285:, and the possibility that "some gun advocates will lie to help bias estimates upwards." Hemenway contends the Kleck and Gertz study is unreliable and no conclusions can be drawn from it. He argues that there are too many "false positives" in the surveys, and finds the NCVS figures more reliable, yielding estimates of around 100,000 defensive gun uses per year. Applying different adjustments, other social scientists suggest that between 250,000 and 370,000 incidents per year. In 1996, Cook and Ludwig reported that based on their analysis of the National Survey of Private Ownership of Firearms, which "incorporated a sequence of DGU questions very similar to that used by Kleck and Gertz," they estimated that 4.7 million defensive gun uses occur in the United States per year. However, they questioned whether this estimate was credible because the same survey suggests that approximately 132,000 perpetrators were either wounded or killed at the hands of armed civilians in 1994. They note that this number is about the same as the number of people hospitalized for gunshot injuries that year, but that "almost all of those are there as a result of criminal assault, suicide attempt, or accident."
400:
gun use." Both of these surveys argued that many defensive gun uses may not be in the best interests of society. Also in 2000, Hemenway and his colleagues conducted a small survey that found that guns in the home were used more often to intimidate family members (13 respondents) than in self-defense (2 respondents). The same study stated that its results suggested that most self-defense gun uses did not occur in the home, and that non-gun weapons are used more often to thwart crime than guns are. A later survey by
Hemenway et al. that included 5,800 California adolescents found that about 0.3% of these adolescents reported having used a gun in self-defense, whereas, in the same study, 4% of those adolescents reported that someone had threatened them with a gun. In a 2015 study co-authored with Sara Solnick, Hemenway analyzed data from the NCVS from 2007 to 2011 and identified only 127 instances of DGU.
333:
article published by the Bureau of
Justice Statistics, drawing its DGU from the NCVS, said: "In 1992 offenders armed with handguns committed a record 931,000 violent crimes ... On average in 1987-92 about 83,000 crime victims per year used a firearm to defend themselves or their property. Three-fourths of the victims who used a firearm for defense did so during a violent crime; a fourth, during a theft, household burglary, or motor vehicle theft." A 2013 study, also released by the BJS, found that less than 1% of nonfatal violent crime victims during the 2007–2011 period reported using a gun to defend themselves. The same study reported that "The percentage of nonfatal violent victimizations involving firearm use in self defense remained stable at under 2% from 1993 to 2011.", reporting 235,700 instances of defensive use of a firearm between 2007 and 2011
391:
suggest a value between 70 and 80 percent brandishment-only. Lott explained the lower brandishment-only rates found by others was at least in part due to the different questions that were asked. Most surveys used a recall period of "Ever" while some (Hart, Mauser, and
Tarrance) used the previous five years. The Field Institute survey used periods of previous year, previous two years and ever. The NSPOF survey used a one-year recall period. Lott also used a one-year recall period and asked respondents about personal experiences only, due to questionable respondent recall of events past one year and respondent knowledge of DGU experiences of other household members.
467:
effective deterrent against injury for some groups of people, but not others; notable groups for whom DGU did not provide benefits in this study included women, people living in rural areas, and those living in low-income homes. A 2009 study reported that gun owners were more likely to be shot in an assault than were non-gun owners, and concluded that the chances of DGU being successful for residents of urban areas may be low. Another 2009 study of NCVS data found that DGU was "most often effective at helping the victim" in the contexts in which it occurred, with an average of 92% of victims reporting that their DGU had been beneficial for them. A 2013
108:
289:
woundings, whether medically treated or not, is unknown, and no meaningful estimates can be derived from his survey regarding defensive gun uses linked with specific crime types, or that involved wounding the offender, because the sample sizes are too small. The fact that some crime-specific estimates derived from the Kleck survey are implausibly large is at least partly a reflection of the small samples on which they are based – no more than 196 cases. Kleck states that his estimate of total defensive gun uses was based on nearly 5,000 cases. Thus, he argues, the implausible character of some estimates of small
183:
194:
172:
205:
278:. Besides the NSDS and NCVS surveys, ten national and three state surveys summarized by Kleck and Gertz gave 764 thousand to 3.6 million DGU per year. In the report "Guns in America: National Survey on Private Ownership and Use of Firearms" by Philip J. Cook and Jens Ludwig, projected 4.7 million DGU which Cook and Ludwig explained by pointing out all of the NSPOF sample were asked the DGU question. Cook and Ludwig also compared the U.S. crime rate to the number of DGU reported by Kleck and similar studies and said that their estimate of DGU is improbably high.
25:
274:, their estimate was reduced to 2.1 million DGU per year. Kleck and Gertz conducted this survey in 1992, and Kleck began publicizing the 2.5 million DGU per year estimate in 1993. By 1997, the 2.5 million per year number from Kleck & Gertz' study had been cited by news articles, editorial writers, and the
439:
A follow-up study in 1998 by Arthur
Kellermann analyzed 626 shootings in three cities. The study found that "For every time a gun in the home was used in a self-defense or legally justifiable shooting, there were four unintentional shootings, seven criminal assaults or homicides, and 11 attempted or
390:
In 2002, he repeated the survey, and reported that brandishing a weapon was sufficient to stop an attack 95% of the time. Other researchers criticized his methodology, saying that his sample size of 1,015 respondents was too small for the study to be accurate and that the majority of similar studies
374:
Attempting to quantify this phenomenon, in the first edition of the book, published in May 1998, Lott wrote that "national surveys" suggested that "98 percent of the time that people use guns defensively, they merely have to brandish a weapon to break off an attack." The higher the rate of defensive
323:
report, which stated that the Kleck-Gertz estimate of 2.5 million DGUs per year, and other similar estimates, "are not plausible given other information that is more trustworthy, such as the total number of U.S. residents who are injured or killed by guns each year." The same report also stated that
424:
newspaper, as well as police and court records, and found a total of 3 instances of defensive gun use over a 3.5 month period. In contrast, Kleck and Gertz's study would predict that the police should have noticed more than 98 DGU killings or woundings and 236 DGU firings at adversaries during this
399:
In 2000, David
Hemenway, an advocate for gun control, published a survey which found that "Guns are used to threaten and intimidate far more often than they are used in self defense"; also that year, he published another survey which found that "criminal gun use is far more common than self-defense
343:
and David
Barnett say that such a structure could cause the NCVS to under-count defensive gun uses, because someone who has successfully defended themselves with a gun may not consider themselves a "victim of a crime." In the NCVS, if one says that they have not been a victim of a crime, the survey
253:
Another survey including DGU questions was the
National Survey on Private Ownership and Use of Firearms, NSPOF, conducted in 1994 by the Chiltons polling firm for the Police Foundation on a research grant from the National Institute of Justice. in 1997 NSPOF projected 4.7 million DGU per year by
466:
A 2002 study looking at instances of DGU where convicted offenders were the defenders found that DGUs "are not likely to provide similar social benefits, implying that prevalence estimates may not simultaneously estimate social benefits." Another study published the same year found that DGU is an
344:
assumes that there was no attempted crime and does not go on to ask if they have used a gun in self-defense. According to Jens Ludwig, estimates of the frequency of DGU from the NCVS appear to be too low, but those from phone surveys (like that conducted by Kleck and Gertz) appear to be too high.
222:
Estimates over the number of defensive gun uses vary wildly, depending on the study's definition of a defensive gun use, survey design, country, population, criteria, time-period studied, and other factors. Low-end estimates for the United States are in the range of 55,000 to 80,000 incidents per
332:
A 1994 study examined NCVS data and concluded that between 1987 and 1990, there were approximately 258,460 incidents in which firearms were used defensively in the United States, for an annual average of 64,615. The same study said that "Firearm self-defense is rare compared with gun crimes." An
227:
survey about firearms and suicide committed by 150 firearms researchers found that only 8% of firearm researchers agreed that "In the United States, guns are used in self-defense far more often than they are used in crime." Discussion over the number and nature of DGU and the implications to gun
336:
Cook and Ludwig said of the NCVS, NSPOF, and Kleck surveys: "The key explanation for the difference between the 108,000 NCVS estimate for the annual number of defensive gun uses and the several million from the surveys discussed earlier is that NCVS avoids the false-positive problem by limiting
307:
as ″the most influential criminologist in the
English-speaking world″, commented on Kleck's research concerning defensive gun use: "I am as strong a gun-control advocate as can be found among the criminologists in this country. The Kleck and Gertz study impresses me for the caution the authors
471:
report found that studies looking at the effectiveness of different self-protective strategies had consistently found that victims who used guns defensively had lower injury rates than did victims who used other strategies. A 2015 study by
Solnick and Hemenway which analyzed NCVS data reported
288:
Kleck asserts errors in his critics' statements that his survey's estimates of defensive gun uses linked with specific crime types, or that involved a wounding of the offender, are implausibly large compared to estimates of the total numbers of such crimes. The total number of nonfatal gunshot
454:
Data points include date, location (city/state), context (e.g. home invasion, domestic violence, etc.), whether the gun owner held a concealed carry permit, whether multiple assailants were present, whether shots were fired, type of firearm used for defense, and miscellaneous details.
447:, which uses a methodology of counting incidents reported and verified by law enforcement or media, reports substantially lower numbers of defensive gun use in the US than studies based on polls. 1,980 and 2,043 incidents were reported and verified in 2016 and 2017, respectively.
436:, Georgia, found that in only 3 of these cases did victims use guns for self-protection. Of these three, none were injured, but one lost property. The authors concluded that "Although firearms are often kept in the home for protection, they are rarely used for this purpose."
308:
exercise and the elaborate nuances they examine methodologically. I do not like their conclusions that having a gun can be useful, but I cannot fault their methodology. They have tried earnestly to meet all objections in advance and have done exceedingly well."
375:
gun uses that do not end in the attacker being killed or wounded, the easier it is to explain why defensive gun uses are not covered by the media without reference to media bias. Lott cited the figure frequently in the media, including publications like
480:
Individuals who use guns defensively tend not to have extremely punitive attitudes toward criminals, but people with punitive attitudes may be somewhat more likely to own guns, and, thus, to use them defensively. A 2009 study found no support for the
242:
and the NCVS, vary in their methods, time-frames covered, and questions asked. DGU questions were asked of all the NSDS sample. Due to screening questions in the NCVS survey, only a minority of the NCVS sample were asked a DGU question.
138:. Different authors and studies employ different criteria for what constitutes a defensive gun use which leads to controversy in comparing statistical results. Perceptions of defensive gun use are recurring themes in discussions over
324:"At the other extreme, the NCVS estimate of 116,000 DGU incidents per year almost certainly underestimates the true number," concluding that "... there is still considerable uncertainty about the prevalence of DGU".
416:
estimated that defensive gun uses occur an average of 67,740 times per year. In their 2017 update, the FBI reported that guns were used in 35 criminal homicides for every defensive ("justifiable") homicide.
337:
defensive gun use questions to persons who first reported that they were crime victims. Most NCVS respondents never have a chance to answer the defensive gun use question, falsely or otherwise."
1800:
Schnebly, Stephen M. (June 2002). "An examination of the impact of victim, offender, and situational attributes on the deterrent effect of defensive gun use: A research note".
722:
239:
235:(NCVS) are consistently lower than those from other studies. A 2000 study suggested that this may be because the NCVS measures different activities than the other surveys do.
130:
or, in some cases, protecting property. The frequency of incidents involving DGU and their effectiveness in providing safety and reducing crime are controversial issues in
1765:
Wells, William (1 March 2002). "The nature and circumstances of defensive gun use: A content analysis of interpersonal conflict situations involving criminal offenders".
1961:
Kovandzic, Tomislav; Gertz, Gary Kleck Marc (May 1998). "Defensive gun use: vengeful vigilante imagery versus reality: results from the national self-defense survey".
981:
371:, Lott writes that "ince in many defensive cases a handgun is simply brandished, and no one is harmed, many defensive uses are never even reported to the police".
1988:
Copes, H.; Kovandzic, T. V.; Miller, J. M.; Williamson, L. (12 August 2009). "The Lost Cause? Examining the
Southern Culture of Honor Through Defensive Gun Use".
254:
1.5 million individuals after weighting to eliminate false positives. Another estimate has estimated approximately 1 million DGU incidents in the United States.
319:
replicated the Kleck and Gertz survey, but also concluded that the results of these surveys were far too high. A similar conclusion was reached by a 2018
3858:
896:
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Hemenway, D; Solnick, SJ (October 2015). "The epidemiology of self-defense gun use: evidence from the National Crime Victimization Surveys 2007–2011".
54:
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4170:
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that media coverage of defensive gun use is rare, noting that in general, only shootings ending in fatalities are discussed in news stories. In
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Hart, T. C.; Miethe, T. D. (1 February 2009). "Self-Defensive Gun Use by Crime Victims: A Conjunctive Analysis of Its Situational Contexts".
798:
1443:
Azrael, Deborah; Hemenway, David (January 2000). "'In the safety of your own home': results from a national survey on gun use at home".
281:
Hemenway has asserted that Kleck and Gertz' methodology suffers from several biases leading them to overestimate the number of DGU, the
250:, a professor of Health Policy at the Harvard School of Public Health, which estimated approximately 55,000–80,000 such uses each year.
4425:
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962:
1015:
915:
513:
482:
468:
688:
McDowall, David; Loftin, Colin; Presser, Stanley (2000). "Measuring Civilian Defensive Firearm Use: A Methodological Experiment".
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An interactive visualization of recent defensive gun use instances starting in 2019 is being tracked by The Heritage Foundation's
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A woman trains real-life defensive gun use scenarios with live ammunition at a video shooting range in Prague, Czech Republic.
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Hemenway, David; Miller, Matthew (1 April 2004). "Gun Threats Against and Self-defense Gun Use by California Adolescents".
991:
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estimated that between 2.1 and 2.5 million DGUs occur in the United States each year. After Kleck and Gertz accounted for
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Kellermann, AL; Somes, G; Rivara, FP; Lee, RK; Banton, JG (Aug 1998). "Injuries and deaths due to firearms in the home".
232:
2051:
214:
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Branas, Charles C.; Richmond, Therese S.; Culhane, Dennis P.; Ten Have, Thomas R.; Wiebe, Douglas J. (November 2009).
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734:
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139:
94:
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3698:
2205:
1053:
46:
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Kellermann, AL; Westphal, L; Fischer, L; Harvard, B (14 June 1995). "Weapon involvement in home invasion crimes".
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919:
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Philip J. Cook and Jens Ludwig, "Guns in America: National Survey on Private Ownership and Use of Firearms"
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The same data indicating that DGU against criminals is uncommon also indicates that it is often effective.
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Marvin E. Wolfgang, A Tribute to a View I Have Opposed, 86 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 188 (1995–1996)
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3888:
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1400:(2000). "The relative frequency of offensive and defensive gun uses: results from a national survey".
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472:"little evidence that is uniquely beneficial in reducing the likelihood of injury or property loss."
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2002:
107:
59:
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3790:
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Kleck, G. and D. Kates (2001), Armed: New Perspectives on Gun Control, Chapter 6. N.Y.: Prometheus
282:
757:
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50:
1591:"Reality check: using newspapers, police reports, and court records to assess defensive gun use"
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1997:
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Clayton Cramer and David Barnett, "Tough Targets: When Criminals Face Resistance From Citizens"
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http://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6854&context=jclc
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3083:
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1175:
503:
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16:
Use or presentation of a firearm for self-defense, defense of others or protecting property
1298:
McDowall, David (Summer 2005). "John R. Lott, Jr.'s Defensive Gun Brandishing Estimates".
8:
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35:
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3903:
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3705:
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2534:
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2015:
1901:
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1747:
1615:
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1425:
1370:
1345:
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1076:
874:
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J.N. Schulman, Guns, Crimes and Self-defense, Orange County Reg., Sept. 19, 1993, at 3.
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606:
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39:
1974:
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4013:
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2019:
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1686:
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1651:
1620:
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1495:
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1417:
1375:
1283:
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1178:. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs,Bureau of Justice Statistics
1156:
1080:
730:
709:
598:
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550:
429:
383:
127:
74:
1429:
610:
204:
193:
182:
171:
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2843:
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2159:
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2007:
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1809:
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1610:
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1409:
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1357:
1309:
1240:
1146:
1138:
1068:
911:
866:
855:"Survey Research and Self-Defense Gun Use: An Explanation of Extreme Overestimates"
769:
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585:
580:
568:
421:
320:
63:
4328:
4323:
4130:
4120:
4003:
3981:
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3441:
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2974:
2848:
2833:
2813:
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2494:
2411:
2394:
2357:
2294:
2284:
1198:
950:. US Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice.
758:"Armed Resistance to Crime: The Prevalence and Nature of Self-Defense with a Gun"
650:
542:
498:
485:" hypothesis, in that no significant relationship was seen between living in the
300:
155:
1743:
1529:
1176:"Guns and Crime: Handgun Victimization, Firearm Self Defense, and Firearm Theft"
3868:
3688:
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1708:
1491:
1413:
1397:
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Lott, Jr., John R. (1998-12-01). "Cities Target Gun Makers in Bogus Lawsuits".
1127:"The incidence of defensive firearm use by US crime victims, 1987 through 1990"
340:
312:
247:
1813:
1778:
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2428:
2399:
2311:
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2011:
1897:
1852:
1551:
594:
135:
3913:
3550:
1142:
944:
675:
4275:
4267:
4147:
4086:
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3518:
3276:
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3016:
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2154:
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1870:
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1606:
1578:
https://vpc.org/revealing-the-impacts-of-gun-violence/self-defense-gun-use/
1537:
1499:
1464:
1421:
1379:
945:"Guns in America: National Survey on Private Ownership and Use of Firearms"
602:
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of defensive gun uses is not a valid criticism of whether estimates of the
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131:
123:
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1313:
897:"The gun debate's new mythical number: How many defensive uses per year?"
143:
1922:
Priorities for Research to Reduce the Threat of Firearm-Related Violence
916:
10.1002/(SICI)1520-6688(199722)16:3<463::AID-PAM6>3.0.CO;2-F
412:, using five years of nationwide statistics (2007-2011) compiled by the
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2241:
2139:
2110:
1361:
878:
833:
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (Northwestern) 87 (1997): 1430.
781:
633:. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (Northwestern). p. 1462.
267:
263:
223:
year, while high end estimates reach 4.7 million per year. A May 2014
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3775:
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3683:
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3461:
3416:
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3051:
2957:
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2211:
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Guns, Gun Control, And Elections: The Politics And Policy of Firearms
1266:
Lott, Jr., John R. (1998-06-23). "Keep Guns out of Lawyers' Hands".
870:
773:
4237:
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3652:
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1930:
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The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
1552:"Firearm Justifiable Homicides and Non-Fatal Self-Defense Gun Use"
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1346:"Gun use in the United States: results from two national surveys"
433:
1637:
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3810:
3725:
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2189:
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1837:"Investigating the Link Between Gun Possession and Gun Assault"
1987:
895:
Cook, Philip J.; Ludwig, Jens; Hemenway, David (Summer 1997).
2741:
2736:
2721:
2676:
2372:
1834:
1016:"Marvin E. Wolfgang, 73, Dies; Leading Figure in Criminology"
960:
942:
644:
Otis Dudley Duncan, "Gun Use Surveys: In Numbers We Trust?"
297:
number of defensive gun uses are implausible or too high.
2726:
2686:
2115:
2100:
2059:
1918:
1054:"Defensive Gun Uses: New Evidence from a National Survey"
57:
and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as
1730:
McDOWALL, D. (1 May 1995). "Firearms and Self-Defense".
1672:
1231:
Ludwig, Jens (2000). "Gun Self-Defense and Deterrence".
355:, an economist and guns rights advocate, argues in both
4035:
257:
327:
1330:
Discussion of different surveys on defensive gun use.
826:
687:
1013:
1291:
894:
567:Hemenway, David; Nolan, Elizabeth P (2016-10-06).
475:
793:
791:
228:control policy came to a head in the late 1990s.
4412:
1925:. National Academy of Sciences. pp. 15–16.
1480:Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine
1124:
751:
749:
747:
745:
743:
4356:Small Arms & Light Weapons (SALW)
1588:
1515:
215:self-defense with firearm in the Czech Republic
1960:
1477:
1442:
1395:
788:
122:) is the use or presentation of a firearm for
2045:
1325:
1323:
998:
740:
628:
566:
432:, which examined 198 home invasion crimes in
2759:
1230:
979:
569:"The scientific agreement on firearm issues"
38:, which are uninformative and vulnerable to
3568:
982:"How Often Do We Use Guns in Self-Defense?"
53:and maintains a consistent citation style.
2052:
2038:
1883:
1320:
1125:McDowall, D; Wiersema, B (December 1994).
1051:
943:Cook, Philip J.; Ludwig, Jens (May 1997).
755:
2001:
1860:
1614:
1369:
1280:
1274:
1265:
1259:
1150:
963:"The Myth Behind Defensive Gun Ownership"
904:Journal of Policy Analysis and Management
584:
161:
95:Learn how and when to remove this message
1886:Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice
1799:
1729:
1675:Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery
1589:Denton, JF; Fabricius, WV (April 2004).
1343:
1297:
852:
837:
727:Firearms and Violence: A Critical Review
106:
890:
888:
859:Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology
671:
669:
667:
665:
663:
624:
622:
620:
420:A 2004 study surveyed the records of a
4413:
1391:
1389:
1196:
1099:
1052:Cook, Philip J.; Ludwig, Jens (1998).
303:, who was acknowledged in 1994 by the
225:Harvard Injury Control Research Center
4034:
3567:
2758:
2138:
2137:
2033:
1764:
1511:
1509:
1339:
1337:
1014:Kaufman, Michael T. (18 April 1998).
538:
536:
534:
1212:
1173:
885:
660:
617:
394:
258:Kleck and Gertz, and Cook and Ludwig
246:Lower-end estimates include that by
18:
1386:
1061:Journal of Quantitative Criminology
690:Journal of Quantitative Criminology
631:"A Call for a Truce in the DGU War"
328:National Crime Victimization Survey
233:National Crime Victimization Survey
45:Please consider converting them to
13:
1919:National Research Council (2013).
1506:
1334:
961:Evan DeFilippis and Devin Hughes.
678:, NIJ Research in Brief, May 1997.
531:
14:
4437:
4426:Gun politics in the United States
1841:American Journal of Public Health
1131:American Journal of Public Health
980:Paul Barrett (27 December 2012).
756:Kleck, Gary; Gertz, Marc (1995).
557:, Rowman & Littlefield, 2007.
408:A study published in 2013 by the
1687:10.1097/00005373-199808000-00010
1652:10.1001/jama.1995.03520460041032
347:
203:
192:
181:
170:
134:and criminology, chiefly in the
23:
1981:
1954:
1912:
1877:
1828:
1793:
1758:
1723:
1701:
1666:
1631:
1582:
1571:
1544:
1471:
1436:
1344:Hemenway, D (1 December 2000).
1224:
1190:
1174:Rand, Michael R. (April 1994).
1167:
1118:
1093:
1045:
1033:
1007:
973:
954:
936:
846:
514:DGU cases in the Czech Republic
476:Predictors of defensive gun use
414:Federal Bureau of Investigation
262:A commonly cited 1995 study by
716:
681:
637:
586:10.1136/injuryprev-2016-042146
560:
452:Defensive Gun Uses in the U.S.
305:British Journal of Criminology
276:Congressional Research Service
49:to ensure the article remains
1:
4221:Firearms by country
4136:Civilian Marksmanship Program
1975:10.1016/S0047-2352(97)00077-9
1457:10.1016/S0277-9536(99)00283-X
1445:Social Science & Medicine
1199:"Firearm Violence, 1993–2011"
762:J. Crim. L. & Criminology
524:
1206:Bureau of Justice Statistics
1197:Planty, Michael (May 2013).
723:Committee on Law and Justice
240:National Self-Defense Survey
7:
4392:Federal Assault Weapons Ban
4290:Campaign Against Arms Trade
1963:Journal of Criminal Justice
1744:10.1177/0002716295539001010
1530:10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.03.029
1102:"The Science of Gun Policy"
492:
458:
10:
4442:
4346:High-capacity magazine ban
3472:Mean time between failures
1492:10.1001/archpedi.158.4.395
1414:10.1891/0886-6708.15.3.257
1100:Morral, Andrew R. (2018).
231:Estimates of DGU from the
4364:
4314:
4305:
4266:
4194:
4146:
4075:Household ownership rates
4055:
4030:
3952:
3809:
3754:
3745:
3661:
3589:
3580:
3563:
3404:
3343:
3334:
3217:
3208:
3109:
2777:
2768:
2754:
2666:
2614:
2571:
2557:
2515:
2385:
2371:
2265:
2146:
2133:
2084:
2080:
1814:10.1080/07418820200095281
1779:10.1080/07418820200095191
1221:CATO Institute, 2012, p.8
483:Southern culture of honor
469:National Research Council
2012:10.1177/0011128709343145
1898:10.1177/1043986208328164
1853:10.2105/AJPH.2008.143099
1301:Public Opinion Quarterly
853:Hemenway, David (1997).
403:
283:social desirability bias
4376:by U.S. state
3786:Overpressure ammunition
3721:Improved Military Rifle
3427:Circular error probable
2346:Personal defence weapon
1990:Crime & Delinquency
1268:The Wall Street Journal
1143:10.2105/AJPH.84.12.1982
1073:10.1023/A:1023077303928
702:10.1023/A:1007588410221
657:, v25 n1, Jan/Feb 2000.
489:and defensive gun use.
378:The Wall Street Journal
4070:Civilian gun ownership
3599:Firing (Shooting)
1711:. Gun Violence Archive
1709:"Past Summary Ledgers"
1607:10.1136/ip.2003.003947
1559:Violence Policy Center
987:Bloomberg Businessweek
803:, Vol 10, No. 3, 1997"
629:Smith, Tom W. (1997).
519:2017 Chomutov incident
487:Southern United States
410:Violence Policy Center
162:Estimates of frequency
112:
3544:Handgun effectiveness
3477:Minute of Angle (MOA)
3353:Ballistic coefficient
2329:Semi-automatic pistol
994:on December 30, 2012.
509:Stand-your-ground law
440:completed suicides."
369:More Guns, Less Crime
364:The Bias Against Guns
358:More Guns, Less Crime
110:
4161:in the United States
3819:Armour piercing
3380:Rangefinding/keeping
3292:Push/Controlled feed
3084:Synchronization gear
2819:Blank-firing adapter
2670: or famous
1402:Violence and Victims
504:Justifiable homicide
445:Gun Violence Archive
428:A 1995 study led by
4253:Privately made
4216:Firearm brands
4102:State firearms
4082:Exhibition shooting
4065:Celebratory gunfire
3924:Plastic tipped
3854:High explosive
3375:Physics of firearms
1518:Preventive Medicine
4351:Right to bear arms
4297:Featureless rifles
4243:Improvised firearm
4204:3D printed firearm
4092:United States
3987:Fully powered
3894:Total metal jacket
3534:Stock measurements
2257:Underwater firearm
2153: versus
1362:10.1136/ip.6.4.263
1314:10.1093/poq/nfi015
1020:The New York Times
649:2015-09-23 at the
113:
4408:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4400:
4399:
4365:United States Gun
4026:
4025:
4022:
4021:
3909:Hollow point
3834:Full metal jacket
3741:
3740:
3699:Tubes and Primers
3559:
3558:
3509:Power factor
3447:Gun harmonisation
3400:
3399:
3330:
3329:
3204:
3203:
3186:Night vision
2750:
2749:
2662:
2661:
2576:Automatic shotgun
2553:
2552:
2140:Types of firearms
2129:
2128:
1940:978-0-309-28438-7
1847:(11): 2034–2040.
1802:Justice Quarterly
1767:Justice Quarterly
1595:Injury Prevention
1350:Injury Prevention
1284:Los Angeles Times
1233:Crime and Justice
1137:(12): 1982–1984.
967:POLITICO Magazine
799:"David Hemenway,
573:Injury Prevention
430:Arthur Kellermann
395:Hemenway research
384:Los Angeles Times
128:defense of others
116:Defensive gun use
105:
104:
97:
55:Several templates
4433:
4312:
4311:
4258:Small arms trade
4196:Firearm industry
4047:, and
4032:
4031:
3904:Hollow base
3752:
3751:
3731:Smokeless powder
3587:
3586:
3565:
3564:
3514:Precision-guided
3341:
3340:
3215:
3214:
3022:Rail system
2896:Flash suppressor
2775:
2774:
2756:
2755:
2702:Winchester rifle
2692:Antique firearms
2622:20-gauge shotgun
2569:
2568:
2383:
2382:
2135:
2134:
2082:
2081:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2031:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2005:
2003:10.1.1.1014.2796
1985:
1979:
1978:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1864:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1618:
1586:
1580:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1556:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1513:
1504:
1503:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1393:
1384:
1383:
1373:
1341:
1332:
1327:
1318:
1317:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1203:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1154:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1106:RAND Corporation
1097:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1087:
1058:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1011:
1005:
1002:
996:
995:
990:. Archived from
977:
971:
970:
958:
952:
951:
949:
940:
934:
933:
931:
930:
924:
918:. Archived from
901:
892:
883:
882:
865:(4): 1430–1445.
850:
844:
841:
835:
830:
824:
823:
821:
820:
814:
808:. Archived from
807:
795:
786:
785:
753:
738:
720:
714:
713:
685:
679:
673:
658:
641:
635:
634:
626:
615:
614:
588:
564:
558:
540:
422:Phoenix, Arizona
321:RAND Corporation
311:A 1998 study by
213:People training
207:
196:
185:
174:
100:
93:
89:
86:
80:
78:
67:
27:
26:
19:
4441:
4440:
4436:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4411:
4410:
4409:
4396:
4360:
4329:Concealed carry
4324:Assault weapons
4319:Air travel
4301:
4278: and
4262:
4190:
4150:
4142:
4131:Shooting sports
4121:Pistol duelling
4051:
4018:
3982:Rifle cartridge
3948:
3889:Supercavitating
3884:Soft point
3805:
3737:
3711:Ball propellant
3657:
3576:
3555:
3551:Twist rate
3442:Gun chronograph
3432:Effective range
3396:
3326:
3297:Recoil-operated
3200:
3105:
2764:
2746:
2732:Colt Peacemaker
2658:
2632:Dragon's breath
2627:Breaching round
2610:
2591:Double-barreled
2549:
2525:General purpose
2511:
2367:
2261:
2202:Multiple-barrel
2142:
2125:
2076:
2058:
2028:
2027:
1986:
1982:
1959:
1955:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1917:
1913:
1882:
1878:
1833:
1829:
1798:
1794:
1763:
1759:
1728:
1724:
1714:
1712:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1671:
1667:
1646:(22): 1759–62.
1636:
1632:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1572:
1563:
1561:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1514:
1507:
1476:
1472:
1441:
1437:
1394:
1387:
1342:
1335:
1328:
1321:
1296:
1292:
1279:
1275:
1264:
1260:
1229:
1225:
1217:
1213:
1201:
1195:
1191:
1181:
1179:
1172:
1168:
1123:
1119:
1110:
1108:
1098:
1094:
1085:
1083:
1056:
1050:
1046:
1038:
1034:
1024:
1022:
1012:
1008:
1003:
999:
978:
974:
959:
955:
947:
941:
937:
928:
926:
922:
899:
893:
886:
871:10.2307/1144020
851:
847:
842:
838:
831:
827:
818:
816:
812:
805:
797:
796:
789:
774:10.2307/1144004
754:
741:
721:
717:
686:
682:
674:
661:
651:Wayback Machine
642:
638:
627:
618:
565:
561:
543:Harry L. Wilson
541:
532:
527:
499:Castle doctrine
495:
478:
461:
406:
397:
350:
330:
301:Marvin Wolfgang
260:
220:
219:
218:
217:
210:
209:
208:
199:
198:
197:
188:
187:
186:
177:
176:
175:
164:
156:concealed carry
101:
90:
84:
81:
69:
58:
44:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4439:
4429:
4428:
4423:
4406:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4368:
4366:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4337:
4336:
4326:
4321:
4315:
4309:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4287:
4272:
4270:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4234:
4233:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4200:
4198:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4166:Assassinations
4163:
4157:
4155:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4111:
4106:
4105:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4084:
4079:
4078:
4077:
4067:
4061:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4028:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3958:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3815:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3761:
3755:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3689:Percussion cap
3686:
3676:
3671:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3621:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3590:
3584:
3578:
3577:
3561:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3539:Stopping power
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3457:Length of pull
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3377:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3344:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3282:Out-of-battery
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3218:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3115:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2906:Forward assist
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2876:Cocking handle
2873:
2868:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2778:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2760:Mechanics and
2752:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2673:
2671:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2586:Combat shotgun
2583:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2521:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2497:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2480:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2443:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2414:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2397:
2392:
2386:
2380:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2351:Submachine gun
2348:
2341:Pistol caliber
2338:
2337:
2336:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2271:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2085:
2078:
2077:
2057:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2034:
2026:
2025:
1996:(3): 356–378.
1980:
1969:(3): 251–258.
1953:
1939:
1931:10.17226/18319
1911:
1876:
1827:
1808:(2): 377–398.
1792:
1773:(1): 127–157.
1757:
1738:(1): 130–140.
1722:
1700:
1665:
1630:
1581:
1570:
1543:
1505:
1486:(4): 395–400.
1470:
1451:(2): 285–291.
1435:
1385:
1356:(4): 263–267.
1333:
1319:
1308:(2): 246–263.
1290:
1273:
1258:
1245:10.1086/652203
1223:
1211:
1189:
1166:
1117:
1092:
1044:
1032:
1006:
997:
972:
953:
935:
910:(3): 463–469.
884:
845:
836:
825:
787:
768:(1): 150–187.
739:
715:
680:
659:
636:
616:
579:(4): 221–225.
559:
529:
528:
526:
523:
522:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
494:
491:
477:
474:
460:
457:
405:
402:
396:
393:
349:
346:
341:Clayton Cramer
329:
326:
259:
256:
248:David Hemenway
212:
211:
202:
201:
200:
191:
190:
189:
180:
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169:
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166:
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160:
103:
102:
85:September 2022
47:full citations
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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4281:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4265:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4248:Most-produced
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
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4207:
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4033:
4029:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
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3642:
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3634:
3633:
3632:
3629:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3575:
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3566:
3562:
3552:
3549:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
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3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3277:Muzzleloading
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3242:Breechloading
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3007:Muzzle shroud
3005:
3003:
3000:
2996:
2995:Stripper clip
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2985:High-capacity
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
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2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2757:
2753:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2712:Mauser rifles
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2637:Shotgun shell
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2390:Anti-materiel
2388:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2050:
2048:
2043:
2041:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1942:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1915:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1880:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1761:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1710:
1704:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1579:
1574:
1560:
1553:
1547:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1512:
1510:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1474:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1439:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1408:(3): 257–72.
1407:
1403:
1399:
1396:Hemenway, D;
1392:
1390:
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1096:
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1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1055:
1048:
1042:
1036:
1021:
1017:
1010:
1001:
993:
989:
988:
983:
976:
968:
964:
957:
946:
939:
925:on 2016-06-04
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
898:
891:
889:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
849:
840:
834:
829:
815:on 2016-01-13
811:
804:
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794:
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783:
779:
775:
771:
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736:
735:0-309-09124-1
732:
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655:Criminologist
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348:Lott research
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158:of firearms.
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136:United States
133:
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117:
109:
99:
96:
88:
76:
75:documentation
72:
65:
64:documentation
61:
56:
52:
48:
43:
41:
37:
32:This article
30:
21:
20:
4421:Self-defense
4268:Arms control
4148:Gun violence
4115:Jungle style
4114:
4087:Gun cultures
3992:Intermediate
3669:Fire forming
3519:Rate of fire
3390:Stadiametric
3368:Transitional
3312:Self-loading
3267:Gas-operated
3227:Blow-forward
3159:Red dot
3069:Squeeze bore
3017:Pistol slide
3002:Muzzle brake
2970:Bottom metal
2517:Machine guns
2175:Line thrower
2155:muzzleloader
2151:Breechloader
1993:
1989:
1983:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1944:. Retrieved
1921:
1914:
1889:
1885:
1879:
1844:
1840:
1830:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1713:. Retrieved
1703:
1681:(2): 263–7.
1678:
1674:
1668:
1643:
1639:
1633:
1598:
1594:
1584:
1573:
1562:. Retrieved
1558:
1546:
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1517:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1405:
1401:
1353:
1349:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1287:. p. 7.
1282:
1276:
1270:. p. 1.
1267:
1261:
1236:
1232:
1226:
1214:
1205:
1192:
1180:. Retrieved
1169:
1134:
1130:
1120:
1109:. Retrieved
1105:
1095:
1084:. Retrieved
1064:
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1047:
1035:
1023:. Retrieved
1019:
1009:
1000:
992:the original
985:
975:
966:
956:
938:
927:. Retrieved
920:the original
907:
903:
862:
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839:
828:
817:. Retrieved
810:the original
800:
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148:armed police
132:gun politics
124:self-defense
119:
115:
114:
91:
82:
71:Citation bot
33:
4382:Legislation
4334:in the U.S.
4285:Disarmament
4280:Gun control
3977:Handloading
3764:Dummy round
3636:Cooking off
3631:Malfunction
3619:Field strip
3614:Maintenance
3504:Penetration
3467:Match grade
3385:Mathematics
3317:Single-shot
3257:Closed bolt
3171:Scope mount
3134:Holographic
3124:Finderscope
3012:Pistol grip
2990:Speedloader
2844:Telescoping
2824:Breechblock
2697:Gatling gun
2596:Pump action
2237:Single-shot
2160:Combination
1892:(1): 6–19.
1601:(2): 96–8.
1239:: 363–417.
1182:11 November
737:, page 103.
696:(1): 1–19.
317:Jens Ludwig
313:Philip Cook
272:telescoping
144:gun control
4415:Categories
4186:Gun safety
4181:Gunfighter
3972:Centrefire
3954:Cartridges
3934:Snake shot
3874:Round shot
3864:Projectile
3849:Incendiary
3747:Ammunition
3706:Propellant
3674:Obturation
3646:Squib load
3574:ammunition
3412:Accurizing
3348:Ballistics
3262:Electronic
3181:Telescopic
3032:Recoil pad
2891:Firing pin
2866:Bump stock
2829:Breechface
2770:Components
2762:components
2615:Ammunition
2363:Wallet gun
2307:Pepper-box
2252:Spring-gun
2247:Smoothbore
2242:Sleeve gun
1564:2014-10-29
1111:2018-03-19
1086:2015-11-20
1067:(2): 122.
929:2016-01-24
819:2015-02-25
555:0742553485
525:References
140:gun rights
51:verifiable
4226:Gun shops
4176:Forensics
4151:and
4097:Gun shows
3839:Frangible
3829:Expanding
3781:Gas check
3776:Flechette
3759:Cannelure
3684:Gunpowder
3641:Hang fire
3609:Firefight
3462:Lock time
3452:Headspace
3417:Bore axis
3302:Repeating
3252:Open bolt
3166:Magnifier
3052:Auto sear
2958:Wheellock
2953:Flintlock
2931:Half-cock
2886:Extractor
2787:Feed ramp
2717:Tommy Gun
2707:M1 Garand
2642:.410 bore
2606:Sawed-off
2581:Coach gun
2495:Repeating
2488:Polygonal
2412:Automatic
2395:Anti-tank
2280:Derringer
2170:Flare gun
2020:145139421
1998:CiteSeerX
1906:144883485
1822:145057367
1787:144199994
1752:145211187
1398:Azrael, D
1253:142711326
1081:142912490
710:142791205
595:1353-8047
353:John Lott
36:bare URLs
4387:Politics
4307:Gun laws
4238:Gunsmith
4126:Politics
4045:industry
3967:Caseless
3769:Snap cap
3662:Ignition
3653:Ricochet
3594:Dry fire
3570:Shooting
3497:Velocity
3363:Terminal
3358:External
3322:Slamfire
3307:Revolver
3222:Blowback
3089:Tapering
3064:Silencer
3027:Receiver
2965:Magazine
2921:Foregrip
2911:Freebore
2881:Cylinder
2839:Rotating
2802:Trunnion
2668:Historic
2559:Shotguns
2478:Marksman
2456:Elephant
2358:Starting
2317:Revolver
2285:Duelling
2275:Cane gun
2267:Handguns
2227:Riot gun
2195:Takedown
2180:Long gun
2165:Elephant
2069:glossary
2061:Firearms
1871:19762675
1625:15066974
1538:25910555
1524:: 22–7.
1500:15066882
1465:10619696
1430:37512812
1422:11200101
1380:11144624
647:Archived
611:19523541
603:27758830
493:See also
459:Benefits
381:and the
40:link rot
4374: (
4341:License
4109:Hunting
4057:Society
4037:Society
4014:Wildcat
4009:Pinfire
3939:Spitzer
3869:Raufoss
3811:Bullets
3801:Wadding
3716:Cordite
3694:Rimfire
3624:Fouling
3604:Gunshot
3582:Gunshot
3422:Caliber
3405:Metrics
3336:Physics
3237:Boxlock
3210:Actions
3196:Zeroing
3191:Thermal
3149:Reticle
3119:Diopter
3094:Trigger
2941:Striker
2916:Forearm
2901:Fluting
2871:Chamber
2859:Tilting
2849:Flapper
2809:Bayonet
2797:Threads
2561: (
2483:Rifling
2471:Varmint
2461:Express
2451:Buffalo
2446:Hunting
2429:Carbine
2400:Assault
2375: (
2302:Machine
2222:Pen gun
2217:Net gun
2212:Needler
2204: (
2185:Carbine
2106:History
2089:Firearm
2063: (
1946:6 April
1862:2759797
1715:1 March
1695:9715182
1660:7769769
1616:1730063
1371:1730664
1161:7998641
1152:1615397
1025:16 June
879:1144020
782:1144004
729:(2004)
434:Atlanta
291:subsets
4171:Deaths
4153:safety
4041:safety
3919:Meplat
3899:Tracer
3726:Ramrod
3679:Primer
3524:Recoil
3487:Energy
3482:Muzzle
3154:Reflex
3111:Sights
3059:Shroud
3042:Safety
2936:Linear
2926:Hammer
2854:Roller
2782:Barrel
2535:Medium
2500:Sniper
2441:Double
2417:Battle
2373:Rifles
2312:Pocket
2290:Pistol
2232:Rotary
2190:Musket
2121:Weapon
2111:Safety
2073:topics
2071:, and
2018:
2000:
1937:
1904:
1869:
1859:
1820:
1785:
1750:
1693:
1658:
1623:
1613:
1536:
1498:
1463:
1428:
1420:
1378:
1368:
1251:
1159:
1149:
1079:
877:
801:Chance
780:
733:
708:
609:
601:
593:
553:
425:time.
60:reFill
4004:Paper
3962:Blank
3929:ABCBC
3914:Minié
3859:HEIAP
3844:Green
3796:Sabot
3529:Group
3437:Gauge
3272:Lever
3247:Break
3144:Laser
3129:Globe
3099:guard
3079:Stock
3074:Choke
2742:Glock
2737:M1911
2722:MP 40
2682:AR-15
2677:AK-47
2540:Heavy
2530:Light
2094:lists
2016:S2CID
1902:S2CID
1818:S2CID
1783:S2CID
1748:S2CID
1555:(PDF)
1426:S2CID
1249:S2CID
1202:(PDF)
1077:S2CID
1057:(PDF)
948:(PDF)
923:(PDF)
900:(PDF)
875:JSTOR
813:(PDF)
806:(PDF)
778:JSTOR
706:S2CID
607:S2CID
404:Other
295:total
268:Gertz
264:Kleck
34:uses
4372:Laws
4276:Arms
4231:list
4209:list
4049:laws
3997:list
3879:SLAP
3824:Cast
3572:and
3492:Rise
3287:Pump
3232:Bolt
3176:Tang
3139:Iron
3047:Sear
2980:Drum
2975:Clip
2948:Lock
2834:Bolt
2814:Belt
2792:Slug
2654:Slug
2649:Shot
2601:Riot
2563:list
2505:list
2466:Punt
2434:list
2422:list
2405:list
2377:list
2334:list
2322:list
2295:list
2206:list
2065:list
1948:2016
1935:ISBN
1867:PMID
1717:2018
1691:PMID
1656:PMID
1640:JAMA
1621:PMID
1534:PMID
1496:PMID
1461:PMID
1418:PMID
1376:PMID
1184:2012
1157:PMID
1027:2016
731:ISBN
599:PMID
591:ISSN
551:ISBN
443:The
361:and
315:and
266:and
238:The
154:and
152:open
68:and
3944:VLD
3791:PCA
3037:Rim
2727:Uzi
2687:M16
2545:SAW
2116:War
2101:Gun
2008:doi
1971:doi
1927:doi
1894:doi
1857:PMC
1849:doi
1810:doi
1775:doi
1740:doi
1736:539
1683:doi
1648:doi
1644:273
1611:PMC
1603:doi
1526:doi
1488:doi
1484:158
1453:doi
1410:doi
1366:PMC
1358:doi
1310:doi
1241:doi
1147:PMC
1139:doi
1069:doi
912:doi
867:doi
770:doi
698:doi
581:doi
120:DGU
4417::
4043:,
4039:,
2067:,
2014:.
2006:.
1994:60
1992:.
1967:26
1965:.
1933:.
1900:.
1890:25
1888:.
1865:.
1855:.
1845:99
1843:.
1839:.
1816:.
1806:19
1804:.
1781:.
1771:19
1769:.
1746:.
1734:.
1689:.
1679:45
1677:.
1654:.
1642:.
1619:.
1609:.
1599:10
1597:.
1593:.
1557:.
1532:.
1522:79
1520:.
1508:^
1494:.
1482:.
1459:.
1449:50
1447:.
1424:.
1416:.
1406:15
1404:.
1388:^
1374:.
1364:.
1352:.
1348:.
1336:^
1322:^
1306:69
1304:.
1247:.
1237:27
1235:.
1204:.
1155:.
1145:.
1135:84
1133:.
1129:.
1104:.
1075:.
1065:14
1063:.
1059:.
1018:.
984:.
965:.
908:16
906:.
902:.
887:^
873:.
863:87
861:.
857:.
790:^
776:.
766:86
764:.
760:.
742:^
725:,
704:.
694:16
692:.
662:^
653:,
619:^
605:.
597:.
589:.
577:23
575:.
571:.
549:,
545:,
533:^
387:.
150:,
146:,
142:,
126:,
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2379:)
2208:)
2075:)
2053:e
2046:t
2039:v
2022:.
2010::
1977:.
1973::
1950:.
1929::
1908:.
1896::
1873:.
1851::
1824:.
1812::
1789:.
1777::
1754:.
1742::
1719:.
1697:.
1685::
1662:.
1650::
1627:.
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1567:.
1540:.
1528::
1502:.
1490::
1467:.
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1360::
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1316:.
1312::
1255:.
1243::
1208:.
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1141::
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1089:.
1071::
1029:.
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932:.
914::
881:.
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