851:). Later researchers, thus, acknowledged that natural languages do not need to consist of an arbitrary relationship between form and meaning. The visual nature of sign language simply allows for a greater degree of iconicity compared to spoken languages as most real-world objects can be described by a prototypical shape (e.g., a table usually has a flat surface), but most real-world objects do not make prototypical sounds that can be mimicked by spoken languages (e.g., tables do not make prototypical sounds). It has to be noted, however, that sign languages are not fully iconic. On the one hand, there are also many arbitrary signs in sign languages and, on the other hand, the grammar of a sign language puts limits to the degree of iconicity: All known sign languages, for example, express lexical concepts via manual signs. From a truly iconic language one would expect that a concept like smiling would be expressed by mimicking a smile (i.e., by performing a smiling face). All known sign languages, however, do not express the concept of smiling by a smiling face, but by a manual sign.
827:. The first studies on iconicity in ASL were published in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Many early sign language linguists rejected the notion that iconicity was an important aspect of sign languages, considering most perceived iconicity to be extralinguistic. However, mimetic aspects of sign language (signs that imitate, mimic, or represent) are found in abundance across a wide variety of sign languages. For example, when deaf children learning sign language try to express something but do not know the associated sign, they will often invent an iconic sign that displays mimetic properties. Though it never disappears from a particular sign language, iconicity is gradually weakened as forms of sign languages become more customary and are subsequently grammaticized. As a form becomes more conventional, it becomes disseminated in a methodical way phonologically to the rest of the sign language community. Nancy Frishberg concluded that though originally present in many signs, iconicity is degraded over time through the application of natural grammatical processes.
2237:
584:
566:, two manual articulators, and the signer's face and body. Though there is still much discussion on the topic of iconicity in sign languages, classifiers are generally considered to be highly iconic, as these complex constructions "function as predicates that may express any or all of the following: motion, position, stative-descriptive, or handling information". It needs to be noted that the term classifier is not used by everyone working on these constructions. Across the field of sign language linguistics the same constructions are also referred with other terms such as depictive signs.
176:
3200:. The book is a work on cryptography, and fingerspelling was referred to as one method of "secret discoursing, by signes and gestures". Wilkins gave an example of such a system: "Let the tops of the fingers signifie the five vowels; the middle parts, the first five consonants; the bottomes of them, the five next consonants; the spaces betwixt the fingers the foure next. One finger laid on the side of the hand may signifie T. Two fingers V the consonant; Three W. The little finger crossed X. The wrist Y. The middle of the hand Z." (1641:116â117)
2137:
1906:
to be applicable to any sign language with minimal modification and to be usable through any medium without special equipment or software. Non-manual elements can be encoded to some extent, but the authors argue that the system does not need to represent all elements of a sign to be practical, the same way written oral language does not. The system has seen some updates which are kept publicly on a wiki page. The Center for
Linguistic Normalization of Spanish Sign Language has made use of SEA to transcribe all signs on its dictionary.
620:
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902:
616:
used in signed communication to borrow a word from a spoken language. This is most commonly used for proper names of people and places; it is also used in some languages for concepts for which no sign is available at that moment, particularly if the people involved are to some extent bilingual in the spoken language. Fingerspelling can sometimes be a source of new signs, such as initialized signs, in which the handshape represents the first letter of a spoken word with the same meaning.
1156:
50:
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2356:
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38:
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2310:(VRI), the two clients (a sign language user and a hearing person who wish to communicate with each other) are in one location, and the interpreter is in another. The interpreter communicates with the sign language user via a video telecommunications link, and with the hearing person by an audio link. VRI can be used for situations in which no on-site interpreters are available.
262:
2216:, the signer appears to stage left or right of the public official to allow both the speaker and signer to be in frame at the same time. Live sign interpretation of important televised events is increasingly common but still an informal industry In traditional analogue broadcasting, some programmes are repeated outside main viewing hours with a signer present. Some emerging
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into the head from books. The form is a grasping hand moving from an open palm to the forehead. The iconic correspondence is between form and concrete source. The metaphorical correspondence is between concrete source and abstract target meaning. Because the concrete source is connected to two correspondences linguistics refer to metaphorical signs as "double mapped".
1106:, which arise where generally uneducated deaf people congregate in urban centers for employment. At first, Deaf-community sign languages are not generally known by the hearing population, in many cases not even by close family members. However, they may grow, in some cases becoming a language of instruction and receiving official recognition, as in the case of ASL.
333:), a pamphlet by an anonymous author who was himself unable to speak. He suggested that the manual alphabet could also be used by mutes, for silence and secrecy, or purely for entertainment. Nine of its letters can be traced to earlier alphabets, and 17 letters of the modern two-handed alphabet can be found among the two sets of 26 handshapes depicted.
2180:(ASL) and spoken English in the U.S. and most of anglophone Canada (since BSL and ASL are distinct sign languages both used in English-speaking countries), etc. Sign language interpreters who can translate between signed and spoken languages that are not normally paired (such as between LSE and English), are also available, albeit less frequently.
622:
2188:
626:
625:
621:
2186:
445:. Duality of patterning means that languages are composed of smaller, meaningless units which can be combined into larger units with meaning (see below). The term recursion means that languages exhibit grammatical rules and the output of such a rule can be the input of the same rule. It is, for example, possible in sign languages to create
2191:
2190:
2185:
627:
651:(ASL) are quite different and mutually unintelligible, even though the hearing people of the United Kingdom and the United States share the same spoken language. The grammars of sign languages do not usually resemble those of spoken languages used in the same geographical area; in fact, in terms of syntax, ASL shares more with spoken
2192:
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293:, in which he presented his own method of deaf education, including an "arthrological" alphabet, where letters are indicated by pointing to different joints of the fingers and palm of the left hand. Arthrological systems had been in use by hearing people for some time; some have speculated that they can be traced to early
662:, which has 11 official spoken languages and a similar number of other widely used spoken languages, is a good example of this. It has only one sign language with two variants due to its history of having two major educational institutions for the deaf which have served different geographic areas of the country.
51:
624:
707:). Spoken language is by and large linear; only one sound can be made or received at a time. Sign language, on the other hand, is visual and, hence, can use a simultaneous expression, although this is limited articulatorily and linguistically. Visual perception allows processing of simultaneous information.
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52:
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and meaning. Thus, if ASL consisted of signs that had iconic form-meaning relationship, it could not be considered a real language. As a result, iconicity as a whole was largely neglected in research of sign languages for a long time. However, iconicity also plays a role in many spoken languages. Spoken
91:, meaning that both emerged through an abstract, protracted aging process and evolved over time without meticulous planning. This is supported by the fact that there is substantial overlap between the neural substrates of sign and spoken language processing, despite the obvious differences in modality.
2608:
Home sign arises due to the absence of any other way to communicate. Within the span of a single lifetime and without the support or feedback of a community, the child naturally invents signs to help meet his or her communication needs, and may even develop a few grammatical rules for combining short
2106:
Some sign languages have obtained some form of legal recognition, while others have no status at all. Sarah
Batterbury has argued that sign languages should be recognized and supported not merely as an accommodation for those with disabilities, but as the communication medium of language communities.
1964:
On occasion, where the prevalence of deaf people is high enough, a deaf sign language has been taken up by an entire local community, forming what is sometimes called a "village sign language" or "shared signing community". Typically this happens in small, tightly integrated communities with a closed
1915:
accepted a dissertation written in
Brazilian Sign Language using Sutton SignWriting for a master's degree in linguistics. The dissertation "The Writing of Grammatical Non-Manual Expressions in Sentences in LIBRAS Using the SignWriting System" by JoĂŁo Paulo Ampessan states that "the data indicate the
1910:
So far, there is no consensus regarding the written form of sign language. Except for SignWriting, none are widely used. Maria Galea writes that SignWriting "is becoming widespread, uncontainable and untraceable. In the same way that works written in and about a well developed writing system such as
1087:
is a local indigenous language that typically arises over several generations in a relatively insular community with a high incidence of deafness, and is used both by the deaf and by a significant portion of the hearing community, who have deaf family and friends. The most famous of these is probably
2371:
principles for two years, Balard revealed the design of the flag, featuring the stylized outline of a hand. The three colors which make up the flag design are representative of
Deafhood and humanity (dark blue), sign language (turquoise), and enlightenment and hope (yellow). Balard intended the flag
1793:
Children who are exposed to a sign language from birth will acquire it, just as hearing children acquire their native spoken language. In a study done at the
University of McGill, they found that American Sign Language users who acquired the language natively (from birth) performed better when asked
1771:
Brentari classifies sign languages as a whole group determined by the medium of communication (visual instead of auditory) as one group with the features monosyllabic and polymorphemic. That means, that one syllable (i.e. one word, one sign) can express several morphemes, e.g., subject and object of
842:
A central task for the pioneers of sign language linguistics was trying to prove that ASL was a real language and not merely a collection of gestures or "English on the hands." One of the prevailing beliefs at this time was that "real languages" must consist of an arbitrary relationship between form
799:
While the content of a signed sentence is produced manually, many grammatical functions are produced non-manually (i.e., with the face and the torso). Such functions include questions, negation, relative clauses and topicalization. ASL and BSL use similar non-manual marking for yes/no questions, for
717:
The possible simultaneity of sign languages in contrast to spoken languages is sometimes exaggerated. The use of two manual articulators is subject to motor constraints, resulting in a large extent of symmetry or signing with one articulator only. Further, sign languages, just like spoken languages,
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Wittmann's explanation for this is that models of acquisition and transmission for sign languages are not based on any typical parent-child relation model of direct transmission which is inducive to variation and change to a greater extent. He notes that sign creoles are much more common than vocal
1905:
on-line. This system makes use of the letters of the Latin alphabet with a few diacritics to represent sign through the morphemic sequence S L C Q D F (bimanual sign, place, contact, handshape, direction and internal form). The resulting words are meant to be read by signing. The system is designed
1801:
word) is learned, the non-manual aspects are attached to the word but do not have the flexibility associated with adult use. At a certain point, the non-manual features are dropped and the word is produced with no facial expression. After a few months, the non-manuals reappear, this time being used
1767:
Sign languages tend to be incorporating classifier languages, where a classifier handshape representing the object is incorporated into those transitive verbs which allow such modification. For a similar group of intransitive verbs (especially motion verbs), it is the subject which is incorporated.
886:
mappings as well as iconic or metonymic ones. For these signs there are three-way correspondences between a form, a concrete source and an abstract target meaning. The ASL sign LEARN has this three-way correspondence. The abstract target meaning is "learning". The concrete source is putting objects
834:
was one of the first to suggest that the properties of ASL give it a clear advantage in terms of learning and memory. In his study, Brown found that when a group of six hearing children were taught signs that had high levels of iconic mapping they were significantly more likely to recall the signs
203:
says: "If we hadn't a voice or a tongue, and wanted to express things to one another, wouldn't we try to make signs by moving our hands, head, and the rest of our body, just as dumb people do at present?" Most of what is known about pre-19th-century sign languages is limited to the manual alphabets
1686:
In his classification, the author distinguishes between primary and auxiliary sign languages as well as between single languages and names that are thought to refer to more than one language. The prototype-A class of languages includes all those sign languages that seemingly cannot be derived from
803:
Some adjectival and adverbial information is conveyed through non-manual elements, but what these elements are varies from language to language. For instance, in ASL a slightly open mouth with the tongue relaxed and visible in the corner of the mouth means "carelessly", but a similar non-manual in
343:
By 1720, the
British manual alphabet had found more or less its present form. Descendants of this alphabet have been used by deaf communities, at least in education, in the former British colonies India, Australia, New Zealand, Uganda and South Africa, as well as the republics and provinces of the
615:
As a sign language develops, it sometimes borrows elements from spoken languages, just as all languages borrow from other languages that they are in contact with. Sign languages vary in how much they borrow from spoken languages. In many sign languages, a manual alphabet ("fingerspelling") may be
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Wittmann adds that this taxonomic criterion is not really applicable with any scientific rigor: Auxiliary sign languages, to the extent that they are full-fledged natural languages (and therefore included in his survey) at all, are mostly used by the deaf as well, and some primary sign languages
2283:
that are designed for sign language communication may provide better quality than 'off-the-shelf' services and may use data compression methods specifically designed to maximize the intelligibility of sign languages. Some advanced equipment enables a person to remotely control the other person's
1948:
When Deaf people constitute a relatively small proportion of the general population, Deaf communities often develop that are distinct from the surrounding hearing community. These Deaf communities are very widespread in the world, associated especially with sign languages used in urban areas and
1928:
influences how the mind makes sense of their visual language experience. For example, a handshape may vary based on the other signs made before or after it, but these variations are arranged in perceptual categories during its development. The mind detects handshape contrasts but groups similar
224:
1135:
and creolization is common in the development of sign languages, making clear family classifications difficultâ it is often unclear whether lexical similarity is due to borrowing or a common parent language, or whether there was one or several parent languages, such as several village languages
611:
between signed and spoken languages further perpetuated this misconception. Hearing teachers in deaf schools, such as
Charles-Michel de l'ĂpĂ©e or Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, are often incorrectly referred to as "inventors" of sign language. Instead, sign languages, like all natural languages, are
4717:
Wittmann's classification went into
Ethnologue's database where it is still cited. The subsequent edition of Ethnologue in 1992 went up to 81 sign languages, ultimately adopting Wittmann's distinction between primary and alternate sign languages (going back ultimately to Stokoe 1974) and, more
2582:
Some hearing parents teach signs to young hearing children. Since the muscles in babies' hands grow and develop quicker than their mouths, signs are seen as a beneficial option for better communication. Babies can usually produce signs before they can speak. This reduces the confusion between
2087:
Increasingly, hearing schools and universities are expressing interest in incorporating sign language. In the U.S., enrollment for ASL (American Sign
Language) classes as part of students' choice of second language is on the rise. In New Zealand, one year after the passing of NZSL Act 2006 in
1794:
to copy videos of ASL sentences than ASL users who acquired the language later in life. They also found that there are differences in the grammatical morphology of ASL sentences between the two groups, all suggesting that there is a very important critical period in learning signed languages.
222:
858:
perspective rejects a more traditional definition of iconicity as a relationship between linguistic form and a concrete, real-world referent. Rather it is a set of selected correspondences between the form and meaning of a sign. In this view, iconicity is grounded in a language user's mental
227:
226:
221:
2548:
There are a number of communication systems that are similar in some respects to sign languages, while not having all the characteristics of a full sign language, particularly its grammatical structure. Many of these are either precursors to natural sign languages or are derived from them.
811:
are largely regulated through head movement and eye gaze. Since the addressee in a signed conversation must be watching the signer, a signer can avoid letting the other person have a turn by not looking at them, or can indicate that the other person may have a turn by making eye contact.
2600:
Informal, rudimentary sign systems are sometimes developed within a single family. For instance, when hearing parents with no sign language skills have a deaf child, the child may develop a system of signs naturally, unless repressed by the parents. The term for these mini-languages is
228:
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When Deaf and
Hearing people interact, signing systems may be developed that use signs drawn from a natural sign language but used according to the grammar of the spoken language. In particular, when people devise one-for-one sign-for-word correspondences between spoken words (or even
2568:) and signs that represent them, the system that results is a manual code for a spoken language, rather than a natural sign language. Such systems may be invented in an attempt to help teach Deaf children the spoken language, and generally are not used outside an educational context.
54:
1929:
handshapes together in one category. Different handshapes are stored in other categories. The mind ignores some of the similarities between different perceptual categories, at the same time preserving the visual information within each perceptual category of handshape variation.
464:
is more systematic and widespread in sign languages than in spoken ones, the difference is not categorical. The visual modality allows the human preference for close connections between form and meaning, present but suppressed in spoken languages, to be more fully expressed.
1067:. Home sign is amorphous and generally idiosyncratic to a particular family, where a deaf child does not have contact with other deaf children and is not educated in sign. Such systems are not generally passed on from one generation to the next. Where they are passed on,
339:
published a book in 1692 describing an alphabetic system where pointing to a body part represented the first letter of the part (e.g. Brow=B), and vowels were located on the fingertips as with the other British systems. He described such codes for both English and Latin.
1768:
Only in a very few sign languages (for instance Japanese Sign Language) are agents ever incorporated. In this way, since subjects of intransitives are treated similarly to objects of transitives, incorporation in sign languages can be said to follow an ergative pattern.
236:
The earliest records of contact between Europeans and Indigenous peoples of the Gulf Coast region in what is now Texas and northern Mexico note a fully formed sign language already in use by the time of the Europeans' arrival there. These records include the accounts of
1221:
derive from Swedish SL, though with local admixture in the case of mutually unintelligible Finnish SL. Danish SL has French SL influence and Wittmann (1991) places them in that family, though he proposes that Swedish, Finnish, and Portuguese SL are instead related to
1392:
According to an SIL report, the sign languages of Russia, Moldova and Ukraine share a high degree of lexical similarity and may be dialects of one language, or distinct related languages. The same report suggested a "cluster" of sign languages centered around
225:
2260:â two deaf users were able to freely communicate with each other between the fair and another city. However, video communication did not become widely available until sufficient bandwidth for the high volume of video data became available in the early 2000s.
5212:
1832:
notation system. Designed specifically for representing the use of the hands, it has no way of expressing facial expression or other non-manual features of sign languages. However, his was designed for research, particularly in a dictionary, not for general
2392:, which is almost extinct except for a few elderly signers. Even nationally recognised sign languages can be endangered; for example, New Zealand Sign Language is losing users. Methods are being developed to assess the language vitality of sign languages.
2609:
sequences of signs. Still, this kind of system is inadequate for the intellectual development of a child and it comes nowhere near meeting the standards linguists use to describe a complete language. No type of home sign is recognized as a full language.
524:, of spoken languages. Now they are sometimes called phonemes when describing sign languages too, since the function is the same, but more commonly discussed in terms of "features" or "parameters". More generally, both sign and spoken languages share the
5697:
6932:
Branson, J., D. Miller, & I G. Marsaja. (1996). "Everyone here speaks sign language, too: a deaf village in Bali, Indonesia." In: C. Lucas (ed.): Multicultural aspects of sociolinguistics in deaf communities. Washington, Gallaudet University Press,
1911:
the Latin script, the time has arrived where SW is so widespread, that it is impossible in the same way to list all works that have been produced using this writing system and that have been written about this writing system." In 2015, the
11662:
Sign-language names reflect the region of origin. Natural sign languages are not related to the spoken language used in the same region. For example, French Sign Language originated in France, but is not related to French. Conversely,
688:
672:
3390:
Sermo mirabilis, or, The silent language whereby one may learn ... how to impart his mind to his friend, in any language ... being a wonderful art kept secret for several ages in Padua, and now published only to the wise and prudent
690:
674:
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E.g.: Irit Meir, Wendy Sandler, Carol Padden, and Mark Aronoff (2010): Emerging Sign Languages. In: Marc Marschark and Patricia Elizabeth Spencer (eds.): The Oxford Handbook of Deaf Studies, Language, and Education, Vol. 2, pp.
1956:. This sign language was developed in the Black Deaf community as a variant during the American era of segregation and racism, where young Black Deaf students were forced to attend separate schools than their white Deaf peers.
258:('Reduction of letters and art for teaching mute people to speak') in Madrid. It is considered the first modern treatise of sign language phonetics, setting out a method of oral education for deaf people and a manual alphabet.
2236:
2152:
In order to facilitate communication between deaf and hearing people, sign language interpreters are often used. Such activities involve considerable effort on the part of the interpreter, since sign languages are distinct
1117:, which are developed by the hearing community and only used secondarily by the deaf. It is doubtful whether most of these are languages in their own right, rather than manual codes of spoken languages, though a few such as
3733:
623:
5901:
5815:
2187:
3087:; Sayers, Edna Edith . "Visual-Kinetic Communication in Europe Before 1600: A Survey of Sign Lexicons and Finger Alphabets Prior to the Rise of Deaf Education". Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education 2 (1997): 1â25;
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One theory of the evolution of human language states that it developed first as a gestural system, which later shifted to speech. An important question for this gestural theory is what caused the shift to vocalization.
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published his manual alphabet in the 18th century, which has survived largely unchanged in France and North America until the present time. In 1755, AbbĂ© de l'ĂpĂ©e founded the first school for deaf children in Paris;
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would be expected to occur, resulting in a full language. However, home sign may also be closer to full language in communities where the hearing population has a gestural mode of language; examples include various
211:
developed in the Middle Ages has come to regard them as gestural systems rather than true sign languages. Monastic sign languages were the basis for the first known manual alphabet used in deaf schools, developed by
3209:
John Bulwer's "Chirologia: or the natural language of the hand.", published in 1644, London, mentions that alphabets are in use by deaf people, although Bulwer presents a different system which is focused on public
7046:
Healy, Alice F. (1980). "Can Chimpanzees learn a phonemic language?" In: Sebeok, Thomas A. & Jean Umiker-Sebeok, eds, Speaking of apes: a critical anthology of two-way communication with man. New York: Plenum,
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Interpreters may be physically present with both parties to the conversation but, since the technological advancements in the early 2000s, provision of interpreters in remote locations has become available. In
1901:, SEA, by its Spanish name and acronym), developed by linguist Ăngel Herrero Blanco and two deaf researchers, Juan JosĂ© Alfaro and Inmacualada Cascales, was published as a book in 2003 and made accessible in
4248:
For the history of research on iconicity in sign languages see, for example: Vermeerbergen, Myriam (2006): Past and current trends in sign language research. In: Language & Communication, 26(2). 168-192.
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described "Master Babington", a deaf man proficient in the use of a manual alphabet, "contryved on the joynts of his fingers", whose wife could converse with him easily, even in the dark through the use of
870:
The cognitive linguistics perspective allows for some signs to be fully iconic or partially iconic given the number of correspondences between the possible parameters of form and meaning. In this way, the
3089:
Bruce, Scott G. Silence and Sign Language in Medieval Monasticism: The Cluniac Tradition, C.900â1200. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought: Fourth Series. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1687:
any other language. Prototype-R languages are languages that are remotely modelled on a prototype-A language (in many cases thought to have been French Sign Language) by a process Kroeber (1940) called "
763:
At the lexical level, signs can be lexically specified for non-manual elements in addition to the manual articulation. For instance, facial expressions may accompany verbs of emotion, as in the sign for
1840:(HamNoSys), developed in the early 1990s, is a detailed phonetic system, not designed for any one sign language, and intended as a transcription system for researchers rather than as a practical script.
691:
675:
6193:
Taylor-DiLeva, Kim. Once Upon A Sign : Using American Sign Language To Engage, Entertain, And Teach All Children, p. 15. Libraries Unlimited, 2011. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. 29 Feb. 2012.
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code . It only ever had one deaf user, and thus appears to have been a home sign system that was mistakenly-accepted into the ISO 639-3 standard. It has been proposed for deletion from the standard. (
5527:
772:. Non-manual elements may also be lexically contrastive. For example, in ASL (American Sign Language), facial components distinguish some signs from other signs. An example is the sign translated as
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parents when trying to figure out what their child wants. When the child begins to speak, signing is usually abandoned, so the child does not progress to acquiring the grammar of the sign language.
53:
3175:
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The only comprehensive classification along these lines going beyond a simple listing of languages dates back to 1991. The classification is based on the 69 sign languages from the 1988 edition of
776:, which requires that the tongue touch the lower lip and that the head rotate from side to side, in addition to the manual part of the sign. Without these features the sign would be interpreted as
2088:
parliament, a NZSL curriculum was released for schools to take NZSL as an optional subject. The curriculum and teaching materials were designed to target intermediate schools from Years 7 to 10, (
409:, they conclude that it is more complex than a typical pidgin and indeed is more like a full sign language. While the more commonly used term is International Sign, it is sometimes referred to as
223:
2317:(VRS), the sign language user, the interpreter, and the hearing person are in three separate locations, thus allowing the two clients to talk to each other on the phone through the interpreter.
658:
Similarly, countries which use a single spoken language throughout may have two or more sign languages, or an area that contains more than one spoken language might use only one sign language.
5664:
5093:
Reilly, Judy (2005). "How Faces Come to Serve Grammar: The Development of Nonmanual Morphology in American Sign Language". In Brenda Schick; Marc Marschack; Patricia Elizabeth Spencer (eds.).
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2015:
In such communities deaf people are generally well-integrated in the general community and not socially disadvantaged, so much so that it is difficult to speak of a separate "Deaf" community.
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through non-manual elements. Postures or movements of the body, head, eyebrows, eyes, cheeks, and mouth are used in various combinations to show several categories of information, including
5725:
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lists 150 sign languages, while the SIGN-HUB Atlas of Sign Language Structures lists over 200 and notes that there are more that have not been documented or discovered yet. As of 2021,
5790:
3504:
4779:
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5898:
5807:
4002:
Boudreault, Patrick; Mayberry, Rachel I. (2006). "Grammatical processing in American Sign Language: Age of first-language acquisition effects in relation to syntactic structure".
1864:, facial expression and dynamics of movement). The script is sometimes used for detailed research, language documentation, as well as publishing texts and works in sign languages.
879:
has parts of its form that are iconic ("movement away from the mouth" means "something coming from the mouth"), and parts that are arbitrary (the handshape, and the orientation).
6001:
102:. Linguists also distinguish natural sign languages from other systems that are precursors to them or obtained from them, such as constructed manual codes for spoken languages,
10603:
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Steklis, H. D., & Harnad, S. (1976). From hand to mouth: Some critical stages in the evolution of language. In Origins and evolution of language and speech (pp. 445-455).
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204:(fingerspelling systems) that were invented to facilitate the transfer of words from a spoken language to a sign language, rather than documentation of the language itself.
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Sign language among North American Indians compared with that among other peoples and deaf-mutes. A first annual report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the
3714:. In: Hall, T. A. Pompino-Marschall, B. (ed.): Dictionaries of Linguistics and Communication Science. Volume: Phonetics and Phonology. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
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This is in contrast to hearing children who grow up with Deaf parents, who generally acquire the full sign language natively, the same as Deaf children of Deaf parents.
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689:
673:
273:
In Britain, manual alphabets were also in use for a number of purposes, such as secret communication, public speaking, or communication by or with deaf people. In 1648,
140:
The number of sign languages worldwide is not precisely known. Each country generally has its own native sign language; some have more than one. The 2021 edition of
12220:
10412:
9171:
7191:
Indigenous Sign Language and Culture; the interpreting and access needs of Deaf people who are of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander in Far North Queensland
6794:
Newman, A. J.; Bavelier, D; Corina, D; Jezzard, P; Neville, HJ (2002). "A Critical Period for Right Hemisphere Recruitment in American Sign Language Processing".
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The language is considered to be endangered. 9,600 deaf people in Hawaii now use American Sign Language with a few local signs for place-names and cultural items.
5630:
1373:
derived from ASL and the native sign languages of Bangkok and Chiang Mai, and may be considered part of the ASL family. Others possibly influenced by ASL include
456:âin other words, signs are conventional, often arbitrary and do not necessarily have a visual relationship to their referent, much as most spoken language is not
10146:
9076:
9068:
3341:
Moser, Henry M.; O'Neill, John J.; Oyer, Herbert J.; Wolfe, Susan M.; Abernathy, Edward A.; Schowe, Ben M. (1960). "Historical Aspects of Manual Communication".
1797:
The acquisition of non-manual features follows an interesting pattern: When a word that always has a particular non-manual feature associated with it (such as a
10640:
10446:
11564:
76:
that use the visual-manual modality to convey meaning, instead of spoken words. Sign languages are expressed through manual articulation in combination with
6616:
2084:
Sign language is also used as a form of alternative or augmentative communication by people who can hear but have difficulties using their voices to speak.
1719:
of prototype languages. Creolization is seen as enriching overt morphology in sign languages, as compared to reducing overt morphology in spoken languages.
7354:. Studies in linguistics, Occasional papers, No. 8, Dept. of Anthropology and Linguistics, University at Buffalo. 2d ed., Silver Spring: Md: Linstok Press.
189:
Groups of deaf people have used sign languages throughout history. One of the earliest written records of a sign language is from the fifth century BC, in
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in a later memory task than another group of six children that were taught signs that had little or no iconic properties. In contrast to Brown, linguists
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5361:
7625:
7600:
5120:
4967:
Brentari, Diane (2002). "Modality differences in sign language phonology and morphophonemics". In P. Meier; Kearsy Cormier; David Quinto-Pozos (eds.).
2768:
569:
Today, linguists study sign languages as true languages, part of the field of linguistics. However, the category "sign languages" was not added to the
5332:
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5845:
5660:
4570:
5278:
3259:
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See Wilkins (1641) above. Wilkins was aware that the systems he describes are old, and refers to Bede's account of Roman and Greek finger alphabets.
2022:
arose in a context of extensive speech taboos, such as during mourning and initiation rites. They are or were especially highly developed among the
4607:
7379:
Enacting Stories, Seeing Worlds: Similarities and Differences in the Cross-Cultural Narrative Development of Linguistically Isolated Deaf Children
6866:
5076:
11579:
7076:, Senghas A., Coppola M (1999). "Creation through contact: Sign language emergence and sign language change in Nicaragua." In: M. DeGraff (ed.),
5729:
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in spoken languages, include papers such as Fischer (1974, 1978), Deuchar (1987) and Judy Kegl's pre-1991 work on creolization in sign languages.
3432:
1102:, which develop in the student bodies of deaf schools which do not use sign as a language of instruction, as well as community languages such as
1148:, a village sign language of Ghana, may be related to the "gestural trade jargon used in the markets throughout West Africa", in vocabulary and
8863:
6018:
1361:
A subset of this group includes languages that have been heavily influenced by American Sign Language (ASL), or are regional varieties of ASL.
1163:
from Suliphone, a deaf artist. This was one of several activities at a school book party sponsored by Big Brother Mouse, a literacy project in
5620:"Enrollments in Languages Other Than English in United States Institutions of Higher Education, Summer 2016 and Fall 2016: Preliminary Report"
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that were known at the time of the 1989 conference on sign languages in Montreal and 11 more languages the author added after the conference.
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10753:
10708:
7730:
5771:
80:. Sign languages are full-fledged natural languages with their own grammar and lexicon. Sign languages are not universal and are usually not
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are independent of any particular spoken language. Hearing people may also develop sign to communicate with users of other languages, as in
11600:
10765:
7816:
7811:
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9093:
7165:
3556:
In J. V. Van Cleve (ed.), "Gallaudet encyclopedia of deaf people and deafness", Vol 3 S-Z, Index. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc.
2164:
The interpretation flow is normally between a sign language and a spoken language that are customarily used in the same country, such as
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7461:
6177:
5992:
3831:
2089:
711:
548:
130:
5249:
3864:
3658:
Bross, Fabian (2020). The clausal syntax of German Sign Language. A cartographic approach. Berlin: Language Science Press. Page 37-38.
3419:
12247:
7529:
4504:
7419:
6227:
Susan Goldin-Meadow (Goldin-Meadow 2003, Van Deusen, Goldin-Meadow & Miller 2001) has done extensive work on home sign systems.
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creoles and that we can't know on how many successive creolizations prototype-A sign languages are based prior to their historicity.
12115:
4697:
4257:
Bross, Fabian (2020). The clausal syntax of German Sign Language. A cartographic approach. Berlin: Language Science Press. Page 25.
1888:
which uses a minimalist collection of symbols in the order of Handshape-Location-Movement. Many signs can be written the same way (
6269:
4474:
4456:
2860:
Sandler, Wendy; & Lillo-Martin, Diane. (2006). Sign Language and Linguistic Universals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
11477:
11374:
7304:
Sandler, Wendy (2003). "Sign Language Phonology". In William Frawley (Ed.), The Oxford International Encyclopedia of Linguistics.
4658:
3146:
Wurtzburg, Susan, and Campbell, Lyle. "North American Indian Sign Language: Evidence for its Existence before European Contact,"
1810:
Sign languages do not have a traditional or formal written form. Many deaf people do not see a need to write their own language.
643:
On the whole, though, sign languages are independent of spoken languages and follow their own paths of development. For example,
5501:
McCaskill, C. (2011). The hidden treasure of Black ASL: its history and structure. Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet University Press.
4678:
Henri Wittmann (1991). The classification is said to be typological satisfying Jakobson's condition of genetic interpretability.
2970:
784:, which are (parts of) spoken words accompanying lexical signs, can also be contrastive, as in the manually identical signs for
12534:
7593:
5753:
5327:
Ampessan, JoĂŁo Paulo. "The Writing of Grammatical Non-Manual Expressions in Sentences in LIBRAS Using the SignWriting System."
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437:
has demonstrated that they exhibit the fundamental properties that exist in all languages. Such fundamental properties include
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1098:, on the other hand, arise where deaf people come together to form their own communities. These include school sign, such as
710:
One way in which many sign languages take advantage of the spatial nature of the language is through the use of classifiers.
612:
developed by the people who use them, in this case, deaf people, who may have little or no knowledge of any spoken language.
387:, founded a school for the deaf in 1857 in Washington, D.C., which in 1864 became the National Deaf-Mute College. Now called
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2019:
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and Richard Meier found that iconicity "appears to have virtually no impact on the acquisition of American Sign Language".
6554:
Miles, H.L. (1990) "The cognitive foundations for reference in a signing orangutan" in S.T. Parker and K.R. Gibson (eds.)
5876:
5387:"Human adults and human infants show a 'perceptual magnet effect' for the prototypes of speech categories, monkeys do not"
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158:
2196:
Video about access to cultural institutions in Mexico, with Mexican sign language interpretation and captions in Spanish
11445:
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10650:
8814:
6303:
5619:
5066:"The Critical Period for Language Acquisition and The Deaf Child's Language Comprehension: A Psycholinguistic Approach"
4755:
2826:
2783:
2503:
1969:
1089:
17:
7309:
Sandler, Wendy & Lillo-Martin, Diane (2001). "Natural sign languages". In M. Aronoff & J. Rees-Miller (Eds.),
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have been developed which automatically translate short videos containing sign language directly to written language.
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7318:
7298:
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7154:
7139:
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7009:
6959:
6571:
6138:
MacDougall, Jamie (February 2001). "Access to justice for deaf Inuit in Nunavut: The role of "Inuit sign language"".
6081:
5961:
5188:
4984:
4421:
4074:
3945:
3584:
3462:
Cf. Supalla, Ted & Rebecca Webb (1995). "The grammar of international sign: A new look at pidgin languages." In:
2005:
587:
Sign language relief sculpture on a stone wall: "Life is beautiful, be happy and love each other", by Czech sculptor
6987:
The Resilience of Language: What Gesture Creation in Deaf Children Can Tell Us About How All Children Learn Language
2618:
11715:
11518:
11128:
11097:
11016:
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9468:
5183:. Alfaro, Juan José,, Cascales, Inmaculada. San Vicente del Raspeig : Publicaciones de la Universidad de Alicante.
4807:
3320:
3080:
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as a complete system, rather than simply signs/words. Notable examples of animals who have learned signs include:
2531:
867:). It is defined as a fully grammatical and central aspect of a sign language rather than a peripheral phenomenon.
11684:
Denotes the number (if known) of languages within the family. No further information is given on these languages.
5302:
SignWriting (SW) of Maltese Sign Language (LSM) and its development into an orthography: Linguistic considerations
4357:
1136:
merging into a Deaf-community language. Contact occurs between sign languages, between sign and spoken languages (
242:
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10819:
9868:
9129:
9103:
7970:
7428:, December 4, 2012, p. D1 and published online at NYTimes.com on December 3, 2012. Retrieved on December 7, 2012.
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1978:
1505:
1501:
6203:
5596:
3470:(International Conference on Theoretical Issues in Sign Language Research) Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, pp. 333â352
703:
Sign languages exploit the unique features of the visual medium (sight), but may also exploit tactile features (
11624:
11118:
11011:
10698:
10284:
9338:
8177:
7982:
7894:
7078:
Comparative Grammatical Change: The Intersection of Language Acquisition, Creole Genesis, and Diachronic Syntax
7013:
4233:
2440:
2131:
7305:
5478:
Woll, Bencie; Ladd, Paddy (2003), "Deaf communities", in Marschark, Marc; Spencer, Patricia Elizabeth (eds.),
718:
depend on linear sequencing of signs to form sentences; the greater use of simultaneity is mostly seen in the
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10496:
9408:
8765:
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that include speech. The signer usually appears in the bottom corner of the screen, with the programme being
1776:
1621:
1285:
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1129:
that was evidently not used by deaf people in the Plains nations, though it presumably influenced home sign.
1017:
823:
is similarity or analogy between the form of a sign (linguistic or otherwise) and its meaning, as opposed to
433:
Sign languages have capability and complexity equal to spoken languages; their study as part of the field of
6754:
Harnad, S. R., Steklis, H. D., & Lancaster, J. E. (1976). Origins and evolution of language and speech.
4763:
1752:
Sign languages vary in word-order typology. For example, Austrian Sign Language, Japanese Sign Language and
1298:(LSF), or are the result of language contact between local community sign languages and LSF. These include:
583:
11671:
both originated in English-speaking countries but are not related to each other; ASL however is related to
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11472:
10760:
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10366:
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9821:
8719:
8608:
8249:
8017:
7857:
7795:
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7754:
6109:
5336:
4831:
4771:
4065:
Baker, Charlotte (1977). Regulators and turn-taking in American Sign Language discourse, in Lynn Friedman,
2991:
2778:
2065:) before European contact. It was used by hearing people to communicate among tribes with different spoken
1860:, developed by Valerie Sutton in 1974, is a system for representing sign languages phonetically (including
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of the U.S., but there are also numerous village languages scattered throughout Africa, Asia, and America.
999:
962:
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422:
402:
380:
344:
former Yugoslavia, Grand Cayman Island in the Caribbean, Indonesia, Norway, Germany and the United States.
147:
5837:
3101:
Tirosh, Yoav. "Deafness and Nonspeaking in Late Medieval Iceland (1200â1550)," Viator 51.1 (2020): 311-344
1481:
562:. More than spoken languages, sign languages can convey meaning by simultaneous means, e.g. by the use of
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5779:. 32nd AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-18), Feb. 2â7, 2018, New Orleans, Louisiana, US.
5760:(then about to be released) Bell Laboratories, Pg.134â153 & 160â187, Volume 47, No. 5, May/June 1969;
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people exist, sign languages have developed as useful means of communication and form the core of local
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10006:
8313:
8162:
7477:
7444:
6863:
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Savage-Rumbaugh, E.S; Rumbaugh, D.M.; McDonald, K. (1985). "Language learning in two species of apes".
6032:
Bickford; Albert, J.; Lewis, M. Paul; Simons, Gary F. (2014). "Rating the vitality of sign languages".
5065:
5000:
Ulrike, Zeshan; Escobedo Delgado, Cesar Ernesto; Dikyuva, Hasan; Panda, Sibaji; de Vos, Connie (2013).
4811:
2682:
2384:. For example, a sign language used by a small community may be endangered and even abandoned as users
2313:
However, VRI cannot be used for situations in which all parties are speaking via telephone alone. With
1253:
831:
636:
608:
537:
505:
30:
This article is about primary sign languages of the deaf. For signed versions of spoken languages, see
4267:
Wilcox, S (2004). "Conceptual spaces and embodied actions: Cognitive iconicity and signed languages".
3442:
2906:
Trettenbrein, Patrick C.; Papitto, Giorgio; Friederici, Angela D.; Zaccarella, Emiliano (2021-02-15).
2110:
Legal requirements covering sign language accessibility in media vary from country to country. In the
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7086:(2004). "Language Emergence in a Language-Ready Brain: Acquisition Issues." In: Jenkins, Lyle (ed.),
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Sign language. An international handbook (HSK â Handbooks of linguistics and communication science).
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video camera, in order to zoom in and out or to point the camera better to understand the signing.
1738:
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1099:
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8404:
7360:(1974). Classification and description of sign languages. Current Trends in Linguistics 12.345â71.
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8184:
8075:
7749:
7743:
7737:
7703:
7550:
7466:
6936:
Deuchar, Margaret (1987). "Sign languages as creoles and Chomsky's notion of Universal Grammar."
4893:
4839:
4751:
4735:
4370:
4313:
Meir, I (2010). "Iconicity and metaphor: Constraints on metaphorical extension of iconic forms".
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1996:
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208:
31:
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11644:
11369:
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11232:
11212:
11207:
11067:
11003:
10937:
10869:
10829:
10783:
10718:
10713:
10672:
10611:
10585:
10546:
10451:
10420:
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10236:
10170:
10154:
10133:
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9943:
9925:
9901:
9891:
9873:
9678:
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9644:
9578:
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9433:
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9154:
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8899:
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8773:
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8520:
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8220:
8167:
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8025:
7992:
7842:
7720:
7684:
7674:
7620:
7505:
7501:
6437:
4910:
4867:
4775:
4739:
3078:
Stokoe, William C. "Approaching Monastic Sign Language". Sign Language Studies 58 (1988): 37â47
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384:
81:
42:
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7767:
7054:, "Journal of African Studies" (Japan Association for African Studies) Vol. 64, March, 2004. .
4636:
4633:
2536:
468:
Sign languages, like spoken languages, organize elementary, meaningless units into meaningful
213:
175:
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12083:
11917:
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11424:
11364:
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11087:
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10703:
10645:
10569:
10559:
10538:
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10376:
10350:
10337:
10332:
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10244:
10228:
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10125:
10112:
10038:
10030:
9972:
9878:
9860:
9847:
9816:
9795:
9779:
9760:
9752:
9670:
9552:
9540:
9509:
9504:
9489:
9462:
9428:
9413:
9383:
9348:
9330:
9283:
9201:
9181:
9054:
8735:
8709:
8603:
8582:
8561:
8545:
8490:
8480:
8434:
8264:
8194:
8131:
8106:
8067:
8059:
8045:
8040:
7977:
7929:
7847:
7708:
7690:
7679:
7509:
7472:
6646:
5158:
5118:
Hopkins, Jason (2008). "Choosing how to write sign language: a sociolinguistic perspective".
4871:
4843:
4767:
4540:
4183:
Brown, R (1978). "Why Are Signed Languages Easier to Learn than Spoken Languages? Part Two".
3437:
2814:
2643:. However, linguists generally point out that this does not constitute knowledge of a human
2526:
2416:
2173:
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1902:
1668:
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855:
808:
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644:
477:
473:
438:
305:
7352:
Sign language structure: An outline of the visual communication systems of the American deaf
6172:
5808:"Deluxe Launches First Brazilian Sign Language (LIBRAS) Localization Service Outside Brazil"
3935:
3793:
3636:
Sign Language Structure: An Outline of the Visual Communication Systems of the American Deaf
12392:
11927:
11892:
11869:
11827:
11751:
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11379:
11123:
10882:
10842:
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10748:
10491:
10486:
10456:
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9917:
9909:
9896:
9811:
9728:
9699:
9686:
9657:
9568:
9547:
9423:
9358:
9323:
9318:
9308:
9298:
9196:
9191:
9186:
9144:
9124:
8783:
8778:
8749:
8704:
8699:
8672:
8641:
8475:
8421:
8367:
8308:
8206:
8002:
7862:
7852:
7725:
7545:
6429:
5241:
4913:, Thai Hill-Country sign languages (possibly including languages in Vietnam and Laos), and
4851:
4847:
4835:
4815:
4791:
4783:
3853:
2908:"Functional neuroanatomy of language without speech: An ALE metaâanalysis of sign language"
2773:
2381:
2165:
2145:
2141:
1885:
1788:
1704:
1696:
1426:
1422:
1414:
1402:
1378:
1307:
1299:
1295:
1281:
1263:
1198:
1118:
1103:
952:
388:
352:
7095:
Sign Languages of Aboriginal Australia: Cultural, Semiotic and Communicative Perspectives.
6318:
Plooij, F.X. (1978) "Some basic traits of language in wild chimpanzees?" in A. Lock (ed.)
5026:
4834:(Pakistani SL is said to be R, but Indian SL to be A, though they are the same language),
4774:(Pakistani SL is said to be R, but Indian SL to be A, though they are the same language),
4496:
2118:
addressed the requirements for blind and deaf viewers, but has since been replaced by the
8:
12336:
12073:
12024:
11972:
11604:
11464:
11052:
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10809:
10743:
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10509:
10461:
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10220:
10196:
10180:
9998:
9977:
9855:
9720:
9712:
9694:
9519:
9494:
9484:
9373:
9368:
9353:
9288:
9271:
9216:
9206:
8827:
8667:
8540:
8429:
8172:
7939:
7934:
7884:
7668:
7406:
4859:
4787:
3810:
2808:
2798:
2660:
2652:
2434:
2314:
2300:
2249:
1761:
1757:
1728:
1708:
1661:
1466:
1451:
1394:
1355:
1323:
1315:
942:
824:
793:
769:
317:
195:
134:
11548:
7526:
7025:
7021:
6862:
Blondin-Massé, Alexandre; Harnad, Stevan; Picard, Olivier; and St-Louis, Bernard (2013)
6433:
4689:
1775:
Another aspect of typology that has been studied in sign languages is their systems for
12429:
12346:
12215:
12047:
11949:
11932:
11857:
11595:
11493:
10974:
10799:
10056:
9826:
9707:
9607:
9532:
9226:
8677:
7424:
7273:
7237:
6916:
6891:
6819:
6737:
6524:
6402:
6359:
6258:
5780:
5563:
5452:
5427:
5426:
Morford, J. P.; Grieve-Smith, A. B.; MacFarlane, J.; Staley, J.; Waters, G. S. (2008).
5137:
5031:
4470:
4452:
4330:
4200:
4137:
4019:
3823:
3312:
3304:
2963:
Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2021), "Sign language",
2940:
2907:
2788:
2748:
2577:
2245:
2201:
2136:
2043:
1688:
1366:
847:
for example exhibits many words mimicking the sounds of their potential referents (see
476:. As in spoken languages, these meaningless units are represented as (combinations of)
446:
394:
107:
7541:, Multimodal Human Speech and Sign Language Processing for Human-Machine Communication
6952:
The signs of language revisited: An anthology to honor Ursula Bellugi and Edward Klima
6720:
Hewes, Gordon W. (1973). "Primate communication and the gestural origin of language".
4654:
714:
allow a signer to spatially show a referent's type, size, shape, movement, or extent.
12539:
12205:
12155:
11962:
11897:
11803:
11788:
11498:
11159:
7555:
7409:
7357:
7347:
7337:
7329:
7314:
7294:
7265:
7261:
7208:
7179:
7150:
7135:
7101:
7036:
7001:
6997:
6955:
6921:
6811:
6741:
6700:
6675:
6650:
6639:
6592:
6567:
6516:
6512:
6455:
6394:
6390:
6299:
6077:
6012:
5957:
5555:
5483:
5457:
5408:
5194:
5184:
5162:
5141:
5098:
5035:
5001:
4980:
4437:
Wittmann, H. (1991). Classification linguistique des langues signées non vocalement.
4417:
4384:
4374:
4334:
4229:
4070:
3951:
3941:
3827:
3815:
3772:
3604:
3580:
3484:
3394:
3358:
3316:
3127:
3058:
2964:
2945:
2927:
2670:
2225:
1843:
1160:
864:
844:
836:
731:
397:, formerly known as Gestuno, is used mainly at international deaf events such as the
7566:, a project documenting sign language television shows for the deaf around the world
7277:
6585:
6406:
6363:
5814:. Deluxe Entertainment Services Group Inc. through Cision PR Newswire. 18 Sep 2017.
5750:
5443:
4023:
3541:
12362:
11815:
11697:
11508:
11339:
11320:
7483:
7257:
7117:
6911:
6903:
6823:
6803:
6729:
6559:
6508:
6447:
6386:
6349:
6341:
6332:
Nishida, T (1968). "The social group of wild chimpanzees in the Mahali Mountains".
6236:
6147:
5567:
5547:
5539:
5447:
5439:
5398:
5129:
5021:
5013:
4972:
4322:
4276:
4192:
4129:
4099:
4011:
3982:
3805:
3496:
3350:
3296:
2935:
2919:
2793:
2623:
There have been several notable examples of scientists teaching signs to non-human
2325:
2220:
technologies allow the viewer to turn the signer on and off in a similar manner to
2209:
2154:
2027:
1132:
652:
632:
480:, although coarser descriptions are often also made in terms of five "parameters":
249:
88:
11503:
7122:
7105:
6528:
6377:
Premack, D (1985). "'Gavagai!' or the future of the animal language controversy".
4120:
Frishberg, N (1975). "Arbitrariness and Iconicity: Historical Change in America".
3891:. (1995). "About American Sign Language." Deaf Resource Library, Yale University.
3016:
528:
that linguists have found in all natural human languages, such as transitoriness,
12486:
12460:
12145:
12042:
12012:
11798:
11634:
11429:
11409:
11288:
7533:
7517:
7169:
7017:
6870:
6563:
6451:
6181:
6071:
5951:
5905:
5770:
Huang, Jie; Zhou, Wengang; Zhang, Qilin; Li, Houqiang; Li, Weiping (2018-01-30).
5757:
5661:"ITC Guidelines on Standards for Sign Language on Digital Terrestrial Television"
4976:
4794:. Wittmann also includes, bizarrely, Chinese characters and Egyptian hieroglyphs.
4718:
vaguely, some other traits from his analysis. The 2013 version (17th edition) of
4364:
3898:
3711:
3667:
3642:
3598:
3548:
3107:
3096:
3084:
3023:
2831:
2698:
2240:
A deaf person using a remote VRS interpreter to communicate with a hearing person
2039:
2035:
1817:
704:
286:
279:
185:("Reduction of letters and art for teaching mute people to speak") (Madrid, 1620)
3635:
3281:
1779:. Typologically significant differences have been found between sign languages.
12367:
12063:
11543:
11528:
11419:
11404:
11174:
6420:
Gardner, R.A.; Gardner, B.T. (1969). "Teaching Sign Language to a Chimpanzee".
5868:
5154:
4931:
3936:
Josep Quer i Carbonell; Carlo Cecchetto; Rannveig Sverrisd Ăttir, eds. (2017).
3888:
3572:
3119:
2713:
2666:
2385:
2272:
2111:
1821:
1716:
1370:
1068:
238:
7538:
6558:: Comparative Developmental Perspectives. Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 511â539.
6252:
The one possible exception to this is Rennellese Sign Language, which has the
5922:
5543:
5528:""Deaf discourse": The social construction of deafness in a Bedouin community"
5513:
Sign languages in village communities: Anthropological and linguistic insights
4015:
3955:
1813:
Several ways to represent sign languages in written form have been developed.
129:, those who have trouble with oral language due to a disability or condition (
12518:
12407:
12300:
12295:
12274:
12265:
12230:
12160:
12135:
12120:
11967:
11774:
11513:
11414:
11399:
11394:
11031:
7324:
Stiles-Davis, Joan; Kritchevsky, Mark; & Bellugi, Ursula (Eds.). (1988).
7289:
7245:
7232:
7200:
6943:
6232:
6164:
6110:"Sign languages in UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger Project"
5994:
12th International Conference on Theoretical Issues in Sign Language Research
5198:
5002:"Cardinal numerals in rural sign languages: Approaching cross-modal typology"
4388:
3819:
3597:
Baker, Anne; Bogaerde, Beppie van den; Pfau, Roland; Schermer, G. M. (2016).
3463:
2931:
2703:
2364:
2344:
2058:
1973:
1742:
1149:
563:
533:
391:, it is still the only liberal arts university for deaf people in the world.
372:
95:
7193:. Sponsored by ASLIA, the Australian Sign Language Interpreters Association.
5428:"Effects of language experience on the perception of American Sign Language"
4412:
Frishberg, Nancy (1987). "Ghanaian Sign Language." In: Cleve, J. Van (ed.),
2380:
As with any spoken language, sign languages are also vulnerable to becoming
1846:
has attempted to create a phonetic transcription system for signing that is
375:
was arguably its most famous graduate. Clerc went to the United States with
12305:
12290:
12257:
11902:
11389:
11334:
7398:
7284:
7196:
7033:
Everyone here spoke sign language: Hereditary deafness on Martha's Vineyard
6925:
6815:
6641:
Language Files: Materials for an Introduction to Language & Linguistics
5559:
5461:
5017:
4927:
4642:
4353:
4349:
3568:
3362:
2949:
2728:
2656:
2205:
2054:
1943:
1870:
is another orthography which is largely phonemic. However, a few signs are
1734:
1712:
1137:
1110:
741:
659:
457:
122:
118:
27:
Language that uses manual communication and body language to convey meaning
11707:
7269:
6907:
6520:
6459:
6398:
6174:
Proceedings of Conference on Language Documentation and Linguistic Theory.
5551:
5412:
5348:
5181:
Escritura alfabética de la Lengua de Signos Española : once lecciones
5133:
4326:
4280:
4103:
3500:
3354:
3300:
12481:
12439:
12269:
12017:
11987:
11852:
11523:
11293:
6947:
6228:
4038:
American Sign Language: A teacher's resource text on grammar and culture.
3422:. The Laurent Clerc National Deaf Education Center, Gallaudet University.
3398:
3393:
London, Printed for Tho. Salusbury... and sold by Randal Taylor... 1692.
2733:
2718:
2368:
1949:
throughout a nation, and the cultures they have developed are very rich.
1857:
1798:
901:
800:
example. They are shown through raised eyebrows and a forward head tilt.
529:
434:
398:
360:
348:
274:
7512:) may contain further external links, e.g. for learning those languages.
6989:, Psychology Press, a subsidiary of Taylor & Francis, New York, 2003
3649:. Buffalo: Dept. of Anthropology and Linguistics, University of Buffalo.
3308:
3077:
2339:; for example, all movies shown in Brazilian movie theaters must have a
2069:, as well as by deaf people. There are especially users today among the
1155:
547:
Common linguistic features of many sign languages are the occurrence of
12402:
12372:
12150:
11957:
11639:
11278:
10621:
10430:
9839:
9313:
8254:
7248:(1985). "'Gavagai!' or the future of the animal language controversy".
6354:
6345:
5403:
5386:
4719:
4655:"SIL Electronic Survey Reports: The signed languages of Eastern Europe"
4204:
4087:
3755:
Language, cognition and the brain: Insights from sign language research
3027:
2905:
2632:
2571:
2268:
2264:
2253:
2217:
2070:
1987:
1881:
1513:
1497:
1470:
883:
552:
142:
87:
Linguists consider both spoken and signed communication to be types of
6076:. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 57â58.
5991:
McKee, Rachel; McKee, David (2016), "Assessing the vitality of NZSL",
4141:
3892:
2923:
2256:(trademarked as the Picturephone) was introduced to the public at the
2248:
to help sign language users communicate with each other occurred when
596:
12412:
12200:
12140:
12068:
11937:
11874:
11847:
11832:
11164:
11133:
10989:
10425:
7083:
7073:
7058:
6965:
Fischer, Susan D. (1974). "Sign language and linguistic universals."
6253:
6240:
6151:
3987:
3970:
3409:
Daniel Defoe (1720). "The Life and Adventures of Mr. Duncan Campbell"
2821:
2640:
2602:
2595:
2565:
2221:
1953:
1889:
1884:
is a system designed primarily for education of deaf children by Dr.
1875:
1764:. Influence from the surrounding spoken languages is not improbable.
1746:
1060:
860:
820:
757:
749:
481:
472:
units. This type of organization in natural language is often called
461:
442:
103:
6645:(8th ed.). Columbus: The Ohio State University Press. pp.
5687:"Sign language interpreting on TV and media: sharing best practices"
5592:
5300:
4196:
2388:
to a sign language used by a larger community, as has happened with
2287:
1772:
a verb determine the direction of the verb's movement (inflection).
405:. While recent studies claim that International Sign is a kind of a
12237:
12003:
11912:
11842:
11778:
11769:
11344:
11303:
11154:
10908:
6733:
5785:
5773:
Video-based Sign Language Recognition without Temporal Segmentation
5425:
4133:
3766:
3377:
A Pictorial History of the evolution of the British Manual Alphabet
2738:
2074:
2066:
1871:
1861:
1829:
1433:, though it is unclear whether the latter derives from DGS or from
781:
469:
200:
126:
73:
7225:
Poizner, Howard; Klima, Edward S.; & Bellugi, Ursula. (1987).
6807:
6231:(1988) published a seminal study of the homesign system of a deaf
4999:
3163:. Ed. Abarca de Angulo, Madrid, ejemplar facsĂmil accesible en la
2355:
2208:
full size or slightly shrunk away from that corner. Typically for
508:. These meaningless units in sign languages were initially called
316:. The earliest known printed pictures of consonants of the modern
84:, although there are similarities among different sign languages.
12491:
11810:
10979:
6873:. In, Lefebvre, Claire; Cohen, Henri; and Comrie, Bernard (eds.)
5271:"Diccionario normativo de la lengua de signos española ... (SID)"
4827:
4571:"O que todos devĂamos saber sobre lĂngua gestual (em dez pontos)"
2708:
2636:
2624:
2543:
2078:
1851:
1141:
745:
517:
509:
449:
and a subordinate clause may contain another subordinate clause.
7578:
6169:
The ethics of documenting sign languages in village communities.
4687:
4155:
Klima, Edward; Bellugi, Ursula (1989). "The Signs of Language".
2997:
1952:
One example of sign language variation in the Deaf community is
607:, or that they were invented by hearing people. Similarities in
255:
Reducción de las letras y arte para enseñar a hablar a los mudos
182:
Reducción de las letras y arte para enseñar a hablar a los mudos
12465:
12210:
12165:
12130:
12007:
11922:
11884:
11608:
10693:
7965:
7953:
7573:
7546:
Sign Language among North American Indians, by Garrick Mallery.
7377:
Van Deusen-Phillips S.B., Goldin-Meadow S., Miller P.J., 2001.
6498:
5167:
A dictionary of American sign language on linguistic principles
3166:"Reduction de las letras y arte para enseñar a ablar los mudos"
2276:
2158:
2009:
1982:
1959:
1692:
1583:
1184:
1176:
1126:
1064:
1026:
753:
592:
559:
406:
309:
304:
of this alphabet have survived in the modern alphabets used in
7432:
6864:
Symbol Grounding and the Origin of Language: From Show to Tell
6615:. Department of Linguistics, The Ohio State University. 1994.
5923:"Did you know Hawai'i Sign Language is critically endangered?"
4926:
Wittmann's references on the subject, besides his own work on
4631:(2010). "Variation in East Asian Sign Language Structures" in
4173:
Brentari, Diane. "Introduction." Sign Languages, 2011, pp. 12.
4067:
On the other hand: New perspectives on American Sign Language.
7563:
7061:(1994). "The Nicaraguan Sign Language Project: An Overview".
6699:(8th ed.). Boston: Thomson Wadsworth. pp. 352â356.
6472:
Gardner, R.A., Gardner, B.T., and Van Cantfort, T.E. (1989),
5751:
A collection of several articles on the AT&T Picturephone
5593:"Benefits of Sign Language and Other Forms of AAC for Autism"
4747:
4001:
3161:
Reduction de las letras y Arte para enseñar å ablar los Mudos
2628:
2031:
2000:
1847:
301:
294:
190:
37:
5351:"Seeing Signs: Language Experience and Handshape Perception"
5349:
Morford, Jill P.; Staley, Joshua; Burns, Brian (Fall 2010).
4154:
3938:
SignGram blueprint: A guide to sign language grammar writing
3420:"Laurent Clerc: Apostle to the Deaf People of the New World"
3041:
Sign Language Legislation in the European Union â Edition II
2676:
2271:
designed for use with sign language or with "off-the-shelf"
11308:
11298:
7450:
6793:
3676:. The University of Sydney: unpublished Ph.D. dissertation.
2336:
1991:
1867:
1180:
1164:
453:
154:
ranks it as the 151st most "spoken" language in the world.
114:
7370:
Valli, Clayton, Ceil Lucas, and Kristin Mulrooney. (2005)
5515:. Berlin and Nijmegen: De Gruyter Mouton and Ishara Press.
5095:
Advances in the Sign Language Development of Deaf Children
4363:. In Marschark, Marc; Spencer, Patricia Elizabeth (eds.).
3673:
Auslan: The Sign Language of the Australian Deaf community
2372:
to be an international symbol which welcomes deaf people.
1029:
family (British, Australian and New Zealand Sign Language)
261:
7403:
Talking Hands: What Sign Language Reveals About the Mind
7386:
American Sign Language: Linguistic and applied dimensions
7218:
Pfau, Roland, Markus Steinbach & Bencie Woll (eds.),
6967:
Actes du Colloque franco-allemand de grammaire générative
6674:. New Haven CT: Yale University Press. pp. 263â300.
6171:
In Peter K. Austin, Oliver Bond & David Nathan (eds)
6031:
4048:
4046:
3596:
3340:
2275:
designed for use with broadband and an ordinary computer
1294:. There are a number of sign languages that emerged from
575:
until the 1988 volume, when it appeared with 39 entries.
12221:
Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified
7363:
Twilhaar, Jan Nijen, and Beppie van den Bogaerde. 2016.
7164:. M.A. Thesis, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
7080:, pp. 179â237. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
6973:
Fischer, Susan D. (1978). "Sign languages and creoles".
5685:
de Wit, Maya; PĂ©rez, Sheyla M.; Peterson, Paal Richard.
5480:
Oxford handbook of deaf studies, language, and education
5178:
4366:
Oxford Handbook of Deaf Studies, Language, and Education
4347:
3924:
Grammar, Gesture, and Meaning in American Sign Language.
3792:
Pirot, Khunaw Sulaiman; Ali, Wrya Izaddin (2021-09-29).
2291:
Video interpreter sign used at VRS/VRI service locations
603:
There is a common misconception that sign languages are
125:, it is also used by hearing individuals, such as those
7520:, directory for all online Sign Languages dictionaries
7132:
The Deaf experience: Classics in language and education
6695:
Fromkin, Victoria; Rodman, Robert; Hyams, Nina (2007).
5097:. Cary, NC: Oxford University Press. pp. 262â290.
4439:
Revue québécoise de linguistique théorique et appliquée
2375:
2343:
video track available to play alongside the film via a
7455:
7372:
Linguistics of American Sign Language: An Introduction
7313:(pp. 533â562). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers.
7207:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
7134:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
7035:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
4043:
3767:
Janse, Mark; Borkent, Hans; Tol, Sijmen, eds. (1990).
3379:. British Deaf History Society Publications: Middlesex
3140:
2046:, and are based on their respective spoken languages.
578:
11565:
Association of Visual Language Interpreters of Canada
7374:, 4th Ed. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press.
7162:
Warlpiri Sign Language and Auslan â A Comparison
6034:
Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development
4969:
Modality and Structure in Signed and Spoken Languages
4185:
Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1852:
Sign Language International Phonetic Alphabet (SLIPA)
121:. Although signing is used primarily by the deaf and
5897:
Bickford, J. Albert, and Melanie McKay-Cody (2018).
4433:
4431:
4429:
2962:
2552:
1937:
1749:, polysynthetic, incorporating, and isolating ones.
1465:, Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, and Iraq (and possibly
1140:, a kind of pidgin), and between sign languages and
1056:
Sign languages may be classified by how they arise.
383:
in Hartford, Connecticut, in 1817. Gallaudet's son,
7290:
Seeing voices: A journey into the world of the deaf
6293:
5899:"Endangerment and revitalization of sign languages"
4527:
Sign Languages of the World: a Comparative Handbook
4414:
Gallaudet encyclopaedia of deaf people and deafness
3524:Rubino, F., Hayhurst, A., and Guejlman, J. (1975).
2244:One of the first demonstrations of the ability for
665:
6890:Aronoff, Mark; Meir, Irit; Sandler, Wendy (2005).
6889:
6780:Wittmann, H. (1980). Intonation in Glottogenesis.
6694:
6638:
6584:
6204:"Baby sign language: A helpful communication tool"
5305:(Ph.D. dissertation). Malta: University of Malta.
5121:International Journal of the Sociology of Language
3600:The Linguistics of Sign Languages: An Introduction
2769:List of sign languages by number of native signers
2263:The Internet now allows deaf people to talk via a
1895:The Alphabetic Writing System for sign languages (
572:Linguistic Bibliography/Bibliographie Linguistique
7420:Pushing Science's Limits in Sign Language Lexicon
5910:The Routledge handbook of language revitalization
5360:(2). Videography by Jo Santiago and Brian Burns.
4688:Simons, Gary F.; Charles D. Fennig, eds. (2018).
4426:
4221:The crosslinguistic study of language acquisition
3971:"Scope-taking strategies in German Sign Language"
3647:Studies in linguistics: Occasional papers (No. 8)
3526:Gestuno. International sign language of the deaf.
3234:Didascalocophus, or, The deaf and dumb mans tutor
2989:
2619:Great ape language § Primate use of sign language
1183:are usually considered to be a language known as
1076:and gestural systems across West Africa, such as
291:Didascalocophus, or, The deaf and dumb mans tutor
150:is the most-used sign language in the world, and
12516:
7451:Journal of American Sign Language and Literature
6636:
5769:
5618:Looney, Dennis; Lusin, Natalia (February 2018).
5504:
5473:
5471:
4917:(14 deaf schools with different sign languages).
4030:
3771:. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. pp. 970â972.
3603:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 2.
2990:Hosemann, Jana; Steinbach, Markus, eds. (2021),
133:), and those with deaf family members including
11580:World Association of Sign Language Interpreters
6556:"Language" and intelligence in monkeys and apes
5684:
5292:
4052:Sutton-Spence, Rachel, and Bencie Woll (1998).
3794:"The Common Misconceptions about Sign Language"
1737:) is based on word structure and distinguishes
421:(IG). International Sign is a term used by the
157:Some sign languages have obtained some form of
7326:Spatial cognition: Brain bases and development
6637:Stewart, Thomas W.; Vaillette, Nathan (2001).
6419:
6065:
6063:
6061:
6059:
6057:
6055:
6053:
6051:
6049:
6047:
4600:"Democratic Republic of SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe"
4300:. Washington D.C.: Gallaudet University Press.
4292:
4290:
3539:International gesture: Principles and gestures
3279:
3148:International Journal of American Linguistics,
2544:Communication systems similar to sign language
11723:
11570:International Center on Deafness and the Arts
7594:
6294:Premack and Premack, David and Ann J (1984).
5875:. National Technical Institute for the Deaf.
5468:
5148:
3694:. New York : Cambridge University Press.
3485:"Interpreting into International Sign Pidgin"
3221:Philocopus, or the Deaf and Dumbe Mans Friend
1896:
1260:is largely intelligible with Portuguese Sign.
253:
180:
9628:
7644:
7293:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
7088:Biolinguistics and the Evolution of Language
6875:New Perspectives on the Origins of Language.
6769:Neuromotor Mechanisms in Human Communication
5860:
5510:
5092:
4947:
4308:
4306:
4217:
4036:Baker, Charlotte, and Dennis Cokely (1980).
3911:Lexical Borrowing in American Sign Language.
3686:
3684:
3682:
3112:
2367:. After studying flags around the world and
2132:Language interpretation § Sign language
1960:Use of sign languages in hearing communities
1878:due to regional variation in sign languages.
1144:used by the broader community. For example,
906:The classification of Sign Language families
110:", and signs learned by non-human primates.
11737:
7433:Academic journals related to sign languages
6954:. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
6487:Nim: A chimpanzee who learned Sign Language
6044:
5617:
5169:. Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet College Press
4955:A prosodic model of sign language phonology
4287:
4260:
3579:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
3482:
3039:Wheatley, Mark & Annika Pabsch (2012).
3017:What are the top 200 most spoken languages?
1916:need for usage in writing sign language".
321:
11730:
11716:
7601:
7587:
7462:Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education
7147:When the mind hears: A history of the deaf
6838:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
6756:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
6298:(1st ed.). NY: W.W. Norton & Co.
6137:
6069:
6017:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5990:
5838:"Accessibility & The Audio Track File"
5519:
5053:. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
3757:. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
2572:"Baby sign language" with hearing children
2176:(BSL) and spoken English in the U.K., and
1520:Wittmann classification of sign languages
1365:is sometimes considered a dialect of ASL.
1256:, although some reports also say that the
722:(internal structure of individual signs).
131:augmentative and alternative communication
94:Sign language should not be confused with
12248:Social (pragmatic) communication disorder
7176:Intermediate Conversational Sign Language
7121:
6915:
6892:"The Paradox of Sign Language Morphology"
6441:
6353:
5953:International Encyclopedia of Linguistics
5784:
5743:
5451:
5402:
5025:
4690:"Bibliography of Ethnologue Data Sources"
4303:
4119:
4054:The linguistics of British Sign Language.
3986:
3809:
3769:Linguistic Bibliography for the Year 1988
3679:
3150:Vol. 61, No. 2 (Apr., 1995), pp. 153-167.
3124:A Disability History of the United States
3046:
2939:
2677:Gestural theory of human language origins
2335:Sign language has been incorporated into
12116:Basic interpersonal communicative skills
7328:. Hillsdale, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates.
6849:Kolb, Bryan, and Ian Q. Whishaw (2003).
6669:
5720:
5718:
5477:
4966:
4802:
4800:
4730:
4728:
4224:. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. pp.
4218:Newport, Elissa; Meier, Richard (1985).
3791:
3564:
3562:
3282:"The Ancient Origins of Sign Handshapes"
2354:
2286:
2235:
2200:Sign language is sometimes provided for
2182:
2135:
1154:
1063:is not a full language, but closer to a
900:
685:
669:
618:
582:
260:
218:
174:
77:
48:
36:
12183:
11375:Manually coded language in South Africa
7527:List Serv for Sign Language Linguistics
7244:
7100:
6972:
6582:
6376:
6331:
6131:
5956:. Oxford University Press. 2003-01-01.
5511:Zeshan, Ulrike; de Vos, Connie (2012).
5242:"Traductor de español a LSE â Apertium"
5117:
5048:
3343:Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders
3198:Mercury, the Swift and Silent Messenger
3126:. Boston, Massachusetts: Beacon Press.
3118:
1429:; it also at least strongly influenced
1209:are largely mutually intelligible with
1125:; this was a contact signing system or
555:by means of changes of movement, and a
425:and other international organisations.
14:
12517:
7229:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
7205:Deaf in America: Voices from a culture
7097:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
6545:, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston
6541:Patterson, F.G. and Linden E. (1981),
6501:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
6073:An Introduction to Linguistic Typology
5482:, Oxford UK: Oxford University Press,
5329:Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina
4604:African Sign Languages Resource Center
4545:African Sign Languages Resource Center
4524:
4501:African Sign Languages Resource Center
4416:. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
4266:
4056:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3926:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3851:
3726:"American Sign Language: "parameters""
3483:McKee, Rachel; Napier, Jemina (2002).
3478:
3476:
3052:
2759:List of international common standards
2161:, different from any spoken language.
2049:A sign language arose among tribes of
1802:the way adult signers would use them.
725:
12182:
12104:
11978:High-context and low-context cultures
11749:
11711:
9627:
7643:
7582:
7227:What the hands reveal about the brain
6851:Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology
6719:
6492:
6474:Teaching Sign Language to Chimpanzees
5848:from the original on 14 November 2023
5818:from the original on 14 November 2023
5715:
5525:
5298:
4957:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press
4797:
4725:
4569:Pinto, Mariana Correia (2017-11-14).
4568:
4358:"Chapter 18: Emerging sign languages"
4182:
4115:
4113:
4085:
3968:
3559:
2877:from the original on 13 February 2018
2856:
2854:
2852:
2837:Machine translation of sign languages
2804:Sign language in infants and toddlers
635:video informing viewers of their new
12327:Computer processing of body language
12105:
7381:, Human Development, Vol. 44, No. 6.
7367:. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
7365:Concise Lexicon for Sign Linguistics
7057:
7020:Sections for primary sign languages
6548:
6535:
6479:
6466:
6413:
6370:
6325:
6312:
6287:
6239:highlands, with special emphasis on
5866:
5384:
5063:
4907:Australian Aboriginal sign languages
4744:Australian Aboriginal sign languages
4696:(21st ed.). SIL International.
4312:
3055:Open your eyes: Deaf studies talking
2969:(24th ed.), SIL International,
2683:Origin of language § Gestural theory
2376:Language endangerment and extinction
2363:The Sign Union flag was designed by
2095:
2020:Australian Aboriginal sign languages
1965:gene pool. Famous examples include:
1913:Federal University of Santa Catarina
1826:Dictionary of American Sign Language
1473:, or may be one dialect of a larger
1115:Aboriginal Australian sign languages
1074:Australian Aboriginal sign languages
804:BSL means "boring" or "unpleasant".
736:Sign languages convey much of their
363:, by using their own sign language.
12342:List of facial expression databases
12332:Emotion recognition in conversation
11686:
11677:
11655:
8412:Creole Hawaiʻi Sign Language (CHSL)
5213:"Biblioteca de signos â Materiales"
4909:(at least 14 different languages),
4592:
4040:Silver Spring, MD: T.J. Publishers.
3528:Carlisle: British Deaf Association.
3473:
3171:Miguel de Cervantes Virtual Library
2754:Legal recognition of sign languages
2168:(LSF) and spoken French in France,
2102:Legal recognition of sign languages
1733:Linguistic typology (going back to
1258:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe Sign Language
1159:Young students learn some words of
579:Relationships with spoken languages
24:
9725:Somalia, Somaliland & Djibouti
9339:Jamaican Country (KS/Konchri Sain)
7392:
6994:Ethnologue: Languages of the World
6771:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
5879:from the original on 17 April 2022
5703:from the original on 24 April 2023
5051:Language, Cognition, and the Brain
4694:Ethnologue: Languages of the World
4533:
4298:Metaphor in American Sign Language
4110:
3870:from the original on 12 April 2014
3723:
3425:
2966:Ethnologue: Languages of the World
2849:
2827:Sociolinguistics of sign languages
2784:Modern Sign Language communication
2350:
2328:, some recent deep learning based
2172:(LSE) to spoken Spanish in Spain,
1919:
1232:includes the following languages:
605:spoken language expressed in signs
232:Alphabets - Ghanaian Sign Language
25:
12561:
12226:Childhood disintegrative disorder
7608:
7494:
7489:John Benjamins Publishing Company
6259:"Change Request Number: 2016-002"
5599:from the original on 7 March 2022
5179:Herrero Blanco, Ăngel L. (2003).
4896:) have acquired auxiliary usages.
3913:Silver Spring, MD: Linstok Press.
3057:. University of Minnesota Press.
2993:Atlas of Sign Language Structures
2553:Manual codes for spoken languages
2125:
1938:Deaf communities and Deaf culture
1152:including prosody and phonetics.
890:
59:Preservation of the Sign Language
11307:
11098:Sandy River Valley Sign Language
6969:, 2.187â204. TĂŒbingen: Niemeyer.
6856:
6853:, 5th edition, Worth Publishers.
6843:
6830:
6787:
6774:
6761:
6748:
6713:
6688:
6663:
6630:
6605:
6576:
6246:
6221:
6196:
6187:
6158:
6114:University of Central Lancashire
6102:
6090:from the original on 26 May 2024
6025:
5984:
5944:
5915:
5891:
5830:
5800:
5796:from the original on 2018-03-29.
5763:
5749:Bell Laboratories RECORD (1969)
5678:
5653:
5640:
5636:from the original on 2021-08-16.
5611:
5585:
5495:
5309:from the original on 13 May 2018
5082:from the original on 2017-12-01.
4905:Wittmann includes in this class
4780:Thai Hill-Country sign languages
4722:is now up to 137 sign languages.
4004:Language and Cognitive Processes
3798:Journal of University of Raparin
3187:, online (Spanish) scan of book.
2532:Sandy River Valley Sign Language
2267:, either with a special-purpose
1805:
1437:, which is in the French family.
1336:Brazilian Sign Language (LIBRAS)
794:Sign Language of the Netherlands
666:Spatial grammar and simultaneity
609:language processing in the brain
11688:
11679:
11657:
11625:U.S. Army hand and arm signals
10709:Far North Queensland Indigenous
9331:Keresan Pueblo (KPISL/Keresign)
7484:Sign Language & Linguistics
7235:, & Ann J. Premack (1983).
7130:Lane, Harlan L. (Ed.). (1984).
6938:Essays in honor of Noam Chomsky
6883:
6619:from the original on 2008-02-07
6275:from the original on 2016-01-28
6120:from the original on 2021-08-23
6007:from the original on 2016-11-01
5970:from the original on 2023-01-14
5933:from the original on 2016-03-07
5667:from the original on 2007-04-23
5574:from the original on 2024-05-26
5444:10.1016/j.cognition.2008.07.016
5419:
5378:
5367:from the original on 2012-01-11
5342:
5321:
5263:
5252:from the original on 2019-07-03
5234:
5205:
5172:
5111:
5086:
5057:
5042:
4993:
4960:
4937:
4920:
4899:
4885:
4756:Martha's Vineyard Sign Language
4711:
4700:from the original on 2008-07-25
4681:
4672:
4661:from the original on 2012-01-14
4647:
4621:
4610:from the original on 2024-05-13
4581:from the original on 2024-05-13
4562:
4551:from the original on 2024-05-13
4518:
4507:from the original on 2024-05-13
4489:
4477:from the original on 2008-09-21
4459:from the original on 2011-06-04
4444:
4406:
4395:from the original on 2023-01-14
4341:
4251:
4242:
4211:
4176:
4167:
4148:
4092:Sign Language & Linguistics
4079:
4059:
3995:
3962:
3929:
3916:
3903:
3882:
3845:
3834:from the original on 2022-12-04
3785:
3760:
3747:
3736:from the original on 2021-11-29
3717:
3697:
3661:
3652:
3628:
3617:from the original on 2023-01-14
3590:
3531:
3518:
3507:from the original on 2024-05-26
3489:Sign Language & Linguistics
3456:
3412:
3403:
3382:
3369:
3334:
3323:from the original on 2023-01-04
3273:
3262:from the original on 2010-06-02
3248:
3239:
3226:
3223:, London: Humphrey and Moseley.
3213:
3203:
3190:
3178:from the original on 2021-10-04
3153:
3071:
2973:from the original on 2019-04-02
2504:Martha's Vineyard Sign Language
1979:Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language
1970:Martha's Vineyard Sign Language
1898:Sistema de escritura alfabética
1506:Providence Island Sign Language
1502:Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language
1284:are thought to be members of a
1090:Martha's Vineyard Sign Language
699:in ASL (American Sign Language)
682:in ASL (American Sign Language)
11750:
11446:Bilingualâbicultural education
10766:Western Torres Strait Islander
9840:Kata Kolok (Benkala, Balinese)
7817:Western Torres Strait Islander
7388:. San Diego, CA: College-Hill.
7178:. Gallaudet University Press.
6591:. Cambridge University Press.
6208:Child & Family Development
5646:Sarah C. E. Batterbury. 2012.
5027:11858/00-001M-0000-0013-B2E1-B
3033:
3010:
2983:
2956:
2899:
2889:
2863:
2612:
2441:Jamaican Country Sign Language
2330:machine translation algorithms
1782:
1405:. This group may also include
1113:languages such as the various
428:
13:
1:
12535:Language varieties and styles
10518:Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq)
9666:Adamorobe (AdaSL / Mumu kasa)
9528:Adamorobe (AdaSL / Mumu kasa)
9277:Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq)
8784:Taiwanese (TSL/Taiwan Shouyu)
7544:Mallery, Garrick. 1879â1880.
7123:10.1525/aa.1940.42.1.02a00020
6992:Gordon, Raymond, ed. (2008).
6985:Goldin-Meadow, Susan (2003),
6670:Anderson, Stephen R. (2004).
5726:"Sign Language on Television"
4471:"South African Sign Language"
4450:See Gordon (2008), under nsr
3969:Bross, Fabian; Hole, Daniel.
3468:Language, gesture, and space.
3043:. European Union of the Deaf.
2843:
2627:in order to communicate with
2423:Finland-Swedish Sign Language
2231:
1932:
1458:(VGT) though this is unclear.
1448:, used in Hong Kong and Macau
1286:Japanese Sign Language family
1242:Finland-Swedish Sign Language
1096:Deaf-community sign languages
1018:Japanese Sign Language family
9104:Providence Island (Provisle)
8754:North West Frontier Province
7262:10.1016/0010-0277(85)90036-8
7052:The Sign Languages of Africa
6564:10.1017/CBO9780511665486.021
6513:10.1016/0149-7634(85)90012-0
6452:10.1126/science.165.3894.664
6391:10.1016/0010-0277(85)90036-8
5391:Perception and Psychophysics
5358:Deaf Studies Digital Journal
5277:(in Spanish). Archived from
4977:10.1017/CBO9780511486777.003
4772:Indo-Pakistani Sign Language
4348:Meir, Irit; Sandler, Wendy;
3811:10.26750/Vol(8).No(3).Paper6
3441:. 2014-02-06. Archived from
2779:Metacommunicative competence
2605:(sometimes "kitchen sign").
2589:
2320:With recent developments in
1754:Indo-Pakistani Sign Language
1475:Eastern Arabic Sign Language
1230:Swedish Sign Language Family
1059:In non-signing communities,
1000:Indo-Pakistani Sign Language
963:Swedish Sign Language family
815:
807:Discourse functions such as
423:World Federation of the Deaf
403:World Federation of the Deaf
381:American School for the Deaf
148:Indo-Pakistani Sign Language
41:Two men and a woman signing
7:
12243:Nonverbal learning disorder
11821:Speech-independent gestures
11794:Facial Action Coding System
10704:Akitiri (Eltye eltyarrenke)
7440:American Annals of the Deaf
7174:Madsen, Willard J. (1982),
6697:An introduction to language
6672:Doctor Doolittle's Delusion
6070:Velupillai, Viveka (2012).
5627:Modern Language Association
4850:(with possible admixture),
4760:Plains Indian Sign Language
3375:Hay, A. and Lee, R. (2004)
2691:
2465:Plains Indian Sign Language
2459:Old Chiangmai Sign Language
2212:such as those given by the
2063:Plains Indian Sign Language
1722:
1292:French Sign Language family
1193:South African Sign Language
1123:Plains Indian Sign Language
1037:South African Sign Language
983:& some Thai and Lao SLs
972:German Sign Language family
914:French Sign Language family
655:than it does with English.
10:
12566:
11983:Interpersonal relationship
11784:Body-to-body communication
11575:Mimics and Gesture Theatre
10784:HawaiÊ»an (Haoilona Ê»Ćlelo)
10714:Arrernte (Iltyeme iltyeme)
9500:Trinidad and Tobago (TTSL)
9354:Hausa (HSL/Magannar Hannu)
8774:Japanese (JSL/Nihon Shuwa)
8168:Estonian (Eesti viipekeel)
7478:Gallaudet University Press
7445:Gallaudet University Press
7222:Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
7149:. New York: Random House.
6940:, 81â91. New York: Falmer.
6320:Action, Gesture and Symbol
4812:Kod Tangan Bahasa Malaysia
4764:UrubĂș-Kaapor Sign Language
4069:New York: Academic Press.
3922:Liddell, Scott K. (2003).
3388:Charles de La Fin (1692).
3258:. Bris.ac.uk. 2000-11-07.
3159:Pablo Bonet, J. de (1620)
2996:, Sign-hub, archived from
2680:
2616:
2593:
2575:
2556:
2294:
2258:1964 New York World's Fair
2129:
2099:
2006:Yucatec Maya Sign Language
1941:
1924:For a native signer, sign
1786:
1726:
1254:Cape Verdian Sign Language
1039:(within the BANZSL family)
894:
729:
599:, by a school for the deaf
512:, from the Greek word for
168:
164:
127:unable to physically speak
29:
12474:
12448:
12388:
12381:
12355:
12319:
12283:
12256:
12193:
12189:
12178:
12111:
12100:
12056:
12033:
11996:
11948:
11883:
11762:
11758:
11745:
11653:
11588:
11557:
11486:
11463:
11438:
11353:
11330:
11319:
11271:
11173:
11111:
11040:
11002:
10967:
10851:
10820:Papua New Guinean (PNGSL)
10683:
10393:
10078:
9769:
9634:
9620:
9561:
9259:HawaiÊ»i (Hoailona Ê»Ćlelo)
9117:
9092:
9069:Ktunaxa (ÊŸa·qanⱥiⱥⱥitnam)
9053:
9036:
8917:
8908:
8890:
8862:
8826:
8792:
8764:
8718:
8690:
8653:
8617:
8596:
8575:
8554:
8533:
8499:
8476:Kazakh-Russian (KSL/KRSL)
8458:
8449:
8419:
8402:
8385:
8346:
8322:
8240:
8229:
8153:
8144:
8115:
8102:
8093:
8058:
8016:
7971:Papua New Guinean (PNGSL)
7961:
7952:
7922:
7893:
7880:
7871:
7838:
7829:
7804:
7776:
7650:
7634:
7626:List by number of signers
7616:
7160:Madell, Samantha (1998).
7026:Browse by Language Family
7022:Browse by Language Family
7016:January 13, 2013, at the
6322:New York: Academic Press.
5544:10.1080/01459740802222807
4915:Sri Lankan sign languages
4864:Sri Lankan sign languages
4814:(manually signed Malay),
4369:. Vol. 2. New York:
4016:10.1080/01690960500139363
3909:Battison, Robbin (1978).
3634:Stokoe, William C. 1960.
3466:& Judy Reilly (eds).
3433:"How Sign Language Works"
2522:Pitta Pitta sign language
2516:Old Kentish Sign Language
2494:Angami Naga Sign Language
2471:Providencia Sign Language
2453:Old Bangkok Sign Language
2397:Endangered sign languages
2308:video remote interpreting
2297:Video remote interpreting
991:Arab sign-language family
981:Vietnamese sign languages
415:International Sign Pidgin
359:'s mute younger brother,
314:New Zealand Sign Language
61:, George W. Veditz (1913)
12398:Behavioral communication
11385:Paget Gorman Sign System
10839:Samoa and American Samoa
9629:Sign languages by region
9414:Ottoman (Seraglio/Harem)
9140:Albarradas Sign Language
9130:Al-Sayyid Bedouin (ABSL)
8963:Meciciya ka pekiskwakehk
8815:Martha's Vineyard (MVSL)
8779:Korean (KSL/Hanguk Sueo)
8031:Finland-Swedish (FinSSL)
7645:Sign languages by family
7145:Lane, Harlan L. (1984).
7050:Kamei, Nobutaka (2004).
6000:, Melbourne, Australia,
5217:www.cervantesvirtual.com
4792:Nohya Maya Sign Language
4778:, and maybe the various
4453:"Maritime Sign Language"
3854:"What is Sign Language?"
3537:Bar-Tzur, David (2002).
3053:Bauman, Dirksen (2008).
2871:"What is Sign Language?"
2744:Intercultural competence
2537:Warluwarra sign language
2510:Old French Sign Language
2477:Rennellese Sign Language
1486:Nicaraguan Sign Language
1440:The southern dialect of
1383:Philippine Sign Language
1246:Portuguese Sign Language
1219:Portuguese Sign Language
1195:are also related to BSL.
1100:Nicaraguan Sign Language
1045: Isolated languages
849:Japanese sound symbolism
549:classifier constructions
377:Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet
368:Charles-Michel de l'ĂpĂ©e
357:Veerapandiya Kattabomman
171:History of sign language
113:Wherever communities of
11838:Interpersonal synchrony
11739:Nonverbal communication
11630:Monastic sign languages
11478:Television shows (list)
11451:Manually coded language
11284:Hamburg Notation System
9077:Shuswap (Secwepemcékst)
8323:Indonesian (Nusantaric)
8046:Finnish (Viittomakieli)
7983:Northern Ireland (NISL)
7551:Smithsonian Institution
7522:(in French and English)
7502:specific sign languages
7500:Note: the articles for
7467:Oxford University Press
7311:Handbook of linguistics
7110:American Anthropologist
7031:Groce, Nora E. (1988).
6767:Kimura, Doreen (1993).
5694:static1.squarespace.com
5049:Emmorey, Karen (2002).
4953:Brentari, Diane (1998)
4894:Adamorobe Sign Language
4752:Monastic sign languages
4736:Adamorobe Sign Language
4371:Oxford University Press
3280:Montgomery, G. (2002).
3236:. Oxford: Halton, 1680.
2724:Chinese number gestures
2559:Manually coded language
2405:Adamorobe Sign Language
2341:Brazilian Sign Language
2322:artificial intelligence
2120:Communications Act 2003
1997:Adamorobe Sign Language
1850:-friendly known as the
1838:Hamburg Notation System
1711:) were the products of
1446:Hong Kong Sign Language
1399:Hungarian Sign Language
1387:Malaysian Sign Language
1352:Hungarian Sign Language
1344:Ukrainian Sign Language
1278:Taiwanese Sign Language
1268:Pakistani Sign Language
1207:Icelandic Sign Language
1203:Norwegian Sign Language
1146:Adamorobe Sign Language
591:on HoleÄkova Street in
452:Sign languages are not
209:monastic sign languages
207:Debate around European
135:children of deaf adults
100:nonverbal communication
32:manually coded language
12550:Education for the deaf
12435:Monastic sign lexicons
12126:Emotional intelligence
11601:CHCI chimpanzee center
11370:Manually coded English
11068:Henniker Sign Language
10734:Warumungu (Warramunga)
10719:Warlpiri (Rdaka rdaka)
9713:Hausa (Magannar Hannu)
7621:List of sign languages
7518:Langue:Signes du Monde
7093:Kendon, Adam. (1988).
6782:The Melody of Language
6613:"Animal Communication"
6583:Wallman, Joel (1992).
6485:Terrace, H.S. (1979).
5728:. RNID. Archived from
5526:Kisch, Shifra (2008).
5018:10.1515/lity-2013-0019
4911:Monastic sign language
4776:Japanese Sign Language
4740:Armenian Sign Language
4525:Jepsen, Julie (2015).
3692:Language from the body
3554:International gesture.
3418:Canlas, Loida (2006).
3196:Wilkins, John (1641).
2873:. Linguistic society.
2764:List of sign languages
2499:Henniker Sign Language
2486:Extinct sign languages
2447:Maritime Sign Language
2411:Ban Khor Sign Language
2360:
2292:
2241:
2214:Mayor of New York City
2197:
2178:American Sign Language
2149:
1897:
1494:Armenian Sign Language
1435:Austrian Sign Language
1363:Bolivian Sign Language
1348:Austrian Sign Language
1312:American Sign Language
1274:Japanese Sign Language
1250:Eritrean Sign Language
1189:Maritime Sign Language
1168:
1167:where Suliphone works.
1053:
923:American Sign Language
897:List of sign languages
830:In 1978, psychologist
705:tactile sign languages
700:
683:
649:American Sign Language
640:
600:
385:Edward Miner Gallaudet
322:
320:appeared in 1698 with
270:
254:
233:
186:
181:
62:
46:
43:American Sign Language
12425:Impression management
11425:Signing Exact English
11365:Indian Signing System
11088:Plateau Sign Language
10462:Inuit (Atgangmuurniq)
10039:Tibetan (Bökyi lagda)
9569:Amami Shuwa languages
9242:Guatemalan (Lensegua)
9182:Tibetan (Bökyi lagda)
9161:Caucasian (Harsneren)
9109:Old Cayman (Guyanese)
8637:Norwegian (TegnsprÄk)
8609:French Belgian (LSFB)
8041:Swedish (TeckensprÄk)
7473:Sign Language Studies
7384:Wilbur, R.B. (1987).
7189:O'Reilly, S. (2005).
7168:June 8, 2011, at the
7024:and alternative ones
6908:10.1353/lan.2005.0043
6543:The education of Koko
6476:, Albany: SUNY Press.
6268:. SIL International.
6184:London: SOAS. p. 271.
5299:Galea, Maria (2014).
5159:Dorothy C. Casterline
5134:10.1515/ijsl.2008.036
4768:Chinese Sign Language
4327:10.1353/lan.2010.0044
4281:10.1515/cogl.2004.005
4269:Cognitive Linguistics
4157:Sign Language Studies
4104:10.1075/sll.22003.bro
3940:. De Gruyter Mouton.
3852:Perlmutter, David M.
3703:Fabian Bross (2016).
3577:The signs of language
3501:10.1075/sll.5.1.04mck
3438:Stuff You Should Know
3355:10.1044/jshd.2502.145
3301:10.1353/sls.2002.0010
3289:Sign Language Studies
2815:Sign Language Studies
2527:Plateau Sign Language
2429:Hawai'i Sign Language
2417:Benkala Sign Language
2390:Hawai'i Sign Language
2358:
2290:
2239:
2202:television programmes
2195:
2174:British Sign Language
2170:Spanish Sign Language
2139:
2116:Broadcasting Act 1996
1903:Spanish Sign Language
1490:Turkish Sign Language
1456:Flemish Sign Language
1454:may be the source of
1442:Chinese Sign Language
1431:Israeli Sign Language
1375:Ugandan Sign Language
1350:(along with its twin
1340:Catalan Sign Language
1332:Mexican Sign Language
1328:Spanish Sign Language
1320:Russian Sign Language
1304:Italian Sign Language
1238:Finnish Sign Language
1234:Swedish Sign Language
1224:British Sign Language
1215:Finnish Sign Language
1211:Swedish Sign Language
1158:
1085:village sign language
1009:Chinese Sign Language
933:Russian Sign Language
904:
873:Israeli Sign Language
856:cognitive linguistics
695:Another variation of
694:
678:
645:British Sign Language
630:
586:
542:cultural transmission
498:place of articulation
474:duality of patterning
439:duality of patterning
419:International Gesture
351:against the British,
306:British Sign Language
264:
231:
178:
82:mutually intelligible
57:
40:
12440:Verbal communication
12393:Animal communication
12311:Targeted advertising
11828:Haptic communication
11673:French Sign Language
11380:Manually Coded Malay
11188:British (two-handed)
11124:Bimodal bilingualism
10754:Far North Queensland
10062:Ban Khor (Pasa kidd)
9584:Sri Lankan languages
9515:Venezuelan (LSV/VSL)
9419:Ban Khor (Pasa kidd)
8930:Chaticks si Chaticks
8910:Plains Sign Language
8828:Mayan (Meemul Tziij)
8330:Indonesian (Bisindo)
8008:South African (SASL)
7731:Far North Queensland
7407:Simon & Schuster
7106:"Stimulus diffusion"
6722:Current Anthropology
5927:Endangered Languages
5867:Durr, Patti (2020).
5532:Medical Anthropology
4784:French Sign Language
4088:"What is iconicity?"
3753:Emmorey, K. (2002).
2774:Manual communication
2166:French Sign Language
2146:Przystanek Woodstock
2142:Polish Sign Language
1789:Language acquisition
1427:Polish Sign Language
1423:German Sign Language
1403:Slovak Sign Language
1379:Kenyan Sign Language
1308:Quebec Sign Language
1300:French Sign Language
1296:French Sign Language
1282:Korean Sign Language
1266:(ISL) is similar to
1264:Indian Sign Language
1201:and its descendants
1199:Danish Sign Language
1119:Yolngu Sign Language
1104:Bamako Sign Language
953:Danish Sign Language
516:, by analogy to the
401:and meetings of the
389:Gallaudet University
353:Veeran Sundaralingam
12449:Non-verbal language
12337:Gesture recognition
12184:Further information
12074:Emotion recognition
12025:Silent service code
9595:Tanzanian languages
9574:Ethiopian languages
9541:Nanabin (NanabinSL)
8632:Icelandic (TĂĄknmĂĄl)
8347:Francophone African
8305:Puerto Rican (PRSL)
8163:Swiss-German (DSGS)
8094:Chilean-Paraguayan-
7539:The MUSSLAP Project
7241:. New York: Norton.
6796:Nature Neuroscience
6434:1969Sci...165..664G
6140:Canadian Psychology
5339:on 29 January 2021.
5006:Linguistic Typology
4866:, and perhaps BSL,
4788:Lyons Sign Language
4296:Wilcox, P. (2000).
2912:Human Brain Mapping
2809:Sign language media
2799:Sign language glove
2435:Inuit Sign Language
2359:The Sign Union flag
2315:video relay service
2301:Video relay service
2281:special videophones
2144:interpreter at the
1762:Subject-verb-object
1758:Subject-object-verb
1729:Linguistic typology
1691:". The families of
1521:
1469:) may be part of a
1452:Lyons Sign Language
1425:(DGS) gave rise to
1395:Czech Sign Language
1356:Czech Sign Language
1324:Dutch Sign Language
1316:Irish Sign Language
1109:Both contrast with
943:Czech Sign Language
770:Czech Sign Language
726:Non-manual elements
551:, a high degree of
447:subordinate clauses
318:two-handed alphabet
214:Pedro Ponce de LeĂłn
12475:Art and literature
12430:Meta-communication
12418:Passive-aggressive
12347:Sentiment analysis
12048:Non-verbal leakage
11596:Baby sign language
11494:Jabbar Baghtcheban
10975:International Sign
10878:Brazilian (Libras)
10792:New Zealand (NZSL)
10739:Mudbura (Mudburra)
10667:Sandy River Valley
10646:Keresan (Keresign)
10237:Yugoslav (Kosovar)
9608:International Sign
9589:Sudanese languages
9212:Navajo/Diné Family
9026:WĂyut'a / WĂblut'e
8864:Original Thai Sign
8642:Danish (Tegnsprog)
8185:Brazilian (Libras)
7998:New Zealand (NZSL)
7532:2004-10-13 at the
7425:The New York Times
7418:Quenqua, Douglas.
7358:Stokoe, William C.
7348:Stokoe, William C.
7238:The mind of an ape
7102:Kroeber, Alfred L.
6869:2022-01-21 at the
6346:10.1007/bf01730971
6296:The Mind of an Ape
6180:2015-09-24 at the
5904:2021-08-31 at the
5812:Cision PR Newswire
5756:2012-06-23 at the
5404:10.3758/bf03212211
5155:Stokoe, William C.
5064:Mayberry, Rachel.
4971:. pp. 35â36.
4808:Providencia Island
4627:Fischer, Susan D.
4497:"State of Eritrea"
4086:Bross, F. (2024).
3897:2013-05-19 at the
3710:2018-03-17 at the
3641:2013-12-02 at the
3547:2017-11-11 at the
3232:Dalgarno, George.
3219:Bulwer, J. (1648)
3106:2023-01-27 at the
3095:2023-01-27 at the
3083:2023-01-27 at the
3022:2023-09-23 at the
2789:Origin of language
2749:International Sign
2578:Baby sign language
2361:
2293:
2246:telecommunications
2242:
2198:
2150:
1689:stimulus diffusion
1519:
1461:Sign languages of
1367:Thai Sign Language
1354:and its offspring
1169:
1054:
701:
684:
641:
601:
395:International Sign
355:communicated with
297:manual alphabets.
271:
234:
187:
179:Juan Pablo Bonet,
78:non-manual markers
63:
47:
18:Deaf sign language
12512:
12511:
12508:
12507:
12504:
12503:
12500:
12499:
12206:Asperger syndrome
12174:
12173:
12156:Social competence
12096:
12095:
12092:
12091:
11898:Emotional prosody
11804:Subtle expression
11789:Facial expression
11705:
11704:
11698:extinct languages
11620:Legal recognition
11499:Jeanette Berglind
11459:
11458:
11160:Nonmanual feature
11073:Martha's Vineyard
10998:
10997:
10652:Martha's Vineyard
10147:Faroese (TeknmĂĄl)
9869:Al-Sayyid Bedouin
9679:Bouakako (LaSiBo)
9616:
9615:
9601:Zimsign languages
9579:Laotian languages
9463:Rwandan (AKR/AMR)
9222:Ecuadorian (LSEC)
9167:Azerbaijani (AÄ°D)
9088:
9087:
8686:
8685:
8529:
8528:
8445:
8444:
8435:Cypriot (ÎÎÎ/KNG)
8140:
8139:
8068:Chinese (CSL/ZGS)
8054:
8053:
7948:
7947:
7918:
7917:
7825:
7824:
7680:Eltye eltyarrenke
7660:
7659:multiple families
7556:Project Gutenberg
7414:978-0-7432-4712-2
7184:978-0-913580-79-0
7090:. John Benjamins.
7006:978-1-55671-159-6
6998:SIL International
6706:978-1-4130-1773-1
6681:978-0-300-10339-7
6656:978-0-8142-5076-1
6598:978-0-521-40666-6
6428:(3894): 664â672.
5908:, pp. 255â264 in
5489:978-0-195-14997-5
5246:wiki.apertium.org
5163:Carl G. Croneberg
5104:978-0-19-803996-9
4892:(such as ASL and
4577:(in Portuguese).
4380:978-0-19-539003-2
3778:978-07-92-30936-9
3690:Taub, S. (2001).
3610:978-90-272-1230-6
3552:Moody, W. (1987).
3064:978-0-8166-4619-7
2924:10.1002/hbm.25254
2226:closed captioning
2210:press conferences
2193:
2155:natural languages
2096:Legal recognition
1844:David J. Peterson
1828:, is an abstract
1820:, devised by Dr.
1684:
1683:
1161:Lao sign language
865:cognitive grammar
859:representation ("
732:Nonmanual feature
692:
676:
628:
520:, from Greek for
504:, and non-manual
337:Charles de La Fin
229:
159:legal recognition
55:
16:(Redirected from
12557:
12386:
12385:
12363:Ray Birdwhistell
12191:
12190:
12180:
12179:
12106:Broader concepts
12102:
12101:
12079:First impression
11760:
11759:
11747:
11746:
11732:
11725:
11718:
11709:
11708:
11692:
11683:
11661:
11549:Pierre PĂ©lissier
11534:Thomas Gallaudet
11509:Thomas Braidwood
11340:Initialized sign
11328:
11327:
11311:
10796:Papua New Guinea
10699:Australian-Irish
10405:Plains Sign Talk
10285:Northern Ireland
10281:Northern Ireland
9804:Hong Kong (HKSL)
9625:
9624:
9404:Nicaraguan (ISN)
9319:Kenyan (KSL/LAK)
9135:Albanian (AlbSL)
8915:
8914:
8729:Bangalore-Madras
8710:Israeli (Shassi)
8678:Thai (TSL/MSTSL)
8588:Honduran (LESHO)
8456:
8455:
8314:Singapore (SgSL)
8250:Black ASL (BASL)
8238:
8237:
8178:Australian-Irish
8151:
8150:
8100:
8099:
8076:Hong Kong (HKSL)
8036:Portuguese (LGP)
8026:Eritrean (EriSL)
7959:
7958:
7878:
7877:
7836:
7835:
7774:
7773:
7658:
7641:
7640:
7603:
7596:
7589:
7580:
7579:
7523:
7285:Sacks, Oliver W.
7281:
7127:
7125:
7070:
6996:, 15th edition.
6982:
6950:(Eds.). (2000).
6929:
6919:
6878:
6860:
6854:
6847:
6841:
6834:
6828:
6827:
6791:
6785:
6778:
6772:
6765:
6759:
6752:
6746:
6745:
6717:
6711:
6710:
6692:
6686:
6685:
6667:
6661:
6660:
6644:
6634:
6628:
6627:
6625:
6624:
6609:
6603:
6602:
6590:
6580:
6574:
6552:
6546:
6539:
6533:
6532:
6496:
6490:
6489:New York: Knopf.
6483:
6477:
6470:
6464:
6463:
6445:
6417:
6411:
6410:
6374:
6368:
6367:
6357:
6329:
6323:
6316:
6310:
6309:
6291:
6285:
6283:
6281:
6280:
6274:
6263:
6250:
6244:
6237:Papua New Guinea
6225:
6219:
6218:
6216:
6215:
6200:
6194:
6191:
6185:
6162:
6156:
6155:
6152:10.1037/h0086880
6135:
6129:
6128:
6126:
6125:
6106:
6100:
6099:
6097:
6095:
6067:
6042:
6041:
6029:
6023:
6022:
6016:
6008:
6006:
5999:
5988:
5982:
5981:
5976:
5975:
5948:
5942:
5941:
5939:
5938:
5919:
5913:
5895:
5889:
5888:
5886:
5884:
5864:
5858:
5857:
5855:
5853:
5834:
5828:
5827:
5825:
5823:
5804:
5798:
5797:
5795:
5788:
5778:
5767:
5761:
5747:
5741:
5740:
5738:
5737:
5722:
5713:
5712:
5710:
5708:
5702:
5691:
5682:
5676:
5675:
5673:
5672:
5657:
5651:
5644:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5624:
5615:
5609:
5608:
5606:
5604:
5589:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5579:
5523:
5517:
5516:
5508:
5502:
5499:
5493:
5492:
5475:
5466:
5465:
5455:
5438:(41â53): 41â53.
5423:
5417:
5416:
5406:
5385:Kuhl, P (1991).
5382:
5376:
5375:
5373:
5372:
5366:
5355:
5346:
5340:
5325:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5314:
5296:
5290:
5289:
5287:
5286:
5267:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5257:
5238:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5228:
5219:. Archived from
5209:
5203:
5202:
5176:
5170:
5152:
5146:
5145:
5115:
5109:
5108:
5090:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5070:
5061:
5055:
5054:
5046:
5040:
5039:
5029:
4997:
4991:
4990:
4964:
4958:
4951:
4945:
4941:
4935:
4924:
4918:
4903:
4897:
4889:
4883:
4804:
4795:
4732:
4723:
4715:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4685:
4679:
4676:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4651:
4645:
4625:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4615:
4596:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4566:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4556:
4537:
4531:
4530:
4522:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4512:
4493:
4487:
4485:
4483:
4482:
4467:
4465:
4464:
4448:
4442:
4435:
4424:
4410:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4400:
4362:
4345:
4339:
4338:
4310:
4301:
4294:
4285:
4284:
4264:
4258:
4255:
4249:
4246:
4240:
4239:
4215:
4209:
4208:
4180:
4174:
4171:
4165:
4164:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4117:
4108:
4107:
4083:
4077:
4063:
4057:
4050:
4041:
4034:
4028:
4027:
3999:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3988:10.5334/gjgl.106
3966:
3960:
3959:
3933:
3927:
3920:
3914:
3907:
3901:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3869:
3858:
3849:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3813:
3789:
3783:
3782:
3764:
3758:
3751:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3721:
3715:
3701:
3695:
3688:
3677:
3668:Johnston, Trevor
3665:
3659:
3656:
3650:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3594:
3588:
3569:Klima, Edward S.
3566:
3557:
3535:
3529:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3480:
3471:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3429:
3423:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3401:
3386:
3380:
3373:
3367:
3366:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3286:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3252:
3246:
3243:
3237:
3230:
3224:
3217:
3211:
3207:
3201:
3194:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3157:
3151:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3116:
3110:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3050:
3044:
3037:
3031:
3014:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3005:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2943:
2903:
2897:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2867:
2861:
2858:
2794:Origin of speech
2326:computer science
2194:
2051:American Indians
1900:
1777:cardinal numbers
1745:/concatenating,
1741:classes such as
1522:
1518:
1142:gestural systems
1133:Language contact
1050:
1044:
1034:
1024:
1015:
1006:
997:
988:
978:
969:
960:
950:
940:
930:
920:
911:
882:Many signs have
693:
677:
633:Welsh Government
629:
325:
257:
250:Juan Pablo Bonet
230:
184:
89:natural language
70:signed languages
56:
21:
12565:
12564:
12560:
12559:
12558:
12556:
12555:
12554:
12515:
12514:
12513:
12496:
12487:Mimoplastic art
12470:
12461:Tactile signing
12444:
12377:
12351:
12315:
12279:
12252:
12185:
12170:
12146:Social behavior
12107:
12088:
12052:
12043:Microexpression
12029:
12013:One-bit message
11992:
11944:
11879:
11799:Microexpression
11754:
11741:
11736:
11706:
11701:
11649:
11635:Tactile signing
11584:
11553:
11482:
11455:
11434:
11410:Signed Japanese
11356:
11349:
11322:
11315:
11289:Stokoe notation
11267:
11169:
11129:Phonology (ASL)
11107:
11042:
11036:
10994:
10963:
10862:Argentine (LSA)
10847:
10679:
10502:New Costa Rican
10497:Old Costa Rican
10397:
10395:
10389:
10273:North Macedonia
10074:
9765:
9700:Bamako (LaSiMa)
9630:
9612:
9562:Other groupings
9557:
9409:Old Costa Rican
9384:Burkina (Mossi)
9364:Mauritian (MSL)
9237:Ghardaia (AJSL)
9150:Argentine (LSA)
9113:
9095:
9084:
9049:
9032:
8904:
8886:
8858:
8822:
8788:
8760:
8721:
8714:
8682:
8649:
8619:Danish (Tegnic)
8613:
8592:
8571:
8550:
8525:
8500:Yugoslavic Sign
8495:
8466:Bulgarian (ĐĐĐ)
8451:
8441:
8430:Greek (ÎÎÎ/ENG)
8415:
8405:Hoailona Ê»Ćlelo
8398:
8381:
8368:Bamako (LaSiMa)
8349:(Françafrosign)
8348:
8342:
8318:
8290:Malaysian (BIM)
8232:
8225:
8200:Valencian (LSV)
8136:
8127:Paraguay (LSPY)
8118:
8111:
8095:
8089:
8050:
8012:
7944:
7914:
7889:
7873:
7867:
7831:Arab (Ishaaric)
7821:
7800:
7772:
7685:Iltyeme iltyeme
7656:
7653:
7646:
7636:
7630:
7612:
7607:
7534:Wayback Machine
7521:
7497:
7435:
7395:
7393:Further reading
7170:Wayback Machine
7018:Wayback Machine
6948:Lane, Harlan L.
6886:
6881:
6871:Wayback Machine
6861:
6857:
6848:
6844:
6835:
6831:
6792:
6788:
6779:
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6707:
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6606:
6599:
6581:
6577:
6553:
6549:
6540:
6536:
6497:
6493:
6484:
6480:
6471:
6467:
6443:10.1.1.384.4164
6418:
6414:
6375:
6371:
6330:
6326:
6317:
6313:
6306:
6292:
6288:
6278:
6276:
6272:
6261:
6257:
6251:
6247:
6235:woman from the
6226:
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6213:
6211:
6202:
6201:
6197:
6192:
6188:
6182:Wayback Machine
6163:
6159:
6136:
6132:
6123:
6121:
6108:
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6093:
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6084:
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5936:
5934:
5921:
5920:
5916:
5906:Wayback Machine
5896:
5892:
5882:
5880:
5869:"Arnaud Balard"
5865:
5861:
5851:
5849:
5836:
5835:
5831:
5821:
5819:
5806:
5805:
5801:
5793:
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5768:
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5758:Wayback Machine
5748:
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5724:
5723:
5716:
5706:
5704:
5700:
5689:
5683:
5679:
5670:
5668:
5659:
5658:
5654:
5648:Language Policy
5645:
5641:
5633:
5622:
5616:
5612:
5602:
5600:
5595:. 3 June 2020.
5591:
5590:
5586:
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5509:
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5496:
5490:
5476:
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5191:
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5091:
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5068:
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5058:
5047:
5043:
4998:
4994:
4987:
4965:
4961:
4952:
4948:
4942:
4938:
4925:
4921:
4904:
4900:
4890:
4886:
4882:sign languages.
4805:
4798:
4733:
4726:
4716:
4712:
4703:
4701:
4686:
4682:
4677:
4673:
4664:
4662:
4653:
4652:
4648:
4637:Sign Languages,
4626:
4622:
4613:
4611:
4598:
4597:
4593:
4584:
4582:
4567:
4563:
4554:
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4304:
4295:
4288:
4265:
4261:
4256:
4252:
4247:
4243:
4236:
4216:
4212:
4197:10.2307/3823113
4181:
4177:
4172:
4168:
4153:
4149:
4118:
4111:
4084:
4080:
4064:
4060:
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4000:
3996:
3967:
3963:
3948:
3934:
3930:
3921:
3917:
3908:
3904:
3899:Wayback Machine
3889:Nakamura, Karen
3887:
3883:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3856:
3850:
3846:
3837:
3835:
3790:
3786:
3779:
3765:
3761:
3752:
3748:
3739:
3737:
3732:. Bill Vicars.
3722:
3718:
3712:Wayback Machine
3702:
3698:
3689:
3680:
3666:
3662:
3657:
3653:
3643:Wayback Machine
3633:
3629:
3620:
3618:
3611:
3595:
3591:
3573:Bellugi, Ursula
3567:
3560:
3551:
3549:Wayback Machine
3536:
3532:
3523:
3519:
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3508:
3481:
3474:
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3164:
3158:
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3145:
3141:
3134:
3133:978-080702204-7
3117:
3113:
3108:Wayback Machine
3097:Wayback Machine
3085:Wayback Machine
3076:
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3024:Wayback Machine
3015:
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2850:
2846:
2841:
2832:Tactile signing
2699:Animal language
2694:
2685:
2679:
2621:
2615:
2598:
2592:
2580:
2574:
2561:
2555:
2546:
2541:
2482:
2378:
2353:
2351:Sign Union flag
2303:
2295:Main articles:
2234:
2183:
2157:with their own
2134:
2128:
2104:
2098:
1962:
1946:
1940:
1935:
1922:
1920:Sign perception
1818:Stokoe notation
1808:
1791:
1785:
1731:
1725:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1417:sign languages.
1052:
1048:
1046:
1042:
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1032:
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1013:
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918:
916:
909:
899:
893:
875:(ISL) sign for
818:
734:
728:
686:
670:
668:
631:A January 2021
619:
581:
526:characteristics
431:
287:George Dalgarno
280:tactile signing
265:Chirogram from
219:
173:
167:
123:hard of hearing
68:(also known as
49:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
12563:
12553:
12552:
12547:
12542:
12537:
12532:
12530:Sign languages
12527:
12510:
12509:
12506:
12505:
12502:
12501:
12498:
12497:
12495:
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12489:
12484:
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12415:
12410:
12405:
12395:
12389:
12383:
12379:
12378:
12376:
12375:
12370:
12368:Charles Darwin
12365:
12359:
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12097:
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12089:
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12086:
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12076:
12071:
12066:
12064:Affect display
12060:
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12051:
12050:
12045:
12039:
12037:
12031:
12030:
12028:
12027:
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12010:
12000:
11998:
11994:
11993:
11991:
11990:
11985:
11980:
11975:
11970:
11965:
11960:
11954:
11952:
11950:Social context
11946:
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11925:
11920:
11915:
11910:
11900:
11895:
11889:
11887:
11881:
11880:
11878:
11877:
11872:
11867:
11862:
11861:
11860:
11858:Pupil dilation
11855:
11845:
11840:
11835:
11830:
11825:
11824:
11823:
11818:
11808:
11807:
11806:
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11781:
11772:
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11764:
11756:
11755:
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11703:
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11648:
11647:
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11598:
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11582:
11577:
11572:
11567:
11561:
11559:
11555:
11554:
11552:
11551:
11546:
11544:William Stokoe
11541:
11536:
11531:
11529:Valerie Sutton
11526:
11521:
11519:AbbĂ© de l'ĂpĂ©e
11516:
11511:
11506:
11501:
11496:
11490:
11488:
11484:
11483:
11481:
11480:
11475:
11469:
11467:
11461:
11460:
11457:
11456:
11454:
11453:
11448:
11442:
11440:
11436:
11435:
11433:
11432:
11430:Signed Swedish
11427:
11422:
11420:Signed Spanish
11417:
11412:
11407:
11405:Signed Italian
11402:
11397:
11392:
11387:
11382:
11377:
11372:
11367:
11361:
11359:
11351:
11350:
11348:
11347:
11342:
11337:
11331:
11325:
11317:
11316:
11314:
11313:
11301:
11296:
11291:
11286:
11281:
11275:
11273:
11269:
11268:
11266:
11265:
11260:
11255:
11250:
11248:Serbo-Croatian
11245:
11240:
11235:
11230:
11225:
11220:
11215:
11210:
11205:
11200:
11195:
11190:
11185:
11179:
11177:
11175:Fingerspelling
11171:
11170:
11168:
11167:
11162:
11157:
11152:
11131:
11126:
11121:
11115:
11113:
11109:
11108:
11106:
11105:
11100:
11095:
11090:
11085:
11080:
11075:
11070:
11065:
11060:
11055:
11050:
11046:
11044:
11038:
11037:
11035:
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11029:
11024:
11019:
11014:
11008:
11006:
11000:
10999:
10996:
10995:
10993:
10992:
10987:
10982:
10977:
10971:
10969:
10965:
10964:
10962:
10961:
10956:
10953:
10948:
10945:
10940:
10935:
10930:
10927:
10922:
10919:
10914:
10911:
10906:
10901:
10898:
10893:
10890:
10885:
10880:
10875:
10872:
10867:
10864:
10859:
10855:
10853:
10849:
10848:
10846:
10845:
10840:
10837:
10832:
10827:
10822:
10817:
10812:
10807:
10802:
10797:
10794:
10789:
10786:
10781:
10778:
10773:
10768:
10763:
10761:Western Desert
10758:
10757:
10756:
10746:
10741:
10736:
10731:
10726:
10721:
10716:
10711:
10706:
10701:
10696:
10691:
10687:
10685:
10681:
10680:
10678:
10677:
10670:
10663:
10658:
10655:
10648:
10643:
10638:
10635:
10632:
10629:
10626:
10625:
10624:
10619:
10612:American (ASL)
10609:
10606:
10604:Old Salvadoran
10601:
10596:
10593:
10588:
10583:
10580:
10575:
10572:
10567:
10562:
10557:
10552:
10549:
10544:
10541:
10536:
10533:
10528:
10523:
10520:
10515:
10512:
10507:
10504:
10499:
10494:
10489:
10484:
10481:
10474:
10471:
10464:
10459:
10454:
10452:Maritime (MSL)
10449:
10444:
10441:
10438:
10435:
10434:
10433:
10428:
10421:American (ASL)
10418:
10415:
10410:
10407:
10401:
10399:
10391:
10390:
10388:
10387:
10382:
10379:
10374:
10369:
10367:Central Taurus
10364:
10361:
10356:
10353:
10348:
10345:
10340:
10335:
10330:
10327:
10322:
10319:
10314:
10311:
10306:
10303:
10298:
10295:
10290:
10287:
10282:
10279:
10274:
10271:
10266:
10263:
10258:
10255:
10250:
10247:
10242:
10239:
10234:
10231:
10226:
10223:
10218:
10215:
10210:
10207:
10202:
10199:
10194:
10191:
10186:
10183:
10178:
10173:
10168:
10165:
10160:
10157:
10152:
10149:
10144:
10139:
10136:
10131:
10128:
10123:
10122:United Kingdom
10120:
10118:French Belgian
10115:
10110:
10107:
10102:
10099:
10094:
10091:
10086:
10082:
10080:
10076:
10075:
10073:
10072:
10067:
10064:
10059:
10054:
10049:
10044:
10041:
10036:
10033:
10028:
10025:
10020:
10017:
10012:
10009:
10004:
10001:
9996:
9993:
9988:
9985:
9980:
9975:
9970:
9965:
9962:
9957:
9954:
9949:
9946:
9941:
9936:
9931:
9928:
9923:
9920:
9918:Kazakh-Russian
9915:
9912:
9907:
9904:
9899:
9894:
9889:
9886:
9881:
9876:
9871:
9866:
9863:
9858:
9853:
9850:
9845:
9842:
9837:
9832:
9829:
9824:
9822:Indo-Pakistani
9819:
9814:
9809:
9806:
9801:
9798:
9793:
9790:
9785:
9782:
9777:
9773:
9771:
9767:
9766:
9764:
9763:
9758:
9755:
9750:
9747:
9742:
9739:
9734:
9731:
9726:
9723:
9718:
9715:
9710:
9705:
9702:
9697:
9692:
9689:
9684:
9681:
9676:
9673:
9668:
9663:
9660:
9655:
9652:
9647:
9642:
9638:
9636:
9632:
9631:
9622:
9618:
9617:
9614:
9613:
9611:
9610:
9604:
9603:
9598:
9592:
9586:
9581:
9576:
9571:
9565:
9563:
9559:
9558:
9556:
9555:
9550:
9545:
9544:
9543:
9538:
9535:
9530:
9522:
9517:
9512:
9507:
9502:
9497:
9492:
9487:
9482:
9477:
9472:
9465:
9460:
9455:
9448:
9443:
9442:
9441:
9434:Peruvian (LSP)
9431:
9426:
9421:
9416:
9411:
9406:
9401:
9396:
9391:
9386:
9381:
9379:Miyakubo Shuwa
9376:
9371:
9366:
9361:
9356:
9351:
9346:
9341:
9336:
9333:
9328:
9327:
9326:
9316:
9311:
9306:
9301:
9296:
9291:
9286:
9281:
9280:
9279:
9274:
9266:
9265:
9264:
9256:
9249:
9244:
9239:
9234:
9229:
9224:
9219:
9217:Dogon/Douentza
9214:
9209:
9204:
9199:
9194:
9189:
9184:
9179:
9174:
9169:
9164:
9157:
9152:
9147:
9142:
9137:
9132:
9127:
9121:
9119:
9115:
9114:
9112:
9111:
9106:
9100:
9098:
9090:
9089:
9086:
9085:
9083:
9082:
9079:
9074:
9071:
9066:
9063:
9059:
9057:
9051:
9050:
9048:
9047:
9043:
9041:
9039:American (ASL)
9034:
9033:
9031:
9030:
9027:
9024:
9021:
9018:
9015:
9012:
9009:
9006:
9003:
9000:
8997:
8994:
8991:
8988:
8985:
8982:
8979:
8976:
8973:
8970:
8967:
8964:
8961:
8958:
8955:
8952:
8949:
8946:
8943:
8940:
8937:
8934:
8931:
8928:
8925:
8922:
8918:
8912:
8906:
8905:
8903:
8902:
8900:Namibian (NSL)
8896:
8894:
8888:
8887:
8885:
8884:
8879:
8874:
8868:
8866:
8860:
8859:
8857:
8856:
8855:
8854:
8851:
8848:
8845:
8842:
8836:
8832:
8830:
8824:
8823:
8821:
8820:
8819:
8818:
8806:
8798:
8796:
8790:
8789:
8787:
8786:
8781:
8776:
8770:
8768:
8762:
8761:
8759:
8758:
8755:
8752:
8747:
8744:
8741:
8738:
8733:
8730:
8726:
8724:
8720:Indo-Pakistani
8716:
8715:
8713:
8712:
8707:
8702:
8696:
8694:
8688:
8687:
8684:
8683:
8681:
8680:
8675:
8670:
8665:
8659:
8657:
8651:
8650:
8648:
8647:
8644:
8639:
8634:
8629:
8623:
8621:
8615:
8614:
8612:
8611:
8606:
8600:
8598:
8594:
8593:
8591:
8590:
8585:
8579:
8577:
8573:
8572:
8570:
8569:
8567:Tunisian (TSL)
8564:
8558:
8556:
8552:
8551:
8549:
8548:
8543:
8537:
8535:
8531:
8530:
8527:
8526:
8524:
8523:
8521:Yugoslav (YSL)
8518:
8515:
8512:
8509:
8507:Croatian (HZJ)
8503:
8501:
8497:
8496:
8494:
8493:
8488:
8483:
8478:
8473:
8468:
8462:
8460:
8453:
8447:
8446:
8443:
8442:
8440:
8439:
8438:
8437:
8426:
8424:
8417:
8416:
8414:
8413:
8409:
8407:
8400:
8399:
8397:
8396:
8392:
8390:
8383:
8382:
8380:
8379:
8378:Sierra Leonean
8376:
8373:
8370:
8365:
8362:
8359:
8356:
8352:
8350:
8344:
8343:
8341:
8340:
8339:
8338:
8335:
8326:
8324:
8320:
8319:
8317:
8316:
8311:
8306:
8303:
8301:Filipino (FSL)
8298:
8295:
8292:
8287:
8284:
8281:
8278:
8275:
8274:
8273:
8270:
8262:
8259:
8258:
8257:
8252:
8245:American (ASL)
8241:
8235:
8227:
8226:
8224:
8223:
8221:Romanian (LSR)
8218:
8217:
8216:
8204:
8203:
8202:
8192:
8187:
8182:
8181:
8180:
8170:
8165:
8160:
8158:Algerian (LSA)
8154:
8148:
8142:
8141:
8138:
8137:
8135:
8134:
8129:
8123:
8121:
8119:Uruguayan Sign
8113:
8112:
8110:
8109:
8107:Chilean (LSCh)
8103:
8097:
8096:Uruguayan Sign
8091:
8090:
8088:
8087:
8086:
8085:
8084:
8083:
8082:
8081:
8064:
8062:
8056:
8055:
8052:
8051:
8049:
8048:
8043:
8038:
8033:
8028:
8022:
8020:
8014:
8013:
8011:
8010:
8005:
8000:
7995:
7993:Maritime (MSL)
7990:
7987:
7986:
7985:
7975:
7974:
7973:
7962:
7956:
7950:
7949:
7946:
7945:
7943:
7942:
7937:
7932:
7926:
7924:
7920:
7919:
7916:
7915:
7913:
7912:
7909:
7906:
7903:
7899:
7897:
7891:
7890:
7888:
7887:
7881:
7875:
7869:
7868:
7866:
7865:
7860:
7858:Qatari Unified
7855:
7850:
7845:
7839:
7833:
7827:
7826:
7823:
7822:
7820:
7819:
7814:
7808:
7806:
7805:Zendath Kesign
7802:
7801:
7799:
7798:
7793:
7788:
7782:
7780:
7778:Western Desert
7771:
7770:
7765:
7760:
7757:
7755:Worora Kinship
7752:
7747:
7740:
7735:
7734:
7733:
7723:
7718:
7711:
7706:
7701:
7694:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7664:
7662:
7648:
7647:
7638:
7632:
7631:
7629:
7628:
7623:
7617:
7614:
7613:
7606:
7605:
7598:
7591:
7583:
7577:
7576:
7567:
7564:signlangtv.org
7561:
7542:
7536:
7524:
7496:
7495:External links
7493:
7492:
7491:
7480:
7469:
7458:
7447:
7434:
7431:
7430:
7429:
7416:
7394:
7391:
7390:
7389:
7382:
7375:
7368:
7361:
7355:
7350:(1960, 1978).
7345:
7322:
7307:
7302:
7282:
7246:Premack, David
7242:
7233:Premack, David
7230:
7223:
7216:
7201:Humphries, Tom
7194:
7187:
7172:
7158:
7143:
7128:
7098:
7091:
7081:
7071:
7055:
7048:
7044:
7029:
6990:
6983:
6970:
6963:
6944:Emmorey, Karen
6941:
6934:
6930:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6879:
6855:
6842:
6829:
6786:
6773:
6760:
6747:
6734:10.1086/201401
6712:
6705:
6687:
6680:
6662:
6655:
6629:
6604:
6597:
6587:Aping Language
6575:
6547:
6534:
6507:(4): 653â665.
6491:
6478:
6465:
6412:
6385:(3): 207â296.
6369:
6340:(3): 167â224.
6324:
6311:
6305:978-0393015812
6304:
6286:
6245:
6220:
6195:
6186:
6165:Zeshan, Ulrike
6157:
6130:
6101:
6082:
6043:
6024:
5983:
5962:
5943:
5914:
5890:
5859:
5829:
5799:
5762:
5742:
5714:
5677:
5652:
5639:
5610:
5584:
5552:11245/1.345005
5538:(3): 283â313.
5518:
5503:
5494:
5488:
5467:
5418:
5377:
5341:
5320:
5291:
5262:
5233:
5204:
5189:
5171:
5147:
5128:(192): 75â90.
5110:
5103:
5085:
5056:
5041:
4992:
4985:
4959:
4946:
4936:
4932:relexification
4919:
4898:
4884:
4862:, the various
4832:Indo-Pakistani
4796:
4724:
4710:
4680:
4671:
4657:. 2012-01-14.
4646:
4620:
4591:
4561:
4532:
4517:
4488:
4443:
4425:
4405:
4379:
4340:
4302:
4286:
4259:
4250:
4241:
4234:
4210:
4175:
4166:
4147:
4134:10.2307/412894
4128:(3): 696â719.
4109:
4078:
4058:
4042:
4029:
4010:(5): 608â635.
3994:
3961:
3946:
3928:
3915:
3902:
3881:
3844:
3804:(3): 110â132.
3784:
3777:
3759:
3746:
3730:ASL University
3724:Vicars, Bill.
3716:
3696:
3678:
3660:
3651:
3627:
3609:
3589:
3558:
3530:
3517:
3472:
3464:Emmorey, Karen
3455:
3424:
3411:
3402:
3381:
3368:
3349:(2): 145â151.
3333:
3295:(3): 322â334.
3272:
3247:
3238:
3225:
3212:
3202:
3189:
3152:
3139:
3132:
3111:
3070:
3063:
3045:
3032:
3009:
2982:
2955:
2918:(3): 699â712.
2898:
2888:
2862:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2714:Fingerspelling
2711:
2706:
2701:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2681:Main article:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2663:
2617:Main article:
2614:
2611:
2594:Main article:
2591:
2588:
2576:Main article:
2573:
2570:
2557:Main article:
2554:
2551:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2456:
2450:
2444:
2438:
2432:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2377:
2374:
2352:
2349:
2273:video services
2233:
2230:
2130:Main article:
2127:
2126:Interpretation
2124:
2112:United Kingdom
2100:Main article:
2097:
2094:
2013:
2012:
2003:
1994:
1985:
1976:
1961:
1958:
1942:Main article:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1921:
1918:
1908:
1907:
1893:
1879:
1865:
1855:
1841:
1834:
1822:William Stokoe
1807:
1804:
1784:
1781:
1724:
1721:
1717:relexification
1707:(and possibly
1682:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1665:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1627:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1510:
1509:
1478:
1459:
1449:
1438:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1390:
1371:mixed language
1358:) and others.
1289:
1271:
1261:
1227:
1196:
1150:areal features
1047:
1041:
1031:
1021:
1012:
1003:
994:
985:
975:
966:
957:
947:
937:
927:
917:
908:
892:
891:Classification
889:
837:Elissa Newport
817:
814:
730:Main article:
727:
724:
667:
664:
589:Zuzana ÄĂĆŸkovĂĄ
580:
577:
430:
427:
239:Cabeza de Vaca
169:Main article:
166:
163:
66:Sign languages
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12562:
12551:
12548:
12546:
12543:
12541:
12538:
12536:
12533:
12531:
12528:
12526:
12525:Sign language
12523:
12522:
12520:
12493:
12490:
12488:
12485:
12483:
12480:
12479:
12477:
12473:
12467:
12464:
12462:
12459:
12457:
12456:Sign language
12454:
12453:
12451:
12447:
12441:
12438:
12436:
12433:
12431:
12428:
12426:
12423:
12419:
12416:
12414:
12411:
12409:
12406:
12404:
12401:
12400:
12399:
12396:
12394:
12391:
12390:
12387:
12384:
12380:
12374:
12371:
12369:
12366:
12364:
12361:
12360:
12358:
12354:
12348:
12345:
12343:
12340:
12338:
12335:
12333:
12330:
12328:
12325:
12324:
12322:
12318:
12312:
12309:
12307:
12304:
12302:
12301:Freudian slip
12299:
12297:
12296:Lie detection
12294:
12292:
12289:
12288:
12286:
12282:
12276:
12275:Mirror neuron
12273:
12271:
12267:
12266:Limbic system
12264:
12263:
12261:
12259:
12255:
12249:
12246:
12244:
12241:
12239:
12236:
12232:
12231:Rett syndrome
12229:
12227:
12224:
12222:
12219:
12217:
12214:
12212:
12209:
12207:
12204:
12203:
12202:
12199:
12198:
12196:
12192:
12188:
12181:
12177:
12167:
12164:
12162:
12161:Social skills
12159:
12157:
12154:
12152:
12149:
12147:
12144:
12142:
12139:
12137:
12136:People skills
12134:
12132:
12129:
12127:
12124:
12122:
12121:Communication
12119:
12117:
12114:
12113:
12110:
12103:
12099:
12085:
12082:
12080:
12077:
12075:
12072:
12070:
12067:
12065:
12062:
12061:
12059:
12057:Multi-faceted
12055:
12049:
12046:
12044:
12041:
12040:
12038:
12036:
12032:
12026:
12023:
12019:
12016:
12015:
12014:
12011:
12009:
12005:
12002:
12001:
11999:
11995:
11989:
11986:
11984:
11981:
11979:
11976:
11974:
11971:
11969:
11968:Display rules
11966:
11964:
11961:
11959:
11956:
11955:
11953:
11951:
11947:
11939:
11938:Voice quality
11936:
11934:
11931:
11929:
11926:
11924:
11921:
11919:
11916:
11914:
11911:
11909:
11906:
11905:
11904:
11901:
11899:
11896:
11894:
11891:
11890:
11888:
11886:
11882:
11876:
11873:
11871:
11868:
11866:
11863:
11859:
11856:
11854:
11851:
11850:
11849:
11846:
11844:
11841:
11839:
11836:
11834:
11831:
11829:
11826:
11822:
11819:
11817:
11814:
11813:
11812:
11809:
11805:
11802:
11800:
11797:
11795:
11792:
11791:
11790:
11787:
11785:
11782:
11780:
11776:
11775:Body language
11773:
11771:
11768:
11767:
11765:
11761:
11757:
11753:
11748:
11744:
11740:
11733:
11728:
11726:
11721:
11719:
11714:
11713:
11710:
11699:
11695:
11691:
11690:
11685:
11682:
11681:
11674:
11670:
11666:
11660:
11659:
11652:
11646:
11643:
11641:
11638:
11636:
11633:
11631:
11628:
11626:
11623:
11621:
11618:
11616:
11613:
11610:
11606:
11602:
11599:
11597:
11594:
11593:
11591:
11589:Miscellaneous
11587:
11581:
11578:
11576:
11573:
11571:
11568:
11566:
11563:
11562:
11560:
11558:Organisations
11556:
11550:
11547:
11545:
11542:
11540:
11537:
11535:
11532:
11530:
11527:
11525:
11522:
11520:
11517:
11515:
11514:Laurent Clerc
11512:
11510:
11507:
11505:
11504:PĂ€r Aron Borg
11502:
11500:
11497:
11495:
11492:
11491:
11489:
11485:
11479:
11476:
11474:
11471:
11470:
11468:
11466:
11462:
11452:
11449:
11447:
11444:
11443:
11441:
11437:
11431:
11428:
11426:
11423:
11421:
11418:
11416:
11415:Signed Polish
11413:
11411:
11408:
11406:
11403:
11401:
11400:Signed German
11398:
11396:
11395:Signed French
11393:
11391:
11388:
11386:
11383:
11381:
11378:
11376:
11373:
11371:
11368:
11366:
11363:
11362:
11360:
11358:
11352:
11346:
11343:
11341:
11338:
11336:
11333:
11332:
11329:
11326:
11324:
11318:
11310:
11305:
11302:
11300:
11297:
11295:
11292:
11290:
11287:
11285:
11282:
11280:
11277:
11276:
11274:
11270:
11264:
11261:
11259:
11256:
11254:
11251:
11249:
11246:
11244:
11241:
11239:
11236:
11234:
11231:
11229:
11226:
11224:
11221:
11219:
11216:
11214:
11211:
11209:
11206:
11204:
11201:
11199:
11196:
11194:
11191:
11189:
11186:
11184:
11181:
11180:
11178:
11176:
11172:
11166:
11163:
11161:
11158:
11156:
11153:
11151:
11147:
11143:
11139:
11135:
11132:
11130:
11127:
11125:
11122:
11120:
11119:Grammar (ASL)
11117:
11116:
11114:
11110:
11104:
11101:
11099:
11096:
11094:
11091:
11089:
11086:
11084:
11081:
11079:
11076:
11074:
11071:
11069:
11066:
11064:
11061:
11059:
11056:
11054:
11051:
11048:
11047:
11045:
11039:
11033:
11030:
11028:
11025:
11023:
11020:
11018:
11015:
11013:
11010:
11009:
11007:
11005:
11001:
10991:
10988:
10986:
10983:
10981:
10978:
10976:
10973:
10972:
10970:
10968:International
10966:
10960:
10957:
10954:
10952:
10949:
10946:
10944:
10941:
10939:
10936:
10934:
10931:
10928:
10926:
10923:
10920:
10918:
10915:
10912:
10910:
10907:
10905:
10902:
10899:
10897:
10894:
10891:
10889:
10886:
10884:
10881:
10879:
10876:
10873:
10871:
10868:
10865:
10863:
10860:
10857:
10856:
10854:
10852:South America
10850:
10844:
10841:
10838:
10836:
10833:
10831:
10828:
10826:
10825:Rossel Island
10823:
10821:
10818:
10816:
10815:Mount Avejaha
10813:
10811:
10808:
10806:
10803:
10801:
10798:
10795:
10793:
10790:
10787:
10785:
10782:
10779:
10777:
10774:
10772:
10769:
10767:
10764:
10762:
10759:
10755:
10752:
10751:
10750:
10747:
10745:
10742:
10740:
10737:
10735:
10732:
10730:
10727:
10725:
10722:
10720:
10717:
10715:
10712:
10710:
10707:
10705:
10702:
10700:
10697:
10695:
10692:
10689:
10688:
10686:
10682:
10676:
10675:
10671:
10669:
10668:
10664:
10662:
10661:Navajo Family
10659:
10656:
10654:
10653:
10649:
10647:
10644:
10642:
10639:
10636:
10633:
10630:
10627:
10623:
10620:
10618:
10615:
10614:
10613:
10610:
10608:United States
10607:
10605:
10602:
10600:
10597:
10594:
10592:
10589:
10587:
10584:
10581:
10579:
10576:
10573:
10571:
10568:
10566:
10563:
10561:
10558:
10556:
10553:
10550:
10548:
10545:
10542:
10540:
10537:
10534:
10532:
10529:
10527:
10524:
10521:
10519:
10516:
10513:
10511:
10508:
10505:
10503:
10500:
10498:
10495:
10493:
10490:
10488:
10485:
10482:
10480:
10479:
10475:
10472:
10470:
10469:
10465:
10463:
10460:
10458:
10455:
10453:
10450:
10448:
10445:
10442:
10439:
10436:
10432:
10429:
10427:
10424:
10423:
10422:
10419:
10416:
10414:
10411:
10408:
10406:
10403:
10402:
10400:
10392:
10386:
10383:
10380:
10378:
10375:
10373:
10370:
10368:
10365:
10362:
10360:
10357:
10354:
10352:
10349:
10346:
10344:
10341:
10339:
10336:
10334:
10331:
10328:
10326:
10323:
10320:
10318:
10315:
10312:
10310:
10307:
10304:
10302:
10299:
10296:
10294:
10291:
10288:
10286:
10283:
10280:
10278:
10275:
10272:
10270:
10267:
10264:
10262:
10259:
10256:
10254:
10251:
10248:
10246:
10243:
10240:
10238:
10235:
10232:
10230:
10227:
10224:
10222:
10219:
10216:
10214:
10211:
10208:
10206:
10203:
10200:
10198:
10195:
10192:
10190:
10187:
10184:
10182:
10179:
10177:
10174:
10172:
10169:
10166:
10164:
10161:
10158:
10156:
10153:
10150:
10148:
10145:
10143:
10140:
10137:
10135:
10132:
10129:
10127:
10124:
10121:
10119:
10116:
10114:
10111:
10108:
10106:
10103:
10100:
10098:
10095:
10092:
10090:
10087:
10084:
10083:
10081:
10077:
10071:
10068:
10065:
10063:
10060:
10058:
10055:
10053:
10050:
10048:
10045:
10042:
10040:
10037:
10034:
10032:
10029:
10026:
10024:
10021:
10018:
10016:
10013:
10010:
10008:
10005:
10002:
10000:
9997:
9994:
9992:
9989:
9986:
9984:
9981:
9979:
9976:
9974:
9971:
9969:
9966:
9963:
9961:
9958:
9955:
9953:
9950:
9947:
9945:
9942:
9940:
9937:
9935:
9932:
9929:
9927:
9924:
9921:
9919:
9916:
9913:
9911:
9908:
9905:
9903:
9900:
9898:
9895:
9893:
9890:
9887:
9885:
9882:
9880:
9877:
9875:
9872:
9870:
9867:
9864:
9862:
9859:
9857:
9854:
9851:
9849:
9846:
9843:
9841:
9838:
9836:
9833:
9830:
9828:
9825:
9823:
9820:
9818:
9815:
9813:
9810:
9807:
9805:
9802:
9799:
9797:
9794:
9791:
9789:
9786:
9783:
9781:
9778:
9775:
9774:
9772:
9768:
9762:
9759:
9756:
9754:
9751:
9748:
9746:
9743:
9740:
9738:
9737:South African
9735:
9732:
9730:
9727:
9724:
9722:
9719:
9716:
9714:
9711:
9709:
9706:
9703:
9701:
9698:
9696:
9693:
9690:
9688:
9685:
9682:
9680:
9677:
9674:
9672:
9669:
9667:
9664:
9661:
9659:
9656:
9653:
9651:
9648:
9646:
9643:
9640:
9639:
9637:
9633:
9626:
9623:
9619:
9609:
9606:
9605:
9602:
9599:
9596:
9593:
9590:
9587:
9585:
9582:
9580:
9577:
9575:
9572:
9570:
9567:
9566:
9564:
9560:
9554:
9551:
9549:
9548:Yoruban (YSL)
9546:
9542:
9539:
9536:
9534:
9533:Bura (Burasl)
9531:
9529:
9526:
9525:
9524:West African
9523:
9521:
9518:
9516:
9513:
9511:
9510:Ugandan (USL)
9508:
9506:
9505:Turkish (TÄ°D)
9503:
9501:
9498:
9496:
9493:
9491:
9490:Spanish (LSE)
9488:
9486:
9483:
9481:
9478:
9476:
9473:
9471:
9470:
9466:
9464:
9461:
9459:
9458:Rossel Island
9456:
9454:
9453:
9449:
9447:
9446:Qahveh Khaneh
9444:
9440:
9437:
9436:
9435:
9432:
9430:
9427:
9425:
9422:
9420:
9417:
9415:
9412:
9410:
9407:
9405:
9402:
9400:
9397:
9395:
9392:
9390:
9389:Mount Avejaha
9387:
9385:
9382:
9380:
9377:
9375:
9372:
9370:
9367:
9365:
9362:
9360:
9357:
9355:
9352:
9350:
9349:Maltese (LSM)
9347:
9345:
9342:
9340:
9337:
9334:
9332:
9329:
9325:
9322:
9321:
9320:
9317:
9315:
9312:
9310:
9307:
9305:
9302:
9300:
9297:
9295:
9292:
9290:
9287:
9285:
9282:
9278:
9275:
9273:
9272:Atgangmuurniq
9270:
9269:
9267:
9262:
9261:
9260:
9257:
9255:
9254:
9250:
9248:
9247:Guinea-Bissau
9245:
9243:
9240:
9238:
9235:
9233:
9230:
9228:
9225:
9223:
9220:
9218:
9215:
9213:
9210:
9208:
9205:
9203:
9200:
9198:
9195:
9193:
9190:
9188:
9185:
9183:
9180:
9178:
9175:
9173:
9170:
9168:
9165:
9163:
9162:
9158:
9156:
9153:
9151:
9148:
9146:
9143:
9141:
9138:
9136:
9133:
9131:
9128:
9126:
9123:
9122:
9120:
9116:
9110:
9107:
9105:
9102:
9101:
9099:
9097:
9091:
9080:
9078:
9075:
9072:
9070:
9067:
9064:
9061:
9060:
9058:
9056:
9052:
9045:
9044:
9042:
9040:
9035:
9028:
9025:
9022:
9019:
9016:
9013:
9010:
9007:
9004:
9001:
8998:
8995:
8992:
8989:
8986:
8983:
8980:
8977:
8974:
8971:
8968:
8965:
8962:
8959:
8956:
8953:
8950:
8947:
8944:
8941:
8938:
8935:
8932:
8929:
8926:
8923:
8920:
8919:
8916:
8913:
8911:
8907:
8901:
8898:
8897:
8895:
8893:
8889:
8883:
8880:
8878:
8875:
8873:
8870:
8869:
8867:
8865:
8861:
8853:Cepeda Peraza
8852:
8849:
8846:
8843:
8840:
8839:
8837:
8835:Highland Maya
8834:
8833:
8831:
8829:
8825:
8817:
8816:
8812:
8811:
8810:
8807:
8805:
8804:
8800:
8799:
8797:
8795:
8791:
8785:
8782:
8780:
8777:
8775:
8772:
8771:
8769:
8767:
8766:Japanese Sign
8763:
8756:
8753:
8751:
8748:
8745:
8742:
8739:
8737:
8734:
8731:
8728:
8727:
8725:
8723:
8717:
8711:
8708:
8706:
8703:
8701:
8698:
8697:
8695:
8693:
8689:
8679:
8676:
8674:
8671:
8669:
8666:
8664:
8661:
8660:
8658:
8656:
8652:
8645:
8643:
8640:
8638:
8635:
8633:
8630:
8628:
8625:
8624:
8622:
8620:
8616:
8610:
8607:
8605:
8604:Flemish (VGT)
8602:
8601:
8599:
8595:
8589:
8586:
8584:
8583:Mexican (LSM)
8581:
8580:
8578:
8574:
8568:
8565:
8563:
8562:Italian (LIS)
8560:
8559:
8557:
8553:
8547:
8544:
8542:
8539:
8538:
8536:
8532:
8522:
8519:
8516:
8513:
8510:
8508:
8505:
8504:
8502:
8498:
8492:
8491:Russian (Đ ĐĐŻ)
8489:
8487:
8484:
8482:
8481:Latvian (LSL)
8479:
8477:
8474:
8472:
8469:
8467:
8464:
8463:
8461:
8457:
8454:
8448:
8436:
8433:
8432:
8431:
8428:
8427:
8425:
8423:
8418:
8411:
8410:
8408:
8406:
8401:
8394:
8393:
8391:
8389:
8384:
8377:
8374:
8371:
8369:
8366:
8363:
8360:
8357:
8354:
8353:
8351:
8345:
8336:
8333:
8332:
8331:
8328:
8327:
8325:
8321:
8315:
8312:
8310:
8307:
8304:
8302:
8299:
8296:
8293:
8291:
8288:
8285:
8282:
8279:
8276:
8271:
8268:
8267:
8266:
8263:
8260:
8256:
8253:
8251:
8248:
8247:
8246:
8243:
8242:
8239:
8236:
8234:
8228:
8222:
8219:
8215:
8214:
8210:
8209:
8208:
8205:
8201:
8198:
8197:
8196:
8195:Catalan (LSC)
8193:
8191:
8188:
8186:
8183:
8179:
8176:
8175:
8174:
8171:
8169:
8166:
8164:
8161:
8159:
8156:
8155:
8152:
8149:
8147:
8143:
8133:
8132:Uruguay (LSU)
8130:
8128:
8125:
8124:
8122:
8120:
8114:
8108:
8105:
8104:
8101:
8098:
8092:
8079:
8078:
8077:
8074:
8073:
8071:
8070:
8069:
8066:
8065:
8063:
8061:
8057:
8047:
8044:
8042:
8039:
8037:
8034:
8032:
8029:
8027:
8024:
8023:
8021:
8019:
8015:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7988:
7984:
7981:
7980:
7979:
7978:British (BSL)
7976:
7972:
7969:
7968:
7967:
7964:
7963:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7951:
7941:
7938:
7936:
7933:
7931:
7928:
7927:
7925:
7921:
7910:
7907:
7904:
7901:
7900:
7898:
7896:
7892:
7886:
7883:
7882:
7879:
7876:
7870:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7846:
7844:
7841:
7840:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7828:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7810:
7809:
7807:
7803:
7797:
7796:Ngaatjatjarra
7794:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7783:
7781:
7779:
7775:
7769:
7766:
7764:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7753:
7751:
7748:
7746:
7745:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7732:
7729:
7728:
7727:
7724:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7716:
7712:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7699:
7695:
7693:
7692:
7688:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7670:
7666:
7665:
7663:
7655:
7649:
7642:
7639:
7633:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7618:
7615:
7611:
7610:Sign language
7604:
7599:
7597:
7592:
7590:
7585:
7584:
7581:
7575:
7571:
7570:Sign language
7568:
7565:
7562:
7560:
7557:
7553:
7552:
7547:
7543:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7531:
7528:
7525:
7519:
7516:
7515:
7514:
7513:
7511:
7507:
7503:
7490:
7486:
7485:
7481:
7479:
7475:
7474:
7470:
7468:
7464:
7463:
7459:
7457:
7453:
7452:
7448:
7446:
7442:
7441:
7437:
7436:
7427:
7426:
7421:
7417:
7415:
7411:
7408:
7404:
7400:
7399:Fox, Margalit
7397:
7396:
7387:
7383:
7380:
7376:
7373:
7369:
7366:
7362:
7359:
7356:
7353:
7349:
7346:
7343:
7342:0-8058-0078-6
7339:
7335:
7334:0-8058-0046-8
7331:
7327:
7323:
7320:
7319:0-631-20497-0
7316:
7312:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7300:
7299:0-520-06083-0
7296:
7292:
7291:
7286:
7283:
7279:
7275:
7271:
7267:
7263:
7259:
7256:(3): 207â96.
7255:
7251:
7247:
7243:
7240:
7239:
7234:
7231:
7228:
7224:
7221:
7217:
7214:
7213:0-674-19423-3
7210:
7206:
7202:
7198:
7197:Padden, Carol
7195:
7192:
7188:
7185:
7181:
7177:
7173:
7171:
7167:
7163:
7159:
7156:
7155:0-394-50878-5
7152:
7148:
7144:
7141:
7140:0-674-19460-8
7137:
7133:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7115:
7111:
7107:
7103:
7099:
7096:
7092:
7089:
7085:
7082:
7079:
7075:
7072:
7068:
7064:
7060:
7056:
7053:
7049:
7045:
7042:
7041:0-674-27041-X
7038:
7034:
7030:
7027:
7023:
7019:
7015:
7011:
7010:1-55671-159-X
7007:
7003:
6999:
6995:
6991:
6988:
6984:
6980:
6976:
6971:
6968:
6964:
6961:
6960:0-8058-3246-7
6957:
6953:
6949:
6945:
6942:
6939:
6935:
6931:
6927:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6909:
6905:
6902:(2): 301â44.
6901:
6897:
6893:
6888:
6887:
6876:
6872:
6868:
6865:
6859:
6852:
6846:
6839:
6833:
6825:
6821:
6817:
6813:
6809:
6808:10.1038/nn775
6805:
6801:
6797:
6790:
6783:
6777:
6770:
6764:
6757:
6751:
6743:
6739:
6735:
6731:
6727:
6723:
6716:
6708:
6702:
6698:
6691:
6683:
6677:
6673:
6666:
6658:
6652:
6648:
6643:
6642:
6633:
6618:
6614:
6608:
6600:
6594:
6589:
6588:
6579:
6573:
6572:9780511665486
6569:
6565:
6561:
6557:
6551:
6544:
6538:
6530:
6526:
6522:
6518:
6514:
6510:
6506:
6502:
6495:
6488:
6482:
6475:
6469:
6461:
6457:
6453:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6435:
6431:
6427:
6423:
6416:
6408:
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6388:
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6335:
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6134:
6119:
6115:
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6105:
6089:
6085:
6083:9789027211989
6079:
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6050:
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6014:
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5995:
5987:
5980:
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5963:9780195139778
5959:
5955:
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5911:
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5809:
5803:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5775:
5774:
5766:
5759:
5755:
5752:
5746:
5732:on 2009-04-17
5731:
5727:
5721:
5719:
5699:
5695:
5688:
5681:
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5662:
5656:
5649:
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5573:
5569:
5565:
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5549:
5545:
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5529:
5522:
5514:
5507:
5498:
5491:
5485:
5481:
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5472:
5463:
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5454:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5422:
5414:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5397:(2): 93â107.
5396:
5392:
5388:
5381:
5363:
5359:
5352:
5345:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5324:
5308:
5304:
5303:
5295:
5281:on 2019-07-07
5280:
5276:
5272:
5266:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5237:
5223:on 2020-09-06
5222:
5218:
5214:
5208:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5190:9781282574960
5186:
5182:
5175:
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5019:
5015:
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5007:
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4996:
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4986:9780511486777
4982:
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4963:
4956:
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4933:
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4923:
4916:
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4908:
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4895:
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4857:
4853:
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4809:
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4777:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4731:
4729:
4721:
4714:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4684:
4675:
4660:
4656:
4650:
4644:
4641:, p. 499, at
4640:
4639:
4635:
4634:
4630:
4624:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4595:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4565:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4536:
4529:. De Gruyter.
4528:
4521:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4492:
4476:
4472:
4458:
4454:
4447:
4440:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4423:
4422:9780070792296
4419:
4415:
4409:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4367:
4359:
4355:
4354:Aronoff, Mark
4351:
4350:Padden, Carol
4344:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4321:(4): 865â96.
4320:
4316:
4309:
4307:
4299:
4293:
4291:
4282:
4278:
4275:(2): 119â47.
4274:
4270:
4263:
4254:
4245:
4237:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4222:
4214:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4179:
4170:
4162:
4158:
4151:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4116:
4114:
4105:
4101:
4098:(1): 73â102.
4097:
4093:
4089:
4082:
4076:
4075:9780122678509
4072:
4068:
4062:
4055:
4049:
4047:
4039:
4033:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
3998:
3989:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3965:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3947:9781501511806
3943:
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3919:
3912:
3906:
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3896:
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3890:
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3833:
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3812:
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3709:
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3655:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3637:
3631:
3616:
3612:
3606:
3602:
3601:
3593:
3586:
3585:0-674-80795-2
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3565:
3563:
3555:
3550:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3534:
3527:
3521:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3479:
3477:
3469:
3465:
3459:
3445:on 2018-11-02
3444:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3428:
3421:
3415:
3406:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3385:
3378:
3372:
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3348:
3344:
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3306:
3302:
3298:
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3257:
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3199:
3193:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3162:
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3135:
3129:
3125:
3121:
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3109:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3091:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3074:
3066:
3060:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3036:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3018:
3013:
3000:on 2021-04-13
2999:
2995:
2994:
2986:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2959:
2951:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
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2909:
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2892:
2876:
2872:
2866:
2857:
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2835:
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2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
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2817:
2816:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
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2777:
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2770:
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2757:
2755:
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2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2704:Body language
2702:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2689:
2684:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2651:Chimpanzees:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2610:
2606:
2604:
2597:
2587:
2584:
2579:
2569:
2567:
2560:
2550:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2373:
2370:
2366:
2365:Arnaud Balard
2357:
2348:
2346:
2345:second screen
2342:
2338:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2316:
2311:
2309:
2302:
2298:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2238:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2093:
2091:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2059:North America
2056:
2052:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1974:United States
1971:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1957:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1930:
1927:
1917:
1914:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1824:for his 1965
1823:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1806:Written forms
1803:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1780:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1763:
1760:while ASL is
1759:
1755:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1743:agglutinating
1740:
1739:morphological
1736:
1730:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1517:
1515:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1444:gave rise to
1443:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1080:in Cameroon.
1079:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1051: No data
1038:
1028:
1019:
1010:
1001:
992:
982:
973:
964:
954:
944:
934:
925:(ASL) cluster
924:
915:
907:
903:
898:
888:
885:
880:
878:
874:
868:
866:
862:
857:
852:
850:
846:
840:
838:
833:
828:
826:
825:arbitrariness
822:
813:
810:
805:
801:
797:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
761:
759:
756:content, and
755:
751:
747:
744:distinction,
743:
739:
733:
723:
721:
715:
713:
708:
706:
698:
681:
663:
661:
656:
654:
650:
646:
638:
634:
617:
613:
610:
606:
598:
594:
590:
585:
576:
574:
573:
567:
565:
561:
558:
557:topic-comment
554:
550:
545:
543:
539:
535:
534:arbitrariness
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
466:
463:
459:
455:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
426:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
390:
386:
382:
379:to found the
378:
374:
373:Laurent Clerc
369:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
345:
341:
338:
334:
332:
331:of the Finger
329:
324:
323:Digiti Lingua
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
298:
296:
292:
288:
283:
281:
276:
268:
263:
259:
256:
251:
246:
244:
240:
217:
215:
210:
205:
202:
198:
197:
192:
183:
177:
172:
162:
160:
155:
153:
149:
145:
144:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
119:deaf cultures
116:
111:
109:
105:
101:
97:
96:body language
92:
90:
85:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
60:
44:
39:
33:
19:
12545:Deaf culture
12455:
12291:Cold reading
12284:Applications
12258:Neuroanatomy
11903:Paralanguage
11693:
11687:
11678:
11676:
11656:
11473:Films (list)
11390:Signed Dutch
11335:Contact sign
10780:Hawaii (USA)
10673:
10666:
10651:
10476:
10467:
10359:Swiss-German
9995:Saudi Arabia
9733:South Africa
9467:
9450:
9324:Somali (SSL)
9251:
9159:
9094:Providenciaâ
9073:Nesilextcl'n
9046:Oneida (OSL)
9008:Tickanwaâątic
8996:Schitsu'umsh
8978:NĆłmÄ
ÌkhĆłÌ·ki
8892:Paget Gorman
8813:
8808:
8801:
8793:
8757:Punjab-Sindh
8705:Polish (PJM)
8700:German (DGS)
8576:Mexican Sign
8555:Italian Sign
8459:Russian Sign
8422:French (LSF)
8395:Oneida (OSL)
8309:Quebec (LSQ)
8294:Oneida (OSL)
8211:
8207:French (LSF)
8060:Chinese Sign
8018:Swedish Sign
7742:
7713:
7696:
7689:
7667:
7609:
7559:
7548:
7499:
7498:
7482:
7471:
7460:
7449:
7438:
7423:
7402:
7385:
7378:
7371:
7364:
7351:
7325:
7310:
7288:
7253:
7249:
7236:
7226:
7219:
7204:
7190:
7175:
7161:
7146:
7131:
7113:
7109:
7094:
7087:
7077:
7066:
7062:
7051:
7032:
6993:
6986:
6978:
6974:
6966:
6951:
6937:
6933:pp. 39+
6899:
6895:
6884:Bibliography
6874:
6858:
6850:
6845:
6837:
6832:
6802:(1): 76â80.
6799:
6795:
6789:
6781:
6776:
6768:
6763:
6755:
6750:
6725:
6721:
6715:
6696:
6690:
6671:
6665:
6640:
6632:
6621:. Retrieved
6607:
6586:
6578:
6555:
6550:
6542:
6537:
6504:
6500:
6494:
6486:
6481:
6473:
6468:
6425:
6421:
6415:
6382:
6378:
6372:
6337:
6333:
6327:
6319:
6314:
6295:
6289:
6277:. Retrieved
6265:
6248:
6223:
6212:. Retrieved
6210:. 2020-09-04
6207:
6198:
6189:
6173:
6168:
6160:
6143:
6139:
6133:
6122:. Retrieved
6113:
6104:
6092:. Retrieved
6072:
6037:
6033:
6027:
5993:
5986:
5978:
5972:. Retrieved
5952:
5946:
5935:. Retrieved
5926:
5917:
5909:
5893:
5881:. Retrieved
5872:
5862:
5850:. Retrieved
5841:
5832:
5820:. Retrieved
5811:
5802:
5772:
5765:
5745:
5734:. Retrieved
5730:the original
5707:23 September
5705:. Retrieved
5693:
5680:
5669:. Retrieved
5655:
5647:
5642:
5613:
5601:. Retrieved
5587:
5576:. Retrieved
5535:
5531:
5521:
5512:
5506:
5497:
5479:
5435:
5431:
5421:
5394:
5390:
5380:
5369:. Retrieved
5357:
5344:
5337:the original
5328:
5323:
5311:. Retrieved
5301:
5294:
5283:. Retrieved
5279:the original
5274:
5265:
5254:. Retrieved
5245:
5236:
5225:. Retrieved
5221:the original
5216:
5207:
5180:
5174:
5166:
5150:
5125:
5119:
5113:
5094:
5088:
5072:
5059:
5050:
5044:
5009:
5005:
4995:
4968:
4962:
4954:
4949:
4939:
4928:creolization
4922:
4901:
4887:
4874:(spurious),
4713:
4702:. Retrieved
4693:
4683:
4674:
4663:. Retrieved
4649:
4643:Google Books
4638:
4632:
4628:
4623:
4612:. Retrieved
4603:
4594:
4583:. Retrieved
4574:
4564:
4553:. Retrieved
4544:
4541:"Cape Verde"
4535:
4526:
4520:
4509:. Retrieved
4500:
4491:
4479:. Retrieved
4461:. Retrieved
4446:
4441:, 10(1), 88.
4438:
4413:
4408:
4397:. Retrieved
4365:
4343:
4318:
4314:
4297:
4272:
4268:
4262:
4253:
4244:
4220:
4213:
4191:(3): 25â44.
4188:
4184:
4178:
4169:
4160:
4156:
4150:
4125:
4121:
4095:
4091:
4081:
4066:
4061:
4053:
4037:
4032:
4007:
4003:
3997:
3978:
3974:
3964:
3937:
3931:
3923:
3918:
3910:
3905:
3884:
3872:. Retrieved
3860:
3847:
3836:. Retrieved
3801:
3797:
3787:
3768:
3762:
3754:
3749:
3738:. Retrieved
3729:
3719:
3699:
3691:
3672:
3663:
3654:
3646:
3630:
3619:. Retrieved
3599:
3592:
3576:
3553:
3538:
3533:
3525:
3520:
3509:. Retrieved
3495:(1): 27â54.
3492:
3488:
3467:
3458:
3447:. Retrieved
3443:the original
3436:
3427:
3414:
3405:
3389:
3384:
3376:
3371:
3346:
3342:
3336:
3325:. Retrieved
3292:
3288:
3275:
3264:. Retrieved
3250:
3241:
3233:
3228:
3220:
3215:
3205:
3197:
3192:
3180:. Retrieved
3169:
3160:
3155:
3147:
3142:
3123:
3120:Nielsen, Kim
3114:
3073:
3054:
3048:
3040:
3035:
3012:
3002:, retrieved
2998:the original
2992:
2985:
2975:, retrieved
2965:
2958:
2915:
2911:
2901:
2891:
2879:. Retrieved
2865:
2813:
2729:Hearing loss
2686:
2657:Nim Chimpsky
2644:
2622:
2607:
2599:
2585:
2581:
2562:
2547:
2379:
2362:
2334:
2319:
2312:
2304:
2262:
2243:
2199:
2163:
2151:
2109:
2105:
2086:
2083:
2055:Great Plains
2048:
2017:
2014:
1963:
1951:
1947:
1944:Deaf culture
1923:
1909:
1825:
1812:
1809:
1796:
1792:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1751:
1747:inflectional
1735:Edward Sapir
1732:
1713:creolization
1685:
1667:
1629:
1566:Prototype-R
1549:Prototype-A
1511:
1467:Saudi Arabia
1138:contact sign
1131:
1111:speech-taboo
1108:
1094:
1088:the extinct
1082:
1069:creolization
1058:
1055:
905:
881:
876:
869:
853:
841:
829:
819:
806:
802:
798:
789:
785:
777:
773:
765:
762:
735:
716:
709:
702:
696:
679:
660:South Africa
657:
642:
614:
602:
571:
568:
546:
538:productivity
521:
513:
497:
485:
467:
458:onomatopoeic
451:
432:
418:
414:
410:
393:
365:
349:Polygar Wars
346:
342:
335:
330:
327:
299:
290:
284:
272:
266:
247:
241:in 1527 and
235:
206:
194:
188:
156:
151:
141:
139:
112:
98:, a type of
93:
86:
69:
65:
64:
58:
12270:Limbic lobe
12035:Unconscious
12018:Missed call
11988:Social norm
11963:Conventions
11853:Eye contact
11615:Open Outcry
11539:Abbé Sicard
11524:Roger Fouts
11355:Signed Oral
11294:SignWriting
11142:Orientation
11112:Linguistics
11093:Pitha Pitha
10788:New Zealand
10724:Manjiljarra
10595:El Salvador
10355:Switzerland
10265:Netherlands
10105:Azerbaijani
10047:Old Bangkok
9987:Philippines
9675:Ivory Coast
9469:Sandy River
9207:Cuban (LSC)
9096:Cayman Sign
8945:Hinono'eino
8936:Coahuilteco
8921:Anishinaabe
8882:Old Bangkok
8803:Old Kentish
8732:Beluchistan
8692:German Sign
8673:Ho Chi Minh
8597:Old Belgian
8541:Dutch (NGT)
8280:Costa Rican
8173:Irish (ISL)
8117:Paraguayan-
7908:Palestinian
7791:Manjiljarra
7786:Kartutjarra
7721:Rdaka rdaka
7715:Pitha Pitha
7069:(1): 24â31.
6355:2433/213162
6229:Adam Kendon
5852:14 November
5650:11:253â272.
5275:sid.usal.es
3981:(1): 1â30.
3670:A. (1989).
3256:"Session 9"
2734:Gang signal
2633:chimpanzees
2613:Primate use
2369:vexillology
1886:Sam Supalla
1858:SignWriting
1799:wh-question
1783:Acquisition
1643:LSF-derived
1622:JSL-derived
1603:DGS-derived
1584:BSL-derived
832:Roger Brown
809:turn taking
760:functions.
748:structure,
746:grammatical
712:Classifiers
639:regulations
530:semanticity
490:orientation
435:linguistics
429:Linguistics
399:Deaflympics
361:Oomaithurai
347:During the
326:(Latin for
275:John Bulwer
12519:Categories
12403:Aggressive
12373:Paul Ekman
12356:Key people
12320:Technology
12306:Poker tell
12151:Social cue
11958:Chronemics
11908:Intonation
11752:Modalities
11640:Protactile
11279:ASL-phabet
11263:Portuguese
11165:Sign names
11150:Expression
11078:Old French
11063:Kalkutungu
11032:Name signs
11022:Literature
10959:Venezuelan
10933:Inmaculada
10925:Paraguayan
10917:Ecuadorian
10771:Yir Yoront
10622:Protactile
10599:Salvadoran
10591:Panamanian
10578:Nicaraguan
10555:Albarradas
10526:Guatemalan
10483:Costa Rica
10478:Old Cayman
10431:Protactile
10309:Portuguese
10277:Macedonian
10253:Lithuanian
10101:Azerbaijan
10070:Vietnamese
10027:Tajikistan
10015:Sri Lankan
9914:Kazakhstan
9884:Kafr Qasem
9835:Indonesian
9537:Mofu-Gudur
9475:Salvadoran
9452:Rennellese
9439:Inmaculada
9394:Mozambican
9344:Macedonian
9314:Kata Kolok
9304:Kafr Qasim
9263:Creole HSL
9014:Tsuu T'ina
8975:NiitsĂtapi
8969:Ni Mii Puu
8960:Maagiadawa
8924:ApsĂĄalooke
8850:Trascorral
8534:Dutch Sign
8337:Yogyakarta
8297:Panamanian
8255:Protactile
8213:Old French
8190:Lithuanian
8146:Francosign
7763:Yir Yoront
7750:Warramunga
7698:Kalkutungu
7654:Aboriginal
7652:Australian
7203:. (1988).
7084:Kegl, Judy
7074:Kegl, Judy
7059:Kegl, Judy
6623:2008-02-21
6279:2016-07-05
6214:2024-06-30
6167:. (2007).
6124:2021-08-23
6040:(5): 1â15.
5974:2016-02-28
5937:2016-02-28
5786:1801.10111
5736:2008-01-30
5671:2008-01-30
5578:2018-12-20
5371:2011-12-14
5313:4 February
5285:2019-07-07
5256:2019-07-07
5227:2019-07-07
4880:Nicaraguan
4876:Venezuelan
4856:Rennellese
4824:Salvadoran
4806:These are
4734:These are
4720:Ethnologue
4704:2008-09-19
4665:2021-08-23
4614:2024-05-13
4585:2024-05-13
4555:2024-05-13
4511:2024-05-13
4481:2008-09-19
4463:2011-06-01
4399:2016-11-05
4235:0898593670
3956:1012688117
3874:4 November
3838:2022-09-26
3740:2021-08-13
3621:2021-04-15
3575:. (1979).
3511:2021-04-15
3449:2019-03-26
3327:2021-04-15
3266:2010-09-28
3182:2021-10-17
3028:Ethnologue
3004:2021-01-13
2977:2021-05-15
2844:References
2665:Gorillas:
2641:orangutans
2631:, such as
2382:endangered
2269:videophone
2265:video link
2254:videophone
2232:Technology
2218:television
2057:region of
1988:Kata Kolok
1933:In society
1926:perception
1882:ASL-phabet
1876:ideographs
1872:logographs
1787:See also:
1727:See also:
1514:Ethnologue
1498:Kata Kolok
1471:sprachbund
1078:Mofu-Gudur
895:See also:
884:metaphoric
750:adjectival
720:morphology
647:(BSL) and
553:inflection
506:expression
366:Frenchman
289:published
267:Chirologia
252:published
152:Ethnologue
143:Ethnologue
12408:Assertive
12216:Fragile X
12201:Aprosodia
12194:Disorders
12141:Semiotics
12069:Deception
11875:Proxemics
11865:Olfaction
11848:Oculesics
11833:Imitation
11696:indicate
11357:Languages
11258:Ukrainian
11218:Hungarian
11203:Esperanto
11134:Handshape
11103:Warluwara
11043:languages
11027:Profanity
10990:Signalong
10955:Venezuela
10951:Uruguayan
10904:Colombian
10858:Argentina
10729:Warlmanpa
10690:Australia
10628:Blackfeet
10617:Black ASL
10574:Nicaragua
10522:Guatemala
10514:Greenland
10437:Blackfoot
10426:Black ASL
10394:North and
10385:Ukrainian
10343:Valencian
10325:Slovenian
10293:Norwegian
10249:Lithuania
10213:Icelandic
10205:Hungarian
10052:Chiangmai
10023:Taiwanese
10011:Sri Lanka
10007:Singapore
10003:Singapore
9960:Mongolian
9934:Malaysian
9831:Indonesia
9800:Hong Kong
9788:Cambodian
9745:Tanzanian
9621:By region
9177:Bhutanese
8972:NiimĂipuu
8954:Karankawa
8877:Hai Phong
8872:Chiangmai
8663:Hai Phong
8655:Viet-Thai
8517:Slovenian
8486:Mongolian
8452:Hungarian
8388:Hand Talk
8355:Ethiopian
8283:Dominican
8277:Cambodian
8072:Shanghai
7902:Jordanian
7895:Levantine
7874:Levantine
7759:Yan-nhaĆu
7744:Warluwara
7738:Warlmanpa
7704:Miriwoong
7250:Cognition
6981:: 309â31.
6742:146288708
6438:CiteSeerX
6379:Cognition
6266:ISO 639-3
6254:ISO 639-3
6241:iconicity
6146:(1): 61.
5842:Cinepedia
5432:Cognition
5199:643124997
5142:145429638
5036:145616039
4840:Brazilian
4820:Ecuadoran
4389:779907637
4335:117619041
3828:244246983
3820:2522-7130
3705:"Chereme"
3317:144243540
3210:speaking.
2932:1065-9471
2822:Sign name
2818:(journal)
2603:home sign
2596:Home sign
2590:Home sign
2566:morphemes
2222:subtitles
2206:broadcast
2092:, 2007).
2090:NZ Herald
2067:languages
2044:Warlmanpa
2028:Warumungu
1954:Black ASL
1890:homograph
1664:-derived
1542:Auxiliary
1539:language
1537:Auxiliary
1529:language
1411:Bulgarian
1061:home sign
861:construal
821:Iconicity
816:Iconicity
782:Mouthings
758:discourse
754:adverbial
482:handshape
462:iconicity
443:recursion
285:In 1680,
248:In 1620,
245:in 1541.
108:baby sign
104:home sign
74:languages
12540:Deafness
12238:Dyssemia
12084:Intimacy
12004:Emoticon
11913:Loudness
11843:Laughter
11779:Kinesics
11770:Blushing
11763:Physical
11345:Mouthing
11321:Language
11304:ASLwrite
11228:Japanese
11183:American
11155:Mouthing
11146:Movement
11138:Location
11083:Old Kent
11049:Chilmark
10985:Monastic
10938:Peruvian
10921:Paraguay
10909:Provisle
10900:Colombia
10870:Bolivian
10830:Sinasina
10674:Henniker
10634:Cheyenne
10586:Chiriqui
10547:Honduran
10543:Honduras
10413:Belizean
10321:Slovenia
10305:Portugal
10171:Ghardaia
10155:Estonian
10134:Croatian
10097:Austrian
10089:Armenian
10043:Thailand
9991:Filipino
9983:Nepalese
9968:Ghandruk
9956:Mongolia
9952:Maldives
9948:Maldives
9944:Selangor
9930:Malaysia
9902:Miyakubo
9892:Japanese
9874:Ghardaia
9784:Cambodia
9741:Tanzania
9654:Cameroon
9650:Ghardaia
9645:Algerian
9480:Sinasina
9253:Henniker
9232:Ghandruk
9172:Belizean
9155:Armenian
9118:Isolates
9065:Kalispel
9062:A'aninin
9020:Wazhazhe
9017:Umatilla
8999:Shiwinna
8990:Piipaash
8939:Dane-zaa
8933:Cheyenne
8838:Yucatec
8809:Chilmark
8743:Calcutta
8627:Malagasy
8471:Georgian
8375:Nigerian
8372:Moroccan
8361:Ghanaian
8286:Jamaican
8272:Mandalay
8261:Bolivian
8231:American
7923:Possible
7905:Lebanese
7843:Egyptian
7709:Mudburra
7675:Djingili
7637:families
7635:Language
7530:Archived
7456:ASLized!
7287:(1989).
7278:39292094
7199:; &
7166:Archived
7116:: 1â20.
7104:(1940).
7063:Signpost
7014:Archived
6946:; &
6926:22223926
6896:Language
6877:Benjamin
6867:Archived
6816:11753419
6728:: 5â32.
6617:Archived
6407:39292094
6364:28751730
6334:Primates
6270:Archived
6178:Archived
6118:Archived
6094:16 April
6088:Archived
6013:citation
6002:archived
5968:Archived
5931:Archived
5902:Archived
5883:17 April
5877:Archived
5873:Deaf Art
5846:Archived
5816:Archived
5791:Archived
5754:Archived
5698:Archived
5665:Archived
5631:Archived
5597:Archived
5572:Archived
5560:18663641
5462:18834975
5362:Archived
5333:Archived
5331:, 2015.
5307:Archived
5250:Archived
5165:. 1965.
5077:Archived
4868:Peruvian
4746:, Hindu
4698:Archived
4659:Archived
4608:Archived
4579:Archived
4549:Archived
4505:Archived
4475:Archived
4468:and sfs
4457:Archived
4393:Archived
4356:(2010).
4315:Language
4163:(1): 11.
4122:Language
4024:13572435
3895:Archived
3865:Archived
3832:Archived
3734:Archived
3708:Archived
3639:Archived
3615:Archived
3571:; &
3545:Archived
3505:Archived
3399:27245872
3363:14424535
3321:Archived
3309:26204860
3260:Archived
3176:Archived
3122:(2012).
3104:Archived
3093:Archived
3081:Archived
3020:Archived
2971:archived
2950:33118302
2881:10 March
2875:Archived
2739:Gestures
2692:See also
2645:language
2637:gorillas
2625:primates
2425:(FinSSL)
2250:AT&T
2075:Cheyenne
2040:Arrernte
2036:Kaytetye
2024:Warlpiri
1862:mouthing
1830:phonemic
1723:Typology
1484:include
1482:isolates
1407:Romanian
1252:and the
845:Japanese
653:Japanese
637:COVID-19
518:phonemes
510:cheremes
502:movement
494:location
486:handform
478:features
470:semantic
460:. While
328:Language
243:Coronado
201:Socrates
199:, where
196:Cratylus
12492:Subtext
12413:Passive
12382:Related
11973:Habitus
11918:Prosody
11870:Posture
11811:Gesture
11694:Italics
11645:Tic-tac
11487:Persons
11323:contact
11272:Writing
11253:Spanish
11243:Russian
11198:Chilean
11193:Catalan
11058:Jaralde
11041:Extinct
11012:Grammar
10980:Makaton
10947:Uruguay
10913:Ecuador
10896:Chilean
10888:Ka'apor
10866:Bolivia
10684:Oceania
10570:Mexican
10560:Chatino
10539:Haitian
10468:Plateau
10398:America
10396:Central
10381:Ukraine
10377:Turkish
10351:Swedish
10338:Spanish
10333:Catalan
10317:Russian
10261:Russian
10257:Moldova
10245:Latvian
10229:Italian
10217:Ireland
10209:Iceland
10201:Hungary
10185:Germany
10163:Finnish
10159:Finland
10151:Estonia
10138:Denmark
10130:Croatia
10126:British
10113:Flemish
10109:Belgium
10093:Austria
10085:Armenia
10066:Vietnam
10031:Russian
9973:Jhankot
9926:Laotian
9879:Israeli
9861:Kurdish
9848:Persian
9817:Bengali
9796:Chinese
9780:Bengali
9761:Zambian
9753:Ugandan
9717:Senegal
9704:Nigeria
9671:Nanabin
9641:Algeria
9553:Zambian
9429:Persian
9335:Kisindo
9294:Ka'apor
9284:Jhankot
9202:Chatino
9055:Plateau
9037:Mixed,
9029:Wyandot
9023:Wichita
9011:ThĂĄumgĂĄ
8993:PpĂĄâżkka
8981:NÊmÊnÊÊ
8957:Liksiyu
8948:HiraacĂĄ
8927:Arikara
8794:Kentish
8736:Bengali
8646:TeknmĂĄl
8546:Gambian
8514:Serbian
8511:Kosovar
8450:Austro-
8420:Mixed,
8403:Mixed,
8386:Mixed,
8364:Guinean
8358:Chadian
8334:Jakarta
8265:Burmese
8233:(ASLic)
7930:Emirati
7848:Kuwaiti
7691:Jaralde
7401:(2007)
7270:4017517
7047:141â43.
6917:3250214
6824:2745545
6521:4080283
6460:5793972
6430:Bibcode
6422:Science
6399:4017517
5603:7 March
5568:1745792
5453:2639215
5413:1945741
4872:Tijuana
4844:Spanish
4828:Gestuno
4575:PĂBLICO
4226:881â938
4205:3823113
3542:website
2941:7814757
2896:267â80.
2719:Chereme
2709:Braille
2671:Michael
2407:(AdaSL)
2279:. The
2148:in 2017
2079:Arapaho
2053:in the
1874:and/or
1607:1 or 2
1532:Primary
1527:Primary
1326:(NGT),
945:cluster
941: â
935:cluster
931: â
921: â
790:battery
774:not yet
742:lexical
738:prosody
597:SmĂchov
411:Gestuno
165:History
12466:Tadoma
12211:Autism
12166:Unsaid
12131:Nunchi
12008:Smiley
11928:Stress
11923:Rhythm
11893:Affect
11885:Speech
11609:Loulis
11605:Washoe
11439:Others
11238:Polish
11233:Korean
11213:German
11208:French
11053:Diyari
11017:Idioms
10874:Brazil
10843:Samoan
10805:Kailge
10749:Umpila
10694:Auslan
10657:Navajo
10641:Oneida
10637:Ojibwa
10582:Panama
10551:Mexico
10492:Brunca
10487:Bribri
10473:Cayman
10457:Quebec
10447:Oneida
10443:Ojibwa
10417:Canada
10409:Belize
10372:Mardin
10363:Turkey
10347:Sweden
10313:Russia
10301:Polish
10297:Poland
10289:Norway
10241:Latvia
10233:Kosovo
10193:Greece
10189:German
10176:French
10167:France
10142:Danish
10079:Europe
10019:Taiwan
9939:Penang
9910:Korean
9897:Koniya
9865:Israel
9812:Alipur
9776:Bengal
9757:Zambia
9749:Uganda
9729:Somali
9687:Kenyan
9658:Maroua
9635:Africa
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