20:
530:, it was forced to return the evacuees. Soviet authorities did not allow the 55,733 people who had been handed over to settle back in Ingria, and instead deported them to central regions of Russia. The main regions of Ingrian Finns forced settlement were the interior areas of Siberia,
511:, 4,000 Ingrian Finns were shot and over 10,000 deported to prison camps. By 1939 the Ingrian Finnish population had decreased to about 115,000, which was about 10% reduction compared to the 1926 population figures and the Ingrian Finn national district was abolished.
502:
in 1928. Between 1929 and 1931 Soviet authorities deported 18,000 people from areas near the
Finnish border, consisting of up to 16% of the total Ingrian Finnish population. All remaining Finns in four border parishes were deported in 1936 and replaced with
555:. In 1989 there were 18,000 Finns in Ingria and Leningrad, and a total of 67,813 in the Soviet Union, with only 34.7 percent declaring Finnish as their main language. Ingrian and other Finns were not differentiated in the
546:
The deportations led to the rapid ethnic assimilation of
Ingrian Finns. After 1956, return to Ingria was officially allowed but made unfeasible in practice; as a result, many settled in the nearby Finnic regions of
876:
422:
262:
115:
277:
478:
and eventually started referring to themselves as
Ingrian Finns. In 1919 the population of the Ingrian Finns was 132,000 in Ingria and an additional 10,000 in
152:
415:
272:
267:
375:
866:
798:. University of Helsinki.Deportations, Diaspora and Resistance during Stalin's Time in the Letters and Oral Histories of Ingrian Finns. Dissertation.
408:
147:
360:
861:
507:. In 1937 all Finnish-language schools, publications, broadcasts, and Ingrian Lutheran churches were closed down. During the 1937–1938
365:
350:
47:
355:
250:
240:
203:
881:
213:
105:
572:
55:
886:
577:
300:
120:
82:
796:
Inkerinsuomalaisten karkotus, hajaannus ja vastarinta
Stalinin ajan Neuvostoliitossa aikalaiskirjeiden ja muistitiedon valossa
483:
255:
125:
499:
871:
563:, attempts began to revive Ingrian Finnish cultural life in Ingria, but at the same time, many of them moved to Finland.
235:
230:
526:. Most of the Ingrian Finns living in German-occupied territory were evacuated to Finland in 1943–1944. After Finland
831:
812:
784:
765:
130:
164:
135:
851:
777:
Proceedings of
Methods XIII: Papers from the Thirteenth International Conference on Methods in Dialectology, 2008
560:
218:
140:
77:
582:
508:
451:
335:
223:
186:
775:
Evmenov, Dmitri; Muslimov, Mehmet (2010). "Atlas of
Ingrian Finnish dialects: making the most of our data".
486:
of 1920 had granted
Ingrian Finns a degree of national autonomy. A national district was formed in 1928 and
245:
198:
169:
36:
193:
110:
522:, in early 1942 all 20,000 Ingrian Finns remaining in Soviet-controlled territory were deported to
385:
395:
856:
805:
European
Neighbourhood Through Civil Society Networks?: Policies, Practices and Perceptions
697:
672:"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1939 года. Национальный состав населения по регионам России"
671:
515:
176:
157:
698:"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1926 года. Национальный состав населения по регионам РСФСР"
8:
674:[All-Union census 1939. Ethnic composition of the population by Russian region].
208:
700:[All-Union census 1926. Ethnic composition of the population by RSFSR region].
519:
390:
827:
808:
780:
761:
325:
753:
527:
487:
475:
315:
295:
454:. Approximately over 100,000 Ingrian Finns were deported in the 1930s and 1940s.
439:
320:
305:
758:
Memories of Mass
Repression: Narrating Life Stories in the Aftermath of Atrocity
531:
467:
310:
72:
498:
Soviet repression of the
Ingrian Finns started at the same time as the forced
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447:
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32:
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authorities. Deportations took place from the late 1920s to the end of
479:
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19:
552:
548:
523:
471:
28:
463:
24:
345:
87:
877:
Forced migration in the Soviet Union during World War II
35:
at half-mast as a protest against deportations at the
659:Adler, Leydesdorff, Chamberlain, and Neyzi (2011)
626:Adler, Leydesdorff, Chamberlain, and Neyzi (2011)
16:Ethnic cleansing and genocide in the Soviet Union
843:
824:The Finno-Ugric Republics and the Russian State
490:was used in schools, radio and administration.
803:Scott, James Wesley; Liikanen, Ilkka (2013).
416:
642:
640:
638:
636:
634:
609:
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438:were a series of mass deportations of the
423:
409:
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867:Political repression in the Soviet Union
466:for over 400 years, since the period of
18:
752:Adler, Nanci Dale; Leydesdorff, Selma;
573:Population transfer in the Soviet Union
844:
728:
578:Forced settlements in the Soviet Union
652:
619:
862:Forced migration in the Soviet Union
716:
500:collectivization in the Soviet Union
516:German invasion of the Soviet Union
278:Between Poland and Soviet Lithuania
13:
821:
646:
613:
301:German–Soviet population transfers
14:
898:
470:. They had immigrated there from
436:Deportations of the Ingrian Finns
273:Between Poland and Soviet Belarus
268:Between Poland and Soviet Ukraine
882:Human rights in the Soviet Union
774:
734:
116:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
793:
744:
493:
802:
751:
722:
690:
664:
658:
625:
595:
1:
887:Genocide of the Ingrian Finns
588:
583:Genocide of the Ingrian Finns
509:Finnish Operation of the NKVD
457:
452:genocide of the Ingrian Finns
376:Massive labor force transfers
561:collapse of the Soviet Union
541:
462:Lutheran Finns had lived in
7:
735:Evmenov and Muslimov (2010)
566:
484:Finnish-Soviet peace treaty
37:Old Student House, Helsinki
10:
903:
872:Ethnic cleansing in Europe
760:. Transaction Publishers.
56:Forced population transfer
723:Scott and Liikanen (2013)
518:and the beginning of the
106:Azerbaijanis from Armenia
822:Taagepera, Rein (2013).
450:. They were part of the
214:Kurds from Transcaucasia
756:; Neyzi, Leyla (2011).
386:Twenty-five-thousanders
852:Anti-Finnish sentiment
263:Polish and Soviet Jews
40:
794:Reuter, Anni (2023).
396:Virgin Lands campaign
22:
121:Chechens and Ingush
58:in the Soviet Union
520:Leningrad Blockade
391:NKVD labor columns
346:POW Administration
83:Forced settlements
41:
754:Chamberlain, Mary
725:, pp. 59–60
433:
432:
326:Operation Vistula
894:
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702:www.demoscope.ru
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647:Taagepera (2013)
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614:Taagepera (2013)
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476:Karelian Isthmus
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316:Operation Priboi
296:June deportation
236:Meskhetian Turks
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557:official census
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440:Ingrian Finnish
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321:Operation Vesna
306:Operation North
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779:. Peter Lang.
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532:Central Russia
528:sued for peace
514:Following the
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442:population by
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311:Operation Osen
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170:NKVD operation
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158:NKVD operation
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141:NKVD operation
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131:Crimean Tatars
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73:Dekulakization
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833:9781136678080
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826:. Routledge.
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814:9781317983453
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807:. Routledge.
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786:9783631612408
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706:. Retrieved
704:(in Russian)
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680:. Retrieved
678:(in Russian)
675:
666:
654:
621:
597:
545:
513:
497:
494:Deportations
468:Swedish rule
461:
448:World War II
435:
434:
181:
153:from Romania
33:East-Karelia
857:Deportation
559:. With the
231:Lithuanians
846:Categories
589:References
536:Tajikistan
458:Background
361:Hungarians
287:Operations
177:Harbinites
78:Evacuation
542:Aftermath
480:Petrograd
366:Romanians
256:1955–1959
251:1944–1946
199:Karachays
136:Estonians
23:Flags of
649:, p. 144
616:, p. 143
567:See also
505:Russians
474:and the
351:Japanese
219:Latvians
64:Policies
48:a series
46:Part of
39:in 1934.
737:, p. 92
661:, p. 62
628:, p. 61
553:Karelia
549:Estonia
524:Siberia
488:Finnish
472:Finland
356:Germans
204:Koreans
194:Kalmyks
148:Germans
126:Chinese
111:Balkars
97:Peoples
29:Finland
830:
811:
783:
764:
708:6 June
682:6 June
534:, and
482:. The
464:Ingria
444:Soviet
209:Kumyks
165:Greeks
31:, and
25:Ingria
241:Poles
88:Gulag
828:ISBN
809:ISBN
781:ISBN
762:ISBN
710:2021
684:2021
551:and
848::
633:^
606:^
538:.
50:on
27:,
836:.
817:.
789:.
770:.
712:.
686:.
424:e
417:t
410:v
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