Challenge on January 14, 2013, more than 1,000 participants within more than 200 teams used the
828:, to design and simulate the performance of thousands of potential mobility and drivetrain subsystems. The goal of the FANG program is to test the specially developed META design tools, model libraries and the VehicleFORGE platform, which were created to significantly compress the design-to-production time of a complex defense system.
63:, focused on autonomous emergency-maintenance robots, and new Challenges are still being conceived. The DARPA Subterranean Challenge was tasked with building robotic teams to autonomously map, navigate, and search subterranean environments. Such teams could be useful in exploring hazardous areas and in search and rescue.
124:, the director of DARPA, announced that the prize money had been increased to $ 2 million for the next event, which was claimed on October 9, 2005. The first, second and third places in the 2007 Urban Challenge received $ 2 million, $ 1 million, and $ 500,000, respectively. 14 new teams have qualified in year 2019.
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One important strategy was to build a team of robots with diverse capabilities. With a mix of navigational capabilities such as treads, wheels, rotors and legs, robots were able to navigate a variety of spaces. Different types of robots have different capabilities. Walking robots can deal with uneven
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The
Challenge started in September 2018 and consisted of a Systems Competition (in which teams compete with physical robots) and a Virtual Competition (in which teams compete in a virtual environment in the ROS Gazebo virtual simulator). The competition was split into three stages (Development Stage,
178:(a converted Humvee) traveled the farthest distance, completing 11.78 km (7.32 mi) of the course before getting hung up on a rock after making a switchback turn. No winner was declared, and the cash prize was not given. Therefore, a second DARPA Grand Challenge event was scheduled for 2005.
50:
has authorized DARPA to award cash prizes to further DARPA's mission to sponsor revolutionary, high-payoff research that bridges the gap between fundamental discoveries and military use. The initial DARPA Grand
Challenge in 2004 was created to spur the development of technologies needed to create the
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The DARPA Robotics
Challenge is an ongoing competition focusing on humanoid robotics. The primary goal of the program is to develop ground robotic capabilities to execute complex tasks in dangerous, degraded, human-engineered environments. It launched in October 2012, and hosted the Virtual Robotics
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Unlike previous challenges, the 2007 Urban
Challenge organizers divided competitors into two "tracks", A and B. All Track A and Track B teams were part of the same competition circuit, but the teams chosen for the Track A program received US $ 1 million in funding. These 11 teams largely represented
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in late
February and early March 2020, but several launch attempts were all called off due to weather and technical difficulties. With the only team left in the competition failing to launch their rocket in the time frame set by DARPA, the Challenge was called off 2 March 2020 with no winner of the
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Teams came from 11 countries (Australia, Canada, the Czech
Republic, England, Germany, Norway, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States) and 20 universities. On September 24, 2021, Team CERBERUS won the Final Systems Competition using four ANYmal C legged systems. Australia’s
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tasked teams, consisting of university and corporate entities from around the world, to build robotic systems and virtual solutions to autonomously map, navigate, and search subterranean environments. Such areas can be difficult and dangerous for humans, making robotic teams a desirable option for
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take a more traditional commercial or academic approach. The U.S. Congress authorized DARPA to offer prize money ($ 1 million) for the first Grand
Challenge to facilitate robotic development, with the ultimate goal of making one-third of ground military forces autonomous by 2015. Following the 2004
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Teams were given maps sparsely charting the waypoints that defined the competition courses. At least one team, Tartan Racing, enhanced the maps through the insertion of additional extrapolated waypoints for improved navigation. A debriefing paper published by Team Jefferson illustrates graphically
730:, the robots operated in isolation and only encountered other vehicles on the course when attempting to pass. The Urban Challenge required designers to build vehicles able to obey all traffic laws while they detect and avoid other robots on the course. This is a particular challenge for vehicle
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In early 2020, three teams were expected to compete by rapidly launching a small satellite payload into orbit, with minimal notification, from two different launch sites (this requirement was later, when there was only one competitor left in the Challenge, relaxed so that the launches should use
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Tartan Racing claimed the $ 2 million prize with their vehicle "Boss", a Chevy Tahoe. The second-place finisher earning the $ 1 million prize was the Stanford Racing Team with their entry "Junior", a 2006 Volkswagen Passat. Coming in third place was team VictorTango, winning the $ 500,000
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The second competition of the DARPA Grand Challenge began at 6:40 am on October 8, 2005. All but one of the 23 finalists in the 2005 race surpassed the 11.78 km (7.32 mi) distance completed by the best vehicle in the 2004 race. Five vehicles successfully completed the 212 km
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Because conditions can interfere with communications between robots and their handlers, the teams that developed robots with some degree of autonomy were most successful at the challenge task of mapping and searching a complex subterranean space. Such robots could explore on their own, and then
127:
The competition was open to teams and organizations from around the world, as long as there was at least one U.S. citizen on the roster. Teams have participated from high schools, universities, businesses and other organizations. More than 100 teams registered in the first year, bringing a wide
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Vehicles in the 2005 race passed through three narrow tunnels and negotiated more than 100 sharp left and right turns. The race concluded through Beer Bottle Pass, a winding mountain pass with a sheer drop-off on one side and a rock face on the other. Although the 2004 course required more
423:). The course involved a 96 km (60 mi) urban area course, to be completed in less than 6 hours. Rules included obeying all traffic regulations while negotiating with other traffic and obstacles and merging into traffic.
369:, head of the CMU team) was played out during the race. Mechanical problems plagued H1ghlander before it was passed by Stanley. Gray Team's entry was a miracle in itself, as the team from the suburbs of New Orleans was caught in
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Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) team came in second to Team CERBERUS, with an equal number of points, but a slightly slower time. Team Dynamo won the Final Virtual Competition.
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elevation gain and some very sharp switchbacks (Daggett Ridge) were required near the beginning of the route, the course had far fewer curves and generally wider roads than the 2005 course.
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377:, finished on the second day. The huge truck spent the night idling on the course, but was particularly nimble in carefully picking its way down the narrow roads of Beer Bottle Pass.
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1511:"The contest, called the Grand Challenge and sponsored by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, or Darpa, featured both robot collisions and robot traffic jams."
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2007 Urban Challenge teams employed a variety of different software and hardware combinations for interpreting sensor data, planning, and execution. Some examples:
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project for the software teams to use. The amount contracted was $ 10,882,438 cost-plus-fixed-fee contract and work is expected to be completed by Aug. 9, 2014.
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On April 22, 2013, DARPA awarded a $ 1 million prize to "Ground Systems", a 3-person team with members in Ohio, Texas and California, as the winner of the
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2171:"DARPA Announces 36 Semi-Finalists For Urban Challenge: Autonomous VehicleCompetition to be Held in Victorville, CA - Press Release / DARPA 9aug2007"
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Unlike prior Challenges, the construction of the "vehicles" will not be part of the scope of the Robotics Challenge. In August 2012 DARPA announced
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DARPA Launch Challenge. The $ 12 million prize pool went unclaimed. No rocket launch was performed by any contender of the DARPA Launch Challenge.
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The Challenge was announced on 18 April 2018, and on 10 April 2019, three finalist teams who would be attempting to launch rockets were announced:
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would act as sole source for the robots to be used in the challenge, awarding them a contract to develop and build 8 identical robots based on the
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96:), the United States of America, and other countries. DARPA funded the development of the first fully autonomous robot beginning in 1966 with the
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The third competition of the DARPA Grand Challenge, known as the "Urban Challenge", took place on November 3, 2007 at the site of the now-closed
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1747:"Sole Source Intent Notice for Humanoid Robot Systems for the DARPA Robotics Challenge Program - Federal Business Opportunities: Opportunities"
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Embedded hardware system was considerably smaller than that of other teams. Also, the system allows possible expansion with other sensors.
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104:, now SRI International. The first autonomous ground vehicle capable of driving on and off roads was developed by DARPA as part of the
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A technology paper and source code for the computer vision machine learning component of the 2005 Stanford entry has been published.
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The Grand Challenge was the first long distance competition for driverless cars in the world; other research efforts in the field of
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Competition in June 2013. Two more competitions are planned: the DRC Trials in December 2013, and the DRC Finals in December 2014.
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Fully autonomous vehicles have been an international pursuit for many years, from endeavors in Japan (starting in 1977), Germany (
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beginning in 1984 leading to demonstrations of autonomous navigation by the Autonomous Land Vehicle and the
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in 2007, extended the initial Challenge to autonomous operation in a mock urban environment. The 2012
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the contrast between the course map it was given by DARPA and the course map used by Tartan Racing.
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region of the United States, along a 150-mile (240 km) route that follows along the path of
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Stanford Racing and Victor Tango together at an intersection in the DARPA Urban Challenge Finals
365:, head of the Stanford team was previously a faculty member at Carnegie Mellon and colleague of
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capable of completing a substantial off-road course within a limited time. The third event, the
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The Virginia Tech robot carried number 32 to commemorate the thirty-two people killed in the
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a few short weeks before the race. The fifth finisher, Terramax, a 30,000 pound entry from
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1852:"IN THE NEWS: Team CERBERUS & Team Dynamo Win DARPA Subterranean Challenge Final Event"
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3rd Place; averaged slightly less than 13 mph (20.92 km/h) throughout the course
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
479:. DARPA has not publicly explained the rationale behind the selection of Track A teams.
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1407:"Into the Robotic Depths: Analysis and Insights from the DARPA Subterranean Challenge"
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mathematics. In 2008, Cornell released the full source code under Apache License 2.0.
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1st Place; averaged approximately 14 mph (22.53 km/h) throughout the course
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The first competition of the DARPA Grand Challenge was held on March 13, 2004 in the
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IEEE Computer Society, Special Issue on Unmanned Vehicles: The DARPA Grand Challenge
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Mac Minis running on DC power with solid state drives. PXI's for sensor interfaces.
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variety of technological skills to the race. In the second year, 195 teams from 36
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In addition to the challenges in autonomous technology, DARPA has also conducted
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for real-time vehicle controller. Biologically-inspired software architecture.
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2nd Place; averaged about 13.7 mph (22.05 km/h) throughout the course
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The robotic middleware library Lightweight Communications and Marshaling (LCM)
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1833:"Team CERBERUS and Team Dynamo Win DARPA Subterranean Challenge Final Event"
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Team Ensco's vehicle that was developed for the 2007 DARPA Urban Challenge
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Journal of Field Robotics, Special Issue on DARPA Grand Challenge, Part 2
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Journal of Field Robotics, Special Issue on DARPA Grand Challenge, Part 1
1973:"Vector launch company back from the dead after bankruptcy last December"
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Mac Minis run on DC power at relatively low power and produce less heat.
901:
897:
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121:
1447:"Robotics History: Narratives and Networks Oral Histories: Chuck Thorpe"
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While the 2004 and 2005 events were more physically challenging for the
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1814:"DARPA Names Qualifiers for the Subterranean Challenge Urban Circuit"
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Tartan Racing: A Multi-Modal Approach to the DARPA Urban Challenge
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DARPA Announces Winner of the First FANG Challenge, April 22, 2013
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The Register: Final robot grunts picked for $ 1million DARPA race
1954:"Three companies selected for DARPA Launch Challenge - SpaceNews"
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Engadget article on the DARPA Cyber Grand Challenge competition
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Wired Magazine article on the DARPA Grand Challenge and Stanley
1515:"Crashes and Traffic Jams in Military Test of Robotic Vehicles"
1405:
Chung, Timothy H.; Orekhov, Viktor; Maio, Angela (3 May 2023).
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1099:
1091:' MAX robotics platform atop Sun Microsystems' Java RTS/SE/ME.
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Forbes article on the DARPA Cyber Grand Challenge competition
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The Register: DARPA's Grand Challenge proves to be too grand
1926:"DARPA selects spaceports for responsive launch competition"
1912:"DARPA makes last-minute change to launch competition rules"
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software was written and developed by undergraduates from a
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The six teams that successfully finished the entire course:
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Annual Review of Control, Robotics, and Autonomous Systems
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Only finisher implementing JAUS, only finisher not using
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major universities and large corporate interests such as
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Scientific American article on the DARPA Grand Challenge
1236:, behavior generation, perception, world modelling, and
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Popular Mechanics article on the UK MoD Grand Challenge
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Multi Autonomous Ground-robotic International Challenge
2352:
Popular Mechanics article on the DARPA Grand Challenge
1870:"Team CERBERUS wins the DARPA Subterranean Challenge!"
2067:
2041:
1997:"DARPA Not Giving Up on Responsive Launch Capability"
1940:"DARPA announces responsive launch prize competition"
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2363:
Popular Science article on the DARPA Grand Challenge
1761:"Defense.gov: Contracts for Monday, August 13, 2012"
475:. One of the few independent entries in Track A was
1555:"Team Jefferson 2007 DARPA Urban Challenge Debrief"
831:
1486:"DARPA Grand Challenge Winner: Stanley the Robot!"
1371:"Deep underground, robotic teamwork saves the day"
487:prize with their 2005 Ford Escape hybrid, "Odin".
42:, the most prominent research organization of the
27:Prize competition for American autonomous vehicles
2991:Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)
2421:, self-driving vehicles and enabling technologies
2321:SFGate.com: Robot race suffers quick, ignoble end
1603:"Carnegie Takes First in DARPA's Urban Challenge"
1596:
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170:. None of the robot vehicles finished the route.
92:), Italy (the ARGO Project), the European Union (
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2316:CNN.com: Robots fail to complete Grand Challenge
1800:"DARPA Subterranean (SubT) Challenge (archived)"
1404:
2919:IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Society
1591:
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2975:
2403:
1527:
806:Fast Adaptable Next-Generation Ground Vehicle
2909:VisLab Intercontinental Autonomous Challenge
2021:"DARPA Launch Challenge ends without winner"
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1313:VisLab Intercontinental Autonomous Challenge
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1578:Urban Challenge — Archived as of April 2008
353:The natural rivalry between the teams from
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132:and 4 foreign countries entered the race.
1970:
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40:Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
3337:Competitions and prizes in biotechnology
2326:2004 DARPA Grand Challenge Image Gallery
2281:Announcement of the 2007 Grand Challenge
2044:"2005 DARPA Grand Challenge Source Code"
1888:"DARPA Subterranean Challenge - Results"
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1600:
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840:DARPA Subterranean (SubT) Challenge logo
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2141:"GrayMatter Autonomous Vehicle Systems"
1831:Demaitre, Eugene (September 27, 2021).
1400:
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955:Stanford released the full source code
380:
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1713:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1601:Belfiore, Michael (November 4, 2007).
1355:
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1424:10.1146/annurev-control-062722-100728
413:Southern California Logistics Airport
3435:Gigaton Scale Carbon Removal X Prize
2828:Dedicated short-range communications
1391:
1077:Solaris (Java RTS), Linux (Java SE)
816:collaboration platform developed by
741:
34:is a prize competition for American
2070:"Using Cart to Segment Road Images"
1843:
1185:was developed for the MIT vehicle.
44:United States Department of Defense
24:
2515:Automated emergency braking system
1850:SNC, Sierra Nevada Corporation |.
1620:Carnegie Mellon University (CMU).
1375:Knowable Magazine | Annual Reviews
906:Pacific Spaceport Complex – Alaska
885:was used for an attempted launch.
883:Pacific Spaceport Complex – Alaska
25:
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3505:Competitions in the United States
2537:Advanced driver-assistance system
2446:Intelligent transportation system
2298:
2265:
2759:Safe speed automotive common law
1560:. Team Jefferson. Archived from
832:2017–2021 Subterranean Challenge
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720:One of 6 teams to finish course
689:One of 6 teams to finish course
343:Over 10-hour limit, fifth place
2451:Context-aware pervasive systems
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2001:www.nationaldefensemagazine.org
1989:
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1161:systems communication with the
3298:Science and engineering awards
2848:Radio-frequency identification
2572:Automated Lane Keeping Systems
2239:Tartan Racing team description
1971:Kurkowski, Seth (2020-10-30).
1728:DARPA ROBOTICS CHALLENGE (DRC)
1547:
1505:
1478:
1464:
1439:
1369:Kleiner, Kurt (20 July 2023).
1330:
106:Strategic Computing Initiative
70:in other areas of technology.
13:
1:
2764:Automated lane keeping system
2505:Lane departure warning system
2194:"GrayMatter AVS™ Flexibility"
2068:Bob Davies; Rainer Lienhart.
2042:Bob Davies; Rainer Lienhart.
1324:
912:
579:2006 Volkswagen Passat Wagon
443:, Virginia Tech teaming with
2884:American Center for Mobility
2853:Automotive navigation system
2641:, formerly Google Car (2012)
2588:Automotive navigation system
2547:Intelligent speed adaptation
2436:History of self-driving cars
2187:
2134:
1534:Urban Challenge 2008 Archive
846:DARPA Subterranean Challenge
660:The Ben Franklin Racing Team
503:also completing the course.
387:DARPA Grand Challenge (2007)
307:The Gray Insurance Company,
188:DARPA Grand Challenge (2005)
142:DARPA Grand Challenge (2004)
7:
2542:Driver drowsiness detection
2441:Impact of self-driving cars
2293:DARPA Cyber Grand Challenge
2192:>, www.nelsonandco.net.
2139:>, www.nelsonandco.net.
2108:"Stanford Driving Software"
1513:John Markoff (2007-11-05).
1275:European Land - Robot Trial
1246:
1226:hierarchical control system
102:Stanford Research Institute
10:
3551:
2782:Self-driving car liability
2686:Automated guideway transit
2520:Collision avoidance system
2190:http://www.nelsonandco.net
2137:http://www.nelsonandco.net
1150:Team Gator Nation (CIMAR)
777:
682:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
674:University of Pennsylvania
552:Carnegie Mellon University
497:University of Pennsylvania
384:
263:Carnegie Mellon University
185:
172:Carnegie Mellon University
139:
80:History of autonomous cars
77:
53:autonomous ground vehicles
3478:
3452:
3427:
3373:
3352:
3345:
3316:
3293:
3287:inducement prize contests
3215:
3169:
3043:
2997:
2927:
2914:Eureka Prometheus Project
2894:European Land-Robot Trial
2872:
2861:
2813:Artificial neural network
2788:
2776:
2769:Regulation (EU) 2019/2144
2739:
2676:
2607:
2600:
2560:
2493:
2484:
2461:Smart, connected products
2426:
1384:10.1146/knowable-072023-2
1285:Global Security Challenge
755:This section needs to be
332:Oshkosh Truck Corporation
261:
94:EUREKA Prometheus Project
3515:Engineering competitions
3481:List of challenge awards
2833:Real-time Control System
2712:Freightliner Inspiration
2577:Vehicular ad hoc network
1318:DARPA Prize Competitions
1295:List of challenge awards
1190:Austin Robot Technology
1156:Windows, Linux (Fedora)
780:DARPA Robotics Challenge
647:Cambridge, Massachusetts
608:2005 Ford Hybrid Escape
556:Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
267:Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
61:DARPA Robotics Challenge
3182:The Mother of All Demos
3025:Microsystems Technology
3010:Biological Technologies
2661:Yandex self-driving car
2563:the driving environment
2530:Adaptive cruise control
2496:the driving environment
2075:. Universität Augsburg.
1228:, with layered mission
1213:Tartan Racing (winner)
1064:embedded version of XP
904:for the Challenge from
738:2012 Robotics Challenge
417:Victorville, California
3535:Autonomous Auto Racing
3020:Information Innovation
2818:Computer stereo vision
2766:(unece regulation 157)
2494:Human driver monitors
2088:Cite journal requires
1786:April 3, 2014, at the
1636:"Stanford Racing Team"
1208:as an infrastructure.
1179:cluster with 40 cores
1080:micro-controllers and
877:
841:
404:
396:
193:(132 mi) course:
74:History and background
3500:DARPA Grand Challenge
3411:DARPA Grand Challenge
3401:UAV Outback Challenge
3360:Centennial Challenges
2904:DARPA Grand Challenge
2727:Mobility as a service
2677:Buses and commercial
2198:www.graymatterinc.com
2145:www.graymatterinc.com
2122:"Google Code Archive"
1892:www.subtchallenge.com
1290:Google driverless car
1260:Centennial Challenges
1130:a mixture of C++ and
969:17 dual-core servers
876:
869:2018 Launch Challenge
839:
818:Vanderbilt University
812:design tools and the
587:Palo Alto, California
409:George Air Force Base
402:
394:
240:Palo Alto, California
57:DARPA Urban Challenge
32:DARPA Grand Challenge
18:Darpa grand challenge
3510:Science competitions
3317:Biology and medicine
3030:Strategic Technology
2471:Ambient intelligence
2466:Ubiquitous computing
1622:"First-Place Finish"
1044:GrayMatter, Inc. AVS
952:Pentium M computers
616:Blacksburg, Virginia
465:Autonomous Solutions
381:2007 Urban Challenge
224:Stanford Racing Team
182:2005 Grand Challenge
174:'s Red Team and car
136:2004 Grand Challenge
3440:Feynman Grand Prize
3035:Tactical Technology
2945:Anthony Levandowski
2627:General Motors EN-V
2248:Urmson, C. et al.,
2204:on 29 November 2014
1914:. 19 February 2020.
1820:. January 10, 2020.
1280:General Motors EN-V
800:2013 FANG Challenge
583:Stanford University
411:(currently used as
309:Metairie, Louisiana
236:Stanford University
156:Barstow, California
36:autonomous vehicles
3386:Micromouse Contest
3234:
3227:
3005:Adaptive Execution
2722:Self-driving truck
2717:Driverless tractor
2552:Blind spot monitor
2476:Internet of things
2255:2013-05-20 at the
2224:"Team Information"
2151:on 1 February 2009
1928:. 7 November 2018.
1733:2013-01-20 at the
1670:2007-12-26 at the
1652:on April 16, 2007
1584:2012-08-03 at the
1540:2012-08-03 at the
1520:The New York Times
1338:"10 U.S.C. § 4025"
1096:Team Ben Franklin
972:Planning involved
878:
842:
717:No official time.
709:Cornell University
686:No official time.
670:2006 Toyota Prius
493:Cornell University
469:Cornell University
435:as Tartan Racing,
405:
397:
336:Oshkosh, Wisconsin
229:2007-10-11 at the
68:prize competitions
3487:
3486:
3448:
3447:
3419:Robot competition
3252:
3251:
3202:Network Challenge
2957:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2823:Image recognition
2735:
2734:
2596:
2595:
2510:Automatic parking
2419:Self-driving cars
2110:. 20 August 2016.
1491:Popular Mechanics
1308:Robot competition
1244:
1243:
776:
775:
724:
723:
705:2007 Chevy Tahoe
678:Lehigh University
548:2007 Chevy Tahoe
501:Lehigh University
491:placed 4th, with
371:Hurricane Katrina
347:
346:
158:to just past the
154:from just before
16:(Redirected from
3542:
3530:Challenge awards
3460:Millennium Prize
3350:
3349:
3308:Invention awards
3303:Challenge awards
3279:
3272:
3265:
3256:
3255:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3235:
3228:
3224:
3192:Shakey the robot
3015:Defense Sciences
2984:
2977:
2970:
2961:
2960:
2870:
2869:
2621:Spirit of Berlin
2605:
2604:
2561:System monitors
2491:
2490:
2456:Mobile computing
2412:
2405:
2398:
2389:
2388:
2277:
2276:
2274:Official website
2260:
2246:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2226:. Archived from
2220:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2200:. Archived from
2185:
2179:
2178:
2173:. Archived from
2167:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2147:. Archived from
2132:
2126:
2125:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2091:
2086:
2084:
2076:
2074:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2046:. Archived from
2039:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1960:. 10 April 2019.
1950:
1944:
1943:
1942:. 19 April 2018.
1936:
1930:
1929:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1884:
1878:
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1828:
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1810:
1804:
1803:
1796:
1790:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1743:
1737:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1712:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1695:
1689:. Archived from
1688:
1680:
1674:
1662:
1656:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1598:
1589:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1559:
1551:
1545:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1474:. 13 March 2015.
1468:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1426:
1402:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1366:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1342:uscode.house.gov
1334:
1202:UT-Austin course
1089:Perrone Robotics
943:Stanford Racing
923:
922:
902:Astra Rocket 3.0
771:
768:
762:
750:
749:
742:
713:Ithaca, New York
651:Approx. 6 hours
509:
508:
447:as VictorTango,
196:
195:
98:Shakey the robot
38:, funded by the
21:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3474:
3444:
3423:
3406:IGVC challenges
3369:
3341:
3312:
3289:
3283:
3253:
3248:
3239:
3233:
3226:
3220:
3211:
3207:Grand Challenge
3197:Aspen Movie Map
3165:
3039:
2993:
2988:
2958:
2949:
2923:
2876:
2874:
2873:Organizations,
2865:
2864:Projects &
2863:
2862:Organizations,
2857:
2790:
2784:
2772:
2731:
2678:
2672:
2655:LUTZ Pathfinder
2592:
2564:
2562:
2556:
2497:
2495:
2480:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2374:
2301:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2263:
2257:Wayback Machine
2247:
2243:
2233:
2231:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2207:
2205:
2186:
2182:
2169:
2168:
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2154:
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2129:
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2119:
2115:
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2105:
2101:
2089:
2087:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2066:
2062:
2053:
2051:
2040:
2036:
2026:
2024:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2005:
2003:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1981:
1979:
1969:
1965:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1924:
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1863:
1848:
1844:
1829:
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1812:
1811:
1807:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1788:Wayback Machine
1779:
1775:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1735:Wayback Machine
1726:
1722:
1706:
1705:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1684:"Archived copy"
1682:
1681:
1677:
1672:Wayback Machine
1663:
1659:
1650:campus massacre
1647:
1643:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1618:
1614:
1599:
1592:
1586:Wayback Machine
1576:
1572:
1564:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1542:Wayback Machine
1532:
1528:
1510:
1506:
1496:
1494:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1456:
1454:
1453:. 17 April 2015
1445:
1444:
1440:
1403:
1392:
1367:
1356:
1346:
1344:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1249:
1234:motion planning
1153:C, C++, and C#
1136:Windows, Linux
1069:Team Jefferson
1006:, some C++ and
981:Insight Racing
915:
871:
834:
802:
790:Boston Dynamics
782:
772:
766:
763:
760:
751:
747:
740:
639:Land Rover LR3
569:Stanford Racing
528:
477:the Golem Group
389:
383:
363:Sebastian Thrun
359:Carnegie Mellon
231:Wayback Machine
209:
190:
184:
144:
138:
117:driverless cars
86:Ernst Dickmanns
82:
76:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3548:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3467:
3465:Erdős problems
3462:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3431:
3429:
3425:
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3421:
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3408:
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3398:
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3326:
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3305:
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3294:
3291:
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3267:
3259:
3250:
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3213:
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3209:
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3199:
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3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
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3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2994:
2987:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2964:
2955:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2940:Alberto Broggi
2937:
2935:Harold Goddijn
2931:
2929:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2880:
2878:
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2800:
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2786:
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2774:
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2761:
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2743:
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2736:
2733:
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2730:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2682:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2645:Tesla Model S
2642:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2618:
2611:
2609:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2574:
2568:
2566:
2565:(Levels 3,4,5)
2558:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2525:Cruise control
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2501:
2499:
2498:(Levels 0,1,2)
2488:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
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2400:
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2349:
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2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2302:
2300:
2299:Press coverage
2297:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2267:
2266:External links
2264:
2262:
2261:
2241:
2215:
2180:
2177:on 2011-05-11.
2162:
2127:
2113:
2099:
2090:|journal=
2060:
2034:
2023:. 3 March 2020
2012:
1988:
1977:Space Explored
1963:
1945:
1931:
1917:
1903:
1879:
1861:
1856:www.sncorp.com
1842:
1823:
1805:
1791:
1773:
1752:
1738:
1720:
1675:
1657:
1641:
1627:
1612:
1590:
1570:
1567:on 2015-02-11.
1546:
1526:
1504:
1477:
1463:
1438:
1417:(1): 477–502.
1390:
1354:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1265:Driverless car
1262:
1257:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1206:Player Project
1198:
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1191:
1187:
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1177:
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1051:
1050:
1047:
1041:
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1033:
1032:
1025:
1021:, 2 NI PXI's,
1015:
1010:
1000:
996:
995:
992:
987:
984:
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978:
977:
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967:
964:
961:
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936:
933:
930:
927:
914:
911:
870:
867:
833:
830:
801:
798:
778:Main article:
774:
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385:Main article:
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186:Main article:
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140:Main article:
137:
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75:
72:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3547:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3525:Crowdsourcing
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3497:
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3455:
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3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
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3384:
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3333:
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3321:
3319:
3315:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3288:
3280:
3275:
3273:
3268:
3266:
3261:
3260:
3257:
3246:
3238:
3231:
3223:
3219:
3218:Annual budget
3214:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3187:Project AGILE
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
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2701:Navia shuttle
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2633:MadeInGermany
2631:
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2619:
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2606:
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2583:Connected car
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2427:Overview and
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2258:
2254:
2251:
2245:
2230:on 2012-10-14
2229:
2225:
2219:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2184:
2176:
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2166:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2131:
2123:
2117:
2109:
2103:
2095:
2082:
2071:
2064:
2050:on 2014-03-02
2049:
2045:
2038:
2022:
2016:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1941:
1935:
1927:
1921:
1913:
1907:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1875:
1874:TEAM CERBERUS
1871:
1865:
1857:
1853:
1846:
1838:
1837:Robotics 24/7
1834:
1827:
1819:
1818:www.darpa.mil
1815:
1809:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1785:
1782:
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1716:
1710:
1696:on 2013-02-24
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1300:MIT Media Lab
1298:
1296:
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1129:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1112:Sting Racing
1111:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1076:
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1063:
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1038:
1035:
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988:
985:
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979:
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948:
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934:
931:
928:
925:
924:
921:
918:
910:
907:
903:
899:
895:
894:Vector Launch
891:
886:
884:
875:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
847:
838:
829:
827:
823:
819:
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797:
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791:
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770:
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719:
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632:
630:
627:
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622:
619:
617:
613:
612:Virginia Tech
610:
607:
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598:
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588:
584:
581:
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572:
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566:
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559:
557:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
539:
538:Tartan Racing
536:
535:
531:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
511:
510:
507:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
484:
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
449:Oshkosh Truck
446:
445:TORC Robotics
442:
439:teaming with
438:
434:
431:teaming with
430:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
401:
393:
388:
378:
376:
375:Oshkosh Truck
372:
368:
367:Red Whittaker
364:
360:
356:
351:
342:
339:
337:
333:
330:
328:
327:Team TerraMax
325:
323:
320:
319:
316:Fourth place
315:
312:
310:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
295:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
277:
274:Second place
273:
270:
268:
264:
259:
256:
254:
251:
250:
246:
243:
241:
237:
234:
232:
228:
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220:
217:
216:
212:
207:
204:
201:
198:
197:
194:
189:
179:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
152:Interstate 15
149:
148:Mojave Desert
143:
133:
131:
125:
123:
118:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
81:
71:
69:
64:
62:
58:
54:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3470:Hutter Prize
3410:
3236:
3229:
3225:2.8 billion
3217:
3206:
2903:
2843:Eye tracking
2791:technologies
2754:IEEE 802.11p
2667:Honda Legend
2646:
2259:2007, page 4
2244:
2232:. Retrieved
2228:the original
2218:
2206:. Retrieved
2202:the original
2197:
2183:
2175:the original
2165:
2153:. Retrieved
2149:the original
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2130:
2116:
2102:
2081:cite journal
2063:
2052:. Retrieved
2048:the original
2037:
2025:. Retrieved
2015:
2004:. Retrieved
2000:
1991:
1980:. Retrieved
1976:
1966:
1957:
1948:
1934:
1920:
1906:
1895:. Retrieved
1891:
1882:
1873:
1864:
1855:
1845:
1836:
1826:
1817:
1808:
1794:
1776:
1764:. Retrieved
1755:
1741:
1723:
1698:. Retrieved
1691:the original
1678:
1660:
1644:
1630:
1615:
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1573:
1562:the original
1549:
1529:
1518:
1507:
1495:. Retrieved
1489:
1480:
1466:
1455:. Retrieved
1450:
1441:
1414:
1410:
1374:
1345:. Retrieved
1341:
1332:
1238:mechatronics
1204:. Used the
1127:VictorTango
929:Language(s)
919:
916:
890:Virgin Orbit
887:
879:
863:
859:
855:
851:
843:
814:VehicleFORGE
803:
787:
783:
764:
756:
725:
599:VictorTango
505:
485:
481:
425:
406:
352:
348:
292:Third place
247:First place
191:
145:
126:
114:
83:
65:
51:first fully
31:
29:
3453:Mathematics
3346:Engineering
2749:Legislation
2696:ParkShuttle
2027:25 November
1472:"StackPath"
1224:Employed a
1059:Windows XP
966:Windows XP
963:C, C++, C#
667:Little Ben
654:4th Place.
130:U.S. states
122:Tony Tether
120:event, Dr.
100:project at
3494:Categories
3417:See also:
3335:See also:
3329:Prize4Life
2877:and events
2741:Regulation
2486:SAE Levels
2234:2012-07-05
2054:2012-05-22
2006:2023-06-01
1982:2023-06-01
1897:2023-06-01
1700:2012-07-05
1457:2018-06-07
1325:References
1165:protocol.
1084:(Java ME)
1036:Team Gray
1029:CompactRIO
1023:CompactRIO
1013:Windows XP
999:Team Case
913:Technology
527:Time taken
524:Team home
512:Team name
441:Volkswagen
421:Google map
280:H1ghlander
208:Time taken
205:Team home
202:Team name
166:border in
160:California
78:See also:
3230:Employees
3146:Prabhakar
3131:Fernandez
3086:Heilmeier
3044:Directors
2875:projects
2789:Enabling
2777:Liability
2649:Autopilot
1958:Spacenews
1433:2573-5144
1054:Team LUX
1019:Mac Minis
935:Hardware
826:Tennessee
822:Nashville
767:July 2017
453:Honeywell
303:Team Gray
253:Sandstorm
176:Sandstorm
3374:Robotics
3161:Tompkins
3106:Colladay
3071:Herzfeld
2706:NuTonomy
2691:CAVForth
2679:vehicles
2601:Vehicles
2253:Archived
2208:19 March
2155:19 March
1784:Archived
1766:19 March
1731:Archived
1709:cite web
1668:Archived
1582:Archived
1538:Archived
1497:12 April
1256:(energy)
1247:See also
1230:planning
1143:Velodyne
1082:Sun SPOT
990:Mac Mini
974:Bayesian
960:Cornell
732:software
728:vehicles
620:4:36:38
591:4:29:28
560:4:10:20
529:(h:m:s)
518:Vehicle
457:Raytheon
437:Stanford
355:Stanford
322:TerraMax
285:Red Team
258:Red Team
227:Archived
199:Vehicle
48:Congress
3391:RoboCup
3365:N-Prize
3324:M-prize
3285:Active
3237:Website
3177:ARPANET
3170:History
3156:Coleman
3081:Lukasik
3076:Rechtin
3066:Sproull
3051:Johnson
2998:Offices
2429:context
1665:Contact
1451:IEEE.tv
1347:June 1,
1303:CityCar
1145:sensor
1132:LabVIEW
1004:LabVIEW
1002:Mostly
946:C, C++
757:updated
702:Skynet
695:Cornell
576:Junior
532:Result
461:Caltech
219:Stanley
213:Result
162:–
3243:.darpa
3151:Walker
3136:Tether
3121:Denman
3111:Fields
3101:Duncan
3096:Cooper
3091:Fossum
2928:People
2899:Navlab
2866:People
2669:(2021)
2663:(2017)
2657:(2015)
2651:(2015)
2635:(2011)
2629:(2010)
2623:(2007)
2617:(1994)
1431:
1254:ARPA-E
1219:Linux
1176:Linux
1118:Linux
1100:MATLAB
1008:MATLAB
986:Linux
949:Linux
938:Notes
794:PETMAN
636:Talos
471:, and
415:), in
340:12:51
210:(h:m)
164:Nevada
110:Navlab
3520:DARPA
3428:Other
3381:MAGIC
3353:Space
3141:Dugan
3061:Ruina
3056:Betts
2838:rFpro
2808:LIDAR
2803:Laser
2798:Radar
2639:Waymo
2579:(V2V)
2073:(PDF)
1694:(PDF)
1687:(PDF)
1607:Wired
1565:(PDF)
1558:(PDF)
1115:Java
926:Team
898:Astra
605:Odin
545:Boss
521:Type
313:7:30
298:Kat-5
289:7:14
271:7:05
244:6:54
168:Primm
3396:IARC
3245:.mil
3232:240
3222:US$
3126:Lynn
3116:Reis
2889:DAVI
2708:taxi
2647:with
2615:VaMP
2608:Cars
2210:2018
2188:<
2157:2018
2135:<
2094:help
2029:2022
1768:2018
1715:link
1499:2010
1429:ISSN
1349:2023
1216:C++
1193:C++
1170:MIT
1163:JAUS
1073:Java
896:and
844:The
810:META
515:ID#
495:and
357:and
90:VaMP
88:and
30:The
3241:www
2285:PDF
1419:doi
1379:doi
1087:On
932:OS
820:in
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664:74
643:MIT
633:79
629:MIT
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473:MIT
429:CMU
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