985:
997:
1021:
1009:
973:
139:
31:
937:
1943:
365:(bath-house), storage areas and other agrarian structures (walled areas for animals, dedicated buildings for processing produce such as olive oil), and possibly a mosque, all within a large enclosure. Desert castles are typically situated near a wadi or seasonal water course. The inner part of the main residence typically consists of two-storeys, arranged around a central courtyard. The main residence is often richly ornamented with mosaics, frescoes and stucco reliefs.
558:
949:
961:
2375:
146:
242:
194:
178:
258:
210:
290:
162:
274:
226:
390:, suggest that desert castles were primarily used for recreational purposes: to escape bad air associated with city living to escape epidemic outbreaks; to indulge hedonic pleasures or for use as hunting lodges. Yet other scholars, investigating the geographic distribution of desert castles, note that they are principally situated along the
401:
Archaeologists have investigated the role of these desert castles, with the traditional view that they served as country estates or hunting lodges for the use of aristocratic families during the winter season. However, recent scholarship has suggested a much greater diversity of roles, including as
368:
With a few exceptions, the desert castles conform to a common template consisting of a square structure similar to Roman castra as their main building, typically boasting an elaborate entrance. The interior rooms of the main structure were ornately decorated with floor-mosaics and wall paintings
495:
or adjacent to a natural oasis. Their location along major routes and next to the very scarce water sources seems to indicate that they enabled the
Umayyads to control the roads militarily, monitor and tax the seasonal movement of people and their livestock, and not least, impress travellers and
1698:
It is difficult to make a convincing case for a
Ghassanid owner, since we have no residential buildings that can be confidently ascribed to a Ghassanid or any Arab tribal leader from the pre-Islamic period, whereas we have numerous examples of Umayyad palatial residences (Genequand 2003).
417:
played a role in the systematic agricultural colonisation of the uninhabited frontier areas, and, as such, continue the colonisation strategy of earlier
Christian monks and the Ghassanids. The Umayyads, however, increasingly oriented their political strategy towards a model of
1176:
Meinecke, K., “The
Encyclopedic Illustration of a New Empire: Graeco-Roman-Byzantine and Sassian Models on thed Façade of the Qasr al-Mshatta,” In: Stine Birk, Troels Myrup Kristensen, Birte Poulsen (eds), Using Images in Late Antiquity, Oxbow Books, 30 Apr 2014, pp
1138:
Genequand. D., “Ummayid
Castles: The Shift from Late Antique Military Architecture to Early Islamic Palatial Building” in: Hugh N.Kennedy (ed), Muslim Military Architecture in Greater Syria: From the Coming of Islam to the Ottoman Period, Brill, 2006, pp 3
381:
The function and use of the buildings are today not entirely clear, and scholarship has suggested that they might have served a variety of defensive, agricultural, residential, recreational and commercial purposes. The earliest researchers, such as
1166:
Bartl, K., “Water management in Desert
Regions: Early Islamic Qasr Mushash,” in: Stephen McPhillips and Paul D. Wordsworth (eds), Landscapes of the Islamic World: Archaeology, History, and Ethnography, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016, pp
440:(retreats for the nobles) or caravanserais. A proliferation of desert castles appeared around the same time as the number of caravans increased substantially. Many seem to have been surrounded by natural or man-made
314:
The
Umayyads erected several characteristic palaces, some in the cities but mostly in the semi-arid regions, and some along important trading routes. The castles were built roughly between 660 and 750 under the
429:
Given the variety observed in the archaeological record, it is unlikely that one single theory can explain the range of purposes of all the buildings. These functions include fortresses, meeting places for
369:
featuring designs that exhibit both eastern and western influences. Some of the desert castles, for example Qasr
Hallabat or Qasr Burqu', are rebuilt from remains of earlier Roman or
346:
continued to be in use. This continuity was subject to archaeological investigations in the fort of Qasr al-Hallabat, which at different times served as a Roman castrum, Christian
75:
represent a prominent part of this group of buildings, with most
Umayyad "desert castles" being scattered over the semi-arid regions of north-eastern Jordan, with several more in
996:
777:
744:
1601:. Travaux de la Maison de l'Orient méditerranéen (in French). Vol. 36. Lyon: Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée Jean Pouilloux. pp. 189–218
2034:
353:
Most of the desert palaces were abandoned after the
Umayyads fell from power in 750, leaving many projects uncompleted, and others were left to decay.
658:
984:
1840:
673:
426:
lost their original function and were either abandoned or continued to serve as local market places and meeting points until the 10th century.
406:
in Syria, for example, sits within a vast agricultural estate and the buildings include structures associated with the production of olive oil.
1209:
Genequand. D., “Ummayid Castles: The Shift from Late Antique Military Architecture to Early Islamic Palatial Building” in: Hugh N.Kennedy (ed),
1089:
Roman military fortifications along the Eastern desert frontier. Settlement continuities and change in North Syria fourth–eighth centuries A.D.
679:
1809:
2164:
2255:
726:
361:
The typical desert castle is a compound of various buildings including a substantial main residence along with other buildings such as a
1736:Économie de production, affirmation du pouvoir et dolce vita : aspects de la politique de l’eau sous les Omeyyades au Bilad al-Sham
1639:
487:). The more isolated "desert castles" built in arid regions are chiefly located on the ancient trade routes connecting Damascus with
793:
524:
in later Islamic art on such a large and public scale. Many elements of the desert palaces are on display in museums in Amman, in
1334:
The spatial analysis of a historical phenomenon: using GIS to demonstrate the strategic placement of the Umayyad "desert palaces"
2027:
1677:
To the Madbar and Back Again: Studies in the languages, archaeology, and cultures of Arabia dedicated to Michael C.A. Macdonald
1500:
Landscapes of the Islamic World: Archaeology, History, and Ethnography, Part I: Hydroeconomies: managing and living with water
1020:
2184:
2149:
1758:
1127:
1833:
444:
and to have served as country estates or hunting lodges, given that hunting was a favoured pastime for the aristocracy.
2378:
2020:
1684:
1507:
2320:
1215:
The Articulation of Early Islamic State Structures, Routledge, 2012; Genequant, D., “Desert castles, Umayyad,” in:
1102:
Hallabat: Castellum, coenobium, praetorium, qaṣr. The construction of a palatine architecture under the Umayyads I.
662:
496:
local tribes with lavish displays of monumental architecture, baths and ponds in the middle of an arid landscape.
138:
1826:
1659:
The palatial residence in Dumayr, of which the date and history are still uncertain (Byzantine or early Islamic)
972:
632:
where the Abbasid family resided while plotting their rebellion against the Umayyad caliphs, ousting them in 750
2174:
2159:
2404:
17:
2229:
2169:
1714:
305:
1790:, Routledge, pp. 8-91 provides a comprehensive list of castles, forts, mosques and other major edifices.
1008:
463:
are located in Jordan, examples can also be found in Syria, the West Bank and Israel, either in cities (
2409:
2399:
2179:
2194:
936:
2360:
2308:
2088:
1042:
1037:
620:
aka as-Sarkh, the bath complex of Qasr al-Hallabat, about 55 km (34 mi) northeast of Amman
2189:
123:
is a widely-used Arabic word for palace, castle or fortress, so only a few of the buildings called
2103:
2078:
2338:
2280:
2209:
1964:
1959:
786:
768:
480:
476:
403:
1942:
1672:
948:
2199:
1594:
1495:
1211:
Muslim Military Architecture in Greater Syria: From the Coming of Islam to the Ottoman Period
1153:
347:
1599:
Conquête de la steppe et appropriation des terres sur les marges arides du Croissant fertile
1595:"Umm al-Walid et Khan az-Zabib, deux établissements omeyyades en limite du désert jordanien"
1118:
2328:
2204:
2118:
1333:
1280:
Islam and the socio-cultural transition of Palestine - Early Islamic period (638–1099 C.E.)
1047:
909:
509:
1565:
1418:
8:
2290:
1220:
960:
2224:
1991:
1983:
833:
533:
529:
521:
484:
447:
The generic term "desert castle" is not ideal, since it artificially separates similar
324:
88:
1804:
1529:
27:
Fortified palaces or castles in what used to be the Umayyad province of Bilad ash-Sham
2043:
1912:
1754:
1680:
1673:"Two New Arabic Inscriptions: Arabian Castles and Christianity in the Umayyad Period"
1627:
1503:
1466:
1345:
1123:
748:
316:
232:
68:
1541:
2348:
1996:
1885:
1781:
1762:
1740:
1643:
1406:
1336:. Mahmoud Bashir Abdallah Alhasanat, M. Sc. thesis, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2009
868:
762:
667:
611:
472:
200:
184:
1577:
1454:
2250:
1917:
1865:
1785:
1478:
649:
617:
576:
537:
419:
264:
248:
152:
60:
34:
1430:
1369:
2343:
2068:
1927:
1880:
1750:
Stratégies d'acquisition de l'eau et société au Moyen-Orient depuis l'Antiquité
1553:
1357:
890:
872:
686:
645:
597:
541:
335:
64:
1799:
1647:
1298:, Volume 36, Dāʼirat al-Āthār al-ʻĀmmah, 1992, p. 317 (translated from French)
670:, 23.5 km (14.6 mi) southeast of Amman on the caravan route to Azraq
30:
2393:
2214:
2058:
1895:
1870:
1442:
1262:
921:
781:
772:
690:
456:
410:
387:
1766:
1744:
810:
built by Hisham, of a "different and higher status" than the Umayyad castles
661:, on the historical caravan route between Amman and Azraq via Qusayr 'Amra,
2154:
2012:
1932:
1890:
913:
862:
696:
641:
635:
395:
339:
1748:
1734:
716:
with a mosque and a pastoral village, 25 km southeast of Umm al-Walid
2355:
2219:
2144:
2108:
2001:
1906:
1900:
1818:
1679:. Studies in Semitic Languages and Linguistics. BRILL. p. 327-337 .
877:
592:
570:
505:
468:
451:
according to their location. Jordan possesses at least one urban Umayyad
422:, of mutual interdependence and support. After the Umayyad conquest, the
383:
216:
1002:
Khirbat al-Mafjar, "Hisham's Palace", Jericho: floor mosaic in bathhouse
2298:
2083:
1969:
1875:
1812:
Historical Significance of Strategic Location of Umayyad Desert Palaces
897:
813:
605:
588:
582:
370:
296:
168:
557:
2123:
2113:
1922:
1382:
854:
845:
754:
525:
464:
391:
280:
84:
1628:"Al-Bakhra (Avatha), from the Tetrarchic Fort to the Umayyad Castle"
644:, about 35 km (22 mi) southeast of Amman; a large part of
579:, about 85 km (53 mi) east of Amman, important for frescos
569:, an Umayyad farming estate with an attached bathing complex in the
504:
The castles represent some of the most impressive examples of early
2275:
2098:
2073:
320:
2093:
2063:
1611:
Concise but comprehensive article with plans and reconstructions.
912:
is a double exception: it was built in 775 by an Abbasid prince,
849:
730:
625:
431:
328:
37:, one of the Umayyad desert castles located in present-day Jordan
1580:
at Archiqoo, with satellite view and photo. Accessed 2 Apr 2024.
1568:
at Archiqoo, with satellite view and photo. Accessed 2 Apr 2024.
1556:
at Archiqoo, with satellite view and photo. Accessed 2 Apr 2024.
1544:
at Archiqoo, with satellite view and photo. Accessed 2 Apr 2024.
1496:"Water management in desert regions: Early Islamic Qasr Mushash"
1469:
at Archiqoo, with satellite view and photo. Accessed 2 Apr 2024.
1457:
at Archiqoo, with satellite view and photo. Accessed 2 Apr 2024.
1445:
at Archiqoo, with satellite view and photo. Accessed 2 Apr 2024.
1421:
at Archiqoo, with satellite view and photo. Accessed 2 Apr 2024.
1409:
at Archiqoo, with satellite view and photo. Accessed 2 Apr 2024.
1360:
at Archiqoo, with satellite view and photo. Accessed 2 Apr 2024.
2374:
2303:
2270:
2245:
2139:
1979:
1857:
1238:
The Lineaments of Islam: Studies in Honor of Fred McGraw Donner
1225:
The Lineaments of Islam: Studies in Honor of Fred McGraw Donner
894:
803:
740:
704:
653:
517:
513:
488:
362:
343:
104:
80:
72:
56:
2285:
2265:
2260:
1951:
1593:
Bujard, Jacques; Genequand, Denis; Trillen, Wilfried (2001).
821:
441:
76:
1267:
Remarques sur les monuments omeyyades. Chateaux de Syrie. I.
800:
with a mosque inside its courtyard, northern Palmyra region
492:
92:
1194:
Nomad Politics and the Residences of Abulmalik and Walid I
765:
period, maybe built by the Ghassanids but possibly Umayyad
103:
What is known in English as a "desert castle" is known in
1800:
Jordanian authority for tourism about the Desert castles
394:
or pilgrimage routes and may have operated as a type of
55:, since the vast majority of these fortified palaces or
1309:
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East
402:
agricultural estates or military forts. The complex at
1592:
1532:
at Archiqoo, with satellite view. Accessed 2 Apr 2024.
1498:. In McPhillips, Stephen; Wordsworth, Paul D. (eds.).
1481:
at Archiqoo, with satellite view. Accessed 2 Apr 2024.
1433:
at Archiqoo, with satellite view. Accessed 2 Apr 2024.
1372:
at Archiqoo, with satellite view. Accessed 2 Apr 2024.
1348:
at Archiqoo, with satellite view. Accessed 2 Apr 2024.
1724:, pp.56-68 . Accessed 31 March 2024 via academia.edu.
1221:
https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah12066.pub2
614:, about 60 km (37 mi) northeast of Amman.
512:, and some are notable for including many figurative
1502:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 50-68 .
1286:
London, Leicester University Press, pp. 488–501
1073:
The Desert Castles: A Brief Guide to the Antiquities
435:
1719:
Bulletin of the Anglo-Israel Archaeological Society
784:of a "different and higher status", described as a
434:(between themselves or with the Umayyad governor),
1784:; and Riley, Derrick (2012; first edition: 1990).
1198:The Articulation of Early Islamic State Structures
703:with a mosque and an agricultural settlement near
682:, about 95 km (59 mi) southeast of Amman
331:, and some of the buildings were never completed.
1311:, Volume 5, Oxford University Press, 1997, p. 241
2391:
323:, now in Syria, their capital in 661. After the
743:, probably Umayyad but possibly Ghassanid (see
608:, about 200 km (120 mi) east of Amman
1151:Ettinghausen, R., Grabar, O. and Jenkins, M.,
676:, about 25 km (16 mi) south of Amman
585:, about 100 km (62 mi) east of Amman
2028:
1834:
1753:. New edition . Beyrouth: Presses de l’Ifpo.
1083:
1081:
861:clustered around the southwest corner of the
638:, about 65 km (40 mi) east of Amman
327:of 750, the capital moved to the newly-built
2042:
1675:. In Nehmé, Laïla; Al-Jallad, Ahmad (eds.).
1621:
1619:
1617:
1489:
1487:
1284:The archeology of society in the Holy Land.
600:, a preexisting structure converted into a
2035:
2021:
1848:
1841:
1827:
1715:"Upper Herodium: A Fortress or a Château?"
1640:Council for British Research in the Levant
1327:
1112:
1110:
1104:In: Bartl and Moaz, 2009, pp. 153–182
1078:
373:structures; others are new constructions.
1747:. In: Mohamed Al-Dbiyat, Michel Mouton,
1625:
1614:
1588:
1586:
1484:
1147:
1145:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1091:In: Bart and Motz 2009, pp. 433–453
1067:
1065:
1063:
556:
145:
130:
29:
1670:
1664:
1107:
827:
409:According to a hypothesis developed by
241:
14:
2392:
1709:
1707:
1583:
1301:
1289:
1142:
1026:Anjar, Umayyad city with qasr, Lebanon
2016:
1822:
1493:
1375:
1314:
1180:
1060:
309:Locations of desert castles in Jordan
193:
177:
91:), and just one Abbasid exception in
990:Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi, Syria (1950)
561:Area map of desert castles in Jordan
257:
1787:Rome's Desert Frontier from the Air
1704:
1217:The Encyclopedia of Ancient History
209:
24:
1119:Dictionary of Islamic Architecture
350:, and finally as an Umayyad qasr.
289:
161:
71:exceptions. The desert castles of
25:
2421:
1793:
1776:
499:
273:
225:
2373:
1941:
1814:, Universiti Sains Malaysia 2010
1269:Journal Asiatique, pp. 1–59
1249:Shaw, I. and Jameson, E. (eds),
1019:
1007:
995:
983:
971:
959:
947:
935:
916:(c. 721–783/4), and is the only
893:an Umayyad palace-city built by
547:
288:
272:
256:
240:
224:
208:
192:
176:
160:
144:
137:
1727:
1571:
1559:
1547:
1535:
1523:
1472:
1460:
1448:
1436:
1424:
1412:
1400:
1363:
1351:
1339:
1272:
1256:
1243:
1231:
1203:
2200:Revolt of Yazid b. al-Muhallab
2185:Second siege of Constantinople
2175:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana
2160:Muslim conquest of the Maghreb
1713:Jacobson, David M. (1985-86).
1170:
1160:
1132:
1094:
978:Qasr al-Hayr ash-Sharqi, Syria
735:Khirbat al-Bayda', well-built
520:depicting people and animals,
467:), in relatively green areas (
356:
13:
1:
2150:First siege of Constantinople
1053:
2230:Umayyad rule in North Africa
2170:Umayyad conquest of Hispania
1154:Islamic Art and Architecture
857:, the four probably Umayyad
475:), or indeed in the desert (
7:
1324:, Rough Guides, 2002 p. 200
1251:A Dictionary of Archaeology
1031:
663:some 20 km east of Muwaqqar
436:
119:being the plural. However,
10:
2426:
2205:Revolt of Harith b. Surayj
2180:Umayyad campaigns in India
1253:, John Wiley, 2008, p. 487
1196:, in Fred M. Donner (ed),
1122:, Routledge, 2002, p. 296
928:
884:
376:
2371:
2361:Painting of the Six Kings
2319:
2238:
2132:
2051:
1978:
1950:
1939:
1856:
1733:Genequand, Denis (2009).
1648:10.1179/lev.2004.36.1.225
1626:Genequand, Denis (2004).
1213:, Brill, 2006, pp 3 -13;
1043:Painting of the Six Kings
1038:List of castles in Jordan
790:or semi-urban settlement.
591:constructed in AD 743 by
552:
2344:Great Mosque of Damascus
2190:Umayyad invasion of Gaul
2165:Revolt of Ibn al-Ash'ath
1805:About the Desert castles
1671:Hoyland, Robert (2017).
1278:Donald Whitcomb (1995):
1075:. Al Kutba, 1988. pp 4-5
720:
459:. While the majority of
1767:10.4000/books.ifpo.1053
1745:10.4000/books.ifpo.1321
1200:, Oxon, Routledge, 2017
903:
778:Qasr al-Hayr ash-Sharqi
761:possibly dating to the
98:
2339:Great Mosque of Aleppo
2195:Second Arab–Khazar War
1965:Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi
1960:Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi
1850:Umayyad desert castles
1769:. Accessed 2 Apr 2024.
1282:In: T. E. Levy (Ed.):
1100:Ignacio Arche (2009):
920:outside the region of
769:Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi
712:, site of two Umayyad
562:
481:Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi
477:Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi
404:Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi
127:are "desert castles".
53:Umayyad desert castles
38:
2309:Arab–Sasanian coinage
2210:Revolt of Zayd b. Ali
1810:Shahid Kabir et al.,
1566:Umayyad Palace, Amman
1494:Bartl, Karin (2016).
1240:, BRILL, 2012, p. 430
1227:, BRILL, 2012, p. 430
1014:Qasr al-Minya, Israel
954:Qasr al-Azraq, Jordan
880:on the Sea of Galilee
648:is on display at the
560:
522:less frequently found
338:was abandoned by the
131:Historical background
63:in their province of
33:
2405:Umayyad architecture
2329:Umayyad architecture
1419:Qasr Hammam As Sarah
1307:Meyers, E.M. (ed.),
1048:Umayyad architecture
942:Qasr Kharana, Jordan
828:Israel and Palestine
699:, site of 3 Umayyad
510:Islamic architecture
306:class=notpageimage|
2291:al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf
966:Quseir Amra, Jordan
348:cenobitic monastery
2281:Qays–Yaman rivalry
2225:Abbasid Revolution
563:
532:(decorations from
530:Rockefeller Museum
325:Abbasid revolution
59:were built by the
39:
2410:Tourism in Jordan
2400:Castles in Jordan
2385:
2384:
2044:Umayyad Caliphate
2010:
2009:
1759:978-2-35159-285-4
1128:978-0-203-20387-3
1087:Michaela Konrad:
865:/Haram ash-Sharif
842:Khirbet el-Mafjar
806:, city with vast
319:, which had made
317:Umayyad Caliphate
51:are often called
16:(Redirected from
2417:
2377:
2349:Dome of the Rock
2295:Umayyad coinage
2037:
2030:
2023:
2014:
2013:
1997:Khirbat al-Minya
1945:
1886:Qasr al-Hallabat
1843:
1836:
1829:
1820:
1819:
1770:
1731:
1725:
1711:
1702:
1701:
1695:
1693:
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1656:
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1608:
1606:
1590:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1530:Qasr Al-Muwaqqar
1527:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1491:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1452:
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1440:
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1428:
1422:
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1410:
1404:
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1235:
1229:
1207:
1201:
1191:
1178:
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1168:
1164:
1158:
1149:
1140:
1136:
1130:
1114:
1105:
1098:
1092:
1085:
1076:
1069:
1023:
1011:
999:
987:
975:
963:
951:
939:
668:Qasr al-Muwaqqar
612:Qasr al-Hallabat
473:Khirbat al-Minya
439:
292:
291:
276:
275:
260:
259:
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2251:Umayyad dynasty
2234:
2128:
2047:
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2011:
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1992:Hisham's Palace
1974:
1946:
1937:
1918:Hammam as-Sarah
1907:Qasr al-Mushash
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1387:The Sacred City
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834:Hisham's Palace
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659:Qasr al-Mushash
650:Pergamon Museum
618:Hammam al-Sarah
573:, east of Amman
567:Qasr Ain es-Sil
555:
550:
540:of Berlin (the
538:Pergamon Museum
534:Hisham's Palace
502:
485:Hisham's Palace
420:client politics
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61:Umayyad dynasty
35:Qasr al-Kharana
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1795:
1794:External links
1792:
1782:Kennedy, David
1778:
1777:Furtht reading
1775:
1772:
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1726:
1703:
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1219:, Wiley, 2018
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1179:
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1116:Petersen, A.,
1106:
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1071:Khouri, R.G.,
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687:Umayyad Palace
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628:, site with a
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583:Qasr al-'Azraq
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501:
500:Artistic value
498:
483:, Jabal Sais,
413:, the Umayyad
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342:, many of the
336:Limes Arabicus
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1263:Jean Sauvaget
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869:Qasr al-Minya
867:
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710:Khan az-Zabib
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548:List of sites
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457:Amman Citadel
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411:Jean Sauvaget
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32:
19:
18:Desert castle
2387:
2333:
2155:Second Fitna
2079:Abd al-Malik
1933:Umm al-Walid
1905:
1891:Qasr Kharana
1866:Qusayr 'Amra
1849:
1811:
1786:
1780:
1749:
1735:
1729:
1721:
1718:
1697:
1690:. Retrieved
1676:
1666:
1658:
1651:. Retrieved
1642:: 225–242 .
1635:
1631:
1603:. Retrieved
1598:
1578:Umm Al-Walid
1573:
1561:
1549:
1537:
1525:
1513:. Retrieved
1499:
1474:
1462:
1455:Qasr Kharana
1450:
1438:
1426:
1414:
1402:
1390:. Retrieved
1386:
1383:"Qasr Bayir"
1377:
1365:
1353:
1341:
1329:
1321:
1320:Teller, M.,
1316:
1308:
1303:
1295:
1291:
1283:
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1101:
1096:
1088:
1072:
917:
914:Isa ibn Musa
863:Temple Mount
858:
841:
837:
836:, in Arabic
817:
807:
797:
796:, site of a
785:
758:
757:, site of a
736:
713:
709:
700:
697:Umm al-Walid
691:Citadel Hill
680:Qasr at-Tuba
642:Qasr Mshatta
636:Qasr Kharana
629:
601:
577:Qusayr 'Amra
566:
503:
460:
452:
448:
446:
428:
423:
414:
408:
400:
396:caravanserai
380:
367:
360:
352:
340:Roman Empire
333:
313:
265:Qasr Mshatta
153:Qusayr 'Amra
124:
120:
115:
114:
113:(singular),
109:
108:
102:
52:
47:
46:
42:
40:
2356:Umayyad art
2220:Third Fitna
2145:First Fitna
2109:Al-Walid II
2069:Mu'awiya II
2002:Al-Sinnabra
1901:Al-Muwaqqar
1881:Qasr Burqu'
1479:Qasr Mshash
1392:30 November
878:Al-Sinnabra
838:Qasr Hisham
598:Qasr Burqu'
593:Al-Walid II
571:Azraq oasis
506:Islamic art
469:al-Sinnabra
357:Description
217:al-Muwaqqar
2394:Categories
2299:Gold dinar
2239:Government
2084:Al-Walid I
2059:Mu'awiya I
1970:Jabal Sais
1876:Qasr Bayir
1515:2 November
1431:Qasr Azraq
1370:Qasr Azraq
1054:References
898:al-Walid I
818:Jabal Says
814:Jabal Sais
745:1895 photo
646:its facade
606:Al-Walid I
589:Qasr Bayir
536:) and the
334:After the
297:Qasr Bayir
169:Qasr Azraq
2256:Governors
2124:Marwan II
2114:Yazid III
1984:Palestine
1923:Qasr Tuba
1554:Qasr Tuba
1358:Qasr Amra
855:Jerusalem
846:West Bank
844:, on the
820:north of
780:, in the
763:Byzantine
755:Al-Dumayr
749:Burchardt
727:Al-Bakhra
526:Jerusalem
465:Jerusalem
392:Silk Road
371:Ghassanid
281:Qasr Tuba
233:al-Qastal
89:Palestine
85:West Bank
2276:al-Haras
2099:Yazid II
2089:Sulayman
2074:Marwan I
1265:(1939):
1032:See also
910:Ukhaidir
693:of Amman
432:Bedouins
321:Damascus
83:and the
2321:Culture
2133:History
2119:Ibrahim
2094:Umar II
2064:Yazid I
2052:Caliphs
1692:8 March
1653:8 March
1605:2 March
1177:283-300
929:Gallery
885:Lebanon
871:on the
850:Jericho
787:madinah
771:in the
739:in the
731:Palmyra
689:on the
626:Humayma
518:reliefs
514:frescos
437:badiyas
388:Lammens
377:Purpose
329:Baghdad
69:Abbasid
57:castles
2304:Dirham
2286:Mawali
2271:Shurta
2246:Caliph
2140:Uthman
2104:Hisham
2046:topics
1980:Israel
1858:Jordan
1757:
1683:
1638:(36).
1632:Levant
1506:
1322:Jordan
1126:
895:Caliph
804:Resafa
794:Qudaym
741:Hauran
705:Madaba
654:Berlin
553:Jordan
489:Medina
455:: the
363:hammam
344:castra
105:Arabic
81:Israel
73:Jordan
2379:Media
2266:Barid
2261:Diwan
1952:Syria
1167:50-52
1157:p 650
891:Anjar
859:qusur
848:near
822:Azraq
808:qusur
729:near
721:Syria
714:qusur
701:qusur
461:quṣur
449:quṣur
442:oases
424:quṣūr
415:quṣūr
384:Musil
125:quṣur
116:quṣur
77:Syria
48:qasrs
1982:and
1755:ISBN
1694:2021
1681:ISBN
1655:2021
1607:2024
1517:2020
1504:ISBN
1394:2021
1124:ISBN
918:qasr
904:Iraq
798:qasr
759:qasr
737:qasr
685:The
630:qasr
602:qasr
516:and
508:and
493:Kufa
491:and
479:and
453:qaṣr
386:and
121:qasr
110:qaṣr
99:Name
93:Iraq
41:The
1763:doi
1741:doi
1717:In
1644:doi
1139:-13
840:or
816:or
747:by
652:in
604:by
544:).
528:'s
107:as
45:or
2396::
1761:.
1739:.
1706:^
1696:.
1657:.
1636:36
1634:.
1630:.
1616:^
1597:.
1585:^
1486:^
1385:.
1223:;
1182:^
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1519:.
1396:.
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20:)
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