Death of Cleopatra

31: 1520: 1685: 659: 464: 1237: 1228: 2400: 473: 907: 1694: 650: 2486: 74: 2516: 1980: 2377: 775: 2453: 1386: 1071: 1998: 2535: 2551: 2355: 2334: 2315: 2430: 1395: 1989: 443: 2296: 1843: 2108: 6507: 850: 1063:. Morgagni argued that Cleopatra was likely killed by a snakebite and contested Lancisi's suggestion that consumption of venom was more plausible, noting that no ancient Greco-Roman authors had mentioned her drinking it. Lancisi rebutted by arguing that accounts offered by Roman poets were unreliable since they often exaggerated events. In his literary memoirs published in 1777, the physician 1467: 1604: 994:), perhaps a hairpin, which she used to scratch open the skin and introduce the toxin. According to Cassius Dio small puncture wounds were found on Cleopatra's arm, but he echoed the claim by Plutarch that nobody knew the true cause of her death. Dio mentioned the claim of the asp and even suggested use of a needle ( 1783: 974:, who provides the earliest known historical account, believed that Cleopatra died by suicide either by asp bite or poisonous ointment. Plutarch mentions the tale of the asp brought to her in a basket of figs, although he offers other alternatives for her cause of death, such as use of a hollow implement ( 2399: 2776:

and primary sources. He states unequivocally that Olympos did not describe any cause of death, only that Plutarch discussed the cause of death only after he was finished relaying the report by Olympos, introducing the tale of the asp bite in such a way that he expected his readers to have already had

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was walled off by its owner around 30 BC, perhaps in reaction to Octavian's proscription against images depicting Caesarion, the rival heir of Julius Caesar. Although statues of Mark Antony were torn down, those of Cleopatra were generally spared this program of destruction, including the one erected

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to guard her and prevent a suicide attempt, but Cleopatra and her handmaidens were able to deceive him and kill themselves nonetheless. When Octavian received a note from Cleopatra requesting that she be buried next to Antony, he had his messengers rush to her. The servant broke down her door but was

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With Octavian's forces in Alexandria, Cleopatra withdrew to her tomb with her closest attendants and had a message sent to Antony that she had died by suicide. Antony ordered his slave Eros to kill him, but instead, Eros killed himself with his sword. In despair, Antony stabbed himself through the

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of Greece in 31 BC, Cleopatra and Antony retreated to Egypt to recuperate and prepare for an assault by Octavian, whose forces grew larger with the surrender of many of Antony's officers and soldiers in Greece. After a long period of failed negotiations, Octavian's forces invaded Egypt early in 30

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further: "Cleopatra's hair was maintained by her highly skilled hairdresser Eiras. Although rather artificial looking wigs set in the traditional tripartite style of long straight hair would have been required for her appearances before her Egyptian subjects, a more practical option for general

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and revival of Cleopatra, but their efforts failed. Although Octavian was outraged by these events and "was robbed of the full splendor of his victory" according to Cassius Dio, he had Cleopatra interred next to Antony in their tomb as requested, and also gave Iras and Charmion proper burials.

1154:, and Louise Cilliers, honorary research fellow at their Department of Greek, Latin and Classical Studies, argue that a large snake would not have fit into a basket of figs and it was more likely that poisoning would have so rapidly killed the three adult women, Cleopatra and her handmaidens 2485: 1591: 770:

to be paraded as a prisoner in his triumph, she avoided this humiliation by taking her own life. Plutarch elaborates on how Cleopatra approached her suicide in an almost ritual process that involved bathing and then having a fine meal including figs brought to her in a basket.

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In his triumphant procession at Rome in 29 BC, Octavian paraded Cleopatra's children Alexander Helios and Cleopatra Selene II, but he also presented an effigy to the crowd depicting Cleopatra with an asp clinging to her. This was likely the same painting discovered in emperor

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while also asserting that no surviving historical account discusses the difficulty of smuggling a large Egyptian cobra into Cleopatra's chambers and then having it behave as intended. Roller also claims the venom is only fatal if injected into a vital area of the body.

2675:, pp. xxii, 29) says that the marriage publicly sealed Antony's alliance with Cleopatra and in defiance of Octavian he would divorce Octavia in 32 BC. Coins of Antony and Cleopatra depict them in the typical manner of a Hellenistic royal couple, as explained by 1173:

According to Gregory Tsoucalas, lecturer in the history of medicine at the Democritus University of Thrace, and Markos Sgantzos, Associate Professor of Anatomy at the University of Thessaly, evidence suggests that Octavian ordered the poisoning of Cleopatra. In

1277:). The owner of the House of Marcus Fabius Rufus at Pompeii walled off the room with this painting, probably an immediate reaction to the execution of Caesarion on orders of Octavian in 30 BC, when artistic depictions of Caesarion would have been considered 2646:, Grant argues that "Cleopatra VII, looking back upon all that her ancestors had done during that time, was not likely to make the same mistake. But she and her contemporaries of the first century BC had another, peculiar, problem of their own. Could the ' 1537: 718:

on Octavian's side to treat her well. The same Proculeius used a ladder to breach a window of Cleopatra's tomb and detain her inside before she could have a chance to burn herself to death along with her vast treasure. Cleopatra was allowed to

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ointment or by introducing the poison with a sharp implement such as a hairpin. Modern scholars debate the validity of ancient reports involving snakebites as the cause of death and whether she was murdered. Some academics hypothesize that her

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most likely depicts the suicide of Cleopatra, accompanied by attendants and even her son Caesarion wearing a royal diadem like his mother, although an asp is absent from the scene, perhaps reflecting the different causes of death provided in

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tomb, with a snake near Cleopatra's chest and a bloody sword driven through Antony's chest. Illustrated versions of Boccaccio's written works, including images of Cleopatra and Antony committing suicide, first appeared in France during the

766:), but Octavian only gave the cryptic answer that her life would be spared. He did not offer her any specific details about his plans for Egypt or her royal family. After a spy informed Cleopatra that Octavian intended to bring her back to 1556:, noted that the paraded image of Cleopatra contained multiple snakes biting each of her arms. Citing Plutarch, Giuseppe Pucci indicates that the effigy may have even been a statue. In his "Notes isiaques I" (1989), French Archaeologist 1187:

speculates that Octavian could have possibly allowed Cleopatra to choose the manner of her death instead of executing her. Grout writes that Octavian may have wanted to avoid the sort of sympathy espoused for Cleopatra's younger sister

2515: 2066:'s 1579 translation of Plutarch for crafting his play, which can be viewed as both a comedy and a tragedy. The play involved use of multiple asps, as well as the character of Charmion who killed herself by asp bite after Cleopatra. 6510: 1474:, a rear wall depicted with a set of double doors positioned very high above the scene of a woman wearing a royal diadem and committing suicide among her attendants suggests the described layout of Cleopatra's tomb in Alexandria. 1145:

in Egypt, died by suicide by asp bite in a "curiously similar" manner, one that also demonstrated that it was not exclusive to Egyptian royalty. Gurval notes that the bite of an Egyptian cobra contains around 175–300 mg of

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throughout history. These include the visual, literary, and performance arts, ranging from sculptures and paintings to poetry and plays, as well as modern films. Cleopatra featured prominently in the prose and poetry of ancient

1354:, to explain the gap between Cleopatra's death and the induction of Egypt as a Roman province directly ruled by Octavian as pharaoh of Egypt. Antony's three children with Cleopatra were spared and sent to Rome; their daughter 2901:, the style had fallen from fashion for almost two centuries until revived by Cleopatra; yet as both traditionalist and innovator, she wore her version without her predecessor's fine head veil. And whereas they had both been 1865:

Giovanni Maria Padovano (i.e. Mosca) created two marble reliefs of the suicide of Antony and Cleopatra, as well as several free-standing nude statues of Cleopatra being bitten by the asp that were partly inspired by ancient

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were the dominant power? This was a question never far from Cleopatra's mind. But it is quite certain that she considered the Greek epoch to be by no means finished, and intended to do everything in her power to ensure its

1291:, Ethiopia, or India in exile. Caesarion reigned as Ptolemy XV for only eighteen days, when he was captured and executed on Octavian's orders on 29 August, 30 BC. This was done following the advice of the Alexandrian 1182:

argues that Cleopatra was murdered and the details of it were covered up by Roman authorities. Claims that she was murdered contradict the majority of primary sources that report her cause of death as suicide. Historian

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in 34 BC. Antony's divorce from Octavia, Octavian's public revelation of Antony's will outlining Cleopatra's ambitions for Roman territory in the Donations of Alexandria and her continued illegal military support for a

1579:. Cleopatra's association with Isis continued in Egypt after her death, at least until 373 AD, when the Egyptian scribe Petesenufe compiled a book of Isis and explained how he decorated images of Cleopatra with gold. 1519: 1150:, lethal to humans with only 15–20 mg, although death would not have been immediate as victims usually stay alive for several hours. François Pieter Retief, retired lecturer and dean of medicine at the 1465:

minted by Cleopatra and Antony as well as an alabaster bust depicting Cleopatra. An alabaster mask with a cleft chin discovered at the site bears a resemblance to ancient portraits of Mark Antony. In an

30: 1196:. Octavian perhaps permitted Cleopatra to die by her own hand after considering the political issues that could have risen from the murder of a queen whose statue had been erected in the Temple of 1043:, explained that it was uncertain how Cleopatra had died and that artistic depictions of small snakes biting her failed to accurately show the large size of the "land asp". In 1717 the anatomist 2452: 1637:, Mark Antony and his alleged ancestor Anton. The seated woman identified as Cleopatra grasps and pulls Antony toward her while a serpent rises from between her legs and the Greek god of love 1619:–80 AD contains a relief depicting a nude woman with the queen's distinct hairstyle. In it she holds a palm branch, rides an Egyptian crocodile and sits on a large phallus in a Nilotic scene. 2264:

depicts a dead Cleopatra with very light skin, accompanied by maidservants with rather dark skin, a combination frequently found in modern artworks portraying the scene of Cleopatra's death.

3008:, p. 201 affirms that "to give Cleopatra a white complexion is quite correct, given her Macedonian descent. In literature, however, Cleopatra's racial features are more ambiguous." 802:

before she herself fell. It is unclear from primary sources if their suicides took place within the palace or inside Cleopatra's tomb. Cassius Dio claims that Octavian called on trained

2165:, a queen who had defied Rome, while the actions of her lover Antony, after his suicide, are forgiven by Octavian. In cultivating a stage persona for her character in the 1917 US film 1947:. Castiglione's poem depicted Cleopatra as a tragic but honorable ruler in a doomed love affair with Antony, a queen whose death freed her from the ignominy of Roman imprisonment. The 868:

deduced that she died on 12 August 30 BC, on the basis of contemporary records of fixed events along with cross examination of historical sources. His supposition is supported by

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contains a possible depiction of Cleopatra and her imminent death. Dated to the reign of Augustus, it depicts various other figures often identified as Augustus, his sister

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For further information about the painting in the House of Giuseppe II (i.e. Joseph II) at Pompeii and the possible identification of Cleopatra as one of the figures, see

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Octavian and Antony, in which Cleopatra aligned herself with Antony, father to three of her children. Antony and Cleopatra fled to Egypt following their loss at the 31 BC

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informs her that Caesar intends to march her in his triumph in Rome, she commits suicide with Charmion by asp bite, before being carried off to be buried with Antony.

2420: 463: 2893:' in which her natural hair was drawn back in sections resembling the lines on a melon and then pinned up in a bun at the back of the head. A trademark style of 1236: 1227: 1158:

and Iras. Noting the example of Cleopatra's hairpin, Cilliers and Retief also highlight how other ancient figures poisoned themselves in similar ways, including

2078:' poem "Cleopatra to the Asp" (1960) creates a monologue of Cleopatra speaking to the asp that is about to kill her. During the Victorian era, plays such as 5335: 2100:, first performed in 1966 and based on Shakespeare's play, Cleopatra recounts a dream that Antony, now dead before her, would become emperor of Rome. When 2534: 5290:"Maybe Cleopatra Didn't Commit Suicide: Her murder, one author thinks, was covered up behind a veil of propaganda and lies put forth by the Roman Empire" 2970: 1944: 2101: 715: 400:

served as inspirations for later artworks portraying her death, universally involving the snakebite of an asp. Cleopatra's death has evoked themes of

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Antony's body before she was forcefully escorted to the palace, where she eventually met with Octavian, who had also detained three of her children:

1612:. Some posthumous images of Cleopatra meant for common consumption were perhaps less flattering. A Roman terracotta lamp in the British Museum made 1663:, in which two snakes were even suggested as biting Cleopatra. Although retaining the negative views of Cleopatra apparent in other pro-Augustan 5422: 2241: 5114: 906: 1667:, Horace depicted Cleopatra's suicide as a bold act of defiance and liberation. Virgil established the view of Cleopatra as a figure of epic 2333: 2187:

tributary offerings from a reincarnated servant. Fox Studios also had Bara dress as a leader of the occult and associated her with perverse

2429: 5115:"Cleopatra's tomb may have been found: Egypt's top archaeologist says the lost tomb of Mark Antony and Cleopatra may have been discovered" 2314: 2354: 1913: 267: 2574: 2406: 1483: 1101:(1870–1930) argued that Cleopatra's choice of suicide by asp bite was one that befitted her royal status, the asp representing the 539:

and eventually placed under house arrest by Octavian, the two remaining triumvirs divided control over the Roman world between the

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mentioned the asp story, but he advances a version where Cleopatra bit her own arm and introduced venom brought in a container.

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by his adoptive father. An alternative theory emerged in 1888 when Ambroise Viaud Grand Marais suggested Cleopatra had died of

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created a drawing of Cleopatra as a free-standing nude committing suicide that served as the basis for a similar engraving by

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with her knight Mark Antony. His depiction of her suicide included a pit of serpents rather than the Roman tale of the asps.

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In other modern visual arts, Cleopatra has been depicted in mediums such as paintings and sculptures. In her 1876 sculpture

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During her final days, Cleopatra had Caesarion sent away to Upper Egypt and perhaps planned for him to eventually flee to

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of Cleopatra VII struck in 31 BC (the year she and Mark Antony lost the Battle of Actium), showing her wearing the royal

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the snake represents both death as well as a lover who Cleopatra desires, yielding to his pinch. Shakespeare relied on

1767: 1703: 1649: 1329: 516: 1344:. Roller affirms that Caesarion's alleged reign was "essentially a fiction" invented by chroniclers of Egypt, such as 1014:), possibly from a hairpin, which would seem to corroborate Plutarch's account. Other contemporary historians such as 6369: 6350: 6328: 6289: 6270: 6251: 6226: 6199: 6169: 6111: 6090: 6069: 6046: 6023: 5999: 5911: 5887: 5856: 5845: 5822: 5801: 5780: 5681: 5658: 5634: 5589: 5570: 5546: 5523: 5468: 5444: 5406: 5379: 2096: 1033:

The cause of Cleopatra's death was rarely mentioned and debated in early modern scholarship. The encyclopedic writer

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to the west. Although Antony scored a small victory over Octavian's worn out troops as they approached Alexandria's

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portrays a snake crawling up her right breast, perhaps a depiction of Cleopatra's suicide while dressed as the

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heads that represent the twins she bore with Mark Antony: Alexander Helios and Cleopatra Selene II. An 1880

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is unknown. It was recorded that Octavian allowed for her and her husband, the Roman politician and general

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and Cleopatra in their tomb, with an asp slithering near her chest and a bloody sword impaling his Right:

148: 6583: 2843:, p. 187, wrote in vague terms that "Octavian had Caesarion killed later, after Cleopatra's death." 2128: 1322: 1213: 107: 1269:

as the cupid, similar in appearance to the now lost statue of Cleopatra erected by Julius Caesar in the

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became popular, although audiences were generally shocked by the emotional intensity of stage actress

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view of Cleopatra dressed in Egyptian regalia and sitting on her throne, which is decorated with two

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This article is about the death of Cleopatra VII in August 30 BC. For the painting by Juan Luna, see

5584:, Cambridge Companions to the Ancient World, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 13–32, 6588: 6558: 6518: 5122: 2962: 2634:

were viewed by contemporary Romans as having declined and diminished in greatness since the age of

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from the 1st century BC, with a snake depicted on the vase at the base and a woman wearing a royal

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about Cleopatra, Boccaccio's writings are largely negative and misogynistic. The 14th-century poet

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by Rixens and others influenced the hybrid Ancient-Egyptian and Middle-Eastern decor found in the

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artists found the unconscious, recumbent female form as an acceptable outlet for their eroticism.

221:, when she was 39 years old. According to popular belief, Cleopatra killed herself by allowing an 5535:"HRH Cleopatra: the Last of the Ptolemies and the Egyptian Paintings of Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema" 5318: 5197: 2589: 2584: 1142: 582: 536: 433: 190: 136: 89: 6517:

in Pictorial Album; or, Cabinet of Paintings for the year 1837, with a poetical illustration by

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created a black-chalk drawing of Cleopatra's suicide by asp bite around 1535. The 17th-century

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in a museum, where she announced that she was the reincarnation of Cleopatra, having received

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too late. Plutarch states that she was found with her handmaiden, Iras, dying at her feet and

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Jarcho, Saul (1969), "The correspondence of Morgagni and Lancisi on the death of Cleopatra",

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The character of Cleopatra had appeared in forty-three films by the end of the 20th century.

1997: 1956: 1862: 1446: 1345: 1124: 1039: 1004: 984: 865: 854: 94: 2768:, pp. 148–149, provides a thorough explanation of the various claims about Cleopatra's 2220:, despite championing the non-white female form in artworks, chose to depict Cleopatra with 1415:

Right: Most likely a posthumously painted portrait of Cleopatra VII of Ptolemaic Egypt with

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Hopper, Christopher P.; Zambrana, Paige N.; Goebel, Ulrich; Wollborn, Jakob (1 June 2021),

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brings two asps to Cleopatra and allows them to bite both her breasts in a racy manner. In

1805: 1787: 1740: 1609: 1510: 901: 828: 486: 413: 2324: 2261: 1298:, who cautioned that two rival heirs to Julius Caesar could not share the world together. 8: 5454: 3015: 2906: 2623: 2225: 2123: 2053: 1858: 1821: 1487: 1355: 1310: 1098: 1019: 869: 728: 2671:, p. 100) says that it is unclear if Antony and Cleopatra were ever truly married. 880:

12 August. An alternative date of 10 August 30 BC is supported by scholars such as

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Free-standing nude depictions of Cleopatra poisoned by an asp became common during the

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supported Morgagni's argument of the snakebite being the most probable cause of death.

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Elia, Olga (1956) , "La tradizione della morte di Cleopatra nella pittura pompeiana",

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Eder, Walter (2005), "Augustus and the Power of Tradition", in Galinsky, Karl (ed.),

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of the woman in the sculpture, her apparent royal diadem worn over the head, and the

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in 1541 depict Cleopatra's discovery of Antony's body after his suicide by stabbing.

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and sexuality in works that include paintings, plays, and films, especially from the

330: 6488: 6035:"Challenging the Stereotype: the Femme-Fatale in Fin-de-Siècle Art and Early Cinema" 1988: 1828:

counters these depictions, offering a positive view of Cleopatra. Chaucer began his

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with the life of Cleopatra, depicted in a satirical fashion as a queen engaged in

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maintained a brief, recreational literary correspondence with the papal physician

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by asp bite, albeit with a snake that is tiny compared to a real Egyptian cobra.

1872: 1867: 1759: 1623: 1600: 1587: 1569: 1541: 1498: 1442: 1412: 1404: 1394: 1274: 1246: 1115:. Robert A. Gurval, Associate Professor of Classics at UCLA, points out that the 911: 889: 881: 832: 672: 548: 482: 390: 385: 370: 214: 5182:"Inside a Dominican Archaeologist's Drama-Filled Quest to Find Cleopatra's Tomb" 2035:

Cleopatra's death features in several works of the performing arts. In the 1607

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With encouragement from Cleopatra, Antony officially divorced Octavian's sister

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Cleopatra and Mark Antony on the obverse and reverse, respectively, of a silver

6543: 6246:" series. Translated by Bonfante-Warren, Alexandra. New York: Harry N. Abrams. 6160:, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press (British Museum Press), pp. 6082:

Mutilation and Transformation: Damnatio Memoriae and Roman Imperial Portraiture

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Antony and Cleopatra: The Doomed Love Affair That United Ancient Rome and Egypt

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horror film, was the first to depict the character of Cleopatra. Following the

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There are no surviving records indicating an exact date of Cleopatra's death.

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on 1 August, 30 BC, his naval fleet and cavalry defected soon afterward.

6527: 6431: 6412: 6311: 5714: 5612: 5503: 2541: 2217: 2115: 2091: 2049: 1968: 1939:, which became widely circulated by 1530 and inspired the other two poems by 1634: 1630: 1337: 1295: 1034: 963: 939: 935: 811: 743: 619: 578: 563: 544: 405: 318: 306: 298: 222: 42: 5317:, translated by Bernadotte Perrin, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press ( 1888:

depicting Cleopatra's suicide as she slumbered were inspired by the ancient

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and Dyan Hilton, although the latter are more cautious by qualifying it was

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have discovered six burial chambers and their artifacts, including forty

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allowed her to avoid the humiliation of being paraded as a prisoner in a

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Cilliers, L.; Retief, F. P. (1 January 2006), "The death of Cleopatra",

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forced her to kill herself in a manner of her choosing. The location of

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History of Toxicology and Environmental Health: Toxicology in Antiquity

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For primary source translations of Plutarch's account of the deaths of

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also depict Cleopatra slumbering while pressing a snake to her breast.

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The suicide of Cleopatra: the asp is wriggling up the left arm of the

2205:, is engaged in a slap-fight with her lover Mark Antony, portrayed by 6284:. Vol. 1–3 (reprint ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 5927:

On the Antique Painting in Encaustic of Cleopatra: Discovered in 1818

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relayed the story of the asp but expressed doubt about its validity.

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The story of Cleopatra's suicide by snakebite was often depicted in

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Cleopatra committing suicide, fresco from the House of Giuseppe II,

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Cleopatra taking her own life with the bite of a venomous serpent,

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about the queen's cause of death, as referenced in Morgagni's 1761

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in 32 BC. It is likely he had already married Cleopatra during the

508: 310: 255: 234: 6506: 4170: 4095: 4071: 2090:'s depiction of Cleopatra reacting to Antony's suicide. In opera, 1897:, which at the time was thought to depict Cleopatra. Works of the 1261:

is most likely a depiction of Cleopatra VII of Ptolemaic Egypt as

5340: 5015: 5013: 4282: 4280: 3019: 2910: 2854: 2201:

contains a dramatic scene where the Egyptian queen, portrayed by

1906: 1885: 1800: 1731: 1524: 1471: 1359: 1301:

The deaths of Cleopatra and Caesarion marked the end of both the

1250: 1056: 927: 574:. After Caesar's death she developed a relationship with Antony. 552: 490: 294: 38: 5838:

Seduction and Power: Antiquity in the Visual and Performing Arts

5693:"A brief history of carbon monoxide and its therapeutic origins" 4312: 4310: 4297: 4295: 3704: 3087: 3085: 1536:

in 1818, now lost but described in an archaeological report and

1089:

as the cause of death. Roller notes the prominence of snakes in

5946:(1953), "The Last Days of Cleopatra: A Chronological Problem", 4520: 4146: 3309: 3307: 2974: 2902: 2638:, an attitude that has continued even into the works of modern 2506: 2237: 2162: 1952: 1660: 1656: 1450: 1420: 1103: 1015: 971: 858: 807: 799: 720: 676: 230: 46: 6194:, Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 172–194, 6041:, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 46–59, 5882:, Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 195–207, 5601:

Rendiconti dell'Accademia di Archeologia, Lettere e Belle Arti

5541:, Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 150–171, 5025: 5010: 4361: 4277: 4240: 4238: 4083: 3905: 3903: 2853:

from intervening in any of its affairs and appointing his own

5518:, Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 96–131, 4923: 4657: 4655: 4327: 4325: 4307: 4292: 4267: 4265: 3530: 3446: 3196: 3109: 3082: 2980:

wrapped around a vase or column at the base. As explained by

2705:

The tomb had been built during her lifetime, in keeping with

2245: 1674: 1642: 1288: 1258: 1023: 5690: 5676:, Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 54–77, 4964: 4962: 4604: 4212: 4158: 3920: 3918: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3518: 3379: 3343: 3304: 3268: 2224:, perhaps in keeping with Cleopatra's recorded lineage as a 1951:

was also commonly depicted in paintings, including those by

5216: 5085: 5043: 4445: 4235: 3994: 3992: 3900: 3876: 3586: 3506: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3232: 3057: 3055: 1638: 1576: 951: 947: 767: 761: 739: 322: 4875: 4863: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4790: 4778: 4768: 4766: 4703: 4691: 4652: 4592: 4373: 4322: 4262: 3866: 3864: 3785: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3547: 3545: 3496: 3494: 3162: 3160: 6460: 6106:, British Museum Objects in Focus, British Museum Press, 5793:

Royal Power and Authority in Shakespeare's Late Tragedies

4998: 4959: 4911: 4899: 4751: 4727: 4474: 4472: 4047: 3915: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3687: 3675: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3458: 3367: 3355: 1935:

frame of the statue. The first of these was published by

1810: 1745: 1085:

Modern scholars have also cast doubt on the story of the

614:

near the eastern borders of Ptolemaic Egypt, his officer

5836:, in Knippschild, Silke; García Morcillo, Marta (eds.), 5049: 4935: 4853: 4851: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4715: 4640: 4628: 4568: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4194: 4035: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4004: 3989: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3610: 3598: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3427: 3292: 3220: 3052: 2256:, to whom the work is now attributed. The 1874 painting 313:. Octavian had Cleopatra's son Caesarion (also known as 6343:

Women in Hellenistic Egypt: from Alexander to Cleopatra

4831: 4819: 4763: 4679: 4667: 4457: 4136: 4134: 3861: 3839: 3837: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3634: 3542: 3491: 3256: 3184: 3157: 3121: 1112: 49:, consuming poison in an act of suicide, while her son 5796:, Newcastle Upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 5439:, translated by W. J. Smyth, Cambridge: Polity Press, 4616: 4580: 4556: 4508: 4469: 4394:, pp. 87, 246–247, see image plates and captions. 4337: 4250: 3930: 3849: 3773: 3735: 3569: 3208: 3010:

For Cleopatra's European origins through her ancestor

2992:

of a 1st century BC Greek original from the school of

2477: 938:, Italy) in 1818; she is seen here wearing the golden 229:) to bite her, but according to the Roman-era writers 217:, died on either 10 or 12 August, 30 BC, in 6064:, vol. 1, Amsterdam: Academic Press (Elsevier), 4986: 4974: 4947: 4887: 4848: 4802: 4739: 4532: 4484: 4218: 4059: 4016: 3942: 3888: 3716: 3622: 3470: 3403: 3331: 3319: 3280: 3145: 3072: 3070: 5834:"The Great Seducer: Cleopatra, Queen and Sex Symbol" 5391:"357 Roman terracotta lamp with a caricatured scene" 5073: 4131: 4119: 4107: 3977: 3965: 3834: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3797: 3756: 3663: 3557: 3391: 3244: 3172: 543:, Antony taking the former and Octavian the latter. 5336:"Archaeologists hunt for Cleopatra's tomb in Egypt" 3133: 3097: 1648:The story of the asp was widely accepted among the 1477: 1009: 989: 789:Plutarch writes that Octavian ordered his freedman 710:stomach with a sword, inflicting a fatal wound. In 408:. Modern works depicting Cleopatra's death include 6446:Ancient Roman depictions of Cleopatra VII of Egypt 6383: 5775:, Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 5198:"Restorations of 19th century sculptures in Lille" 3067: 2161:depicted Cleopatra as the embodiment of the cruel 1884:. Another engraving by Veneziano and a drawing by 1419:and her distinct facial features, wearing a royal 633: 590:currently without an elected office convinced the 6055: 5840:, London: Bloomsbury Academic, pp. 183–197, 4421: 4409: 4397: 4182: 4176: 3809: 2951:, p. 59, scholars debate whether or not the 2242:plaster sculpture of Cleopatra committing suicide 1592:depicting Cleopatra with her infant son Caesarion 1192:when she was paraded in chains but spared during 365:depictions of her death in visual arts are rare, 6525: 6407:. T.J. Cadoux, trans. New York: Sagamore Press. 6154:"Painting with a portrait of a woman in profile" 6018:, Stroud, Gloucestershire: Amberley Publishing, 5626:Cleopatra the Great: The Woman Behind the Legend 4433: 2988:is generally thought to be a mid-1st century AD 2209:, inside the tomb where they would be interred. 1552:, an eyewitness of Octavian's triumph along the 1022:supported the asp bite version. Roman physician 53:, also wearing a royal diadem, stands behind her 6453:How History And Hollywood Got 'Cleopatra' Wrong 6423:The Life and Times of Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt 6121:Walker, Susan (2008), "Cleopatra in Pompeii?", 1411:and triumvir Mark Antony, late 1st century AD, 1369: 6178: 6037:, in Hanson, Helen; O'Rawe, Catherine (eds.), 5582:The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus 5477: 5159: 5091: 5031: 5019: 4164: 4152: 41:, early 1st century AD, most likely depicting 6405:Cleopatra: a Study in Politics and Propaganda 6056:Tsoucalas, Gregory; Sgantzos, Markos (2014), 6039:The Femme Fatale: Images, Histories, Contexts 5532: 4929: 1492: 191: 5562:The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt 5555: 5271:Encyclopaedia Romana (University of Chicago) 3882: 2175:was seen in public petting snakes while the 1784:depicted Cleopatra and Antony lying together 962:, mentioned neither a cause of death nor an 352:The death of Cleopatra has been depicted in 6151: 5237: 5196: 5055: 3166: 3091: 2969:—is a depiction of Cleopatra, based on the 2248:, France, was once thought to be a work by 1441:believes that it is in or near a temple of 16:Death of the Greek Ptolemaic ruler in 30 BC 6239:Cleopatra: The Life and Death of a Pharaoh 6188:"Glamour Girls: Cleomania in Mass Culture" 5854: 5421:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3909: 2179:posed her in front of Cleopatra's alleged 1675:Medieval, Renaissance, and Baroque periods 1629:vessel in the British Museum known as the 1605:early 1st century AD painting from Pompeii 325:. Cleopatra's death marked the end of the 266:, who stabbed himself with a sword, to be 198: 184: 6235: 6156:, in Walker, Susan; Higgs, Peter (eds.), 6134: 5930:, Philadelphia: George Gebbie & Co., 5831: 5493: 5429: 5393:, in Walker, Susan; Higgs, Peter (eds.), 4316: 3524: 3440: 3349: 3298: 3226: 3127: 2940: 2884:, p. 87 describes the painting from 2540:Bust of Cleopatra committing suicide, by 691:depicting Cleopatra VII by French artist 6402: 6359: 6216: 6158:Cleopatra of Egypt: from History to Myth 6008: 5984: 5789: 5619: 5453: 5395:Cleopatra of Egypt: from History to Myth 5364: 5307: 5067: 4842: 4825: 4796: 4784: 4772: 4709: 4697: 4685: 4673: 4661: 4463: 4391: 4367: 4301: 4286: 4256: 3936: 3894: 3855: 3791: 3779: 3750: 3710: 3645: 3592: 3580: 3551: 3512: 3500: 3452: 3421: 3385: 3361: 3313: 3274: 3238: 3214: 3151: 3115: 3031: 3027: 2948: 2917:which has been identified as Cleopatra." 2881: 2865: 2740: 2689: 2672: 2575:Ancient Egypt in the Western imagination 2106: 1841: 1518: 1484:List of cultural depictions of Cleopatra 1449:. In their excavations of the temple of 1069: 958:Cleopatra's personal physician Olympos, 905: 848: 773: 441: 29: 6451:Eubanks, W. Ralph. (1 November 2010). " 6419: 6337: 6298: 5920: 4358:, pp. 149, 151, 214, footnote 103. 3924: 1967:the moment of Cleopatra's death, while 1423:and pearl-studded hairpins, from Roman 485:possibly depicting Cleopatra, from the 6526: 6279: 6217:Bradford, Ernle Dusgate Selby (2000). 6120: 6099: 6078: 5896: 5810: 5737: 5667: 5509: 5388: 4953: 4941: 4881: 4869: 4857: 4745: 4721: 4646: 4634: 4622: 4610: 4598: 4586: 4574: 4562: 4550: 4538: 4526: 4514: 4478: 4451: 4379: 4355: 4331: 4271: 4244: 4229: 4140: 4125: 4113: 4101: 4089: 4077: 4065: 4053: 4029: 3983: 3959: 3803: 3729: 3698: 3681: 3669: 3657: 3628: 3536: 3485: 3464: 3409: 3373: 3337: 3325: 3286: 3262: 3190: 3178: 3139: 3103: 3061: 2981: 2944: 2869: 2808: 2787: 2765: 2676: 2668: 1435:mausoleum of Cleopatra and Mark Antony 1309:, which had lasted since the reign of 6489:The Timeline of the Life of Cleopatra 6318: 6032: 5942: 5873: 5855:Pratt, Frances; Fizel, Becca (1949), 5817:, Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 5768: 5643: 5533:DeMaria Smith, Margaret Mary (2011), 5284: 5264: 5079: 5004: 4992: 4980: 4968: 4917: 4905: 4893: 4813: 4757: 4733: 4502: 4490: 4200: 4188: 4041: 4010: 3998: 3971: 3870: 3843: 3828: 3767: 3616: 3604: 3563: 3397: 3250: 3202: 3005: 2927: 2889:day-to-day wear was the no-nonsense ' 2840: 2834: 2821: 2748: 2744: 2723: 2719: 2693: 2615: 6420:Weigall, Arthur E. P. Brome (1914). 6378: 6260: 6152:Walker, Susan; Higgs, Peter (2001), 6123:Papers of the British School at Rome 5598: 5579: 5180: 5137: 5113: 4505:, pp. 202–203, 207 footnote 28. 4427: 4415: 4403: 4343: 3076: 1795:(i.e. 15th century AD), authored by 1488:Cleopatra § Cultural depictions 601:Following their defeat in the naval 273:Cleopatra's death effectively ended 6364:. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus. 6192:Cleopatra : a sphinx revisited 5994:(2nd ed.), London: Routledge, 5906:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 5880:Cleopatra : a sphinx revisited 5741:Bulletin of the History of Medicine 5674:Cleopatra : a sphinx revisited 5539:Cleopatra : a sphinx revisited 5516:Cleopatra : a sphinx revisited 5333: 5139:"Dig 'may reveal' Cleopatra's tomb" 4439: 3660:, pp. 146–147, 213 footnote83. 2478:Statues, busts and other sculptures 1728:The Banquet of Cleopatra and Antony 1453:at Taposiris Magna, archaeologists 594:, now under Octavian's control, to 529:bring Caesar's assassins to justice 13: 6210: 5121:. 24 February 2015. Archived from 2276:starring Bara, seen standing on a 1776:Des cas de nobles hommes et femmes 1720:Des cas de nobles hommes et femmes 926:, which was discovered at Emperor 562:, had an extramarital affair with 14: 6600: 6439: 5463:, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 5334:Rasmussen, Will (19 April 2009). 2943:, pp. 186, 194 footnote 10, 2909:, Cleopatra may well have been a 1927:in 1512, inspired three poems of 1470:from the House of Giuseppe II in 895: 675:of Cleopatra VII wearing a royal 566:that produced a son and eventual 6505: 6476:Cleopatra: Facts & Biography 2999: 2933: 2920: 2875: 2827: 2814: 2549: 2533: 2514: 2484: 2451: 2428: 2398: 2375: 2353: 2332: 2313: 2294: 1996: 1987: 1978: 1692: 1683: 1478:Depictions in art and literature 1393: 1384: 1235: 1226: 822: 657: 648: 471: 462: 72: 6323:. San Diego, CA: Lucent Books. 6265:. New York: Arcade Publishing. 6190:, in Miles, Margaret M. (ed.), 5878:, in Miles, Margaret M. (ed.), 5858:Encaustic Materials and Methods 5672:, in Miles, Margaret M. (ed.), 5565:, London: Thames & Hudson, 5537:, in Miles, Margaret M. (ed.), 5514:, in Miles, Margaret M. (ed.), 5436:A History of the Roman Republic 5223:Smithsonian American Art Museum 5101: 5044:Smithsonian American Art Museum 4177:Tsoucalas & Sgantzos (2014) 2930:, pp. 206–207, footnote 27 2864:. For further information, see 2793: 2780: 2754: 2729: 2712: 2699: 2682: 2662: 634:Suicide of Antony and Cleopatra 535:. With Lepidus marginalized in 426:Final War of the Roman Republic 37:from the House of Giuseppe II, 6474:Jarus, Owen (13 March 2014). " 5811:Martin, Nicholas Ivor (2014), 2622:, beginning with the reign of 2618:, pp. 5–6 notes that the 1340:, ruling with the facade of a 507:in 44 BC, the Roman statesmen 505:assassination of Julius Caesar 337:, as well as the beginning of 303:military victories of Octavian 1: 5832:Pina Polo, Francisco (2013), 5265:Grout, James (1 April 2017), 5247:"Mark Antony, Roman triumvir" 5184:. Remezcla.com. 24 April 2017 3424:, pp. xxii–xxiii, 30–31. 3040: 2971:hairstyle and facial features 2833:For further information, see 2807:, died from an asp bite, see 2069: 1803:illustrations of Boccaccio's 1613: 1468:early 1st century AD painting 1135: 1128: 1055:and published as a series of 6345:. New York: Schocken Books. 5949:The Journal of Roman Studies 5032:Wyke & Montserrat (2011) 5020:Wyke & Montserrat (2011) 4553:, pp. 148–149, 178–179. 4165:Cilliers & Retief (2006) 4153:Cilliers & Retief (2006) 4080:, pp. 299–300, 303–307. 3045: 2820:For further validation, see 2799:For further validation that 2786:For further validation, see 2718:For further validation, see 2688:For further validation, see 2580:Death of Alexander the Great 2287: 1778:by the 14th-century AD poet 1515:Portraiture in ancient Egypt 1439:Egyptian Antiquities Service 1376:Tomb of Antony and Cleopatra 1370:Tomb of Antony and Cleopatra 1207: 1152:University of the Free State 762: 610:BC. While Octavian captured 481:Ancient Roman fresco in the 381:works are numerous. Ancient 7: 6390:. Oxford University Press. 6306:. New York: Coward-McCann. 5769:Jones, Prudence J. (2006), 5397:, Princeton, N.J., p. 5070:, p. 221, footnote 11. 4104:, p. 306, footnote 11. 2957:—discovered in 1874 on the 2568: 1931:eventually carved into the 1214:History of the Roman Empire 1010: 990: 493:, Italy, mid-1st century AD 10: 6605: 6060:, in Philip Wexler (ed.), 5707:10.1016/j.niox.2021.04.001 5668:Gurval, Robert A. (2011), 3883:Dodson & Hilton (2004) 2961:in Rome and housed in the 2216:, African American artist 2191:. The 1963 Hollywood film 1914:depicted Cleopatra's death 1762:. The artist known as the 1496: 1493:Hellenistic and Roman eras 1481: 1373: 1211: 1045:Giovanni Battista Morgagni 899: 826: 751: 699:of Cleopatra dated to the 637: 423: 419: 18: 6549:Deaths by person in Egypt 6500:San Jose State University 6236:Flamarion, Edith (1997). 6221:. London: Penguin Group. 6136:10.1017/S0068246200000404 5495:10.4314/actat.v26i2.52563 3167:Grant & Badian (2018) 3092:Walker & Higgs (2001) 2707:ancient Egyptian practice 2368: 1560:observed that an ancient 1305:'s rule of Egypt and the 1202:carbon monoxide poisoning 999: 979: 541:Greek East and Latin West 309:in 27 BC and be known as 6519:Letitia Elizabeth Landon 6426:. Edinburgh: Blackwood. 6263:The Search for Cleopatra 6079:Varner, Eric R. (2004), 5874:Pucci, Giuseppe (2011), 5790:Manninen, Alisa (2015), 5510:Curran, Brian A (2011), 5374:, Melbourne: Macmillan, 5267:"The Death of Cleopatra" 5251:Encyclopaedia Britannica 5218:"The Death of Cleopatra" 4529:, pp. 72, 151, 175. 4092:, pp. 303–304, 307. 3910:Pratt & Fizel (1949) 3713:, pp. xxiii, 31–32. 3205:, pp. xiii, 3, 279. 2963:Palazzo dei Conservatori 2860:, the first of whom was 2839:Plutarch, translated by 2600: 2363:by Reginald Arthur, 1892 2129:Robbing Cleopatra's Tomb 1963:. These works tended to 1597:Temple of Venus Genetrix 1271:Temple of Venus Genetrix 1245:This mid-1st century BC 1178:, the criminal profiler 1168:Mithridates VI of Pontus 1107:, sacred serpent of the 695:(1648–1711), based on a 596:declare war on Cleopatra 268:buried together properly 6539:1st century BC in Egypt 6403:Volkmann, Hans (1958). 5876:"Every Man's Cleopatra" 5772:Cleopatra: a sourcebook 5559:; Hilton, Dyan (2004), 5389:Bailey, Donald (2001), 5319:Perseus Digital Library 3539:, pp. 54, 174–175. 2692:, pp. 149–150 and 2590:List of unsolved deaths 2585:Early life of Cleopatra 2421:Jean-Baptiste de Poilly 2282:Egyptian wall paintings 2154:Marcantonio e Cleopatra 1833:on virtuous pagan women 1734:from a 1479 version of 1427:, Italy, 1st century AD 1194:Julius Caesar's triumph 1143:Ptolemy II Philadelphus 693:Élisabeth Sophie Chéron 583:Donations of Alexandria 558:descent who ruled from 434:Early life of Cleopatra 245:herself using either a 137:Donations of Alexandria 125:Assassination of Pompey 6360:Southern, Pat (2000). 6261:Foss, Michael (1999). 6100:Walker, Susan (2004), 5903:Cleopatra: a biography 5460:The Reign of Cleopatra 5166:The Walters Art Museum 3118:, pp. xxi, 21–22. 2361:The Death of Cleopatra 2341:The Death of Cleopatra 2321:The Death of Cleopatra 2302:The Death of Cleopatra 2230:Neoclassical sculpture 2214:The Death of Cleopatra 2148:(1911–1912), the 1913 2137: 2119: 2112:The Death of Cleopatra 2074:In modern literature, 2023:The Death of Cleopatra 2007:The Death of Cleopatra 1937:Baldassare Castiglione 1929:Renaissance literature 1878:Bartolommeo Bandinelli 1854: 1797:Laurent de Premierfait 1772:illuminated manuscript 1712:illuminated manuscript 1704:miniature illustration 1528: 1281:for the ruling regime. 1082: 1049:Giovanni Maria Lancisi 955: 861: 841:Epoch (reference date) 798:adjusting Cleopatra's 786: 779:Cleopatra and Octavian 685:Antikensammlung Berlin 679:, mid-1st century BC, 455: 410:Neoclassical sculpture 281:between the remaining 54: 22:The Death of Cleopatra 6457:National Public Radio 6280:Fraser, P.M. (1985). 4613:, pp. 61–69, 74. 4370:, pp. 32, 76–77. 4289:, pp. xxiii, 32. 4247:, pp. 35, 42–44. 3455:, pp. xxiii, 31. 3030:, pp. 1, 23 and 2801:Demetrios of Phaleron 2266:Orientalist paintings 2110: 1957:Artemisia Gentileschi 1845: 1645:) floats above them. 1582:A mid-1st century BC 1564:of a woman wearing a 1522: 1497:Further information: 1482:Further information: 1374:Further information: 1346:Clement of Alexandria 1212:Further information: 1125:Demetrios of Phaleron 1073: 1040:Pseudodoxia Epidemica 909: 900:Further information: 866:Theodore Cressy Skeat 852: 827:Further information: 777: 638:Further information: 445: 424:Further information: 132:Liberators' civil war 33: 6554:Ptolemaic Alexandria 6463:) (a book review of 6386:The Roman Revolution 6282:Ptolemaic Alexandria 6033:Sully, Jess (2010), 5629:, New York: Harper, 5455:Burstein, Stanley M. 4930:DeMaria Smith (2011) 4454:, pp. 149, 153. 4304:, pp. xxiii, 1. 4213:Hopper et al. (2021) 3388:, pp. xxii, 30. 3316:, pp. xxii, 29. 3277:, pp. xxii, 25. 3018:from the kingdom of 2845:Contrary to regular 2777:foreknowledge of it. 2774:Roman historiography 2654:Greek age, now that 2525:(1610–1661), Ivory, 2467:Antony and Cleopatra 2199:Joseph L. Mankiewicz 2177:Fox Film Corporation 2097:Antony and Cleopatra 2059:Antony and Cleopatra 2021:, 1638–39 (center); 1806:De Mulieribus Claris 1741:De Mulieribus Claris 1610:Roman historiography 1511:Ancient Egyptian art 922:of Cleopatra VII in 902:Roman historiography 829:Chronological dating 733:Ptolemy Philadelphus 487:House of the Orchard 483:Pompeian Third Style 414:Orientalist painting 354:various works of art 307:Rome's first emperor 213:, the last ruler of 45:, wearing her royal 6319:Nardo, Don (1994). 6184:Montserrat, Dominic 5371:Tiepolo's Cleopatra 5321:, Tufts University) 5125:on 10 December 2020 5007:, pp. 203–204. 4971:, pp. 201–202. 4920:, pp. 303–304. 4908:, pp. 233–234. 4884:, pp. 116–117. 4872:, pp. 114–116. 4760:, pp. 221–222. 4736:, pp. 214–215. 4601:, pp. 148–149. 4382:, pp. 153–155. 4334:, pp. 150–151. 4319:, pp. 304–307. 4274:, pp. 149–150. 4203:, pp. 180–201. 4056:, pp. 305–306. 4044:, pp. 195–197. 4013:, pp. 189–190. 4001:, pp. 194–195. 3701:, pp. 147–148. 3684:, pp. 146–147. 3619:, pp. 185–186. 3607:, pp. 184–185. 3595:, pp. 154–155. 3527:, pp. 184–186. 3515:, pp. 153–154. 3467:, pp. 144–145. 3376:, pp. 136–137. 3352:, pp. 302–303. 3241:, pp. 162–163. 3094:, pp. 314–315. 3064:, pp. 178–179. 3016:Alexander the Great 2984:, p. 175, the 2837:, pp. 99–100. 2824:, pp. 197–198. 2751:, pp. 193–194. 2624:Alexander the Great 2503:Hellenistic artwork 2284:in the background. 2189:death and sexuality 2054:William Shakespeare 1861:. The 16th-century 1859:Italian Renaissance 1822:Medieval literature 1584:Roman wall painting 1558:Jean-Claude Grenier 1358:eventually married 1356:Cleopatra Selene II 1311:Alexander the Great 1247:Roman wall painting 1176:Murder of Cleopatra 1099:Wilhelm Spiegelberg 1020:Velleius Paterculus 872:, James Grout, and 870:Stanley M. Burstein 814:to attempt an oral 729:Cleopatra Selene II 305:, who would become 172:Cultural depictions 108:Siege of Alexandria 60:Part of a series on 6584:Suicides by poison 6494:2021-08-13 at the 6487:Watkins, Thayer. " 6244:Abrams Discoveries 6129:: 35–46, 345–348, 6010:Southern, Patricia 5986:Southern, Patricia 5861:, New York: Lear, 5701:, 111–112: 45–63, 5204:, 11 February 2016 5092:Walters Art Museum 3927:, pp. 41, 44. 3873:, pp. 98–100. 3794:, pp. 56, 62. 2967:Capitoline Museums 2868:, p. 185 and 2858:governors of Egypt 2722:, p. 180 and 2632:Hellenistic Greeks 2630:stresses that the 2620:Hellenistic period 2595:Reign of Cleopatra 2527:Walters Art Museum 2471:Anne Seymour Damer 2407:sleeping Cleopatra 2258:Death of Cleopatra 2222:Caucasian features 2140:), an 1899 French 2120: 2029:, c. 1640 (right). 2013:, c. 1560 (left); 1961:Edward Burne-Jones 1899:French Renaissance 1882:Agostino Veneziano 1855: 1780:Giovanni Boccaccio 1736:Giovanni Boccaccio 1716:Giovanni Boccaccio 1529: 1437:is uncertain. The 1307:Hellenistic period 1091:Egyptian mythology 1087:venomous snakebite 1083: 956: 862: 787: 701:Hellenistic period 640:Reign of Cleopatra 533:Second Triumvirate 456: 438:Reign of Cleopatra 361:. While surviving 327:Hellenistic period 113:Battle of the Nile 55: 6579:Suicides in Egypt 6513:., a painting by 6465:Cleopatra: A Life 6339:Pomeroy, Sarah B. 6103:The Portland Vase 6085:, Leiden: Brill, 5288:(29 March 2013), 4944:, pp. 16–17. 4799:, pp. 60–61. 4787:, pp. 56–59. 4724:, pp. 73–74. 4712:, pp. 51–54. 4700:, pp. 50–52. 4664:, pp. 53–54. 4649:, pp. 66–70. 4637:, pp. 65–66. 4577:, pp. 41–59. 4346:, pp. 24–25. 4179:, pp. 19–20. 4155:, pp. 85–87. 3912:, pp. 14–15. 3364:, pp. 29–30. 3265:, pp. 76–84. 3193:, pp. 15–16. 2737:Charmion and Iras 2644:Hellenistic Egypt 2497:, 1st century AD 2325:Jean-André Rixens 2270:J. Gordon Edwards 2262:Jean-André Rixens 2181:mummified remains 2146:Italo-Turkish War 2027:Alessandro Turchi 1945:Agostino Favoriti 1595:by Caesar in the 1507:Roman portraiture 1455:Kathleen Martinez 1405:Roman marble bust 1323:newly established 1313:(r. 336–323 BC). 1303:Ptolemaic dynasty 1293:Greek philosopher 1279:a sensitive issue 1253:, Italy, showing 1185:Patricia Southern 1079:Benedetto Gennari 1008: 988: 960:cited by Plutarch 914:depicting Caesar 763:ou thriambéusomai 760: 501:First Triumvirate 341:, which became a 317:), rival heir of 208: 207: 6596: 6564:Ancient suicides 6509: 6435: 6416: 6399: 6389: 6375: 6356: 6334: 6315: 6295: 6276: 6257: 6232: 6205: 6175: 6148: 6138: 6117: 6096: 6075: 6052: 6029: 6005: 5981: 5939: 5917: 5898:Roller, Duane W. 5893: 5870: 5851: 5828: 5814:The Opera Manual 5807: 5786: 5765: 5734: 5687: 5664: 5640: 5616: 5595: 5576: 5552: 5529: 5506: 5497: 5474: 5450: 5431:Bringmann, Klaus 5426: 5420: 5412: 5385: 5366:Anderson, Jaynie 5352: 5350: 5348: 5330: 5328: 5326: 5314:Plutarch's Lives 5304: 5302: 5300: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5245:(28 July 2018), 5234: 5232: 5230: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5193: 5191: 5189: 5177: 5175: 5173: 5156: 5154: 5152: 5134: 5132: 5130: 5095: 5089: 5083: 5077: 5071: 5065: 5059: 5053: 5047: 5041: 5035: 5029: 5023: 5017: 5008: 5002: 4996: 4990: 4984: 4978: 4972: 4966: 4957: 4951: 4945: 4939: 4933: 4927: 4921: 4915: 4909: 4903: 4897: 4891: 4885: 4879: 4873: 4867: 4861: 4855: 4846: 4840: 4829: 4823: 4817: 4811: 4800: 4794: 4788: 4782: 4776: 4770: 4761: 4755: 4749: 4743: 4737: 4731: 4725: 4719: 4713: 4707: 4701: 4695: 4689: 4683: 4677: 4671: 4665: 4659: 4650: 4644: 4638: 4632: 4626: 4620: 4614: 4608: 4602: 4596: 4590: 4584: 4578: 4572: 4566: 4560: 4554: 4548: 4542: 4536: 4530: 4524: 4518: 4512: 4506: 4500: 4494: 4488: 4482: 4476: 4467: 4461: 4455: 4449: 4443: 4437: 4431: 4425: 4419: 4413: 4407: 4401: 4395: 4389: 4383: 4377: 4371: 4365: 4359: 4353: 4347: 4341: 4335: 4329: 4320: 4317:Bringmann (2007) 4314: 4305: 4299: 4290: 4284: 4275: 4269: 4260: 4254: 4248: 4242: 4233: 4227: 4216: 4210: 4204: 4198: 4192: 4186: 4180: 4174: 4168: 4162: 4156: 4150: 4144: 4138: 4129: 4123: 4117: 4111: 4105: 4099: 4093: 4087: 4081: 4075: 4069: 4063: 4057: 4051: 4045: 4039: 4033: 4027: 4014: 4008: 4002: 3996: 3987: 3981: 3975: 3969: 3963: 3957: 3940: 3934: 3928: 3922: 3913: 3907: 3898: 3892: 3886: 3880: 3874: 3868: 3859: 3853: 3847: 3841: 3832: 3826: 3807: 3801: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3765: 3754: 3748: 3733: 3727: 3714: 3708: 3702: 3696: 3685: 3679: 3673: 3667: 3661: 3655: 3649: 3643: 3632: 3626: 3620: 3614: 3608: 3602: 3596: 3590: 3584: 3578: 3567: 3561: 3555: 3549: 3540: 3534: 3528: 3525:Pina Polo (2013) 3522: 3516: 3510: 3504: 3498: 3489: 3483: 3468: 3462: 3456: 3450: 3444: 3441:Bringmann (2007) 3438: 3425: 3419: 3413: 3407: 3401: 3395: 3389: 3383: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3353: 3350:Bringmann (2007) 3347: 3341: 3335: 3329: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3302: 3299:Bringmann (2007) 3296: 3290: 3284: 3278: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3230: 3227:Bringmann (2007) 3224: 3218: 3212: 3206: 3200: 3194: 3188: 3182: 3176: 3170: 3164: 3155: 3149: 3143: 3137: 3131: 3128:Bringmann (2007) 3125: 3119: 3113: 3107: 3101: 3095: 3089: 3080: 3074: 3065: 3059: 3035: 3003: 2997: 2937: 2931: 2924: 2918: 2879: 2873: 2862:Cornelius Gallus 2831: 2825: 2818: 2812: 2797: 2791: 2784: 2778: 2758: 2752: 2733: 2727: 2716: 2710: 2703: 2697: 2686: 2680: 2666: 2660: 2642:. In regards to 2636:Classical Greece 2613: 2561:Charles Gauthier 2553: 2537: 2518: 2488: 2455: 2432: 2412:Sleeping Ariadne 2402: 2391:Adriaen de Vries 2379: 2357: 2336: 2317: 2298: 2254:Charles Gauthier 2226:Macedonian Greek 2203:Elizabeth Taylor 2084:Victorien Sardou 2000: 1991: 1982: 1949:Sleeping Ariadne 1941:Bernardino Baldi 1921:Sleeping Ariadne 1894:Sleeping Ariadne 1868:Roman sculptures 1826:Geoffrey Chaucer 1764:Boucicaut Master 1708:Boucicaut Master 1696: 1687: 1665:Roman literature 1618: 1615: 1574:Egyptian goddess 1527:, 1st century AD 1433:The site of the 1397: 1388: 1328:, with Octavian 1239: 1230: 1218:History of Egypt 1140: 1137: 1133: 1130: 1109:ancient Egyptian 1013: 1003: 1001: 993: 983: 981: 944:Ptolemaic rulers 816:venom extraction 781:, a painting by 765: 755: 753: 752:οὐ θριαμβεύσομαι 725:Alexander Helios 716:Gaius Proculeius 669:Berlin Cleopatra 661: 652: 616:Cornelius Gallus 603:Battle of Actium 517:Aemilius Lepidus 475: 466: 430:Battle of Actium 397:Sleeping Ariadne 359:Latin literature 301:celebrating the 287:Battle of Actium 260:Cleopatra's tomb 254:political rival 200: 193: 186: 156:Death and legacy 144:Battle of Actium 76: 57: 56: 6604: 6603: 6599: 6598: 6597: 6595: 6594: 6593: 6589:Female suicides 6559:Unsolved deaths 6524: 6523: 6496:Wayback Machine 6442: 6372: 6353: 6331: 6292: 6273: 6254: 6229: 6213: 6211:Further reading 6208: 6202: 6172: 6114: 6093: 6072: 6049: 6026: 6002: 5956:(1–2): 98–100, 5914: 5890: 5848: 5825: 5804: 5783: 5684: 5661: 5637: 5621:Fletcher, Joann 5592: 5573: 5549: 5526: 5481:Acta Theologica 5471: 5447: 5414: 5413: 5409: 5382: 5358:Printed sources 5355: 5346: 5344: 5324: 5322: 5298: 5296: 5275: 5273: 5255: 5253: 5228: 5226: 5207: 5205: 5202:The Art Tribune 5187: 5185: 5171: 5169: 5150: 5148: 5147:. 15 April 2009 5128: 5126: 5104: 5099: 5098: 5090: 5086: 5078: 5074: 5068:Manninen (2015) 5066: 5062: 5056:The Art Tribune 5054: 5050: 5042: 5038: 5030: 5026: 5018: 5011: 5003: 4999: 4991: 4987: 4979: 4975: 4967: 4960: 4952: 4948: 4940: 4936: 4928: 4924: 4916: 4912: 4904: 4900: 4892: 4888: 4880: 4876: 4868: 4864: 4856: 4849: 4843:Anderson (2003) 4841: 4832: 4826:Anderson (2003) 4824: 4820: 4812: 4803: 4797:Anderson (2003) 4795: 4791: 4785:Anderson (2003) 4783: 4779: 4773:Anderson (2003) 4771: 4764: 4756: 4752: 4744: 4740: 4732: 4728: 4720: 4716: 4710:Anderson (2003) 4708: 4704: 4698:Anderson (2003) 4696: 4692: 4686:Anderson (2003) 4684: 4680: 4674:Anderson (2003) 4672: 4668: 4662:Anderson (2003) 4660: 4653: 4645: 4641: 4633: 4629: 4625:, pp. 8–9. 4621: 4617: 4609: 4605: 4597: 4593: 4585: 4581: 4573: 4569: 4561: 4557: 4549: 4545: 4537: 4533: 4525: 4521: 4513: 4509: 4501: 4497: 4489: 4485: 4477: 4470: 4464:Burstein (2004) 4462: 4458: 4450: 4446: 4438: 4434: 4426: 4422: 4414: 4410: 4402: 4398: 4392:Fletcher (2008) 4390: 4386: 4378: 4374: 4368:Burstein (2004) 4366: 4362: 4354: 4350: 4342: 4338: 4330: 4323: 4315: 4308: 4302:Burstein (2004) 4300: 4293: 4287:Burstein (2004) 4285: 4278: 4270: 4263: 4257:Burstein (2004) 4255: 4251: 4243: 4236: 4228: 4219: 4211: 4207: 4199: 4195: 4187: 4183: 4175: 4171: 4163: 4159: 4151: 4147: 4139: 4132: 4124: 4120: 4112: 4108: 4100: 4096: 4088: 4084: 4076: 4072: 4064: 4060: 4052: 4048: 4040: 4036: 4028: 4017: 4009: 4005: 3997: 3990: 3982: 3978: 3970: 3966: 3958: 3943: 3937:Plutarch (1920) 3935: 3931: 3923: 3916: 3908: 3901: 3895:Fletcher (2008) 3893: 3889: 3881: 3877: 3869: 3862: 3856:Burstein (2004) 3854: 3850: 3842: 3835: 3827: 3810: 3802: 3798: 3792:Anderson (2003) 3790: 3786: 3780:Plutarch (1920) 3778: 3774: 3766: 3757: 3751:Anderson (2003) 3749: 3736: 3728: 3717: 3711:Burstein (2004) 3709: 3705: 3697: 3688: 3680: 3676: 3668: 3664: 3656: 3652: 3646:Southern (2009) 3644: 3635: 3627: 3623: 3615: 3611: 3603: 3599: 3593:Southern (2009) 3591: 3587: 3581:Burstein (2004) 3579: 3570: 3562: 3558: 3552:Southern (2009) 3550: 3543: 3535: 3531: 3523: 3519: 3513:Southern (2009) 3511: 3507: 3501:Southern (2009) 3499: 3492: 3484: 3471: 3463: 3459: 3453:Burstein (2004) 3451: 3447: 3439: 3428: 3422:Burstein (2004) 3420: 3416: 3408: 3404: 3396: 3392: 3386:Burstein (2004) 3384: 3380: 3372: 3368: 3362:Burstein (2004) 3360: 3356: 3348: 3344: 3336: 3332: 3324: 3320: 3314:Burstein (2004) 3312: 3305: 3297: 3293: 3285: 3281: 3275:Burstein (2004) 3273: 3269: 3261: 3257: 3249: 3245: 3239:Fletcher (2008) 3237: 3233: 3225: 3221: 3215:Southern (2009) 3213: 3209: 3201: 3197: 3189: 3185: 3177: 3173: 3165: 3158: 3152:Burstein (2004) 3150: 3146: 3138: 3134: 3126: 3122: 3116:Burstein (2004) 3114: 3110: 3102: 3098: 3090: 3083: 3079:, pp. 3–7. 3075: 3068: 3060: 3053: 3048: 3043: 3038: 3024:northern Greece 3014:, a general of 3012:Ptolemy I Soter 3009: 3004: 3000: 2986:Esquiline Venus 2954:Esquiline Venus 2947:, p. 175, 2939:As outlined by 2938: 2934: 2925: 2921: 2915:Egyptian motifs 2880: 2876: 2847:Roman provinces 2844: 2838: 2832: 2828: 2819: 2815: 2805:Ptolemy I Soter 2798: 2794: 2785: 2781: 2762:Duane W. Roller 2759: 2755: 2734: 2730: 2717: 2713: 2704: 2700: 2687: 2683: 2679:, p. 100). 2667: 2663: 2648:Hellenistic Age 2614: 2607: 2603: 2571: 2564: 2554: 2545: 2538: 2529: 2523:Adam Lenckhardt 2519: 2510: 2501:copy of a late 2494:Esquiline Venus 2489: 2480: 2473: 2456: 2447: 2433: 2424: 2403: 2394: 2380: 2371: 2364: 2358: 2349: 2337: 2328: 2318: 2309: 2299: 2290: 2244:, now found in 2159:Enrico Guazzoni 2088:Sarah Bernhardt 2072: 2041:Devil's Charter 2033: 2032: 2031: 2030: 2003: 2002: 2001: 1993: 1992: 1984: 1983: 1873:Esquiline Venus 1863:Venetian artist 1766:, in a 1409 AD 1760:Renaissance art 1752: 1751: 1750: 1749: 1710:in the 1409 AD 1699: 1698: 1697: 1689: 1688: 1677: 1650:Augustan-period 1616: 1601:Forum of Caesar 1570:Vatican Museums 1542:steel engraving 1534:Hadrian's Villa 1517: 1499:Hellenistic art 1495: 1490: 1480: 1445:, southwest of 1443:Taposiris Magna 1431: 1430: 1429: 1428: 1413:Vatican Museums 1400: 1399: 1398: 1390: 1389: 1378: 1372: 1285: 1284: 1283: 1282: 1275:Forum of Caesar 1265:, with her son 1242: 1241: 1240: 1232: 1231: 1220: 1210: 1141:), confined by 1138: 1131: 912:steel engraving 904: 898: 890:Jaynie Anderson 882:Duane W. Roller 847: 833:Ab urbe condita 825: 707: 706: 705: 704: 664: 663: 662: 654: 653: 642: 636: 551:, a pharaoh of 549:Ptolemaic Egypt 497: 496: 495: 494: 478: 477: 476: 468: 467: 440: 422: 391:Esquiline Venus 215:Ptolemaic Egypt 204: 158: 153: 104: 99: 81: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6602: 6592: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6522: 6521: 6503: 6485: 6472: 6449: 6441: 6440:External links 6438: 6437: 6436: 6417: 6400: 6376: 6370: 6357: 6351: 6335: 6329: 6316: 6296: 6290: 6277: 6271: 6258: 6252: 6233: 6227: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6206: 6200: 6176: 6170: 6149: 6118: 6112: 6097: 6091: 6076: 6070: 6053: 6047: 6030: 6024: 6006: 6000: 5982: 5962:10.2307/297786 5940: 5918: 5912: 5894: 5888: 5871: 5852: 5846: 5829: 5823: 5808: 5802: 5787: 5781: 5766: 5748:(4): 299–325, 5735: 5688: 5682: 5665: 5659: 5645:Grant, Michael 5641: 5635: 5617: 5603:(in Italian), 5596: 5590: 5577: 5571: 5553: 5547: 5530: 5524: 5507: 5475: 5469: 5451: 5445: 5427: 5407: 5386: 5380: 5361: 5354: 5353: 5331: 5305: 5282: 5262: 5239:Grant, Michael 5235: 5214: 5194: 5178: 5157: 5135: 5110: 5107:Online sources 5103: 5100: 5097: 5096: 5084: 5072: 5060: 5048: 5036: 5034:, p. 190. 5024: 5022:, p. 178. 5009: 4997: 4995:, p. 325. 4985: 4983:, p. 195. 4973: 4958: 4946: 4934: 4932:, p. 165. 4922: 4910: 4898: 4896:, p. 223. 4886: 4874: 4862: 4847: 4830: 4818: 4816:, p. 203. 4801: 4789: 4777: 4762: 4750: 4738: 4726: 4714: 4702: 4690: 4678: 4666: 4651: 4639: 4627: 4615: 4603: 4591: 4589:, p. 178. 4579: 4567: 4565:, p. 337. 4555: 4543: 4531: 4519: 4517:, p. 151. 4507: 4495: 4493:, p. 202. 4483: 4481:, p. 116. 4468: 4456: 4444: 4432: 4420: 4408: 4396: 4384: 4372: 4360: 4348: 4336: 4321: 4306: 4291: 4276: 4261: 4249: 4234: 4232:, p. 175. 4217: 4205: 4193: 4181: 4169: 4157: 4145: 4130: 4118: 4106: 4094: 4082: 4070: 4068:, p. 306. 4058: 4046: 4034: 4032:, p. 149. 4015: 4003: 3988: 3976: 3974:, p. 197. 3964: 3962:, p. 148. 3941: 3929: 3925:Sartain (1885) 3914: 3899: 3887: 3885:, p. 277. 3875: 3860: 3848: 3846:, p. 195. 3833: 3808: 3796: 3784: 3772: 3770:, p. 194. 3755: 3734: 3732:, p. 147. 3715: 3703: 3686: 3674: 3662: 3650: 3648:, p. 155. 3633: 3631:, p. 146. 3621: 3609: 3597: 3585: 3568: 3566:, p. 184. 3556: 3554:, p. 154. 3541: 3529: 3517: 3505: 3503:, p. 153. 3490: 3488:, p. 145. 3469: 3457: 3445: 3443:, p. 304. 3426: 3414: 3412:, p. 140. 3402: 3400:, p. 147. 3390: 3378: 3366: 3354: 3342: 3340:, p. 134. 3330: 3328:, p. 100. 3318: 3303: 3301:, p. 303. 3291: 3289:, p. 135. 3279: 3267: 3255: 3253:, p. xiv. 3243: 3231: 3229:, p. 260. 3219: 3207: 3195: 3183: 3171: 3156: 3144: 3132: 3130:, p. 301. 3120: 3108: 3096: 3081: 3066: 3050: 3049: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3036: 2998: 2978:Egyptian cobra 2959:Esquiline Hill 2941:Pina Polo 2013 2932: 2919: 2874: 2872:, p. 151. 2826: 2813: 2811:, p. 149. 2792: 2790:, p. 148. 2779: 2770:cause of death 2753: 2743:, p. 85, 2728: 2711: 2698: 2681: 2673:Burstein (2004 2661: 2659:perpetuation." 2640:historiography 2604: 2602: 2599: 2598: 2597: 2592: 2587: 2582: 2577: 2570: 2567: 2566: 2565: 2555: 2548: 2546: 2539: 2532: 2530: 2520: 2513: 2511: 2490: 2483: 2479: 2476: 2475: 2474: 2469:, sculpted by 2462:depicting the 2457: 2450: 2448: 2440:Robert Strange 2434: 2427: 2425: 2404: 2397: 2395: 2381: 2374: 2370: 2367: 2366: 2365: 2359: 2352: 2350: 2338: 2331: 2329: 2319: 2312: 2310: 2306:Guido Cagnacci 2300: 2293: 2289: 2286: 2278:Persian carpet 2207:Richard Burton 2124:Georges Méliès 2071: 2068: 2046:Barnabe Barnes 2011:Michele Tosini 2005: 2004: 1995: 1994: 1986: 1985: 1977: 1976: 1975: 1974: 1973: 1925:Pope Julius II 1923:, acquired by 1701: 1700: 1691: 1690: 1682: 1681: 1680: 1679: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1494: 1491: 1479: 1476: 1402: 1401: 1392: 1391: 1383: 1382: 1381: 1380: 1379: 1371: 1368: 1342:Roman Republic 1263:Venus Genetrix 1244: 1243: 1234: 1233: 1225: 1224: 1223: 1222: 1221: 1209: 1206: 1198:Venus Genetrix 1037:, in his 1646 968:Egyptian cobra 897: 896:Cause of death 894: 886:Joann Fletcher 824: 821: 804:snake charmers 783:Louis Gauffier 738:As related by 666: 665: 656: 655: 647: 646: 645: 644: 643: 635: 632: 607:Ambracian Gulf 531:, forming the 499:Following the 480: 479: 470: 469: 461: 460: 459: 458: 457: 450:struck at the 421: 418: 416:, and cinema. 331:Ptolemaic rule 279:Roman Republic 227:Egyptian cobra 206: 205: 203: 202: 195: 188: 180: 177: 176: 175: 174: 169: 164: 154: 152: 151: 146: 140: 139: 134: 128: 127: 122: 116: 115: 110: 100: 98: 97: 92: 87: 78: 77: 69: 68: 62: 61: 35:Roman painting 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6601: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6574:War of Actium 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6531: 6529: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6490: 6486: 6483: 6482: 6477: 6473: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6448:, at YouTube. 6447: 6444: 6443: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6424: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6388: 6387: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6371:9780752414942 6367: 6363: 6358: 6354: 6352:9780805239119 6348: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6330:9781560060239 6326: 6322: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6300:Lindsay, Jack 6297: 6293: 6291:9780198142782 6287: 6283: 6278: 6274: 6272:9781559705035 6268: 6264: 6259: 6255: 6253:9780810928053 6249: 6245: 6241: 6240: 6234: 6230: 6228:9780141390147 6224: 6220: 6215: 6214: 6203: 6201:9780520243675 6197: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6171:9780691088358 6167: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6119: 6115: 6113:9780714150222 6109: 6105: 6104: 6098: 6094: 6092:9789004135772 6088: 6084: 6083: 6077: 6073: 6071:9780128004630 6067: 6063: 6059: 6054: 6050: 6048:9781349301447 6044: 6040: 6036: 6031: 6027: 6025:9781848683242 6021: 6017: 6016: 6011: 6007: 6003: 6001:9780415628389 5997: 5993: 5992: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5950: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5928: 5923: 5922:Sartain, John 5919: 5915: 5913:9780195365535 5909: 5905: 5904: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5889:9780520243675 5885: 5881: 5877: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5859: 5853: 5849: 5847:9781441190659 5843: 5839: 5835: 5830: 5826: 5824:9780810888685 5820: 5816: 5815: 5809: 5805: 5803:9781443876223 5799: 5795: 5794: 5788: 5784: 5782:9780806137414 5778: 5774: 5773: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5742: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5685: 5683:9780520243675 5679: 5675: 5671: 5666: 5662: 5660:9780297995029 5656: 5652: 5651: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5636:9780060585587 5632: 5628: 5627: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5597: 5593: 5591:9780521807968 5587: 5583: 5578: 5574: 5572:9780500051283 5568: 5564: 5563: 5558: 5557:Dodson, Aidan 5554: 5550: 5548:9780520243675 5544: 5540: 5536: 5531: 5527: 5525:9780520243675 5521: 5517: 5513: 5508: 5505: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5482: 5476: 5472: 5470:9780313325274 5466: 5462: 5461: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5446:9780745633718 5442: 5438: 5437: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5418: 5410: 5408:9780691088358 5404: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5387: 5383: 5381:9781876832445 5377: 5373: 5372: 5367: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5359: 5343: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5320: 5316: 5315: 5310: 5306: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5286:Nuwer, Rachel 5283: 5272: 5268: 5263: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5243:Badian, Ernst 5240: 5236: 5225: 5224: 5219: 5215: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5183: 5179: 5168: 5167: 5162: 5158: 5146: 5145: 5140: 5136: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5111: 5109: 5108: 5093: 5088: 5082:, p. 53. 5081: 5076: 5069: 5064: 5057: 5052: 5045: 5040: 5033: 5028: 5021: 5016: 5014: 5006: 5001: 4994: 4989: 4982: 4977: 4970: 4965: 4963: 4956:, p. 17. 4955: 4954:Martin (2014) 4950: 4943: 4942:Martin (2014) 4938: 4931: 4926: 4919: 4914: 4907: 4902: 4895: 4890: 4883: 4882:Curran (2011) 4878: 4871: 4870:Curran (2011) 4866: 4860:, p. 59. 4859: 4858:Gurval (2011) 4854: 4852: 4845:, p. 62. 4844: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4828:, p. 61. 4827: 4822: 4815: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4798: 4793: 4786: 4781: 4775:, p. 60. 4774: 4769: 4767: 4759: 4754: 4748:, p. 74. 4747: 4746:Gurval (2011) 4742: 4735: 4730: 4723: 4722:Gurval (2011) 4718: 4711: 4706: 4699: 4694: 4688:, p. 51. 4687: 4682: 4676:, p. 50. 4675: 4670: 4663: 4658: 4656: 4648: 4647:Gurval (2011) 4643: 4636: 4635:Gurval (2011) 4631: 4624: 4623:Roller (2010) 4619: 4612: 4611:Gurval (2011) 4607: 4600: 4599:Roller (2010) 4595: 4588: 4587:Roller (2010) 4583: 4576: 4575:Walker (2004) 4571: 4564: 4563:Bailey (2001) 4559: 4552: 4551:Roller (2010) 4547: 4541:, p. 20. 4540: 4539:Varner (2004) 4535: 4528: 4527:Roller (2010) 4523: 4516: 4515:Roller (2010) 4511: 4504: 4499: 4492: 4487: 4480: 4479:Curran (2011) 4475: 4473: 4466:, p. 66. 4465: 4460: 4453: 4452:Roller (2010) 4448: 4441: 4436: 4429: 4424: 4417: 4412: 4405: 4400: 4393: 4388: 4381: 4380:Roller (2010) 4376: 4369: 4364: 4357: 4356:Roller (2010) 4352: 4345: 4340: 4333: 4332:Roller (2010) 4328: 4326: 4318: 4313: 4311: 4303: 4298: 4296: 4288: 4283: 4281: 4273: 4272:Roller (2010) 4268: 4266: 4259:, p. 32. 4258: 4253: 4246: 4245:Walker (2008) 4241: 4239: 4231: 4230:Roller (2010) 4226: 4224: 4222: 4214: 4209: 4202: 4197: 4190: 4185: 4178: 4173: 4167:, p. 87. 4166: 4161: 4154: 4149: 4143:, p. 60. 4142: 4141:Gurval (2011) 4137: 4135: 4128:, p. 58. 4127: 4126:Gurval (2011) 4122: 4116:, p. 56. 4115: 4114:Gurval (2011) 4110: 4103: 4102:Jarcho (1969) 4098: 4091: 4090:Jarcho (1969) 4086: 4079: 4078:Jarcho (1969) 4074: 4067: 4066:Jarcho (1969) 4062: 4055: 4054:Jarcho (1969) 4050: 4043: 4038: 4031: 4030:Roller (2010) 4026: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4012: 4007: 4000: 3995: 3993: 3986:, p. 55. 3985: 3984:Gurval (2011) 3980: 3973: 3968: 3961: 3960:Roller (2010) 3956: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3939:, p. 54. 3938: 3933: 3926: 3921: 3919: 3911: 3906: 3904: 3896: 3891: 3884: 3879: 3872: 3867: 3865: 3858:, p. 65. 3857: 3852: 3845: 3840: 3838: 3830: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3806:, p. 72. 3805: 3804:Gurval (2011) 3800: 3793: 3788: 3782:, p. 79. 3781: 3776: 3769: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3753:, p. 56. 3752: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3731: 3730:Roller (2010) 3726: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3712: 3707: 3700: 3699:Roller (2010) 3695: 3693: 3691: 3683: 3682:Roller (2010) 3678: 3672:, p. 61. 3671: 3670:Gurval (2011) 3666: 3659: 3658:Roller (2010) 3654: 3647: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3630: 3629:Roller (2010) 3625: 3618: 3613: 3606: 3601: 3594: 3589: 3583:, p. 31. 3582: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3565: 3560: 3553: 3548: 3546: 3538: 3537:Roller (2010) 3533: 3526: 3521: 3514: 3509: 3502: 3497: 3495: 3487: 3486:Roller (2010) 3482: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3466: 3465:Roller (2010) 3461: 3454: 3449: 3442: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3423: 3418: 3411: 3410:Roller (2010) 3406: 3399: 3394: 3387: 3382: 3375: 3374:Roller (2010) 3370: 3363: 3358: 3351: 3346: 3339: 3338:Roller (2010) 3334: 3327: 3326:Roller (2010) 3322: 3315: 3310: 3308: 3300: 3295: 3288: 3287:Roller (2010) 3283: 3276: 3271: 3264: 3263:Roller (2010) 3259: 3252: 3247: 3240: 3235: 3228: 3223: 3217:, p. 43. 3216: 3211: 3204: 3199: 3192: 3191:Roller (2010) 3187: 3181:, p. 76. 3180: 3179:Roller (2010) 3175: 3168: 3163: 3161: 3154:, p. 27. 3153: 3148: 3142:, p. 98. 3141: 3140:Roller (2010) 3136: 3129: 3124: 3117: 3112: 3106:, p. 75. 3105: 3104:Roller (2010) 3100: 3093: 3088: 3086: 3078: 3073: 3071: 3063: 3062:Roller (2010) 3058: 3056: 3051: 3034:, p. 43. 3033: 3032:Southern 2009 3029: 3028:Fletcher 2008 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3007: 3002: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2955: 2950: 2949:Anderson 2003 2946: 2942: 2936: 2929: 2923: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2887: 2883: 2882:Fletcher 2008 2878: 2871: 2867: 2866:Southern 2014 2863: 2859: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2842: 2836: 2830: 2823: 2817: 2810: 2806: 2803:, adviser to 2802: 2796: 2789: 2783: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2757: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2741:Plutarch 1920 2738: 2732: 2725: 2721: 2715: 2708: 2702: 2695: 2691: 2690:Southern 2009 2685: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2665: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2628:Michael Grant 2625: 2621: 2617: 2612: 2610: 2605: 2596: 2593: 2591: 2588: 2586: 2583: 2581: 2578: 2576: 2573: 2572: 2562: 2558: 2552: 2547: 2543: 2542:Claude Bertin 2536: 2531: 2528: 2524: 2517: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2495: 2487: 2482: 2481: 2472: 2468: 2465: 2461: 2454: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2431: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2413: 2408: 2401: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2378: 2373: 2372: 2362: 2356: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2342: 2335: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2316: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2297: 2292: 2291: 2285: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2218:Edmonia Lewis 2215: 2210: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2195: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2130: 2125: 2117: 2116:Edmonia Lewis 2113: 2109: 2105: 2103: 2099: 2098: 2093: 2092:Samuel Barber 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2067: 2065: 2061: 2060: 2056:'s 1609 play 2055: 2051: 2050:snake handler 2047: 2043: 2042: 2038: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 1999: 1990: 1981: 1972: 1970: 1969:Victorian era 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1860: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1820:Like much of 1818: 1816: 1812: 1809:published at 1808: 1807: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1747: 1744:published in 1743: 1742: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1695: 1686: 1672: 1671:and romance. 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1651: 1646: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1635:Octavia Minor 1632: 1631:Portland Vase 1628: 1625: 1620: 1611: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1489: 1485: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1396: 1387: 1377: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1352: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1338:Roman emperor 1335: 1331: 1327: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1299: 1297: 1296:Arius Didymus 1294: 1290: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1238: 1229: 1219: 1215: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1177: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1144: 1139: 280 BC 1126: 1123: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1105: 1100: 1097: 1092: 1088: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1041: 1036: 1035:Thomas Browne 1031: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1012: 1006: 997: 992: 986: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 953: 949: 945: 941: 940:radiant crown 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 908: 903: 893: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 860: 856: 855:hemiobol coin 851: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 823:Date of death 820: 817: 813: 812:Ancient Libya 809: 805: 801: 797: 792: 784: 780: 776: 772: 769: 764: 758: 749: 748:Ancient Greek 745: 741: 736: 734: 730: 726: 722: 717: 713: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 660: 651: 641: 631: 629: 625: 622:and captured 621: 618:marched from 617: 613: 608: 604: 599: 597: 593: 589: 588:Roman citizen 584: 580: 579:Octavia Minor 575: 573: 569: 565: 564:Julius Caesar 561: 557: 554: 550: 546: 545:Cleopatra VII 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 492: 488: 484: 474: 465: 454:mint in 36 BC 453: 449: 444: 439: 435: 431: 427: 417: 415: 411: 407: 406:Victorian era 403: 399: 398: 393: 392: 387: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 363:ancient Roman 360: 355: 350: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 319:Julius Caesar 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 299:Roman triumph 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 275:the final war 271: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 211:Cleopatra VII 201: 196: 194: 189: 187: 182: 181: 179: 178: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 160: 159: 157: 150: 147: 145: 142: 141: 138: 135: 133: 130: 129: 126: 123: 121: 118: 117: 114: 111: 109: 106: 105: 103: 96: 93: 91: 88: 86: 83: 82: 80: 79: 75: 71: 70: 67: 66:Cleopatra VII 64: 63: 59: 58: 52: 48: 44: 43:Cleopatra VII 40: 36: 32: 28: 24: 23: 6569:Women deaths 6515:Eliza Sharpe 6481:Live Science 6479: 6469:Stacy Schiff 6464: 6422: 6404: 6385: 6380:Syme, Ronald 6361: 6342: 6320: 6303: 6281: 6262: 6238: 6218: 6191: 6157: 6126: 6122: 6102: 6081: 6061: 6038: 6014: 5990: 5953: 5947: 5944:Skeat, T. C. 5926: 5902: 5879: 5857: 5837: 5813: 5792: 5771: 5745: 5739: 5698:Nitric Oxide 5696: 5673: 5649: 5625: 5604: 5600: 5581: 5561: 5538: 5515: 5488:(2): 79–88, 5485: 5479: 5459: 5435: 5394: 5370: 5357: 5356: 5345:. Retrieved 5339: 5323:, retrieved 5313: 5297:, retrieved 5293: 5274:, retrieved 5270: 5254:, retrieved 5250: 5227:, retrieved 5221: 5206:, retrieved 5201: 5186:. Retrieved 5170:, retrieved 5164: 5149:. Retrieved 5142: 5127:. Retrieved 5123:the original 5106: 5105: 5102:Bibliography 5087: 5080:Sully (2010) 5075: 5063: 5051: 5039: 5027: 5005:Pucci (2011) 5000: 4993:Jones (2006) 4988: 4981:Pucci (2011) 4976: 4969:Pucci (2011) 4949: 4937: 4925: 4918:Jones (2006) 4913: 4906:Jones (2006) 4901: 4894:Jones (2006) 4889: 4877: 4865: 4821: 4814:Pucci (2011) 4792: 4780: 4758:Jones (2006) 4753: 4741: 4734:Jones (2006) 4729: 4717: 4705: 4693: 4681: 4669: 4642: 4630: 4618: 4606: 4594: 4582: 4570: 4558: 4546: 4534: 4522: 4510: 4503:Pucci (2011) 4498: 4491:Pucci (2011) 4486: 4459: 4447: 4435: 4423: 4411: 4399: 4387: 4375: 4363: 4351: 4339: 4252: 4208: 4201:Jones (2006) 4196: 4189:Nuwer (2013) 4184: 4172: 4160: 4148: 4121: 4109: 4097: 4085: 4073: 4061: 4049: 4042:Jones (2006) 4037: 4011:Jones (2006) 4006: 3999:Jones (2006) 3979: 3972:Jones (2006) 3967: 3932: 3897:, p. 3. 3890: 3878: 3871:Skeat (1953) 3851: 3844:Jones (2006) 3829:Grout (2017) 3799: 3787: 3775: 3768:Jones (2006) 3706: 3677: 3665: 3653: 3624: 3617:Jones (2006) 3612: 3605:Jones (2006) 3600: 3588: 3564:Jones (2006) 3559: 3532: 3520: 3508: 3460: 3448: 3417: 3405: 3398:Jones (2006) 3393: 3381: 3369: 3357: 3345: 3333: 3321: 3294: 3282: 3270: 3258: 3251:Jones (2006) 3246: 3234: 3222: 3210: 3203:Jones (2006) 3198: 3186: 3174: 3147: 3135: 3123: 3111: 3099: 3001: 2985: 2952: 2935: 2922: 2891:melon hairdo 2877: 2851:Roman Senate 2829: 2816: 2795: 2782: 2756: 2731: 2714: 2701: 2684: 2677:Roller (2010 2669:Roller (2010 2664: 2651: 2556: 2492: 2466: 2435: 2410: 2382: 2360: 2339: 2320: 2301: 2273: 2257: 2250:Albert Darcq 2213: 2211: 2192: 2185:hieroglyphic 2166: 2152: 2150:Italian film 2127: 2121: 2111: 2095: 2079: 2073: 2064:Thomas North 2057: 2039: 2034: 2022: 2014: 2006: 1948: 1920: 1918: 1903:Michelangelo 1892: 1871: 1870:such as the 1856: 1851:Michelangelo 1846: 1837:courtly love 1819: 1813:in 1479 and 1804: 1793:Quattrocento 1788:Gothic-style 1775: 1753: 1739: 1727: 1722:, depicting 1719: 1647: 1621: 1590:most likely 1581: 1566:knot of Isis 1562:Roman statue 1546:John Sartain 1530: 1432: 1349: 1336:, the first 1332:in 27 BC as 1326:Roman Empire 1300: 1286: 1273:(within the 1175: 1172: 1119: 1102: 1096:Egyptologist 1084: 1074: 1060: 1059:in his 1764 1052: 1038: 1032: 957: 877: 874:Aidan Dodson 863: 791:Epaphroditus 788: 778: 737: 708: 703:of antiquity 681:Altes Museum 600: 592:Roman Senate 576: 498: 395: 389: 388:such as the 351: 347:Roman Empire 291:Roman Greece 272: 241:, Cleopatra 209: 161: 27: 21: 6180:Wyke, Maria 5347:25 November 5294:Smithsonian 5256:20 November 5161:"Cleopatra" 4344:Eder (2005) 3077:Elia (1956) 2982:Roller 2010 2945:Roller 2010 2899:Berenike II 2886:Herculaneum 2870:Roller 2010 2809:Roller 2010 2788:Roller 2010 2766:Roller 2010 2423:(1669–1728) 2409:(after the 2234:post-mortem 1890:Greco-Roman 1830:hagiography 1724:Mark Antony 1653:Latin poets 1627:cameo glass 1548:. The poet 1459:Zahi Hawass 1425:Herculaneum 1160:Demosthenes 1081:, 1674–1675 1065:Jean Goulin 1061:Opera omnia 918:' now lost 845:Regnal year 624:Paraitonion 513:Mark Antony 448:tetradrachm 383:Greco-Roman 371:Renaissance 339:Roman Egypt 264:Mark Antony 239:Cassius Dio 6528:Categories 3041:References 3006:Pucci 2011 2990:Roman copy 2928:Pucci 2011 2895:Arsinoe II 2855:equestrian 2841:Jones 2006 2835:Skeat 1953 2822:Jones 2006 2760:Historian 2749:Jones 2006 2745:Grout 2017 2724:Grout 2017 2720:Jones 2006 2694:Grout 2017 2656:the Romans 2616:Grant 1972 2464:bas relief 2444:Guido Reni 2387:Jan Muller 2173:Theda Bara 2171:, actress 2102:Dollabella 2082:(1890) by 2076:Ted Hughes 2070:Modern era 2019:Guido Reni 1911:Guido Reni 1550:Propertius 1447:Alexandria 1364:Mauretania 1257:holding a 1190:Arsinoe IV 1148:neurotoxin 1132: 350 1053:De Sedibus 687:Right: an 673:Roman bust 667:Left: the 628:hippodrome 560:Alexandria 553:Macedonian 386:sculptures 315:Ptolemy XV 219:Alexandria 90:Early life 6534:Cleopatra 6511:Cleopatra 6432:316294139 6413:899077769 6382:(1962) . 6362:Cleopatra 6321:Cleopatra 6312:671705946 6304:Cleopatra 6219:Cleopatra 6012:(2009) , 5988:(2014) , 5978:162835002 5731:233205099 5715:1089-8603 5650:Cleopatra 5613:848857115 5504:2309-9089 5433:(2007) , 3046:Citations 3020:Macedonia 2994:Pasiteles 2907:Alexander 2557:Cleopatra 2544:(d. 1705) 2460:engraving 2436:Cleopatra 2417:engraving 2393:, c. 1598 2383:Cleopatra 2346:Juan Luna 2288:Paintings 2280:but with 2274:Cleopatra 2232:offers a 2228:. 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Death of Cleopatra

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