833:
dispatched by the German soldiers in the region in order to destabilize it. The Soviet army recaptured the region in
January 1943, thereby arresting 8,673 persons by April the same year. 65 bands were eliminated, their weapons confiscated. The Karachay National Committee fled with the German army. On 15 April 1943, the Soviet Office of the Prosecutor General issued Directive N 52-6927, ordering the deportation of the family members of the active band groups outside the Karachay region. 177 families, numbering 673 people, were subject to deportation.
1154:
63:
1085:, lacking housing. The accommodation of the deportees thus proved difficult: in one district, out of 1,445 deported families, only 175 were provided with housing by the end of 1944. Others had to live in houses of farmers, sheds, barns, brigade bases or in tents. The cold weather of Central Asia and lack of sanitation led to diseases, including
948:
further than 3 metres (9.8 ft) away from the wagons. Many older people and children died during the long transit, caused by a lack of medical assistance and food shortages. A local NKVD report, dated April 1945, registered 40,046 Karachays in the Kazakh SSR, 22,112 in the Kyrgyz SSR and 353 in the
1138:
issued a decree on 26 November 1948, titled "On
Criminal Accountability for Escapes from Places of Compulsory and Permanent Settlement by Persons Exiled to Remote Regions of the Soviet Union during the Period of the Great Patriotic War". The decree formally stated that all deported ethnic groups must
947:
Since most of young men were serving in the Red Army, the deported people consisted mostly out of children under the age of 16 (50%) and women (30%). During the transit, the trains would seldom stop and open the doors to distribute food, and during that occasion the deportees were not allowed to walk
1193:
overturned the decree of the
Presidium of the Supreme Soviet from 1948, which ordered that all the evicted ethnic groups must remain in permanent exile. On 16 July 1956, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet officially released the Karachays, Chechens and the Ingush from special settlements. In 1957,
927:
award. On 14 October 1943, the Soviet government issued resolution no. 1118-342 ss, officially commencing the deportation. 20,000 NKVD officers and 7,000 operational workers were sent to the region to implement the operation. No major instances of resistance was reported. The
Karachays were allowed
731:
wrote of the
Karachays "As a Turkic speaking-people surrounded by Caucasian and Iranic speakers their genesis has attracted much scholarly attention. But to date all that has been definitively established is that Karachays and Balkars are among the most ancient of Caucasian peoples. Quite probably,
665:(the German army). The deportation contributed to 43,000 deaths, resulting in a over 60% mortality rate for the deported population. The Karachays were the first North Caucasus ethnic group to be targeted by Stalin's policy of complete resettlement, which later encompassed five other ethnic groups.
1180:
This deportation action was not dictated by any military considerations. Thus, already at the end of 1943, when there occurred a permanent breakthrough at the fronts... a decision was taken and executed concerning the deportation of all the
Karachay from the lands on which they lived. In the same
928:
to carry 100 kilograms (220 lb) of property with them on the trip, but no more than 500 kilograms (1,100 lb) per family. Prior to the deportation, the NKVD searched the homes of the locals and confiscated firearms, rifles, revolvers and other weapons. The
Karachays were then loaded onto
952:. This is a total of 62,529 Karachays in 1945, down from 69,267 who were deported two years prior. Only 53 of the deportees were officially registered as bandits. In 1944, demobilized officers of the Red Army were also sent to the Kazakh SSR. In May 1944, 90 additional Karachays found in the
832:
band groups, led by Izmail Dudov and M. Botashev, attacked the Soviet forces, including the Red Army, but also terrorized the local population. The German authorities also allowed for the formation of the
Karachay National Committee. 362 paratroopers, which included some 200 Karachays, were
1008:
to exploit cross-border ethnic groups to project influence into the countries neighboring the Soviet Union. Terry Martin, a professor of
Russian studies, assessed that this had the opposite effect; the Soviet fear of "capitalist influence" eventually led to
1003:
somewhat agree, assuming that the resettlement was aimed at solving the "Muslim problem" of the rebellious people of the North
Caucasus. The Soviet authorities tried to forge a state out of 108 different nationalities. Initially they tried to use this
657:. Originally only restricted to family members of rebel bandits during World War II, the deportation was later extended to the entire Karachay ethnic group. The Soviet government refused to acknowledge the fact that 20,000 Karachays served in the
1021:
border, but accepts that social disorder, caused by long anti-Soviet resistance of these groups, Russification and punishment for Axis collaboration of some were contributing factors for Soviet decision to start the deportations.
922:
during World War II. The Soviet government refused to acknowledge that 20,000 Karachays served in the Red Army, greatly outnumbering the 3,000 estimated to have collaborated with the German soldiers. 35 Karachays were given the
1103:
The mortality caused by the resettlement and living conditions in exile is estimated at 43,000 fatalities. This represent a mortality rate of 63%. 653 people died during the transit, including from thirst and
1073:
sector. The special settlers routinely worked twelve hours a day, seven days a week. They suffered from exhaustion, cold, and hunger, with food rations tied to work quotas. They were not paid for their work.
1185:
was liquidated. In April 1944, all Balkars were deported to faraway places from the territory of the Kalbino-Balkar Autonomous Republic and the Republic itself was renamed the Autonomous Kabardin Republic.
1097:. Although initially reluctant to make contact with them, the Kyrgyz locals eventually showed hospitality and sympathy with the Karachays. Some were reported to have shared their food with the deportees.
32:
995:
points out that the Caucasus deportations were a part of a larger Russian policy that had been in effect since 1864: to remove as many Muslim minorities from the Caucasus as possible. Scholars
1253:, lends the strongest evidence that all the deportations were a part of a larger concealed Soviet foreign policy rather than a response to any "universal mass treason". In its 1991 report,
771:, an American academic and historian, described Stalin's era as "by far the bloodiest of Soviet or even Russian history". In November 1921, the Congress of the people of the Karachays and
1261:
since groups were targeted on the basis of their ethnicity. It also noted that none of these ethnic groups were given any kind of compensation for the harm caused by the deportations.
1033:, while a further million fled the Republic, causing a shortage of people in that area, which Stalin sought to compensate by deporting other ethnicities there. American anthropologist
883:
region in 1943 and 1944 and a total of 3,332,589 people were deported during the entire war. The Karachays were the first people to be completely deported from the Northern Caucasus.
3263:
566:
406:
1181:
period, at the end of December 1943, the same lot befell whole population of the Autonomous Kalmyk Republic. In March all the Chechen and Ingush peoples were deported and the
1190:
764:
1249:, in spite of their lands never coming close to the scene of combat during World War II and which coincided with the deportation of other ethnic groups from Caucasus and
259:
1272:) to exterminate the various deported peoples, but that Soviet "political culture, poor planning, haste, and wartime shortages were responsible for the genocidal
740:
the following century. As a result, their territory and numbers were greatly reduced, but they emerged as distinct ethnocultural units by 1400." Following the
421:
1100:
In August 1944, the Soviet government provided aid to the Karachay deportees, in the form of 600 tonnes of grain, 150 tonnes of cereals, and 4,859,900 roubles.
1108:
caused by being locked up in the trains. The recorded population of the Karachays in special settlements reached a recorded low of 56,869 on 26 November 1948.
296:
559:
416:
411:
1182:
519:
3268:
919:
175:
552:
1264:
Contemporary scholars and historians sometimes include the Karachays as one of the deported ethnic groups who were victims of an attempted Soviet
1173:
291:
684:. Later, in 1989, the Soviet government declared that the deportation was a crime. Some contemporary scholars such as Manus Midlarsky cite the
504:
1198:. Their return was sometimes problematic: they found Russians living in their homes, forcing them to find other places to stay in the region.
509:
494:
191:
3065:
499:
394:
384:
676:. In 1957, the Karachays were released from special settlements and allowed to return to their home region, which was formalized as the
3273:
1314:
1219:
347:
1210:
357:
249:
797:
much of the western parts of the Soviet Union. Between 1941 and 1943, the people of Karachay-Cherkessia allocated 52 million
2981:
842:
647:
199:
50:
1289:
851:
During World War II, eight ethnic groups were expelled in their entirety from their native lands by the Soviet government: the
846:
643:
444:
264:
226:
179:
147:
2722:
399:
269:
957:
1013:
of its borderlands. Martin gives four possible reasons for the deportations from the Caucasus: security, social disorder,
3258:
1294:
1246:
1202:
911:
677:
379:
3127:
Midlarsky, Manus I. (2009). "Territoriality and the onset of mass violence: the political extremism of Joseph Stalin".
2191:
976:
374:
2818:
World War 2 and the Soviet People: Selected Papers from the Fourth World Congress for Soviet and East European Studies
3253:
3212:"The Nature of Anti-Soviet Armed Resistance, 1942-44: The North Caucasus, the Kalmyk Autonomous Republic, and Crimea"
2932:
2896:
2861:
2829:
2794:
2765:
2736:
2728:
2700:
2667:
2646:
2619:
2590:
2561:
2528:
2497:
2466:
2437:
2408:
2374:
2345:
2313:
2281:
2248:
2227:
2158:
1408:
1299:
979:. After this operation, the Soviet media was forbidden mentioning the accomplishments of the deported peoples on the
810:
325:
274:
1268:. Others disagree. Professor Alexander Statiev argues that Stalin's administration did not have a specific intent (
941:
937:
741:
616:
308:
279:
27:
3063:
Grannes, Alf (1991). "The Soviet deportation in 1943 of the Karachays: a Turkic Muslim people of North Caucasus".
1231:
considered all the deportations of entire ethnic groups during Stalin's era, including those from the Caucasus, a
3278:
1135:
362:
1049:
The Karachays, among with other peoples deported from the Caucasus, were placed under the administration of the
3157:
1078:
650:
that affected several million members of non-Russian Soviet ethnic minorities between the 1930s and the 1950s.
284:
221:
1326:
1194:
the Karachays were allowed to return to their native land: by 1959, nearly 85% of Soviet Karachays resided in
752:
in 1917, the Karachays had a short period of independence, but this was reversed when it became a part of the
2000:
1984:
479:
367:
330:
1061:
for underdeveloped and inhospitable regions of the Soviet Union. The Karachays were assigned to work in the
1017:
and revenge. He dismisses the security reason since the five North Caucasus ethnic groups were far from the
3005:
1825:
1030:
980:
728:
389:
1037:
assumes that the Karachays were just one of several "weak minorities used as scapegoats" in order for the
910:, were assigned to carry out the plan. All the Karachay were supposed to be deported, even members of the
642:. Nearly 70,000 Karachays of the Caucasus were deported from their native land. The crime was a part of a
3087:
2988:
2888:
2520:
2183:
1050:
636:
313:
1717:
1715:
1309:
1304:
776:
337:
254:
82:
653:
Officially, the deportation was carried out in response to the Karachays supposed collaboration with
3119:
2961:
1712:
2881:"The Empires Pays a Visit: Gulag Returnees, East European Rebellions, and Soviet Frontier Politics"
2657:
924:
1148:
713:
2400:
2144:
1232:
819:
529:
2918:
2880:
2813:
2755:
2609:
2580:
2547:
2485:
2456:
2427:
2363:
Ivanova, Galina Mikhailovna; Raleigh, Donald J.; Mikhailovna, Galina; Flath, Carol A. (2015).
2303:
2267:
2238:
2177:
2010:
1994:
1835:
1343:
756:. In the 1929–30 uprising, around 3,000 Karachays and Balkars were shot by the Soviet forces.
3106:
2851:
2784:
2686:
2396:
2364:
2335:
2213:
2148:
1277:
1258:
944:. Starting from 2 November 1943, a total of 69,267 Karachays were deported in the operation.
539:
2639:
The Stalinist Penal System: A Statistical History of Soviet Repression and Terror, 1930-1953
661:, greatly outnumbering the 3,000 Karachays who were estimated to have collaborated with the
895:
790:
320:
301:
161:
1057:. They were dispersed between 550 settlements in Central Asia. These settlements provided
8:
2914:
2821:
2140:
1954:
1403:. KARACHAY-CHERKESSIAN INSTITUTE HUMANITARIAN RESEARCH UNDER THE GOVERNMENT OF THE KCHR.
1242:
1238:
By 1995, 23,024 Karachays were issued with certificates confirming their rehabilitation.
1195:
996:
681:
600:
352:
116:
67:
3231:
3198:
3144:
3094:
3051:
3022:
2962:"Punished Peoples" of the Soviet Union: The Continuing Legacy of Stalin's Deportations"
2957:
2814:"New Information about the Deportation of Ethnic Groups in the USSR during World War 2"
2389:
1254:
534:
1223:
with Article 2 denouncing all mass deportations as "Stalin's policy of defamation and
3235:
3169:
3148:
3098:
3055:
2968:
2938:
2928:
2902:
2892:
2867:
2857:
2835:
2825:
2800:
2790:
2771:
2761:
2742:
2732:
2706:
2696:
2673:
2663:
2642:
2625:
2615:
2596:
2586:
2567:
2557:
2534:
2524:
2503:
2493:
2472:
2462:
2458:
The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939
2443:
2433:
2414:
2404:
2370:
2351:
2341:
2319:
2309:
2287:
2277:
2254:
2244:
2223:
2197:
2187:
2164:
2154:
1404:
1165:
1005:
749:
732:
they are thought to be part of a once larger Turkic group which was conquered by the
724:
669:
654:
596:
469:
3202:
3026:
3223:
3190:
3136:
3074:
3043:
3014:
2924:
2688:
Chechnya's Terrorist Network: The Evolution of Terrorism in Russia's North Caucasus
2553:
2391:
Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur
1169:
1105:
1010:
872:
806:
733:
673:
584:
459:
439:
120:
2305:
Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus
2219:
1269:
1082:
887:
632:
464:
449:
3181:
Statiev, Alexandar (2010). "Soviet ethnic deportations: intent versus outcome".
3034:
Comins-Richmond, Walter (2002b). "The Karachay Struggle after the Deportation".
1601:
2337:
The Civic and the Tribal State: The State, Ethnicity, and the Multiethnic State
2299:
992:
972:
968:
907:
868:
745:
717:
620:
608:
454:
216:
86:
3194:
3140:
3078:
3047:
3018:
2724:
Against Their Will: The History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR
2629:
2418:
696:
and the Karachays as ethnic groups which were singled out by Stalin's alleged
3247:
3173:
3088:"Ethnic Entrepreneurship of Koreans in the USSR and post Soviet central Asia"
2871:
2507:
2209:
1386:
1214:
1014:
953:
933:
860:
852:
798:
760:
689:
639:
171:
23:
2972:
1920:
2718:
2331:
1437:
Karachay-Cherkessia during the Great Patriotic War. Cherkessk, 1982, p. 29.
1425:
Karachay residents. eviction and return (1943-1957) Maternals and documents
1228:
1070:
1058:
1034:
1000:
787:
783:
753:
624:
612:
54:
3227:
16:
Forced transfer by the Soviet government of the entire Karachay population
2847:
2549:
Honoring Differences: Cultural Issues in the Treatment of Trauma and Loss
2384:
1276:
among them." He rather considers these deportations an example of Soviet
1062:
1054:
829:
768:
3093:. Institute of Developing Economies, Japan External Trade Organization.
2920:
The Crimean Tatars: The Diaspora Experience and the Forging of a Nation
1273:
1153:
1026:
967:
The Karachay Autonomous Oblast was abolished and carved up between the
929:
903:
794:
3211:
2486:"Stalinist Forced Relocation Policies: Patterns, Causes, Consequences"
3003:
Comins-Richmond, Walter (2002a). "The deportation of the Karachays".
1086:
1081:, the Central Asian areas were already overloaded with refugees from
1066:
1038:
949:
815:
779:
was established. The 1939 Soviet census registered 75,737 Karachays.
772:
709:
662:
604:
143:
104:
1354:
1352:
898:, decided upon the complete deportation of the Karachays, codenamed
2692:
2611:
From Conquest to Deportation: The North Caucasus under Russian Rule
2273:
2201:
2176:
Buckley, Cynthia J.; Ruble, Blair A.; Hofmann, Erin Trouth (2008).
1764:
1762:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1265:
1224:
1205:
declared all of Stalin's deportations "illegal and criminal". On 26
1176:
on 24 February 1956, Khrushchev condemned the ethnic deportations:
1158:
961:
915:
880:
856:
802:
697:
685:
658:
71:
2942:
2906:
2775:
2746:
2710:
2538:
2476:
2447:
2323:
2291:
2258:
1492:
1490:
2982:"Deported Karachays in Kyrgyzstan: The Experience of Integration"
2853:
The Unknown Gulag: The Lost World of Stalin's Special Settlements
2366:
Labor Camp Socialism: The Gulag in the Soviet Totalitarian System
1349:
1094:
1090:
876:
864:
824:
801:
to the Soviet defence efforts. The Karachay soldiers serving the
693:
2839:
2804:
2677:
2600:
2571:
2355:
2168:
2064:
1759:
1633:
1502:
2885:
The Thaw: Soviet Society and Culture during the 1950s and 1960s
2429:
Writing History in Twentieth-century Russia: A View from Within
2076:
1487:
1250:
1018:
720:
2362:
2088:
1926:
737:
489:
231:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1191:
Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
765:
General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
62:
1477:
1475:
1257:
described all of the Soviet mass deportations as a form of
1041:
to conceal its own mistakes and failures in World War II.
891:
748:
in 1828, but revolted against the Tsarist rule. During the
628:
157:
2546:
Nader, Kathleen; Dubrow, Nancy; Stamm, B. Hudnall (1999).
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
2040:
1958:
1440:
1093:. Their food rations were sometimes not delivered by the
672:
became the new Soviet Premier and undertook a process of
3264:
Forced migration in the Soviet Union during World War II
1937:
1935:
1702:
1700:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1472:
2052:
1841:
1675:
1673:
1671:
2112:
2028:
2016:
1815:
1813:
1747:
1621:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1536:
1534:
1519:
1369:
1367:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
879:. Approximately 650,000 people were deported from the
3216:
Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History
2240:
Geopolitics: The Geography of International Relations
1932:
1884:
1786:
1697:
1645:
1589:
680:. By 1959, nearly 85% of Soviet Karachays resided in
2488:. In Weiner, Myron; Stanton Russell, Sharon (eds.).
1872:
1774:
1668:
1462:
1460:
2582:
The Lesser Terror: Soviet State Security, 1939-1953
2175:
1972:
1896:
1860:
1810:
1735:
1721:
1570:
1558:
1546:
1531:
1364:
1358:
1029:points out that 1.7 million people perished in the
964:and other places in the region were also deported.
2956:
2388:
2082:
2070:
1908:
1685:
1639:
1513:
775:voted to establish a joint autonomy. In 1922, the
1798:
1457:
1112:Estimate of the mortality rate of the Karachays:
3245:
3033:
3002:
2545:
2094:
1725:
1496:
1401:Deportation of Karachays. The documents are told
134:~43,000 in total (of which 22,000 were children)
2139:
1768:
936:were dispatched to Central Asia, mostly to the
2883:. In Kozlov, Denis; Gilburd, Eleonory (eds.).
2215:The Deportation of Peoples in the Soviet Union
2816:. In Garrard, John; Healicon, Alison (eds.).
2757:The Northwest Caucasus: Past, Present, Future
2517:The Stalin Years: The Soviet Union, 1929-1953
2179:Migration, Homeland, and Belonging in Eurasia
560:
3066:Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs Journal
828:tortured and killed numerous Karachays. The
1387:https://amp.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/394025
1280:and re-education of "stigmatized people".
1220:On the Rehabilitation of Repressed Peoples
567:
553:
3126:
1481:
1211:Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic
727:. In 2002, Walter Comins-Richmond in the
3269:Political repression in the Soviet Union
2913:
2753:
2684:
2662:. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group.
2514:
2058:
1854:
1615:
1611:
1339:
1152:
906:, the Deputy Commissar of the NKVD, and
822:the Karachay oblast in August 1942. The
132:~estimated 13,100—19,000 from 1944-1952
3209:
3180:
3062:
2979:
2659:Ethnic Cleansing in the Ussr, 1937-1949
2607:
2578:
2483:
2383:
2298:
2118:
2034:
2022:
1890:
1878:
1753:
1679:
1627:
1595:
1525:
1451:
1172:, reversing many of previous policies.
1142:
1044:
843:Population transfer in the Soviet Union
668:They were rehabilitated in 1956, after
51:Population transfer in the Soviet Union
3246:
2878:
2782:
2717:
2454:
2425:
2150:The Islamic threat to the Soviet State
2046:
2006:
1990:
1941:
1792:
1706:
1662:
1398:
1373:
1290:Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush
847:Forced settlements in the Soviet Union
180:forced settlements in the Soviet Union
148:forced settlements in the Soviet Union
2846:
2330:
2236:
2208:
1978:
1902:
1866:
1780:
1741:
1729:
1607:
1583:
1564:
1552:
1540:
1209:April 1991 the Supreme Soviet of the
2811:
2655:
2636:
2265:
1914:
1831:
1819:
1691:
1466:
1157:Memorial to the deported Karachays,
958:Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic
3085:
2856:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1804:
1295:Deportation of the Meskhetian Turks
1247:deportation of the Meskhetian Turks
1217:, followed suit and passed the law
1203:Supreme Council of the Soviet Union
986:
678:Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Oblast
422:Between Poland and Soviet Lithuania
13:
1183:Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Republic
977:Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic
918:. They were formally charged with
744:, they came under the rule of the
445:German–Soviet population transfers
14:
3290:
3274:Russian special forces operations
2729:Central European University Press
1955:"Soviet policy in Eastern Europe"
1722:Buckley, Ruble & Hofmann 2008
1359:Buckley, Ruble & Hofmann 2008
1300:Deportation of the Crimean Tatars
417:Between Poland and Soviet Belarus
412:Between Poland and Soviet Ukraine
2490:Demography and National Security
1389:, title:Deportation of Karachays
942:Kyrgyz Soviet Socialist Republic
742:Russian conquest of the Caucasus
644:Soviet forced settlement program
260:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
61:
2127:
2100:
1947:
1136:Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
627:. The expulsion was ordered by
2585:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
2340:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
1726:Nader, Dubrow & Stamm 1999
1431:
1417:
1392:
1379:
1164:After Stalin's death in 1953,
836:
1:
1320:
723:ethnic group who live in the
703:
520:Massive labor force transfers
3183:Journal of Genocide Research
3158:"Uprooted from the Caucasus"
3129:Journal of Genocide Research
3036:Journal of Genocide Research
3006:Journal of Genocide Research
2461:. Cornell University Press.
2243:. Rowman & Littlefield.
2237:Cohen, Saul Bernard (2014).
886:By October 1943, Stalin and
729:Journal of Genocide Research
581:Deportation of the Karachays
42:Deportation of the Karachays
7:
3210:Statiev, Alexander (2005).
2989:Global Centre for Pluralism
2889:University of Toronto Press
2727:. Budapest; New York City:
2614:. Oxford University Press.
2521:Manchester University Press
2266:Cole, Jeffrey, ed. (2011).
2184:Woodrow Wilson Center Press
1769:Bennigsen & Broxup 1983
1283:
1139:remain in permanent exile.
1025:Kazakhstani Korean scholar
635:, after it was approved by
623:, in November 1943, during
10:
3295:
3259:Ethnic cleansing in Europe
1315:Deportation of the Koreans
1310:Deportation of the Balkars
1305:Deportation of the Kalmyks
1146:
840:
777:Karachay Autonomous Oblast
200:Forced population transfer
83:Karachay Autonomous Oblast
3195:10.1080/14623520903118961
3155:
3141:10.1080/14623520903118979
3079:10.1080/02666959108716187
3048:10.1080/13602000220124836
3019:10.1080/14623520220151998
2980:Japarov, Amantur (2018).
2754:Richmond, Walter (2008).
2608:Perovic, Jeronim (2018).
2579:Parrish, Michael (1996).
2106:
736:in the 1200s and then by
588:
250:Azerbaijanis from Armenia
167:
153:
138:
126:
110:
100:
92:
78:
60:
48:
41:
3254:1943 in the Soviet Union
2783:Rywkin, Michael (1994).
2685:Pokalova, Elena (2015).
2153:. Taylor & Francis.
1201:On 14 November 1989 the
1079:World War II evacuations
1031:Kazakh famine of 1931–33
925:Hero of the Soviet Union
791:invaded the Soviet Union
358:Kurds from Transcaucasia
2515:Mawdsley, Evan (1998).
2484:Martin, Terry (2001b).
2269:Ethnic Groups of Europe
2083:Human Rights Watch 1991
2071:Human Rights Watch 1991
1640:Human Rights Watch 1991
1514:Human Rights Watch 1991
1149:Rehabilitation (Soviet)
655:occupying German forces
530:Twenty-five-thousanders
28:Infobox civilian attack
20:
3279:Persecution of Muslims
3156:Pohl, Otto J. (1997).
3114:Cite journal requires
2656:Pohl, J. Otto (1999).
2637:Pohl, J. Otto (1997).
2455:Martin, Terry (2001).
2426:Litvin, Alter (2001).
1399:Tebuev, R. S. (1995).
1233:crime against humanity
1187:
1161:
809:and helped defeat the
589:Депортация карачаевцев
407:Polish and Soviet Jews
33:considered for merging
3228:10.1353/kri.2005.0029
2879:Weiner, Amir (2013).
2397:Yale University Press
2095:Comins-Richmond 2002b
1497:Comins-Richmond 2002a
1259:collective punishment
1227:". Russian historian
1213:, under its chairman
1178:
1168:started a process of
1156:
867:, the Karachays, the
540:Virgin Lands campaign
3086:Kim, German (2009).
2915:Williams, Brian Glyn
2786:Moscow's Lost Empire
2141:Bennigsen, Alexandre
1427:. 1993. p. 151.
1189:In August 1953, the
1174:In his secret speech
1143:Aftermath and legacy
1045:Exile and casualties
896:Soviet secret police
813:. Nevertheless, the
811:"Edelweiss" division
607:population from the
162:Soviet secret police
2812:Tolz, Vera (1993).
2049:, pp. 125–126.
1927:Ivanova et al. 2015
1454:, pp. 326–327.
1245:concluded that the
1243:Brian Glyn Williams
1196:Karachay-Cherkessia
1113:
1051:special settlements
997:Alexandre Bennigsen
763:emerged as the new
682:Karachay-Cherkessia
648:population transfer
265:Chechens and Ingush
202:in the Soviet Union
130:~653 during transit
117:forced displacement
68:Karachay-Cherkessia
2958:Human Rights Watch
2492:. Berghahn Books.
1255:Human Rights Watch
1162:
1128:Survived in exile
1111:
920:Axis collaboration
535:NKVD labor columns
490:POW Administration
227:Forced settlements
178:, cheap labor for
176:Axis collaboration
174:, retribution for
2820:. New York City:
2218:. New York City:
1771:, pp. 31–32.
1166:Nikita Khrushchev
1132:
1131:
1006:multiethnic state
900:Operation Seagull
750:Russian Civil War
725:Northern Caucasus
670:Nikita Khrushchev
625:World War II
601:forcible transfer
597:Soviet government
593:Operation Seagull
577:
576:
470:Operation Vistula
185:
184:
44:Operation Seagull
3286:
3239:
3206:
3189:(2–3): 243–264.
3177:
3152:
3135:(2–3): 265–283.
3123:
3117:
3112:
3110:
3102:
3092:
3082:
3059:
3030:
2992:
2986:
2976:
2966:
2946:
2910:
2875:
2843:
2808:
2779:
2750:
2714:
2681:
2652:
2633:
2604:
2575:
2554:Psychology Press
2542:
2511:
2480:
2451:
2422:
2394:
2380:
2359:
2327:
2295:
2262:
2233:
2205:
2172:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2004:
1998:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1858:
1852:
1839:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1719:
1710:
1704:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1666:
1660:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1500:
1494:
1485:
1479:
1470:
1464:
1455:
1449:
1438:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1396:
1390:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1362:
1356:
1347:
1337:
1208:
1170:de-Stalinization
1114:
1110:
1106:heat prostration
1039:Stalinist system
1011:ethnic cleansing
987:Possible reasons
873:Meskhetian Turks
807:Battle of Moscow
734:Mongol invasions
674:de-Stalinization
615:, mostly to the
590:
569:
562:
555:
460:Operation Priboi
440:June deportation
380:Meskhetian Turks
187:
186:
121:ethnic cleansing
65:
39:
38:
36:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3115:
3113:
3104:
3103:
3090:
2984:
2964:
2935:
2899:
2864:
2832:
2797:
2768:
2739:
2703:
2670:
2649:
2622:
2593:
2564:
2531:
2500:
2469:
2440:
2411:
2377:
2348:
2316:
2300:Cornell, Svante
2284:
2251:
2230:
2220:Nova Publishers
2194:
2161:
2130:
2125:
2117:
2113:
2105:
2101:
2093:
2089:
2081:
2077:
2069:
2065:
2057:
2053:
2045:
2041:
2033:
2029:
2021:
2017:
2005:
2001:
1989:
1985:
1977:
1973:
1963:
1961:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1940:
1933:
1925:
1921:
1913:
1909:
1901:
1897:
1889:
1885:
1877:
1873:
1865:
1861:
1853:
1842:
1830:
1826:
1818:
1811:
1803:
1799:
1791:
1787:
1779:
1775:
1767:
1760:
1752:
1748:
1740:
1736:
1728:, p. 159;
1724:, p. 204;
1720:
1713:
1705:
1698:
1690:
1686:
1678:
1669:
1661:
1646:
1638:
1634:
1626:
1622:
1610:, p. 106;
1606:
1602:
1594:
1590:
1582:
1571:
1563:
1559:
1551:
1547:
1539:
1532:
1524:
1520:
1512:
1503:
1495:
1488:
1480:
1473:
1465:
1458:
1450:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1411:
1397:
1393:
1384:
1380:
1372:
1365:
1357:
1350:
1338:
1327:
1323:
1286:
1270:dolus specialis
1206:
1151:
1145:
1083:European Russia
1047:
989:
912:Communist Party
888:Lavrentiy Beria
849:
839:
706:
633:Lavrentiy Beria
621:Kyrgyzstan SSRs
573:
544:
514:
474:
465:Operation Vesna
450:Operation North
426:
236:
201:
133:
131:
113:
96:2 November 1943
74:
43:
37:
21:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3292:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3241:
3240:
3222:(2): 285–318.
3207:
3178:
3168:(7–8): 81–85.
3153:
3124:
3116:|journal=
3083:
3060:
3031:
3013:(3): 431–439.
2999:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2977:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2947:
2933:
2911:
2897:
2876:
2862:
2844:
2830:
2809:
2795:
2780:
2766:
2751:
2737:
2715:
2701:
2682:
2668:
2653:
2647:
2634:
2620:
2605:
2591:
2576:
2562:
2543:
2529:
2512:
2498:
2481:
2467:
2452:
2438:
2423:
2409:
2381:
2375:
2360:
2346:
2328:
2314:
2296:
2282:
2263:
2249:
2234:
2228:
2210:Bugay, Nikolay
2206:
2193:978-0801890758
2192:
2173:
2159:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2121:, p. 243.
2111:
2099:
2087:
2075:
2063:
2061:, p. 386.
2051:
2039:
2037:, p. 320.
2027:
2025:, p. 285.
2015:
1999:
1983:
1971:
1946:
1944:, p. 314.
1931:
1919:
1907:
1895:
1883:
1871:
1859:
1857:, p. 117.
1840:
1824:
1822:, p. 219.
1809:
1797:
1795:, p. 342.
1785:
1783:, p. 231.
1773:
1758:
1756:, p. 170.
1746:
1734:
1711:
1709:, p. 142.
1696:
1684:
1667:
1665:, p. 119.
1644:
1632:
1630:, p. 107.
1620:
1614:, p. 16;
1600:
1588:
1569:
1557:
1545:
1530:
1528:, p. 511.
1518:
1501:
1499:, p. 431.
1486:
1484:, p. 265.
1482:Midlarsky 2009
1471:
1456:
1439:
1430:
1416:
1409:
1391:
1378:
1363:
1361:, p. 207.
1348:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1285:
1282:
1144:
1141:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1125:Died in exile
1122:
1121:
1118:
1046:
1043:
993:Svante Cornell
988:
985:
973:Stavropol Krai
908:Amayak Kobulov
890:, Head of the
869:Crimean Tatars
838:
835:
805:fought in the
793:in June 1941,
759:In the 1920s,
746:Russian Empire
705:
702:
637:Soviet Premier
609:North Caucasus
603:of the entire
575:
574:
572:
571:
564:
557:
549:
546:
545:
543:
542:
537:
532:
526:
523:
522:
516:
515:
513:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
486:
483:
482:
480:WWII POW labor
476:
475:
473:
472:
467:
462:
457:
455:Operation Osen
452:
447:
442:
436:
433:
432:
428:
427:
425:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
403:
402:
397:
392:
390:NKVD operation
382:
377:
372:
371:
370:
368:NKVD operation
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
334:
333:
331:NKVD operation
323:
318:
317:
316:
314:NKVD operation
306:
305:
304:
302:NKVD operation
299:
289:
288:
287:
285:NKVD operation
277:
275:Crimean Tatars
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
246:
243:
242:
238:
237:
235:
234:
229:
224:
219:
217:Dekulakization
213:
210:
209:
205:
204:
196:
195:
183:
182:
169:
165:
164:
155:
151:
150:
140:
136:
135:
128:
124:
123:
114:
111:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
94:
90:
89:
87:North Caucasus
80:
76:
75:
70:on the map of
66:
58:
57:
46:
45:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3291:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3121:
3108:
3100:
3096:
3089:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3067:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2983:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2934:9789004121225
2930:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2898:9781442618954
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2863:9780195187694
2859:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2831:9781349227969
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2796:9781315287713
2792:
2789:. Routledge.
2788:
2787:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2767:9780415776158
2763:
2760:. Routledge.
2759:
2758:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2738:9789639241688
2734:
2730:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2719:Polian, Pavel
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2702:9781440831553
2698:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2669:9780313309212
2665:
2661:
2660:
2654:
2650:
2648:9780786403363
2644:
2641:. McFarland.
2640:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2621:9780190934675
2617:
2613:
2612:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2592:9780275951139
2588:
2584:
2583:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2563:9780876309346
2559:
2555:
2551:
2550:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2530:9780719046001
2526:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2499:9781571813398
2495:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2468:9780801486777
2464:
2460:
2459:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2439:9781403913890
2435:
2431:
2430:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2410:9780300100983
2406:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2392:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2376:9781317466642
2372:
2369:. Routledge.
2368:
2367:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2347:9780313291456
2343:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2332:Gross, Feliks
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2315:9781135796686
2311:
2308:. Routledge.
2307:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2283:9781598843033
2279:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2250:9781442223516
2246:
2242:
2241:
2235:
2231:
2229:9781560723714
2225:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2160:9781317831716
2156:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2145:Broxup, Marie
2142:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2120:
2115:
2108:
2103:
2097:, p. 63.
2096:
2091:
2084:
2079:
2073:, p. 61.
2072:
2067:
2060:
2059:Williams 2001
2055:
2048:
2043:
2036:
2031:
2024:
2019:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1981:, p. 37.
1980:
1975:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1943:
1938:
1936:
1929:, p. 56.
1928:
1923:
1917:, p. 94.
1916:
1911:
1905:, p. 55.
1904:
1899:
1893:, p. 11.
1892:
1887:
1880:
1875:
1869:, p. 99.
1868:
1863:
1856:
1855:Richmond 2008
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1821:
1816:
1814:
1807:, p. 18.
1806:
1801:
1794:
1789:
1782:
1777:
1770:
1765:
1763:
1755:
1750:
1744:, p. 54.
1743:
1738:
1732:, p. 53.
1731:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1716:
1708:
1703:
1701:
1694:, p. 77.
1693:
1688:
1681:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1664:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1642:, p. 65.
1641:
1636:
1629:
1624:
1618:, p. 71.
1617:
1616:Mawdsley 1998
1613:
1612:Pokalova 2015
1609:
1604:
1598:, p. 55.
1597:
1592:
1586:, p. 53.
1585:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1567:, p. 52.
1566:
1561:
1555:, p. 51.
1554:
1549:
1543:, p. 50.
1542:
1537:
1535:
1527:
1522:
1516:, p. 66.
1515:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1469:, p. 48.
1468:
1463:
1461:
1453:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1434:
1426:
1420:
1412:
1410:5-85183-014-X
1406:
1402:
1395:
1388:
1382:
1376:, p. 67.
1375:
1370:
1368:
1360:
1355:
1353:
1345:
1341:
1340:Richmond 2008
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1325:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
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981:Eastern front
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3107:cite journal
3073:(1): 55–68.
3070:
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3042:(1): 63–79.
3039:
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3004:
2919:
2884:
2852:
2848:Viola, Lynne
2817:
2785:
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2489:
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2432:. Springer.
2428:
2390:
2385:Kiernan, Ben
2365:
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2149:
2128:Bibliography
2119:Statiev 2010
2114:
2102:
2090:
2085:, p. 3.
2078:
2066:
2054:
2042:
2035:Perovic 2018
2030:
2023:Statiev 2005
2018:
2002:
1986:
1974:
1962:. Retrieved
1949:
1922:
1910:
1898:
1891:Japarov 2018
1886:
1881:, p. 9.
1879:Japarov 2018
1874:
1862:
1827:
1800:
1788:
1776:
1754:Cornell 2005
1749:
1737:
1687:
1682:, p. 8.
1680:Japarov 2018
1635:
1628:Parrish 1996
1623:
1603:
1596:Grannes 1991
1591:
1560:
1548:
1526:Kiernan 2007
1521:
1452:Martin 2001b
1433:
1424:
1419:
1400:
1394:
1381:
1278:assimilation
1263:
1240:
1237:
1229:Pavel Polian
1218:
1200:
1188:
1179:
1163:
1133:
1102:
1099:
1076:
1071:construction
1059:forced labor
1053:and sent to
1048:
1035:Jeffrey Cole
1024:
1001:Marie Broxup
990:
966:
946:
899:
885:
850:
823:
814:
788:Nazi Germany
784:World War II
781:
758:
754:Soviet Union
707:
667:
652:
613:Central Asia
592:
580:
578:
342:
297:from Romania
154:Perpetrators
146:deported to
55:World War II
26:
18:
2202:2008-015571
2047:Polian 2004
2007:Polian 2004
1991:Polian 2004
1942:Weiner 2013
1793:Martin 2001
1707:Polian 2004
1663:Litvin 2001
1374:Rywkin 1994
1077:Due to the
1063:agriculture
1055:labor camps
930:cattle cars
837:Deportation
830:anti-Soviet
769:Ben Kiernan
375:Lithuanians
112:Attack type
22:‹ The
3248:Categories
2943:2001035369
2907:2013431527
2776:2008001048
2747:2003019544
2711:2014038634
2630:1083957407
2539:2003046365
2477:2001003232
2448:2001034806
2419:2007001525
2399:. p.
2324:2001347121
2292:2011000412
2259:2014029230
2009:, p.
1993:, p.
1979:Gross 1998
1964:13 October
1903:Bugay 1996
1867:Viola 2007
1834:, p.
1805:Kim (2009)
1781:Cohen 2014
1742:Bugay 1996
1730:Bugay 1996
1608:Bugay 1996
1584:Bugay 1996
1565:Bugay 1996
1553:Bugay 1996
1541:Bugay 1996
1385:Webstite:
1342:, p.
1321:References
1274:death rate
1241:Professor
1147:See also:
1027:German Kim
904:Ivan Serov
841:See also:
704:Background
700:behavior.
595:, was the
505:Hungarians
431:Operations
321:Harbinites
222:Evacuation
3236:161159084
3174:0033-5002
3149:144510544
3099:142290323
3056:145326621
2872:456302666
2508:979121559
2107:Pohl 1997
1915:Pohl 1997
1832:Tolz 1993
1820:Cole 2011
1692:Pohl 1999
1467:Pohl 1999
1095:kolkhozes
1087:dysentery
1067:livestock
969:Krasnodar
950:Uzbek SSR
816:Wehrmacht
773:Circassia
714:Caucasian
710:Karachays
698:genocidal
663:Wehrmacht
510:Romanians
400:1955–1959
395:1944–1946
343:Karachays
280:Estonians
144:Karachays
105:Karachays
31:is being
3203:71905569
3162:Quadrant
3027:71183042
2997:Journals
2973:25705762
2960:(1991).
2917:(2001).
2850:(2007).
2840:92010827
2822:Springer
2805:93029308
2721:(2004).
2693:ABC-CLIO
2678:98046822
2601:94038565
2572:99011369
2387:(2007).
2356:98012329
2334:(1998).
2302:(2005).
2274:ABC-CLIO
2212:(1996).
2169:82016826
2147:(1983).
1284:See also
1266:genocide
1225:genocide
1159:Uchkeken
991:Scholar
962:Dagestan
932:. These
916:Komsomol
914:and the
881:Caucasus
875:and the
857:Chechens
820:occupied
803:Red Army
795:annexing
686:Chechens
659:Red Army
605:Karachay
495:Japanese
363:Latvians
208:Policies
192:a series
190:Part of
79:Location
72:Caucasus
49:Part of
35:. ›
24:template
2951:Reports
2109:, p. 81
1091:malaria
1019:Turkish
877:Kalmyks
865:Balkars
825:Gestapo
799:roubles
782:During
694:Kalmyks
585:Russian
500:Germans
348:Koreans
338:Kalmyks
292:Germans
270:Chinese
255:Balkars
241:Peoples
142:69,267
139:Victims
3234:
3201:
3172:
3147:
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2157:
1407:
1251:Crimea
1207:
938:Kazakh
894:, the
871:, the
863:, the
861:Ingush
859:, the
855:, the
721:Muslim
718:Turkic
712:are a
690:Ingush
631:chief
617:Kazakh
353:Kumyks
309:Greeks
168:Motive
160:, the
127:Deaths
101:Target
3232:S2CID
3199:S2CID
3145:S2CID
3095:S2CID
3091:(PDF)
3052:S2CID
3023:S2CID
2985:(PDF)
2965:(PDF)
2925:BRILL
2134:Books
738:Timur
385:Poles
232:Gulag
3170:ISSN
3120:help
2969:OCLC
2939:LCCN
2929:ISBN
2903:LCCN
2893:ISBN
2868:OCLC
2858:ISBN
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2791:ISBN
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1966:2018
1405:ISBN
1134:The
1120:37%
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