129:(ethanol) and was constructed on the principle of using 0° for the melting temperature of water, and graduating the tube into degrees, each of which was one-thousandth of the volume contained by the bulb and tube up to the zero mark. He suggested that the concentration of alcohol employed be such that it began boiling at 80 °Ré – that is, when it had expanded in volume by 8%. He chose alcohol instead of mercury because it expands more visibly, but this posed problems: his original thermometers were very bulky, and the low boiling point of alcohol made them unsuitable for many applications. Instrument-makers generally chose different liquids, and then used 80 °Ré to signify the boiling point of water, causing much confusion.
61:
312:, rather than the Réaumur measurement, but the Réaumur scale continued to be used in some parts of Europe until at least the mid-19th century, and in parts of Russia until the early 20th. While living in Paris, George Orwell mentions "translating Réaumur into Fahrenheit" even in 1929. Its main modern uses are in some Italian and Swiss factories for measuring milk temperature during cheese production, and in the Netherlands for measuring temperature when cooking sugar syrup for desserts and sweets.
45:
1051:
140:
thermometers were the best for practical use, on the grounds that among these substances its volume varies the most linearly with the method of mixtures. In detail, if two portions of water of equal masses A, B were mixed, and let the resulting water be C, and if we immerse a thermometer in A, B, C,
261:
192:
665:
656:
647:
638:
629:
620:
611:
602:
1030:
304:, the narrator says, "We had eleven degrees of frost", i.e. −11 °Ré, equivalent to −14 °C or 7 °F. By the 1790s, France had chosen the
263:, and similarly for other ratios of mixtures. He found that thermometers made using mercury allowed the closest fit to his expectation of linearity.
941:
773:
804:
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110:
749:
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The Réaumur scale was used widely in Europe, particularly in France, Germany and Russia, and was referenced in the works of
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17:
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319:'s army in San Antonio, Texas in 1836 recording the night's temperature as 34 °F and 1 °Ré.
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8:
133:
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53:
875:
77:
1015:
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38:
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668:
313.15 K = 40 °C = 104 °F = 563.67 °Ra = 28.5 °Ro = 13.2 °N = 90 °D = 32 ºRé
521:
309:
102:
98:
64:
Réaumur and
Celsius scale on thermometer. Private collection, central Europe.
136:
studied the several substances then used in thermometers and concluded that
44:
995:
990:
807:
788:
The scientific adventure: essays in the history and philosophy of science.
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954:
852:
Vladimir
Nabokov, The Real Life of Sebastian Knight, p. 1. Penguin Books.
291:
287:
275:
122:
94:
919:
975:
403:
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From the late 18th century mercury was used almost without exception.
109:
are defined as 0 and 80 degrees respectively. The scale is named for
717:
980:
1050:
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344:
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126:
30:
This article is about the temperature scale. For other uses, see
741:
Inventing temperature : measurement and scientific progress
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864:, trans. Pevear and Volokhovsky (Vintage, 1991), p. 515.
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147:
315:
Uses outside of Europe include a
Mexican colonel in
898:
Reaumur thermometer for
Parmigiano-Reggiano cheese)
790:Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons, London, 1952. Page 131.
255:
186:
93:), also known as the "octogesimal division", is a
256:{\displaystyle l_{C}={\frac {1}{2}}(l_{A}+l_{B})}
1063:
323:Conversion between different temperature units
113:, who first proposed a similar scale in 1730.
935:
298:. For example, at the beginning of Book X of
713:"How Reaumur fell off the temperature scale"
942:
928:
772:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
949:
880:. New York: Harper and Brothers. p.
706:
704:
586:1 °Ré = 1.25 °C = 2.25 °F
329:Réaumur temperature conversion formulae
59:
43:
683:
14:
1064:
908:
873:
710:
701:
923:
843:, p. 685, Wordsworth Editions Limited
737:
590:Conversion between temperature scales
76:
678:Outline of metrology and measurement
24:
584:rather than specific temperatures,
116:
25:
1098:
559: − 491.67) ×
500: − 273.15) ×
187:{\displaystyle l_{A},l_{B},l_{C}}
111:René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur
48:Old thermometer in a pharmacy in
1082:Science and technology in France
1049:
711:Simons, Paul (17 October 2007).
913:. Stackpole Books. p. 364.
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689:
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1:
1072:Obsolete units of measurement
874:Draper, John William (1852).
549: + 491.67) °R
441: − 32) ×
490: + 273.15) K
7:
671:
520:
461:
402:
343:
10:
1103:
36:
29:
1024:
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431: + 32) °F
909:Hansen, Todd E. (2003).
823:, p. 268 Vintage Books.
37:Not to be confused with
32:Réaumur (disambiguation)
803:, p. 93, Random House,
529: °Ré ≘ (
470: °Ré ≘ (
411: °Ré ≘ (
862:The Brothers Karamazov
744:. Oxford. p. 64.
555: °R ≘ (
437: °F ≘ (
352: °Ré ≘
301:The Brothers Karamazov
269:
257:
194:. Deluc expected that
188:
65:
57:
1087:Scales in meteorology
1077:Scales of temperature
886:draper, john william.
877:Textbook on chemistry
825:Part 3, Chapter VI on
738:Chang, Hasok (2007).
696:Division octogesimale
496: K ≘ (
378: °C ≘
308:scale as part of the
258:
189:
74:French pronunciation:
63:
47:
821:Crime and Punishment
819:Fyodor Dostoyevsky,
684:Notes and references
198:
145:
97:scale for which the
1027:Conversion formulas
330:
78:[ʁeomy(ː)ʁ]
27:A Thermometry Scale
801:The Magic Mountain
328:
253:
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141:we obtain lengths
125:contained diluted
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58:
1037:
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828:Project Gutenberg
751:978-0-19-533738-9
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56:by Reaumur scale.
16:(Redirected from
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786:Herbert Dingle.
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580:For temperature
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134:Jean-André Deluc
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54:room temperature
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117:Change in scale
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839:Leo Tolstoy,
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103:boiling points
26:
18:Degree Réaumur
9:
6:
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3:
2:
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879:
878:
870:
863:
858:
849:
842:
841:Anna Karenina
836:
829:
826:
822:
816:
809:
806:
805:Chapter IV on
802:
799:Thomas Mann,
796:
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783:
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533: ×
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499:
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474: ×
473:
469:
466:
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460:
440:
436:
433:
415: ×
414:
410:
407:
405:
401:
382: ×
381:
377:
374:
356: ×
355:
351:
348:
346:
342:
338:
336:from Réaumur
335:
333:
332:
320:
318:
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310:metric system
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88:
84:
79:
71:
70:Réaumur scale
62:
55:
51:
46:
40:
33:
19:
1005:
910:
904:
893:
885:
876:
869:
857:
848:
835:
815:
808:Google Books
795:
787:
782:
740:
733:
722:. Retrieved
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467:
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408:
379:
375:
353:
349:
314:
299:
273:
265:
132:During 1772
131:
120:
90:
86:
82:
69:
67:
955:temperature
339:to Réaumur
280:Dostoyevsky
276:Thomas Mann
123:thermometer
95:temperature
39:Rømer scale
1066:Categories
1031:comparison
976:Fahrenheit
724:2022-12-14
698:in French.
575: °Ré
516: °Ré
457: °Ré
404:Fahrenheit
398: °Ré
317:Santa Anna
121:Réaumur's
52:, showing
768:cite book
760:457147642
718:The Times
582:intervals
372: °C
1016:Wedgwood
981:Gas mark
672:See also
284:Flaubert
1006:Réaumur
1001:Rankine
971:Delisle
966:Celsius
573:
561:
547:
535:
522:Rankine
514:
502:
488:
476:
455:
443:
429:
417:
396:
384:
370:
358:
345:Celsius
306:Celsius
296:Nabokov
292:Tolstoy
138:mercury
127:alcohol
99:melting
1056:Energy
1042:Portal
996:Newton
991:Leiden
986:Kelvin
951:Scales
758:
748:
463:Kelvin
294:, and
50:Vienna
1011:Rømer
288:Joyce
107:water
1029:and
774:link
756:OCLC
746:ISBN
101:and
68:The
953:of
270:Use
105:of
87:°Re
83:°Ré
1068::
884:.
882:20
770:}}
766:{{
754:.
715:.
703:^
290:,
286:,
282:,
278:,
91:°r
89:,
85:,
81:;
1044::
943:e
936:t
929:v
830:.
810:.
776:)
762:.
727:.
570:9
567:/
564:4
557:x
553:x
544:4
541:/
538:9
531:x
527:x
511:5
508:/
505:4
498:x
494:x
485:4
482:/
479:5
472:x
468:x
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446:4
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435:x
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420:9
413:x
409:x
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390:/
387:4
380:x
376:x
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364:/
361:5
354:x
350:x
251:)
246:B
242:l
238:+
233:A
229:l
225:(
220:2
217:1
212:=
207:C
203:l
180:C
176:l
172:,
167:B
163:l
159:,
154:A
150:l
72:(
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
